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King Abdulaziz University 20
Architecture and Planning Faculty

20
Flexibility &
Organization
AR305 (XD) DR.Mohammed khafaji
20
Abstract :
This study explores the relationship between flexibility and organization in

an office building, and explores strategies and constructive solutions that
ensure both adaptability and the possibility of transforming space in re-
sponse to changing use and also in response to the client's requirements
with constant change.
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Theoretical framework
Flexibility Organization Modular system

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Flexibility
Flexibility
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Definition:
- Flexibility in architecture, refers to the ability of a build-
ing to continuously adapt its space layout and even its
structure to evolving needs.
Flexibility
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Types : principles
1 - Adaptability :
This is the capacity of a building to support multiple functions without altering the architecture
itself. In simple terms, the function of the building changes but the building does not. Examples
include furniture that can be re-positioned, multi-function spaces and so on. These do not
result in a permanent change to the space
‫ﺗرﺗﯾب اﻟﺳﻼﯾدة‬
2 - Transformability :
This allows for the interior or exterior space to be changed in response to certain stimuli
without the need for new construction. Changes can be both permanent and temporary.
3 - Convertibility :
This involves changing the function of a building through a certain amount of construction work. By planning
for convertibility during the design stage, potential future needs can be assessed and the time and cost
required can be reduced. The resulting changes are often permanent. This might include for example; allow-
ing sufficient space for additional buildings, providing foundations for future expansion, over-sizing build-
ing services to allow for future expansion, or conversely, purchasing packaged building services that it
might be possible to re-sell if requirements reduce
‫ ﻧﺿﯾف اﻧو ﻛﯾف اﻗدر اﺣﻘﻖ‬flexibility

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Organization
Organization 20
Definition:
- Organization of space in architecture is fundamental to the creation
of composition . it brings together different forms and shapes and pro-
vides a choesive structure to the design .
‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎدر‬
Organization
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Types : ‫اﻻﺧراج‬
1- Centralized Organization:
A central organization is composed of dominant central space, with secondary spaces grouped
around it. As a composition, this arrangement is concentrated and stable.
2- Linear Organization:
A linear organization can be composed of a single, unifying element, about which different object are
arranged. These objects may be different in scale, program, and shape.
3- Radial Organization:
Radial organization are effectively a combination of linear and centralized organizations. They
have central focal point from which linear forms radiate from.
4- Clustered Organization
Clustered organization rely on proximity to relate spaces to one another. Often, they consist of
repetitive cellular spaces that have certain visual qualities in common.
5- Grid Organization
A grid organization is comprised of a 3-dimensional composition of linear reference points.
Usually they are perpendicular from one another, through they need not be.
Organization
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Spatial relationships:
1- Spaces linked by a common space
Two spaces may rely on an intermediary space for their relationship
‫ﺗرﺗﯾب و اﺧراج‬
2- Interlocking space
The field of a space may overlap the volume of another space
3- Adjacent spaces
Two spaces may share a common border
4- Space within a space

A space may be contained within the volume of a larger space
Organization
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Modular system
Organization
‫ﻧﺣوﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ ال‬flexibility ‫و ﻋﻧواﻧﮭﺎ)ﻛﯾف اﺣﻘﻖ ال‬flexibility
The relation:
‫اﺧراج اﻓﺿل‬
Flexibility
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Modular system
Modular system
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Definition:
modularity is the degree to which a system's components
may be separated and recombined, often with the benefit
of flexibility and variety in use.
‫ﻣﺎ ﻧﺣﺗﺎج اﻟﺻورة‬

Modular system
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Concept :
unit
The concept of architectural design provides some benefits to hierarchical cities according to needs and prevents uncontrolled
urban growth.
‫ ﺗﻌرﯾف ال‬unit
The concept of modular design is used in the fields of mechanical, industrial engineering, graphic design, computer technolo-
gy, and communication networks.
‫ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن وﺣدة و ﺗﺗﻛرر ھذه اﻟوﺣدة‬

