Distance Formula

d= √( x ¿ ¿2− y 1)2 +( y ¿ ¿ 2− y 1)2 ¿ ¿

Midpoint Formula

x 1+ x 2 y 1+ y 2
( 2
;
2 )
Vieta Theorem

Pythagorean Theorem

a 2+b 2=c 2

Compounded Interest Rate

nt
r
A=P 1+
n ( )
Circumference of circle

C=2 πr
Area of Circle

A=π r 2
Volume of Sphere

4
V = π r3
3
Surface Area of Sphere

S=4 π r 2
Area of triangle

1
A= bh
2
Distributive Law

a ( b+ c )=ab+ ac
First Law of Exponents

a n a m=a n+m

a n a m=a n+m

Absolute Value

For any real number a

|a|= −a ,∧a<0
{ a ,∧a ≥ 0
Type equation here.

Equation of a Circle

¿
Basic Concepts of Algebra
Sets of Numbers

Natural numbers counting numbers 1, 2, 3, …

Whole numbers natural numbers and 0 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Integers numbers without a …, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …
fractional part; they can
also be negative
Rational numbers numbers that can be −3 5
; ; 1.25
written as a ratio of two 4 6
integers—rational
numbers are terminating
or repeating when
written in decimal form
Irrational numbers numbers than cannot be 2
written as a ratio of two
integers—irrational
π ; √1.6 ;
√ 5

numbers are
nonterminating and
nonrepeating when
written in decimal form
Real numbers any number that is
rational or irrational

Properties of Exponents

For any real numbers a and b and any integers m and n, assuming 0 is not raised to a nonpositive power:

a m ⋅ an=a m+n

am m−n
n
=a (a≠ 0)
a
 m
( a n ) =anm
( ab )n=a n b n

a n an
()
b
= n
b

Special Products of Binomials

¿¿
¿

Sum or Difference of Cubes

¿ A3 + B3=( A+ B) ( A 2− AB+ B2 )
¿ A3−B3 =( A−B) ( A2 + AB+B 2 )

Properties of Radicals

Let a and b be any real numbers or expressions for which the given roots exist. For any natural numbers
m and n (n≠1):

n n
¿ If n is odd , √ an=¿ a∨¿∧If n is even , √ an=a

¿ √n a⋅ √n b=√n ab
n
n a √a
√
¿ = n (b ≠ 0)
b √b
n
¿ √ am =¿
¿

Rational Exponents
n
For any real number a and any natural numbers m and n for which √ a exists,

¿ a 1/ n=√n a
n
¿ a m/ n=√ am =¿
¿
Graphs, Functions, and Models

Distance Formula

d= √( x ¿ ¿2− y 1)2 +( y ¿ ¿ 2− y 1)2 ¿ ¿

Midpoint Formula

x 1+ x 2 y 1+ y 2
( 2
;
2 )

Tests for Symmetry

Even Function: f (- x) = f (x) ¿>¿ symmetric to y-axis

Odd Function: f (- x) = - f (x) ¿>¿ symmetric to origin
If replacing y with - y produces an equivalent equation, then the graph is symmetric with respect to the x-axis.

Transformations
Vertical Translation: y = f(x) ± b
Horizontal Translation: y = f (x ± d)
Reflection across the x -axis: y = - f (x)
Reflection across the y-axis: y = f (- x)
Vertical Stretching or Shrinking: y = af(x)
Horizontal Stretching or Shrinking: y = f(cx)

1 3 1 3
( x) = x
2 8
Extended twice horizontally Shrinker 8 times vertically
Functions, Equations, and
Inequalities

The Principle of Square Roots:

If x 2=k , then x=√ k or x=−√ k

Quadratic Formula:

For a x 2 +bx+ c=0 , a ≠ 0

−b ± √ b2−4 ac
x=
2a
−b −( b¿¿ 2−4 ac)
x v= ; yv= ¿
2a 4a

Equations and Inequalities with Absolute Value

For a > 0,
¿∨X∨¿ a∧¿ X =−a or X =a
¿∨X ∨¿ a∧¿−a< X < a
¿∨ X∨¿ a∧¿ X ←a or X >a

Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions
Exponential Function: f (x)=a x
The Number e: e = 2.7182818284 ...
Logarithmic Function: f (x)=log a x
A Logarithm Is an Exponent: f (x)=log a x ⟷ x=a y

Rules and Properties

 log a M
¿ log b ⁡M =
log a b
¿ log a ⁡MN =log a ⁡M +log a ⁡N
¿ log a ⁡M p= p log a ⁡M
M
¿ log a ⁡ =log a ⁡M −log a ⁡N
N
¿ log a ⁡a=1, log a ⁡1=0
¿ log a ⁡a x =x , alog x =x
a

¿ a x =a y ⟷ x= y , for a>0 , a ≠ 1

f (x)=e−x - reflection over y-axis

f (x)=−e x - reflection over x-axis

Exponential Function
Logarithmic Function

Compounded Interest Rate

nt
r
A=P 1+ ( ) n

A = final amount

P = initial principal balance

r = interest rate

n = number of times interest applied per time period

t = number of time periods elapsed

Sequences, Series, and
Combinatorics

Arithmetic Sequences and Series

General term:

¿ an=an−1 +d
¿ a n=a1 +(n−1) d

Common difference: d

Sum of the first n terms:

n
Sn= ( a1 +a n )
2

Geometric Sequences and Series

General term:
¿ a n+1=an r
¿ a n=a1 r n−1

Common ratio: r
Sum of the first n terms:
a 1 ( 1−r ' ' )
Sn =
1−r

Sum of an infinite geometric series:

a1
S∞ = ,∨r∨¿ 1
1−r

Permutations of n Objects Taken n at a Time

❑n Pn =n !=n(n−1)( n−2)⋯ 3 ⋅ 2⋅ 1
Permutations of n Objects Taken k at a Time

n!
❑n Pn =
(n−k )!

Combinations of n Objects Taken k at a Time

n Pk n! n(n−1)(n−2)⋯ [n−( k−1)]

❑n C k = n =
k() =
k ! k !( n−k )!
=
k!

The Binomial Theorem

¿¿
¿
The Trigonometric Functions 436
564