Academic: Translation

ACADEMIC
TRANSLATION
SENTENCES
IMPERATIVE Emir cümlesi
1 Speak slowly!
TR | Yavaşça konuş.
2 Come here!
TR | Buraya gel!
3 Don't look at me!
TR | Bana bakma!
4 Do your homework!
TR | Ödevini yap!
5 Open the door!
TR | Kapıyı aç.
6 Turn right!
TR | Sağa dön!
7 Wait here!
TR | Burada bekle
8 Shut up!
TR | Kapa çeneni
9 Don’t enter!
TR | Girme!
10 Get up early!
TR | Erkan kalk
1
IMPERATIVE
11 Listen to me!
TR | Beni dinle
12 Don’t move!
TR | Hareket etme
13 Take notes!
Not al
TR |
14 Never give up!
TR | Asla vazgeçme
15 Don't touch it!
TR | Ona dokunma
16 Sit down!
TR | Otur
17 Don’t make noise!
TR | Gürültü yapma
18 Put it on the table!
TR | Onu masanın üzerine koy
19 Be quiet!
TR | Sessiz ol
20 Read this page again!
TR | Bu sayfayı tekrar oku!
2
IMPERATIVE
21 Stop talking!
TR | Konuşmayı kes!
22 Open your books!
TR | Kitabını aç!
23 Clean your room!
TR | Odanı temizle!
24 Lay the table, will you?
TR | Masayı kur, tamam mı?
25 Don’t cheat!
Aldatma!
TR |
26 Study English everyday!
TR | Hergün ingilizce çalış!
27 Be honest with me!
TR | Bana dürüst ol!
28 Drink two liters of water every day!
TR | Hergün 2 litre su iç!
29 Don't look down!
TR | Hor Görme!
30 Go to bed early!
TR | Erken yat!
3
IMPERATIVE
31 Give me the keys!
TR | Bana anahtarları ver!
32 Be careful, will you?
TR | Dikkatli ol, tamam mı?
33 Wear you coat!
TR | Montunu giy!
34 Give him some paper!
TR | Ona biraz öğüt ver!
35 Follow me!
TR | Beni takip et.
36 Don't drive fast!
TR | Hızlı sürme!
37 Do your best!
TR | Elinden gelenin en iyisini yap!
38 Obey the rules!
TR | Kurallara uy!
39 Don't laugh at me!
TR | Bana gülme!
40 Drink milk every morning!
TR | Her sabah, süt iç!
4
IMPERATIVE
41 Remain silent!
TR | Sesiz kal!
42 Water the flowers regularly!
Düzenli olarak çiçekler sula!

TR |
43 Don't interrupt me!
TR | Beni kesme!
44 Respect the elderly!
TR | Yaşlılara saygılı ol!
45 Don't insult anyone!
TR | Kimseye hakaret etme!
46 Turn off the light!
TR | Işığı kapat!
47 Don't take him seriously!
TR | Onu ciddiye alma!
48 Make a clear explanation, please!
TR | Lütfen, anlaşılır açıklama yap!
49 Don't steal anything!
TR | Hiçbir şey çalma!
50 Keep walking!
TR | Yürümeye devam et!
5
ingilizce cümle yapısı : S + V+ O Özne (S) + Ana Fiil (V) + Nesne (O)
Türkçe'de cümle yapısı : S+O+V
SIMPLE SENTENCES – BE
s v o
1 Poverty is a major global issue.
TR | Yoksulluk + önemli bir küresel sorun + dur
2 Life is good.
TR | Hayat + iyi + dir.
Simple past
3 The food was not enough.
TR | Yiyecek + yeterli + değildi.
4 It is cold today.
TR | Bugün + o + soğuk + tur.
5 I am not at home now.
TR | Şimdi + ben + evde+ değilim.
6 They are from Italy.
TR | Onlar + italya'dan + dır.
7 Clara and Steve are married.
TR | Clara ve Steve + evli +dir
8 She is an English teacher.
TR | O + bir İngilizce öğretmeni +dir.
9 The story is true.
TR | Hikaye + gerçek + tir.
10 We are in an immense universe.
TR | Biz + büyük bir evrende + yiz.
6
11 You are a good student.
TR | Sen + iyi bir öğrenci + sin.
12 The book is about Einstein.
TR | Kitap + Einstein hakkında + dır.
13 The movie was fantastic.
TR | Bu film + harika + idi
14 Turkish people are hospitable.
TR | Türk insanlar + konusever + dir.
15 The shopping centre is in the city centre.
TR | Alışveriş merkezi + şehir merkezide + dir.
16 He is my father.
TR | O + benim babam + dır.
17 I’m interested in this book.
TR | Ben + bu kitapla ilgiliyim + dir.
18 Cells are small.
TR | Hücreler + küçük + tür.
19 It is a nice day today.
TR | Bugün + o + hoş bir gün + dür.
20 The foods were on the table. Simple Past.
Yiyecekler + masanın üzerinde + idi.

TR |
7
21 The journey was too long. simple past.
TR | Seyahat çok uzundu.
22 She has been ill for three days. Present Perfect.
TR | O 3 gündür hastadır.
23 The books were on the shelf. Simple Past.
TR | Kitaplar masanın üzerindeydi.
24 She is fourteen years old. Simple Present.
TR | O 14 yaşındadır.
25 The painting was on the wall.
TR | Resim duvardaydı.
26 This computer is very fast.
TR | Bu bilgisayar çok hızlıdır.
27 My roommate is at university.
TR | Oda arkadaşım üniversitedendir.
28 My friends are at a café.
TR | Arkadaşlarım kafededir.
29 This behaviour is unacceptable.
TR | Bu davranışlar kabul edilemez.
30 The computer is out of order.
TR | Bu bilgisayar bozuktur.
8
31 The problem was the heat.
TR | Sorun ısı idi.
32 My bag is on the bed.
TR | Çantam yatağın üzerindedir.
33 The kids are in the garden.
Çoçuklar bahçededir.
TR |
34 Barıș Manço is a great singer.
TR | Barış Manço mükemmel şarkıdır.
35 She is afraid of spiders. be afraid of: -den korkmuş
TR | O örümceklerden korkar.
36 I am not free.
TR | Ben müsait değilim.
37 Ankara is the capital city of Turkey.
TR | Ankara Türkiyenin başkentidir.
38 The party will be great fun!
Parti harika eğlenceli olacak.