‫اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﺷﻛﻠﻲ اﻟﻣودﯾول‬ ‫ ﻛﯾف اﺳوي‬unit
Mechanical
industrial
engineering
graphic design
communication
networks
computer
technology
Modular system
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Types of mpdular systems :
1- Modular construction :
Modular construction is a process in which a building is constructed off-site, under con-
trolled plant conditions, using the same materials and designing to the same codes and
standards as conventionally built facilities – but in about half the time. Buildings are
produced in “modules” that when put together on site, reflect the identical design intent and
specifications of the most sophisticated site-built facility – without compromise.
‫دﯾﻘرام ﻋن اﻟوﺣدة‬
2- Structures Module :
The Materialise Magics Structures Module is designed to help you reduce the weight and
material usage in your designs. Whether you wish to hollow a part and fill it with a light-
weight structure; convert a part to a lattice structure or create functional surfaces, the
easy-to-use wizard in our Structures Module will guide you through every step of the way.
Architecture and Planning Faculty ‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋص ﺑﻌد اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف وﺑﻌدﯾن‬
‫اﺑدا ادﺧل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟوﺣدة‬
Modular system
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Facts :
In fact, modular design is not a new approach developed but rather a theory that has been used by
many designers throughout history.
The most common and used pattern is the grid pattern which suits almost all designs.
Individual units may be simple geometric shape and when combined together, complex and custom
sub-modules are formed related to the circumstantial factors affecting the design.
It is one of the basic design theories. ‫اﻻﺧراج‬
Small units can be redeveloped, replaced with a new job or in another form, or subject to re-editing
during the design process even after the end of the final project..
Chartres Cathedral , France
sorces:
- Modular vs. parametric design: Morphological approaches for Kartal
urban renewal project in Istanbul
- https://www.medievalists.net/2011/08/mathematics-at-char-
tres-cathedral/
Modular system
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Costomer needs:
The designers realized that traditional planning and construction techniques are insuffi-
cient to meet the ever-changing demands of users.
Through the modular design it is possible to change or expand the usage patterns that
consist of larger structures with identical small components.
the design must provide Standard flexibility in the event of any changes quickly and efficiently.
‫ﺿﻣن ﻋﻧﺎوﯾﻧﻧﺎ ﺑﻌد دﯾﻘرام اﻟوﺣدة‬
this can be summed up the role of modular design for architecture and urban planning that it requires comprehensive customiza-
tion in creating a standard design that allows for delivery, operation and compatibility of mixing and applied to meet the needs
of a specific user
Modular system
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Costomer needs:
One of the important aspects of this approach is the availability of transformation, expansion, and modification
in terms of user needs within a given domain.
The main feature of the concept is transformation and growth according to the needs of the user taking into
account the urban form and construction in the city.
Modular system
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Advantages Disadvantages
The modular system features the functional division The downside to modularity is that low-quality modular systems
into separate scalable and reusable units are not optimized for performance
The advantages of modular design are flexibility in

design and reduced costs.
Modularity may lead to excessive cost due to over-design, ineffec-

Modularity is especially useful when the size and scope tive performance, and too many common modules may result in
of the project is relatively large. In such cases, it is a loss of design identity
practical and economical option.
https://www.arch2o.com/language-modular-architecture/
Modular system
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Contemporary Arts Center Córdoba
Architects: Nieto Sobejano Arquitectos
Year:2013
Country:Spain
City:Córdoba
Modular system
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Modular system
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Nakagin Capsule Tower
Architects: Kisho Kurokawa
Year: 1970 - 1972

City: Japan
Location: Ginza, Tokyo
Built in the Ginza area of Tokyo, a total of 140 capsules are stacked
and rotated at varying angles around a central core, standing 14-stories high.
The technology developed by Kurokawa allowed each unit to be installed to
the concrete core with only 4 high-tension bolts, which keeps the units replaceable.
Each capsule measures 4 x 2.5 meters, permitting enough room for one person to live
comfortably. The interior space of each module can be manipulated by connecting the
capsule to other capsules All pieces of the pods were manufactured in a factory in Shiga Prefecture then
transported to the site by truck. The pre-assembled interior features a circular window, built-in bed and
bathroom, and is furnished with a TV, radio and alarm clock. Hoisted by a crane, the capsules were insert-
ed in the shipping containers by use of a crane, and then fastened to the concrete core shaft.
Modular system
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Plans :
As shown, the same color Not all the capsules which on the same vertical
in the same height. direction have the same horizontal direction.
As shown, these capsules on the vertical direction

have different horizontal direction.
Modular system
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Plans :
In the horizontal direction,there are two kinds of capsules, they have different
directions.
As shown, the same color in the same direction.

