Lecture 1

What is a Power Systems Study? Why do you need a Power Systems Study?
"A power systems study is made up of various engineering analysis investigations. The goal of each study is
to have a safe, efficient and reliable power system for your facility under both normal and abnormal
conditions."
Course Contents
 Load Forecasting
 Unit commitment
 Economic Load Dispatch
 Load Flow Studies
 Single and Two Area Load Frequency Control

Balanced Three Phase Circuits

The electrical system is of two types:
Single-phase system
Three-phase system
Three-Phase Systems
1. Three-phase sources
2. Three-phase loads

The 3 phase system is divided mainly into two types:

 Balanced three-phase system
 Unbalanced three-phase system

What is a three-phase circuit

Figure 1 A single circuit

consisting of a source and a load

Figure 2: A 3 pfase system

 Figure 3 Saving in the number of wires used.

Real Y- and A-connected voltage sources

• Internal impedance of a generator is usually inductive (due to the use of coils).

Ideal Y- and A-connected voltage sources

Neutral
Connection of 3 Phase Loads in 3 Phase System

As the three-phase supply is connected in Star and Delta connections.

Similarly, the three-phase loads are also connected either as Star connection or as Delta Connection. The
three-phase load connected in the star is shown in the figure below:

The delta connection of three-phase loads

is shown in the figure below:

Analysis of the Y-Y Circuit

1. Equivalent one-phase circuit for balanced Y-Y circuit
2. Line currents, phase and line voltages

General Y-Y circuit model

Ref The only

essential
node.
Power Calculations in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits
1. Complex powers of one-phase and the entire Y-Load
2. The total instantaneous power

Balanced & Unbalanced load

Balanced load in 3 phase system is a condition where all three phases (lines) carry same magnitude of
current, with evenly spaced phase difference. If the load is star connected, with neutral as return path, this
neutral will carry no current. This is so since vector sum of all three phase currents meeting at common
neutral point is zero. Unbalanced load makes the lines / phases to carry different current magnitudes, and
sum total of these at neutral point is not zero. Load in each phase is different, carrying its own current.
Neutral in this case carries the net unbalanced current
Admittance Model
BUS Admittance Model
In a power system, Bus Admittance Matrix represents the nodal admittances of the various buses. With the
help of the transmission line, each bus is connected to the various other buses. Admittance matrix is used
to analyze the data that is needed in the load or a power flow study of the buses. It explains the admittance
and the topology of the network.
Load Flow or Power Flow Analysis
It is the computational procedure (numerical algorithms) required to determine the steady state
operating characteristics of a power system network from the given line data and bus data.

Importance:
It is an answer to some fundamental questions, which power system engineer or electrical engineer can
have:
•What are voltage levels in all power system nodes during operation?
•Are power system elements (transformers, generators, cables etc.) overloaded?
•What are the weakest points of network?
Load flow analysis is an important prerequisite for whatever you do in power systems, whether you do
fault studies, stability studies, economic operation etc.
The load flow helps in continuous monitoring of the current state of the power system, so it is used on
daily basis in load dispatch/power system control centers. It can also be a support during examining
effectiveness of the alternative plans for future system expansion, when adding new generators or
transmission lines is needed.

Load Flow Steps

The study of load flow involves the following three steps:
1. Modeling of power system components and network.
2. Development of load flow equations.
3. Solving the load flow equations using numerical techniques.

Non-Linear Algebraic Equations

SLACK BUS
There is only one slack bus in system under
consideration. Slack bus always has a generator attached to it, with no exception. Normally this generator
is biggest in the system. Its two main tasks is to:
•Serve as the reference for voltage angle,
•Balance generation, load and losses, because the power losses are not known until end of load flow
calculation. Slack bus needs to supply complex losses.
The rest of buses swing with the reference to this particular bus.
Whatever is extra left that will come from this slack bus remaining, anything which we could not fulfil
from the rest of the buses will come from it
PQ bus
Load buses may contain generators with specified real and reactive power outputs.
PV bus
Have generator connected to them. The PV buses can have voltage control capabilities and uses a tap
adjustable transformer and and/or VAR compensator instead of generator.