TR |
39 Mark is a handsome boy.
TR | Mark yakışıklı çocuktur.
40 I’m busy just now.
TR | Şu anda, meşgulüm.
9
41 The prices are high.
TR | Fiyatlar yüksektir.
42 The President is in his room.
TR | Başkan odasındadır.
43 Harris is a clever tour guide.
TR | Harris akıllı bir tur rehberidir.
44 Thirteen is an unlucky number.
TR | 13 uğursuz bir sayıdır.
45 Ancient Egyptians were intelligent.
TR | Eski mısırlılar akıllı idi.
46 The prices are not high.
TR | Fiyatlar yüksek değildir.
47 She was lost.
TR | O kaybolmuştu.
48 Eskișehir is in the northwest of Turkey.
TR | Eskişehir Türkiye'nin kuzeybatısındadır.
49 Children are our future.
TR | Çocuklar bizim geleceğidir.
50 Atoms are the smallest units.
TR | Atomlar en küçük birimlerdir.
10
SIMPLE SENTENCES – HAVE BE
Simple past (was-were)
1 You have no alternative. Simple Pres.(am-is-are)
Perfect Tens.(been)
TR | Sen + hiç bir alternatife sahip değilsin. /alternatifin yok. Fiilimsi (be, to be, being)
Have
2 He doesn't have an excuse. Past-Perfect (Had)
Present (have-has)
TR | O + bir mazerete sahip değildir / mazereti yok. Fiilimsi (Have, to have, having)
3 I've got terrible headache.
TR | Ben berbat bir baş ağrısına sahibim. /berbat başım ağrıyor.
4 I have a pencil and two books.
TR | Ben bir kalem ve 2 kitaba sahibim.
5 She has cute eyes.
TR | O güzel gözlere sahip. / güzel gözleri var.
6 Most plants have green leaves.
TR | Çoğu bitki yeşil yapraklara sahiptir. Yeşil yaprakları var.
7 He has a modern car.
TR | O modern bir arabaya sahiptir. /modern arabası vardır.
8 These books have lovely clear print.
TR | Bu kitaplar güzel açık baskıya sahiptir.
9 They have a big garden.
TR | Onlar büyük bahçeye sahiptir./Büyük bir bahçesi vardır.
10 We had a busy day yesterday. simple past.
TR | Dün biz meşgul bir güne sahiptik. / dün meşguldük.
11
SIMPLE SENTENCES – HAVE
11 She has three dogs. Simple Present
TR | O 3 köpeğe sahiptir. /
12 Robert has got a piano.
TR | Robert piyayona sahiptir.
13 They have a little money.
Onlar biraz paraya sahiptir.

TR |
14 She has a great personality.
TR | O harika bir kişiliğe sahiptir.
15 We have two children.
Biz 2 çocuğa sahibiz.

TR |
16 Kerem hasn't got a newpaper.
Kerem'in bir gazetesi yoktur.

TR |
17 I have a runny nose.
TR | Ben akan bir burna sahibim.
18 They have got a dew pets.
TR | Onlar birkaç ev hayvanına sahiptir.
19 I have an important news.
TR | Ben önemli bir habere sahibim.
20 The city had 5 million inhabitants.
TR | Şehir 5 milyon yerleşimciye sahiptir.
12
21 She hasn't got a suggestion.
TR | Onun bir önerisi yoktur.
22 He has no appetite.
TR | Onun iştahı yok.
23 I haven’t got a driving licence.
TR | Ehliyetim yok.
24 John doesn't have a ticket.
TR | John'un bileti yok.
25 They have got two books.
TR | Onların 2 kitabı var.
26 I have a gift for you.
Senin için bir hediyem var.

TR |
27 We have a meeting at 12.
Bizim 12'de toplantısı var.

TR |
28 Doctors have a difficult job.
TR | Doktorların zor meslekleri var.
29 I have a bad pain here.
TR | Burada kötü bir ağrım var.
30 I have not a red pencil.
TR | Benim kırmızı kalemim yok.
13
31 He's got a very soft heart.
TR | Onun çok yumuşak bir kalbi var.
32 I have a reservation.
TR | Benim rezervasyonum var.
33 My daughter has an exam tomorrow.
TR | Kızımın yarın sınavı var.
34 They have a beautiful home.
TR | Onların güzel bir evi var.
35 They have got a new camera.
Onların yeni bir kamerası var.

TR |
36 I have no friend.
TR | Hiç arkadaşım yok.
37 She has a lot of fillings.
TR | Onun birçok dolgusu var.
38 We have no proof.
TR | Kanıtım yok.
39 India has an interesting culture.
TR | Hindistan ilginç bir kültüre sahiptir.
40 Television has an effect on people.
Televizyon insanlar üzerinden etkisi vardır.

TR |
14
41 I’ll have some soup.
TR | Ben biraz çorba alacağım.
42 He has a fever.
TR | Ateşi var.
43 I had an appointment last week.
TR | Geçen hafta bir randevum vardı.
44 She has two daughters.
TR | Onun 2 kızı var.
45 I often have nightmares.
TR | Ben genellikle kabus görürüm.
46 She has a lot of homework.
Onun bir çok ödevi var.

TR |
47 I have an opinion.
TR | Benim bir fikrim var.
48 They have a dream.
Onların bir hayali var.

TR |
49 I don’t have a spare shirt.
TR | Benim yedek bir thisrt'um yok.
50 I don't have any money.
TR | Benim hiç param yok.
15
ACTIVE SIMPLE SENTENCES
v2
1 The thieves stole the gold last week. simple past.
İngilizce'de zaman ifadelerinin yeri yoktur.
TR | Geçen hafta, hırsızlar altın çaldı.
v2
2 I washed my car three weeks ago. simple past.
TR | 3 hafta önce + ben + arabamı + yıkadım.
be going to do
3 We are going to watch a movie tonight. Future Tense yapacağım = wiil
TR | Bu gece, biz + bir film + izleyeceğiz.
4 I support the death penalty. Simple Present.
TR | Ben + ölüm cezasını + desteklerim.
5 The librarian read the book to the students.
TR | Kütüphaneci öğrencilere kitabı okudu.
v2
6 The dog ate all the biscuits. simple past
TR | Köpek tüm bisküvileri yedi.
7 I studied modern European history at college. simple past.
TR | Ben kolejde avrupa tarihi okudum.
8 Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. Simple present cont.
TR | Şu anda, sara mektup yazıyor.
9 They're building a new school in the village. Simple Present Cont.
TR | Onlar köyde yeni bir okul inşa ediyor.
10 In the UK, everyone drives on the left.
TR | İngiltere'de herkes solda sürer.
16
11 Mom read the novel in one day. simple past.
TR | Anne bir günde kitabı okudu.
simple past.
12 Alfred Nobel invented the dynamite.
TR | Alfred Nobel dinamiti icat etti.
13 Mr. Green has been teaching at the University since 1989. Present perfect cont.
TR | Mr.Green 1989'dan beri üniversite'de öğretiyor.
14 The team celebrated their victory last night.
TR | Geçen gece, takım zaferini kutladı.
15 I introduced you to my boss last week.
TR | geçen hafta, ben patronuma seni tanıştırdım.
16 Eddy plays football every Friday.
TR | Her cuma, eddy futbol oynar.
17 Many tourists have visited that castle.
TR | Birçok turist, kaleyi ziyaret etmiş durumda.
18 The research produced promising results.
Araştırma umut vaateden sonuçlar üretti.

TR |
19 I clean the house every Saturday.
Ben her cumartesi evi temizlerim.

TR |
20 Skiing has become very popular recently.

present perfect.
TR | Kayak son zamanlarda çok popüler olmuş durumda.
17
21 Homelessness is on the increase. Simple present.
TR | Evsizlik artıştadır.
22 A child needs love and affection.
TR | Bir çocuk sevgi ve şekvate ihtiyaç duyar.
23 We don't go to the cinema very often.
TR | Biz çok sık sinemaya gitmeyiz.
24 She faxed her application for a new job. simple past
TR | O iş için başvuruyu faksladı.
25 I visit my grandfather twice a week.
TR | Ben haftada 2 kez büyükbabamı ziyaret ederim.
26 My uncle will visit us next weekend. simple future
TR | Amca bizi gelecek hafta ziyaret edecek.
27 The forest fire destroyed the whole suburb.
TR | Orman yangını tüm kenar mahalleyi yok etti.
28 My secretary sent me the letter last week.
TR | Sekreterim bana geçen hafta mektup gönderdi.
29 The firemen took the injured to the hospital.
TR | İtfayeciler yaralıları hastaneye götürdü.
30 Recently, John has been doing the work. present perfect cont.
TR | Son zamanlarda, John işini yapıyor.
18
31 He has already published two novels.
O çoktan 2 roman yayımlamış durumda.