Modular system 20
Concept :
Nakagin Tower Based of of his sustainability concept called

“METABOLISM” encasing his vision of an architectural movement
representative of organic growth and restructuring within building.
It is earthquake resistance and recyclable.
It uses space wisely and has slender design, which is beneficial for
the growth of society.
Modular system
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Architects: New Wave Architecture
City: Polur, Iran
Client: Development and Maintenance
of Sports Facilities
Area: 4500.0 sqm
In response to the climbing potential of Polur, Iran, New Wave Architecture has designed a
new rock climbing hall within the rocky lands of Mazandaran. Overlooking the country’s high-
est peak, the “fragmented mass” invites nature and landscape to “visually creep into the
building” to offer daylight and establish a strong connection
between climbers and the surrounding landscape.
The exterior is clad in white fiber cement panels, which simultaneously allows the building to
blend into its snowy context while offering climbers outdoor routes. Steel moment resisting
frames are used as the main
structural system; while tubular trusses transmit the floor loads to vertical elements due to
project long spans.
Modular system
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Modular system
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standardization customization
Nakagin Capsule Tower Development and Maintenance of Sports Facilities
pros cons pros cons
standarization
• Low cost • Offers limited • The large space • Waste of space
• Simple to plan urban design and voids and voids
• Gives good options • The movement is
circulation plan • Produces larger
‫ﯾﻛون ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ و ﻟﮫ‬
and easy for plots constrained and
‫ﻋﻧوان ﻟﺣﺎﻟﮫ‬
subdivision rushed
• Efficient in psychological
providing drainage effect
and sewerage • Can be confusing
network and frustrating
Moderate
Contemporary Arts Center Córdoba
pros cons
• Aesthetic form • Rainwater pool
• get attention • Different ceiling
• Breaking heights
boredom and • Difficulty
routine furnishing the
• The introduction building
‫ﻧﺎﻛده ﺑﺎﻻﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬
of
lighting in different
sizes, shapes and
angles
• The building
pursued a different
philosophy
from the rest of the
city
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Project Analysis
Office building Regulation Standards

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Office building
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Definition:
-A structure used primarily for the conduct of business relating
to administration, clerical services, consulting, and other client
services not related to retail sales. Office buildings can hold
single or multiple firms.
‫اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟﻠﻲ ﻋﻧدي‬
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Problems : ‫ﻟﻣن ﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﻟﯾش اﺑﻐﺎ‬flexibility
‫ﻣروﻧﺔ‬
Indoor air quality:
The air quality of your average interior isn’t great. Even modern homes that look clean are often filled with
dusty, germ-infested air. Sturdy ventilation systems don’t seem to be as prominent in modern buildings as they
once were. In offices, however, things are often much worse
The lifts:
Problems with lifts (or elevators) seem to be getting more and more common all the time. It seems strange,
given that our technology here should have evolved. But lifts installed in the past decade or so seem to be more
prone to error than the ones that have been around for a long time.
Over-illumination:
Over-illumination isn’t something you may have heard of before, but you probably already know what I’m
talking about. Over-illumination is such a prominent problem that it has its own Wikipedia article! An overabun-
dance of artificial light is a problem in department stores, gyms, and - of course – offices
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Types :
1-Traditional Office Space :
For financial services, hedge funds and law firms, the traditional office space layout is usually best.
Traditional office spaces give employees quiet, private offices or areas to work and handle clients and
confidential information, as well as collaborative, shared space.
2- Creative Office Space :

Recently, creative office space has become synonymous with open-plan office space, this could be
in either traditional or coworking office space. Though they can vary drastically in style, decor, and
layout, creative office space layouts tend to share a few common traits.
* Wood floors * High ceilings
* Large windows * Wet pantries
* Fewer walls & private offices
3- Contiguous Office Space:

What is contiguous space? Multiple suites on the same floor of a building that are combined and rented
to a single tenant is “contiguous” space. Alternately, contiguous space can refer to suites located on
multiple floors of a building that a single tenant rents. For example a tenant could lease office space
across floors 3-6 in a building. This type of office space is usually leased by larger businesses who
need multiple offices or workplaces for different parts of the business, but want them to remain in a
similar area.
‫اﻧواع ﻣن ﺣﯾث اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎت‬ 20
Types :
4-Coworking Space:
Coworking offers flexible terms for use of a number desks in an open office space and usually includes
meeting and break out rooms. They primarily serve small companies and startups in need of work space
for indefinite periods of time. Coworking space can be secured by desk per day, all the way up to yearly
terms. Shared amenities, spaces, and appliances help keep costs low. Longer commitments will ensure
lower rent prices, but depending on your situation it may be worth paying a premium for the flexibility
5-Shared Office Space:

A shared space arrangement is one in which a company with extra space in its office leases a portion of
the space out to another company. This situation is generally a win-win for both parties, as it allows the
main tenant to recoup some of their office space overhead costs, while the subtenant is able to enjoy
reduced rents and more flexible lease terms
6-Executive Suites:
Executive suites can come as fully serviced work space nestled within a full floor of space that has been
leased to another company. You can often secure executive suites as a sublet with flexible terms. Most
private office suites will offer month-to-month rent or terms in 3, 6, 9 and 12 month increments.
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Regulation
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The net floor in administrative buildings shall not be less than 3 meters. It is no more than 4.5
meters.
Service skylights (serving the stairs, bathrooms, and kitchen spaces) and is calculated within
the building percentage and within the building area
A inspection door must be provided on the ground floor. Its width is not less than 80 cm and its
height is not less than 220 cm
For buildings up to four floors. The area of the service skylight shall not be less than 6 m,
and the smallest side shall not be less than 2.0 m.
For buildings of 5-8 floors, the area of the service skylight shall not be less than 12 square meters
For buildings of more than nine floors, the area of the service area is not less than 15 square
meters, and the smallest side is not less than 2 meters
The allowable recoil in repeated floors shall not be less than 2 m from the side of the neighbor
The recoil increases by (2 to 5 m) as the height increases
The heights from one floor to four, the recoil is 2 m

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The heights are from five to eight the setbacks are 3 m
The heights are from nine to 12 the recoil is 5 m
Heights over 12 have a recoil of 5 meters
In areas greater than 3000 square meters, heights are allowed for any number of floors as
long as the flat construction factor is adhered to
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regulation of
circulation
‫ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻋن اﻟﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻟﻔراﻏﻲ و‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت و ﻗوة اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﯾن ﻛل‬
‫ﻓراغ و اﻵﺧر‬
‫ﻣﺧﺎرج اﻟطوارئ‬
‫اﻟﻛود اﻟﺳﻌودي‬
Standards
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Offices :
13 m
9m
20
Offices :
2.8m
4000
1450
3.2 m
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Offices :
20
Meeting room :
20
Wc:
20
Elevator:
20
Elevator:
20
Stairs : Quarter-Turn Stairs
Three-Quarter-Turn Stairs
Emergency ladder
Quarter Landing Stairs

20
Stairs :

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King Abdulaziz University 20

Architecture and Planning Faculty

This study explores the relationship between flexibility and organization in

Flexibility Organization Modular system

‫ ﻧﺿﯾف اﻧو ﻛﯾف اﻗدر اﺣﻘﻖ‬flexibility

4- Space within a space

‫ﻣﺎ ﻧﺣﺗﺎج اﻟﺻورة‬

‫ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن وﺣدة و ﺗﺗﻛرر ھذه اﻟوﺣدة‬

It is one of the basic design theories. ‫اﻻﺧراج‬

‫ﺿﻣن ﻋﻧﺎوﯾﻧﻧﺎ ﺑﻌد دﯾﻘرام اﻟوﺣدة‬

The advantages of modular design are flexibility in

Modularity may lead to excessive cost due to over-design, ineffec-

Architects: Nieto Sobejano Arquitectos

Architects: Kisho Kurokawa

Year: 1970 - 1972

As shown, these capsules on the vertical direction

As shown, the same color in the same direction.

Nakagin Tower Based of of his sustainability concept called

It is earthquake resistance and recyclable.

Office building Regulation Standards

2- Creative Office Space :

3- Contiguous Office Space:

5-Shared Office Space:

The recoil increases by (2 to 5 m) as the height increases

The heights from one floor to four, the recoil is 2 m

The heights are from nine to 12 the recoil is 5 m

Heights over 12 have a recoil of 5 meters

Quarter Landing Stairs

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