PDP Buma Fundamental Lube 2017

Lubricants & Lubrication
Cecep Kurniawan
PT. Shell Indonesia
B2B IC East Lubricants Technical Manager
a Copyright Shell Lubricants. Shell Technology Seminar 2011

Lubrication - Presentation Scope
• Friction
• Wear
• Lubrication and Regime
• Tribology System (Friction, Lubrication, wear)
• Strike back curve
• Efficiency Lubrication – Factors affected.
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Copyright Shell Lubricants. Shell Technology Seminar 2011
Friction
Definition : “……the resistance of

movement between two surface which
slide over to another “
The resisting force will be depend on the
nature of the two surface in contact.
Friction is a result of surface roughness.
Under a high-powered microscope, event
the most smoothly engineered surface
shows minute ridge or asperities.
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Friction - continue
1. Sliding friction : most effort

2. Rolling friction : less effort
3. Fluid friction : least effort
Sliding
friction
Rolling
Friction
Fluid Friction
Friction detail
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Friction – negative effect
force Friction
(push) force
100
75
50
wear
25
Energy Lost
0
Heat
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Wear
Definition : “……is the sideway displacement of material from its original

position on solid surface perform by the action of another surface”.
Wear Type :
• Adhesive wear : caused by relative motion, "direct contact" and plastic deformation which create wear
debris and material transfer from one surface to another
• Abrasive wear : the loss of material due to hard particles or hard protuberances that are forced against
and move along a solid surface.
• Surface fatigue : a process by which the surface of a material is weakened by cyclic loading, which is
one type of general material fatigue
• Fretting wear : the repeated cyclical rubbing between two surfaces, over a period of time which will
remove material from one or both surfaces in contact
• Erosive wear : as an extremely short sliding motion and is executed within a short time interval. Erosive
wear is caused by the impact of particles of solid or liquid against the surface of an object
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Lubrication
Definition : “……is any procedure that reduces the friction between two
moving surface...”
How does lubricants reduce the friction ?
Lubricant main function is to provide a film to separate two moving part and make movement
easier. As one surface move over the others, the outer layer lubricants will still attached to surface
but the inner layers were forced to slide over one another.
Stop Condition Contact between peak

Of asperities
Moving Condition Separate surface by

(relatif) Oil film
Lapisan Pelumas 1
Lubrication (Energy Distributions)
Lubrication Reduced Friction Reduce Wear Energy Saving
Event the best lubricants can

never eliminate friction entirely
20% Energy
(overcoming friction)
Example in the most

efficient engine lubrication
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Lubrication - Regime
Boundary Lubrication : Mixed Lubrication :

- Continuous oil film
- Thin oil film
- Load carried by mixture of oil pressure and
- Surface contact occurs
surface to surface contact
- Entire load carried by very thin oil film
- Combination of Hydrodynamic & Boundary
Regime
Hydrodynamic Lubrication:
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication :
- Thick oil film
- Special type of Hydrodynamic lube
- The best lubrication condition
- Heavy load contact
- Two moving parts completely separate by
oil film - In very high pressure, oil dragged into
contact area.
- Oil film thickness depends on viscosity
- 2 affect : Vis increase & Deformation of
loaded surface.
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Lubrication – Regime (Continue)
Normal
Stop Low idle
Operation
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Tribology fundamental
Definition : “……is a sciences of technology of interacting surface in
relative motion includes the study and application of the principles of
friction, lubrication, and wear...”
• The tribological system must be identified

before the proper lubricant can be selected.
This system includes the type of motion, Friction Lubrication
speed, temperatures, load and the
operating environment.
Tribology
Once identified, we can start utilize different
lubricant chemistries to select a lubricant
that will optimize the performance of the
application. Wear
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Stribeck Curve
Definition : “...is a graph showing the relationship between coefficient of
friction and the dimensionless number hn/P.
• According to this curve, there is

an optimum speed for the
lubricated contact
• Knowing the speed of the
contact, a lubricant can be
selected with the optimum
physical attributes to minimized
friction.
h = dynamic viscosity, n = speed, p = load per unit area
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Efficiency of Lubrication – Factors affected
The most efficient lubrication, so-called hydrodynamic lubrication, is only achieved when
the oil film that builds up in a bearing has a thickness several times greater than the
roughness of the opposing solid surfaces. When oil film is too thin, the surfaces come into
direct contact, friction increases, heat is generated, and wear occurs.
Factors influence the formation of the oil film :
Viscosity
Component
Temperature
design
Lube
Load
supply
Oil film vs asperity

Speed
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Lubricants - Presentation Scope
• Definition
• Lubricants – major component
• Main function
• Additives
• Lubricants major properties
• Lubricants main specification
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Lubricants
Definition : “……is any materials that used to reduce/minimized

friction and wear for lubrication purpose.....”
Type of Lubricants materials :
Liquid : Many different liquids can be used as lubricants but the most widely used are based
on mineral oils derived from crude petroleum.
Semi-solid : A grease is a semi-solid lubricants usually made from oil and a thickening
agent, traditionally a soap or clay. It provides a sort of reservoir of lubricant which is
retained where it is applied.
Solids : The main materials used are graphite, molybdenum disulphide, and
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or Teflon). Can be used in extremes condition (temp& reactive) :
Telescopic legs of Apollo lunar -> MoS2
Gases : can be used as lubricants only for specials purpose. Gas lubricated bearing can
operate at very high speed and low loads -> High speed drills used by dentists.
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Lubricants type - characteristic
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Lubricants – Main function
Lubricating
Cooling
Corrosion protection
Sealing
Power transmission
Insulation
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Lubricants - Inside
Lubricants
Base Oil Additive
Modified
Protects Protects
Synthetic Mineral physical
lubricants equipment
properties
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Lubricants - Additives
Modified Lubricants Performance