TR |
32 A few people climbed the Everest. simple past
TR | Bir kaç insan everest'e tırmanmış durumda.
33 Tom painted the entire house.
TR | Tom tüm evi boyadı.
34 Mary gave me a lot of support.
TR | Mary bana çok destek verdi.
35 We went to school on Monday. simple past.
TR | Biz pazartesi günü okula gittik.
36 The hotel has its own private beach.
TR | Otel kendi özel plajına sahiptir.
37 The party has already started. present perfect.
TR | Parti çoktan başlamış durumda.
38 I haven’t finished my homework yet. present perfect.
TR | Ben ödevimi henüz bitimiş durumda değilim.
39 The director will give you instructions.
TR | Yönetici sana talimatları verecek.
40 He always makes snap decisions.
TR | O her zaman anlık kararlar verir.
19
41 He left his keys at home.
TR | O anahtarları evde bıraktı.
42 The mother's condition is serious.
TR | Annenin durumu ciddidir.
43 My mother goes to work at 9:00 a.m.
Annem saat 9'da işe gider.

TR |
44 The teacher always answers the students’ questions.
TR | Öğretmen her zaman öğrencilerin sorularını cevaplar.
45 The train is going to arrive late.
TR | Tren geç kalacak.
46 She pays a lot of Money.
TR | O çok fazla para harcar.
47 The police didn't find the robber last week.
TR | Polis geçen hafta soyguncuyu bulamadı.
48 Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.
TR | Sally bu akşam güzel bir yemek yapacak.
49 Sheila is drinking a cup of tea.
TR | Sheila bir fincan kahve içiyor.
50 This was an absolutely horrific accident. simple past.
TR | Bu gerçekten korkunç bir kaza idi.
20
PASSIVE SIMPLE SENTENCES
1 The electric chair was invented by a dentist. Be+V3 (yapıldı).
TR | Elektrikli sandalye bir dişçi tarafından icat edildi.
2 He hasn't been heard from for at least three days.
TR | Ondan en az 3 gündür haber alınamamış durumda.
3 The pyramids were built thousands of years ago.
TR | Primatler binlerce yıl önce inşa edildi.
4 Enough money has been collected.
TR | Yeterince para toplanmış durumda.
5 Jellyfish are composed of more than 90% water.
TR | Deniz anası %90'dan fazla sudan oluşur.
6 By this time tomorrow the deal will have been signed.
TR | Yarın bu vakte kadar, anlaşma imzalanmış durumda olacak.
7 Dubai is known for its luxurious hotels. be know for : ile bilinmek
TR | Dubai lüks otelleri ile bilinir.
8 This clothing is specially designed for shorter women.
TR | Bu elbise özellikle daha kısa kadınlar için tasarlanır.
9 French is frequently spoken in Belgium.
TR | Fransızca genellikle Belçika'da konuşulur.
10 A new type of washing powder is developed.
TR | Yeni bir tip deterjan geliştirilir.
21
11 Several robberies were committed last night.
TR | Birkaç soygun geçen akşam
12 A new stadium is being built near the station.
Yeni bir stadyum istasyonun yakınında inşa ediliyor.

TR |
13 Many cars had been parked on the pavement.
Birçok araba kaldırıma park edilmiş durumdaydı.

TR |
14 Acupuncture was discovered by the Chinese thousands of years ago.
TR | Akupuntur binlerce yıl önce çinliler tarafından keşfedildi.
15 The possibility of cold fusion has been examined for many years.
TR | soğuk füzyon olasılığı yıllardır incelenmiş durumdadır.
16 The letters were delivered last week.
TR | Mektuplar geçen hafta teslim edildi.
17 This poet was written in the 16th century.
TR | Bu şiir 16.yy da yazıldı.
18 The meeting has been arranged for Wednesday.
TR | Toplantı çarşamba günü için ayarlanmış durumda.
19 A lot of money was spent on the first shopping Saturday.
TR | Birçok para ilk alışveriş cumartesinde harcandı.
20 Cotton is grown in Çukurova in Türkiye.
TR | Pamuk Türkiye'de Çukurovada yetiştirilir.
22
21 Injured marines are being taken to a hospital now.
TR | Yaralı piyadeler şimdi hastaneye götürülüyor.
22 The tigers are kept in the zoo. simple present
TR | Kaplanlar hayvanat bahçesinde tutulur.
23 The gramophone was invented by Edison. simple past passive
TR | Gramafon edison tarafından icat edildi.
24 The ship has been irreparably damaged. present perfect.
TR | Tamir edilemeyecek şekilde hasar görmüş durumda.
25 Guns and knives were found in his car. simple past passive
TR | Silahlar ve bıçaklar onun arabasında bulundu.
26 Bicycles are often used as a means of transport. simple present passive
TR | Bisikletler genellikle bir taşıma yöntemi olarak kullanılır.
27 The church was built by Christopher Wren in the 17th century.
TR | Kilise 17.yy'da CH tarafından inşa edildi.
28 She has been invited to Jack's birthday party. present perfect passive
TR | O jack'in doğum gününe davet edilmiş durumda.
29 All countries are plagued by poverty at a varying magnitude.
TR | Tüm ülkelerin değişen büyüklükte yoksullukla başı beladadır.
30 My ideas will be presented at the conference tonight.
TR | Benim fikirlerim bu gece konferansta sunulacak.
23
31 Africa’s agricultural productivity has been severely affected by disease. present perfect passive
TR | Afrika'nın tarımsal üretkenliği hastalık tarafından şiddetli bir şekilde etkilenmiş durumda.
32 She was being interviewed for the job. Past cont passive
TR | O iş için görüşülüyordu.
33 A lot of cars are imported from Japan.
TR | Bir çok araba Japonya'dan ithal edilir.
34 The situation was worsened by the lack of communication.
TR | Durum iletişim yokluğu tarafından daha da kötüleştirildi.
35 This house hasn't been inhabited for twenty years.
TR | Bu ev 20 yıldır oturulmamış durumda.
36 The influence of religion is evaluated in this paper.
TR | Dinin etkisi bu makalede değerlendirilir.
37 Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
TR | Kırmızı kan hücreleri kemik iliğinden üretilir.
38 A new computer software has been installed.
TR | Yeni bir bilgisayar yazılımı kurulmuş durumda.
39 The party was planned in great detail.
TR | Parti çok detaylı planlandı.
40 He was forced to steal the money out of his dad’s room.
TR | O babasının odasında para çalışmaya zorlandı.
24
41 You are not allowed to smoke in this room.
TR | Senin bu odada sigara içmene izin verilmez.
42 In 1961 the country was declared independent.
TR | 1961'de ülke bağımsızlık ilan edildi.
43 Champagne is drunk on New Year’s Eve.
TR | Şampanya yeni yıl arefesinde içilir.
simple future passive

44 The new highway will be completed sometime next month.
TR | Yeni otoyol gelecek ay bir zamanlar açılacak.
45 All main courses are served with vegetables and salad.
TR | Tüm ana öğünler sebze ve salata ile servis edilir.
46 English is spoken all over the world.
TR | İngilizce dünyanın her yerinde konuşulur.
47 The campaign was launched three days ago.
TR | Kampanya 3 gün önce başlatıldı.
48 The old hospital isn't used anymore.
TR | Eski hastane artık kullanılmıyor.
49 The number of Internet was estimated to be over one million.
TR | İnternet sayısının 1 milyondan fazla olduğu tahmin edildi.
50 Your proposal was rejected by the committee.
TR | Senin teklifin komite tarafından reddedildi.
25
PREPOSITION BLOCK
3 2 1
1 Noun + Prep + Noun
recent research on the history of the family
The car in the city
Şehir deki araba
TR | Ailenin tarihi üzerinde yeni bir araştırma
2 with the growing crisis of obesity around the world
TR | Dünya çapında obezitenin artan krizi ile
3 one of the reasons for the increase in unemployment in Greece the reason for x
X'in sebebi
Yunanistan'da işsizlik in artışının sebeplerinden biri
TR |
4 the use of computers in communications and the transfer of information
TR | Bilginin taşınması ve iletişiminde bilgisayarların kullanımı
5 the advantages of written communication over oral in business
TR | İşte sözlü üzerine yazılı iletişimin avantajları
6 a very small rise in the average temperature of the Earth's surface
TR | Dünyan'nın yüzeyinin ortalama sıcaklığında çok küçük bir artış
7 a noticable improvement in women's pay over the last five years
TR | Geçen 5 yılda kadınların maaşında önemli bir iyileşme
8 sensible solutions to the economic problems of the country
TR | Ülkenin ekonomik sorunlarına mantıklı çözümler
9 one of the amateur golfers of the early twentieth century
TR | 20.yy başlarının amatör golfcülerinin biri
10 the effects of greenhouse gases on the habitats of various animals
TR | Çeşitli hayvanların yaşam alanları üzerinde sera gazlarının etkisi
26
PREPOSITION BLOCK
11 a viable solution for controlling deer population in wild areas
TR | Vahşi bölgelerde geyik nüfusunu kontrol etmek için uygun bir çözüm.
12 the combination of high inflation and economic recession
TR | Yüksek enflasyon ve ekonomik durgunluğun birleşimi
13 an active role in the fight for woman's suffering
TR | Kadınların acısı için savaşda aktif bir rol
14 the development of modern wind machines for generating electricity
TR | Elektrik üretmek için modern rüzgar makinalarının gelişmesi
15 one of the reasons for the recent changes in the world temperature
TR | Dünya'nın sıcaklığındaki son değişikliklerin sebeplerinin biri
16 a means of expressing one's feelings towards other people
TR | Diğer insanlara yönelik bir kişinin hislerini ifade etmesinin yolu
17 the common cause of illness in children in developed countries
TR | Gelişmmiş ülkelerdeki çocuklarda hastalığın yaygın sebebi
18 the difference in opinions and outlooks of the people
TR | İnsanların fikirleri ve bakış açılarında farklılık
19 recent political developments in the former soviet
TR | Eski sovyette son siyasi gelişmeler
20 a collection of cultural movements of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century
TR | 19.yy'ın ve 20.yy başlarının kültürel akımlarınların bir toplamı
27
PREPOSITION BLOCK
21 a research into the causes of schizophrenia in old people
TR | Yaşlı insanlarda şizofreninin sebeplerinin araştırılması
22 the great majority of the population in underdeveloped nations
TR | Az gelişmiş ülkelerde nüfusunun büyük çoğunluğu
23 one country’s intervention in another country’s internal affairs
TR | Bir diğer ülkenin içişlerine bir ülkenin müdahelesi
24 an analysis of the distribution of opinions on any issue within a specific population
TR | Belli nüfusta herhangi bir konu üzerine fikirlerin dağılımının bir analizi
25 lack of education among the poor sections of society
TR | Toplumun fakir kesimlerinde eğitim yokluğu
26 the results of the research into the effects of adverse weather on plane crashes
TR | Uçak kazanları üzerine olumsuz havanın etkilerinin araştırmasının sonuçları
27 the growing unpopularity of economics as a science
TR | Bir bilim olarak ekonominin artan sevimsizliği as +noun => olarak
28 one of the effective ways of communication in the world of fashion
TR | Moda dünyasında iletişimin etkili yollarının biri
29 the important steps towards the prevention of crime and poverty
TR | Suç ve yoksulluğun önlenmesine yönelik önemli adımlar through : aracılığı ile sayesinde, arasından, içinden
30 the integration of economies and societies of varied worlds through the process of technology and trade
TR | Teknoloji ve ticaret süreci sayesinde çeşitli dünyaların ekonomi ve toplumlarının birleşimi
28
PREPOSITION BLOCK
31 a country's persistent struggle against discrimination
TR | Ayrımcılığa karşı bir ülkenin kalıcı mücadelesi
32 between the uses and abuses of various types of communication
TR | İletişimin çeşitli tiplerinin kullanımı ve istismarı arasında
33 the sudden increase in the number of books in the library
TR | Kütüphanedeki kitapların sayısında ani artış
34 the unusual nature and extensive effects of the economic crises of the 1970’s
TR | 1970'in ekonomik krizinin sıra dışı doğası ve geniş etkileri
35 remnants of some of the 2000 victims of the disaster
TR | Felaketin 2000 kurbanının bazılarının kalıntıları
36 the circulation of money through trade and other means
TR | Ticaret ve diğer yollar sayesinde paranın dolaşımı
37 one of the major causes of malnutrition in developing countries
TR | gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki beslenme ana sebeplerinin biri
38 the dramatic growth of the world’s population in the twentieth century
TR | 20.yy'da dünya nüfusunun şiddetli büyümesi
39 the meanings behind the different colors of roses
TR | Güllerin farklı renklerinin arkasındaki anlamları
40 a major breakthrough in the world of information technology
TR | Bilgi teknolojisinin dünyasında önemli bir buluş
29
PREPOSITION BLOCK
41 the basis for a whole new creative and innovative world
TR | Tümüyle yeni yaratıcı ve yenilikçi dünya için temel
42 one of the important causes of many deaths all across the globe
TR | Dünyanın heryerinde bir çok ölümün sebeplerinden biri
43 the driving force in the unprecedented growth of its economy
TR | Ekonomisinin eşi görülmemiş büyümesindeki itici güç
44 a common phenomenon in the era of economic recession
TR | Ekonomik durgunluğun çağında yaygın bir olay
45 in the forefront of pollution control policies since the 1960s
TR | 1960'lardan beri kirlilik kontrol politikalarının ön cephesinde
46 an effective oral communication in a business environment
TR | İş çevresinde etkili sözlü iletişim
47 an important milestone in the history of exploration
TR | Araştırma tarihinde önemli bir kilometre taşı
48 a close relation between unhealthy eating habits and the increase in extra body fat
TR | Fazla vücut yağında artış ve sağlıksız yeme alışkanlıkları arasında yakın bir ilişki
49 recent developments in the fields of biology and chemistry
TR | Biyoloji ve kimya alanlarındaki son gelişmeler
50 adequate for the support of a ten billion world population
TR | 10 milyarlık dünya nüfusunun destelenmesi için yeterli
30
PREPOSITION BLOCK IN SENTENCES
1 Art is symbolic representation of ideas and thoughts.
TR | Sanat fikir ve düşüncelerin sembolik temsili + dir.
2 The development of technology considerably improves our lifestyles.
TR | Teknolojinin gelişmesi önemli derecede yaşam tarzlarımızı geliştirir.
3 Comedy has always been a great source of entertainment.
TR | Komedi her zaman eğlencenin kaynağı olmuş durumdadır.
4 Rap music is known as the music of the mind for a number of reasons.
TR | Rap müzik bir çok sebeplerden dolayı aklın müziği olarak bilinir.
5 The sudden increase in the number of books in the library is directly related to the new director.
TR | Kütüphanedeki kitapların sayısındaki ani artış yeni müdür ile doğrudan alakalıdır.
6 The improvement in sales figures had a beneficial effect on the company.
TR | Satış rakamlarındaki düzelme ekonomi üzerine faydalı etki yaptı.
7 Proper business communication is a key element in effective negotiation in large or small organizations.
TR | Düzgün iş iletişimi geniş veya küçük kuruluşlarda etkili görüşmeden kilit öğedir.
8 Traces of ice have been discovered on the surface of Mars.
TR | Buz izleri mars'ın yüzeyinde keşfedilmiş durumda.
9 Her husband's sudden death was the start of a dark chapter in her life.
TR | Onun kocasının ani ölümü onun hayatında karanlık bir dönemin başlangıcı idi.
10 The invention of the contraceptive pill brought about profound changes in the lives of women.
TR | Doğum kontrol haplarının kadınların hayatlarında derin değişikliklere sebep oldu.
Bring about : sebep olmak 31