• Viscosity index improver
• Pour point depressant
Protects Lubricants
• Anti-Oxidants
• Anti foaming agent
Protects Equipment
• Extreme pressure agent, Anti wear, Corrosion & Rush
Inhibitor
• Detergent, dispersant
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Lubricants Major properties
•Viskositas is the most important property of lubricating oil.
• Other important properties are :
Viscosity Index TAN & TBN
Desity / specific gravity Anti wear & EP properties
Pour point Demulsibility
Flash point Air release
Fire point Foaming
Oxidation stability Compatibility
Corrosiveness viscosity-shear rate
International organization : Europe & America

Performance by API : Diesel, Spark ingnition, Gear
Performance by ISO (For Hydraulic Oil)
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Viscosity
There were two ways to define Viscosity :
Kinematic Viscosity: Fluids resistance to flow that influenced by gravity.

Unit measurement : Cst (Centistokes)
Dynamic Viscosity: Kinematic Viscosity X Fluid Density

Unit measurement : Cp (centipoises)
International standard ISO VG , SAE, and AGMA
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Viscosity – ISO VG
• The International Standard

Organization (ISO) classifying
industrial lubricants according to
their viscosity.
• In the ISO system, 18 grade are

define. Each grade spreading over a
narrow range of viscosity.
• An ISO grade is specified by the

term ISO VG followed by a number
which is a measure of it viscosity at
40°C.
Shell Tellus S2 M 46
Shell Omala S4 GX 320
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Viscosity – SAE for Engine Oil SAE J300
The viscosities of internal combustion engine oils are usually classified according to the
SAE system devised by the American Society of Automotive Engineers. For
engine oils eleven grades are specified, each corresponding to a range of viscosities
SAE was also classified the viscosity for Gear Oil.
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Viscosity – SAE grade for Gear Oil SAE J306
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Viscosity – AGMA grade for enclosed Gear Oil
American Gear Manufacturer Association (AGMA)
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Viscosity – Comparison across
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Viscosity – Temperature effect
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Viscosity Index (VI)
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Viscosity – monograde VS multigrade
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Viscosity – multigrade benefits
By Multigrade oil, the start-up wear is minimized with low viscosity oil (even
in warmer climate) because the oil reaches the various parts of the engine more
rapidly.
Multigrade oils maintain optimum viscosity over the engine operating

temperature range.
Multigrade oils can produce fuel saving in comparison to monograde oils.
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Density/Specific Gravity
Fluid mass per unit volume.

Reported in unit of kg/m3 at a standard reference temperature 15 Celsius
degree.
An accurate measurement of density will enable accurate weight to be
converted to volume and vice versa.
It’s required to converting dynamic viscosity (absolute) into kinematic
viscosity.
Almost mineral base oil has lower density comparing with water.
PAG base oil has higher or same density comparing with water.
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Flash point & Fire Point
Flash Point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors above the liquid
ignited when flame is applied on it at 1 atmosphere pressure.
Indication for flammability hazards of the liquid (legal regulations for
flammable materials)
Measured by different laboratory test methods
Close Cup Method (PMCC/Pensky Marten Close Cup)
Open Cup Method (COC)
Open Cup Method always higher then close method (usually 10 to 15
degree different)
Fire Point is the lowest temperature at which the vapors above the liquid
will combust.
Fire point is higher than flash point.
Important properties in heat transfer oil (with boiling point, flash point).
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Oxidation stability
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Corrosiveness
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TBN
TBN is a measure of the oil’s ability to neutralized acidic product of

combustion, i.e. a measure of the remaining functional additive reserve.
Engine oils (specifically diesel oils) contain detergent/ dispersant additives.
These additives control oxidation, deposit, and the tendency of the oil to sludge.
These same additives will be “used up” as the oil neutralizes the acidic by
products of combustion and consequently the TBN value will fall.
Higher sulfur level in fuel increase the acidity by product.
Low TBN value may also be associated with poor combustion, excessive blow-
by, low oil make up, long ODI.
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TAN
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Anti Wear
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Demulsibility (Water separability)
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Foaming ASTM D 892 and Air release ASTM 3427
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Compatibility
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Viscosity Shear Stability
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Lubricants & Lubrication

a Copyright Shell Lubricants. Shell Technology Seminar 2011

Definition : “……the resistance of

1. Sliding friction : most effort

Definition : “……is the sideway displacement of material from its original

Stop Condition Contact between peak

Moving Condition Separate surface by

Lubrication Reduced Friction Reduce Wear Energy Saving

Event the best lubricants can

Example in the most

Boundary Lubrication : Mixed Lubrication :

• The tribological system must be identified

• According to this curve, there is

h = dynamic viscosity, n = speed, p = load per unit area

Oil film vs asperity

Definition : “……is any materials that used to reduce/minimized

Modified Lubricants Performance

International organization : Europe & America

There were two ways to define Viscosity :

Kinematic Viscosity: Fluids resistance to flow that influenced by gravity.

Dynamic Viscosity: Kinematic Viscosity X Fluid Density

International standard ISO VG , SAE, and AGMA

• The International Standard

• In the ISO system, 18 grade are

• An ISO grade is specified by the

SAE was also classified the viscosity for Gear Oil.

American Gear Manufacturer Association (AGMA)

Multigrade oils maintain optimum viscosity over the engine operating

Multigrade oils can produce fuel saving in comparison to monograde oils.

Fluid mass per unit volume.

TBN is a measure of the oil’s ability to neutralized acidic product of

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