11 Life expectancy in Europe has increased greatly in the 20th century.
TR | Avrupa'da yaşam beklentisi 20.yy'da büyük oranda artmış durumdadır.
12 The genetic factor plays a key role in controlling the process of aging.
TR | Genetik faktör yaşlanma sürecini kontrol etmede kilit rol oynar.
13 Independence for women threatened traditional social and gender roles.
TR | Kadınlar için bağımsızlık geleneksel, sosyal ve cinsiyet rollerini tehdit etti.
14 High unemployment is a direct result of the recession.
TR | Yüksek işsizlik durgunluğun doğrudan sonucudur.
15 The health report stresses the importance of fresh food in a diet.
TR | Sağlık raporu bir öğünde taze yiyeceğin önemini vurgular.
16 Malnutrition affects the great majority of the population in underdeveloped nations.
TR | Kötü beslenme az gelişmiş uluslardaki nüfusun bir çoğunu etkiler.
17 The steady advancement in communication technology has contributed to the progress of mankind in many ways.
TR | İletişim teknolojisindeki devamlı ilerleme bir çok şekilde insanoğlunun ilerlemesine katkı yapmış durumdadır.
18 The number of fatal accidents in the construction industry has dropped dramatically in recent years.
TR | İnşaat endüstrisindeki ölümcül kazaların sayısı son yıllarda önemli derecede düşmüş durumdadır.
19 London has traditionally been the global capital of the world.
TR | Londra geleneksel olarak dünyanın küresel başkenti ola gelmiştir.
20 Globalization has several advantages on the economic, cultural, social and other fronts.
TR | Küreselleşme ekonomik, kültürel, sosyal ve diğer etkenlerde bir kaç avantaja sahiptir.
32
21 Food shortage has given rise to the problem of a high food price index.
TR | Gıda kıtlığı yüksek gıda fiyatı endeksi sorununa sebep olmuş durumda.
22 Wild animals have a great influence on the lifestyle and culture of human beings.
TR | Vahşi hayvanlar insanoğlunun yaşam tarzı ve kültürü üzerine büyük bir etkiye sahiptir.
23 Mobile communications play an important role in health care facilities.
TR | Mobil iletişim sağlık hizmetlerinde önemli rol oynar.
24 The rich biodiversity in the region is threatened by infrastructure and urban areas.
TR | Bölgedeki zengin biyoçeşitlilik altyapı ve şehirsel bölgeler tarafından tehdit edilmektedir.
25 Immigration brings in new opportunities for people of different countries.
TR | Göç farklı ülkelerin insanları için yeni fırsatları getirir.
26 Inequalities of income lead to inequalities in access to health care.
TR | Gelir eşitsizliği sağlık hizmetlerine erişimde eşitsizliğe yol açar.
27 Stress is one of the causes of a variety of diseases and disorders in the world today.
TR | Stres günümüzde dünyadaki birçok farklı hastalık ve bozukluğun sebeplerinden biridir.
28 European researchers have recently assessed the effects of soil erosion on agricultural productivity.
TR | Avrupalı araştırmacılar son zamanlarda tarımsal üretkenliği üzerine toprak erozyonunun etkilerini araştırmış durumda.
29 Subsequent research on the effects of violence in the media has been controversial.
TR | Medyadaki şiddetin etkilerini izleyen araştırması tartışmaları olmuş durumdadır.
30 Education is vital to the healthy growth and development of one’s personality.
TR | Eğitim birinin kişiliğinin sağlıklı büyümesi ve gelişmesi için hayatidir.
33
31 Rapidly growing cities have created major problems for modern African cultures.
TR | Hızla büyüyen şehirler modern Afrika kültürü için önemli sorunlar yaratmış durumdadır.
32 The new tools of microsurgery have contributed greatly to the success of many plastic surgery operations.
TR | Mikro cerrahinin yeni araçları bir çok plastik cerrahi ameliyatının başarısına büyük oranda katkı yapmış durumdadır.
33 Poverty is associated with slow growth in income disproportionate with the rising population.
TR | Yoksulluk artan nüfus ile orantısız gelirde yavaş bir büyüme ile ilgilidir.
34 Use of plastic in various forms has become an inevitable part of our lives.
TR | Çeşitli şekillerde plastiğin kullanımı hayatımızın kaçınılmaz bir parçası olmuş durumdadır.
35 Globalization accelerates the communication between people in different countries.
TR | Küreselleşme farklı ülkelerin insanları arasında iletişimi hızlandırır.
36 Controversial topics play a significant role in any kind of debate or group discussion.
TR | Tartışmalı konular tartışma ve grup tartışmasının herhangi bir türünde önemli rol oynar
37 Zimbabwe is one of the prominent countries in the continent of Africa.
TR | Zimbabwe afrika kıtasında önemli bir ülkelerinden biridir.
38 The studies of natural and artificial sciences reveal the relationship between nature and human life.
TR | Doğal ve yapay bilim araştırmaları doğa ve insan arasında bir ilişkiyi açıklar.
39 Public worries about accidents are threatening the existence of the nuclear power industry.
TR | Kazalar hakkında halk endişeleri nükleer güç sanayisinin varlığını tehdit ediyor.
40 Science and technology are closely linked aspects of society and developments.
TR | Bilim ve Teknoloji toplum ve gelişmelerin özellikleri ile yakından ilişkilidir.
34
41 The number of interracial adoptions have increased in the last few years.
TR | Irklararası evlat edinmelerin sayısı geçtiğimiz bir kaç yılda artmış durumdadır.
be of = have
42 History was, is, and will always be of crucial importance to humankind.
TR | Tarih insanoğlu için hayati öneme sahipti, sahiptir ve her zaman sahip olacaktır.
43 This disaster is a clear demonstration of the need for tighter controls.
TR | Bu hastalık daha sıkı kontroller için ihtiyacın açık bir göstergesidir.
44 Digitization of information has been a major breakthrough in the world of information technology.
TR | Bilginin dijitalleşmesi bilgi teknolojisi dünyasında önemli bir buluş olmuştur.
45 Steps towards the prevention of crime and poverty require great support from the international community.
TR | Suç ve yoksulluğun önlemlenmesine yönelik adımlar uluslararası toplumdan büyük destek gerekir.
46 Terrorism has become a challenge to regional security and well-being.
TR | Terörizmi bölgesel güvenlik ve refaha bir sorunDUR.
47 The story of Nelson Mandela represents a country's persistent struggle against discrimination.
TR | Nelson mandela'nın hikayesi ayrımcılığa karşı ülkenin kalıcı mücadelesini temsil eder.
48 The major cause of floods these days is the construction of bridges, buildings and roads along the river banks.
TR | Bu günlerde sellerin önemli sebebi ırmak kenarları boyunca köprü bina ve yolların inşaatıdır.
49 A deep knowledge about the elements and principles of art is essential for an artist.
TR | Sanatın öğeleri ve prensipleri hakkında derin bir bilgi sanatçı için geçerlidir.
50 Management skills are a must for a manager in today's competitive business world.
TR | Yönetim becerileri güzümünüzün rekabetçi iş dünyasında bir yönetici için zorunluluktur.
35
active : Modal + yalın fiil
passive: modal + be + v3
MODALS
1 All human beings should be given a second chance for their mistakes.
TR | Tüm insanoğluna hataları için 2. bir şans verilmeli.
2 Social workers need to possess the skills of articulation and persuasion.
TR | Sosyal işçiler dile getirme ve ikna becerisine sahip olmak zorundadır.
3 Every disease must be treated in time and properly.
TR | Her hastalık zamanında ve düzgün bir şekilde tedavi edilmelidir.
4 You’d better not postpone your programme.
TR | Sen programını ertelemesen iyi olur.

may-might = -e bilir.
5 Abrupt changes in ecosystems may result in dramatic reductions in ecosystem services.
TR | Ekosistemde ki ani değişiklikler ekosistem hizmetlerinde şiddetli azalmalara yol açabilir.
6 The organization must have completed the project within the past five years.
TR | Organizasyon geçtiğimiz 5 yılda projeyi tamamlamış olmalıdır.
7 A short-term health insurance plan can bring you several benefits.
TR | Kısa vadeli bir sağlık sigorta planı sana bir kaç fayda getirebilir.
8 The students have to wear school uniforms from Monday to Friday.
TR | Öğrenciler pazartesiden cuma'ya kadar okul formaları giymek zorundadır.
9 With your poor English, you can't have written this essay.
TR | Zayıf İngilizcenle bu makaleyi çevirmiş olamazsın.
10 World governments should have been enforced conservation long ago.
TR | Dünya hükümetleri korumayı uzun zaman önce yürülüğü koyması gerekirdi.
36
MODALS
11 At the age of eight she could already speak three languages.
TR | 8 yaşında o, çoktan 3 dil konuşabiliyordu.
12 The city should work out a solution on household hazardous waste.
TR | Şehir ev haklı tehlikeli atışı için bir çözüm bulmalıdır.
13 Our country might be attacked by the enemies.
TR | Bizim ülkemiz düşmanlar tarafından saldırılabilir.
14 They need to minimize the risks and the consequences of fires in tunnels.
TR | Onlar tünellerde yangının sonucu ve risklerini en aza indirgemek zorundandır.
15 In the old days most of our coal used to be transported by sea.
TR | Eski günlerde, kömürümüzün çoğu deniz yoluya taşırdı.
16 Foreign language training to children should start at an early age.
TR | Çocuklar için yabancı dil öğrenme erken yaşta başlamalıdır.
17 Different methods can produce different results.
TR | Farklı yöntemler farklı sonuçlar üretebilir.
18 The society must have gone through some changes over time.
TR | Toplum zaman içinde bazı değişiklikler geçirmiş olmalı
19 Excessive sun exposure in childhood may contribute to skin cancer in later life.
TR | Çocuklukta aşırı güneşe maruz kalmak daha sonraki hayatta cilt kanserine sebep olabilir.
20 Researchers are unable to spot the universe's first stars in their telescopes.
TR | Araştırmacılar teleskoplarında evrenin ilk yıldızlarını tespit edemez.
37
MODALS
21 The design of the future cars has to meet the needs of modern consumers.
TR | Geleceğin arabalarının tasarımı modern tüketicinin ihtiyacını karşılamak zorundadır.
22 My brother can't have played football. He broke his leg last week.
TR | Kardeşim oynamış olamaz. O geçen hafta ayağını kırdı.
23 The impact of each complementary instrument has to be taken into account.
TR | Her tamamlayıcı aracın etkisi hesaba katılmak zorundadır.
24 You had better not spend much money on unnecessary things.
TR | Sen gereksiz şeylere para harcamasan iyi olur.
25 We must insure against any future practice of genocide.
TR | Biz gelecekte soykırımın herhangi bir uygulamaya karşı önlem almalıyız.
26 Through hard work and research, they could find a cure for the disease.
TR | Sıkı çalışma ve araştırma sayesinde onlar hastalık için bir çare bulabilirler.
27 You should have read the instructions carefully.
TR | Sen talimatları dikkatlice okuman gerekirdi.
28 Some important information can be gained from alternative instruments.
TR | Bazı önemli bilgiler alternatif araçlardan elde edilebilir.
29 All vehicle owners must drive slowly and cautiously.
TR | Tüm araç sahipleri yavaşça ve dikkatlice sürmeli
30 The doctor may have had an accident with his car.
TR | Doktor arabası ile bir kaza geçirmiş olabilir.
38
MODALS
31 Kids need to be protected against infectious diseases.
TR | Çocuklar bulaşıcı hastalıklara karşı korunmak zorundadır.
32 You ought to have taken care of that matter a long time ago.
TR | Siz uzun zaman önce o meseleyle ilgilenmeniz gerekirdi.
33 David can't have gone to Paris last week. He doesn't have enough money.
TR | David geçen hafta Paris'e gitmiş olamaz. Yeterli parası yok.
34 German used to be taught in this school ten years ago.
TR | Almanca 10 yıl önce bu okulda öğretilirdi.
35 All fire protection systems should be inspected at least once a year.
TR | Tüm yangın koruma sistemi en az yılda bir kez denetlenmeli.
36 Most color-blind people are unable to distinguish between red or green.
TR | Çoğu renk körü insanlar kırmızı ile yeşil arasında ayrım yapamaz.
37 Alcohol dependent individuals may be diagnosed with liver damage and heart diseases.
TR | Alkol bağımlısı kişilere karaciğer hasarı ve kalp hastalıkları teşhisi konulabilir.
38 Visitors had better take some necessary precautions against theft.
TR | Ziyaretçiler hırsızlığa karşı bazı gerekli önlemleri alsa iyi olur.
39 One of the guards might easily panic and shoot someone.
TR | Korumalardan biri kolaylıkla panikleyebilir ve birini vurabilir.
40 You must accept the terms and conditions for automatic payment.
TR | Siz otomatik ödeme için koşul ve şartları kabul etmelisiniz.
39
MODALS
41 Chemical, biological and nuclear warfare could one day destroy mankind.
TR | Kimyasal, biyolojik ve nükleer savaş bir gün insanoğlunu yok edebilir.
42 Smoking in public areas should have been prohibited a long time ago.
TR | Uzun zaman önce kapalı alanlarda sigara içmek yasaklanması gerekirdi.
43 Many school systems have been unable to effectively improve student performance.
TR | Birçok okul sistemi öğrenci performansını etkili bir şekilde geliştirememiş durumda.
44 Life on Earth wouldn't be possible without water.
TR | Dünyadaki hayat susuz imkansız olur.
45 The applicants must have experienced a job loss or reduction in income.
TR | Başvuranlar iş kaybı yada azalma yaşanmış durumda
46 The two rocks may have been formed at approximately the same time.
TR | İki kaya yaklaşık aynı zamanda oluşturulmuş olabilir.
47 Excess consumption of caffeine can also cause constant headaches.
TR | Kafeinin aşırı tüketilmesi aynı zamanda baş ağrısına sebep olabilir.
48 The achievements have to be proved by the copies of reports or certificates.
TR | Başarılar rapor ya da sertifika kopyaları vasıtasıyla ispatlanmak durumundadır.
49 You need to carry out the method by using standards and duplicate samples several times.
TR | Siz standartları kullanarak ve bir kaç kez örnekleri kopyalayarak yönetimi geliştirmek zorundasınız.
50 Development projects must meet the needs of future generations.
TR | Gelişme projeleri gelecek nesillerin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamalıdır.
40
Burada özne yok.
THERE
1 There has been a significant increase in the number of women students in recent years.
TR | Son yıllarda kadın öğrencilerinin sayısında önemli bir artış olmuş durumdadır.
2 There are different customs and traditions in countries around the globe.
TR | Dünya çapında ülkelerde farklı gelenekler ve görenekler vardır.
3 There is a relation between accident rates and the numbers of drivers on the road.
TR | Kaza oranları ve yoldaki sürücülerin sayısı arasında bir ilişki vardır.
4 There is a commonsense among experts about the world’s foods supplies.
TR | Dünya yiyecek kaynakları hakkında uzmanlar arasında ortak bir fikir vardır.
5 There were a lot of people at the demonstrations.
TR | Gösterilerden bir çok insan vardır.
6 There were no industrial research centers in the modern sense in those days.
TR | O günlerde modern anlamda hiçbir endüstri araştırma merkezi yoktu.
7 There will be an additional charge for any extra baggage.
TR | Herhangi bir fazla büyük bagaj için ilave ücret olacaktır.
8 There have been questions about the accuracy of the report.
TR | Raporun doğruluğu hakkında sorular olmuş durumdadır.
9 There is an important connection between the teaching styles and the learning ones.
TR | Öğretme tarzı ve öğrenme tarzları arasında önemli bir ilişki vardır.
10 There are substantial differences in the types of equipment and work force skills.
TR |
Ekipman tipi ve iş gücü becerileri arasında önemli farklılıklar vardır.
41
THERE
11 There is a vast difference between day-time and night-time temperatures in deserts.
TR | Çöllerdeki gündüz ve sıcaklıkları arasında büyük bir farklılık vardır.
12 There are natural remedies and methods appropriate for treating stress and anxiety.
TR | Stres ve kaygıyı tedavi etmek için doğal çareler ve uygun yöntemler vardır.
13 There are close ties between food production and environmental health.
TR | Gıda üretimi ve çevre sağlığı arasında yakın bağlar vardır.
14 There's a smoking area behind the building.
TR | Binanın arkasında bir sigara içme alanı vardır.
15 There are various reasons for being pessimistic about the future of mankind.
TR | İnsanoğlunun geleceği hakkında kötümser olmak için çeşitli sebepler vardır.
16 There has been a major change in attitudes recently.
TR | Son zamanlarda önemli değişiklikler olmış durumdadır.
17 There is a relationship between accident rates and the number of drivers on the road.
TR | Kaza oranları ve yoldaki sürcüler arasında bir ilişki vardır.
18 There are many different types of bacteria.
TR | Bakterilerin bir çok tipi vardır.
19 There has been an alarming rise in the rate of inflation.
TR | Enflasyon oranında korkunç bir artış olmuş durumdadır.
20 There can be no economic development in the absence of environmental responsibility.
TR | Çevresel sorumluluğun yokluğunda ekonomik gelişme olamaz.
42
THERE
21 There is a theory about unknown chemicals in the waters of the Atlantic.
TR | Atlantiğin sularında bilinmeyen kimyasallar hakkında bir teori vardır.
22 There is a shortage of water in many areas of the world.
TR | Dünyanın bir çok bölgesinde su kıtlığı vardır.
23 There were still several empty seats in the plane.
TR | Uçakta hala birkaç boş yer vardı.
24 There is no longer any shadow of a doubt about the impact of global warming on coral reefs.
TR | Mercan kayalıkları üzerine küresel ısınmasın etkileri hakkında bir kuşkunun hiç gölgesi bile yoktur.
25 There was a sudden drop in the plane's altitude.
TR | Uçağın irtifasında ani bir düşün vardı.
26 There’s also some correlation with social class.
TR | Ayrıca sosyal sınıfla ilgili biraz bağlantı vardır.
27 There has been a rapid increase recently in the global domestic consumption of a wide range of electronic goods.
TR | Birçok farklı elektronik malın küresel evsel tüketiminde son zamanlarda hızlı artış olmuştur.
28 There’s been a bad accident on the freeway.
TR | Otoyol'da kötü bir kaza olmuş durumda.
29 There is very great concern about radioactive waste from power stations.
TR | Güç istasyonlarından radyoaktif atıkları hakkında çok büyük kaygı vardır.
30 There has been worldwide protest against the ban on girls' education.
TR | Kızların eğitimi üzerine yasağa karşı dünya çapında protestolar olmuş durumda.
43
THERE
31 There are a lot of tourists in my town.
TR | Benim şehrimde çok fazla turist vardır.
32 There are many possible causes of memory loss.
TR | Hafıza kaybını bir çok olası sebebi vardır.
33 There is mud all over your jacket.
TR | Ceketinin her yerinde çamur var.
34 There will be eight billion people in the world at the beginning of the 21st century.
TR | 21.yy'nın başlarında dünyada 8 milyar insan olacak.
35 There are still some doubts about her suitability for the job.
TR | İş için onun durumu hakkında hala bazı şüpheler vardır.
36 There has been remarkable progress in the provision of improved drinking water over the last decade.
TR | Geçtiğimiz 10 yılda gelişmiş içme suyunun sağlanmasında dikkate değer ilerleme olmuş durumdadır.
37 There is a lot of speculation about the role of vitamin D in depression.
TR | Depresyonda vitaminin D'nin rolü hakkında bir çok spekülasyon vardır.
38 There are some doubts about the effectiveness of these technical solutions.
TR | Bu teknik çözümlerin verimliliği hakkında bazı sıkıntılar vardır.
39 There are innumerable types of alternative education systems in the World.
TR | Dünyada alternatif eğitim sistemlerinin sayısız türleri vardır.
40 There is always a significant amount of congestion in İstanbul between 5 and 8 in the evening.
TR | Her zaman akşam 5 ile 8 arasında İstanbul'da önemli miktarda trafik tıkanıklığı vardır.
44
THERE
41 There are about 1, 300 different species of acacia trees and shrubs.
TR | Akasya ağacı ve çalının yaklaşık 1.300 farklı tipi vardır.
42 There were several damp areas on the living room ceiling.
TR | Oturma odasının bir kaç bölgesinde nemli bölge vardı.
43 There are a number of specialties within police work.
TR | Polis işinde bir çok uzmanlık alanı vardır.
44 There has been a significant reduction in the use of some toxic chemicals.
TR | Bazı zehirli kimyaların kullanımında önemli bir azalma olmuş durumda.
45 There is one important similarity between the two political systems.
TR | İki siyası sistem arasında önemli bir benzerlik vardır.
46 There has been a rapid increase in the population within the last 20 years.
TR | Geçen 20 yılda nüfusta hızlı bir artış olmuş durumdadır.
47 There are many social, environmental and physical causes of developmental disabilities.
TR | Gelişimsel özürlüğün bir çok sosyal çevresel ve fiziksel sebepleri vardır.
48 In the past there were many stories of disappearing ships, planes and people.
TR | Geçmişte, gözden kaybolan gemiler, uçaklar ve insanlar hakkında bir çok hikaye vardı.
49 There is a relation between eating good food and being healthy.
TR | İyi yiyecek ve sağlıklı olmak arasında bir ilişki vardır.
50 There are a number of branches in science.
TR | Bilimde bir çok dal vardır.
45
More + sıfat : X is more important Sıfatların/zarfların karşılaştırma durumu
the most + sıfat
Sıfat + er Eşitlik durumu
as/as : X is as big as y the -- sıfat + est
so/as : X is not so big as y
COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE
1 Life is much simpler today with all the improvements and advancements in technology.
TR | Hayat teknolojideki tüm ilerlemeler ve gelişmelerle bugün daha basittir.
2 Today across the world, asthma has become the most prevalent disease.
TR | Günümüzde dünya çapında, astım en yaygın hastalık olmuş durumdadır.
3 Children are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of air pollution.
TR | Çocuklar hava kirliliğinin zararlı etkilerine daha savunmasızdır.
4 Today's commercial aircraft are among the most sophisticated engineering achievements of the day.
TR | Günümüzde ticari uçakları günün en gelişmiş mühendislik başarıları arasındadır.
5 One of the biggest globalization benefits is the rise in knowledge levels of countries.
TR | En büyük küreselleşme faydalarının biri ülkenin bilgi seviyesindeki artıştır.
6 Few inventions in recent times have influenced daily life so profoundly as the electronic calculator.
TR | Son zamanlarda çok az icat günlük hayatı elektrikli hesap makinası kadar derinden etkilemiştir.
7 The 99% literacy rate makes North Korea one of the most literate countries in the world.
TR | %99 okur yazarlık oranı kuzey kore'yi dünyada en okur yazar ülkeleri yapar.
8 Human rights are more important than economic considerations.
TR | İnsan hakları ekonomik düşüncelerden daha önemlidir.
9 Shakespeare has been perhaps the most revered poet and playwright in English Literature.
TR | Belki, Shekaspeare ingiliz edebiyatında en saygı duyulan şair ve yazardır.
10 Changes to biodiversity currently underway are more rapid than at any time in human history.
TR | Şuanda bioçeşitlilikte meydana gelmekte olan değişiklikler insanlık tarihinde herhangi bir zamandan daha hızlıdır.
46
11 Sedentary lifestyle and living on fast foods are the most common causes of obesity in America.
TR | Durağan yaşam tarzı ve hazır gıdaya bel bağlayarak yaşamak abd'de obezitenin en yaygın sebebidir.
12 More than a fifth of the population of the developing world live in extreme poverty.
TR | Gelişmekte olan dünyanın nüfusunun 5 de birinden fazlası aşırı yoksulluk içinde yaşar.
13 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest planet.
TR | Merkur güneşe en yakın ve en küçük gezegendir.
14 The most common and biggest reason for bankruptcy is the financial mismanagement.
TR | İflasın en yaygın ve en büyük sebebi mali kötü yönetimdir.
15 One of the most significant developments of the last decade has been the revival of the feminist movement.
TR | Geçen 10 yılın en önemli gelişmelerinin biri faminis akımının yeniden canlanması olmuştur.
16 The life imprisonment sentence can be as harsh as the death sentence.
TR | Ömür boyu hapis cezası ölüm cezası kadar sert olabilir.
Economic development, science and education policies, and globalization have become
17 more central to sustainable development recently.
TR | Ekonomik gelişme, bilim ve eğitim politikaları ve küreselleşme sürdürebilir gelişme için daha önemlidir.
18 More than 1 billion people in Asian countries are exposed to air pollutant levels.
TR | Asya şehirlerinde 1 milyardan fazla insan havayı kirletenlere maruzdur.
19 Smoking kills more people than any disease in the world.
TR | Sigara içmek dünyadaki herhangi bir hastalıktan daha fazla insan öldürür.
20 The education is one of the most important requirements of the holistic development of a child.
TR | Eğitim bir çocuğun bütünsel gelişmesinin en önemli koşullarının birisidir.
47
21 One of the biggest causes of global warming is our interaction with the environment.
TR | Küresel ısınmanın en büyük sebeplerinden biri bizim çevre ile etkilişimimizdir.
22 The reduction in distribution of marine biodiversity is more rapid than at any time in human history.
TR | Deniz bioçeşitliliğin dağılımındaki azalma insanlık tarihindeki herhangi bir zamandan daha hızlıdır.
23 Anxiety and depression are the most common mental disorders of today's stressful life.
TR | Kaygı ve depresyon günümüz stresli hayatının en yaygın zihinsel bozukluğudur.
24 The unemployment rate in Washington is slightly higher than the national average.
TR | Washington'da ki işsizlik oranı ulusal ortalamalardan biraz daha yüksektir.
25 Industrialized nations can produce more manufactured goods than their people can afford to buy.
TR | Sanayileşmiş uluslar insanların satın alabileceklerinden daha fazla imal edilmiş mal üretebilir.
26 Enormous increase in the production of farm products has brought greater wealth for millions of people worldwide.
TR | Tarım ürünlerinin üretimindeki muazzam artış dünya çapında insan için daha büyük zenginlik getirmiş durumdadır.
27 Racial discrimination is one of the most serious cause of unemployment.
TR | Irk ayrımcılığı işsizliğin en ciddi sebeplerinden biridir.
28 Global environmental problems are more evident today than they were two decades ago.
TR | Küresel çevre problemleri 20 yıl önce olduğundan bugün daha açıktır.
29 With a lower death rate than birth rate, population growth in Nigeria continues to grow explosively.
TR | Doğum oranından daha yüksek ölüm oranı ile Nijerya'da nüfus büyümesi çok aşırı derecede büyümeye devam ediyor.
30 The threat of death discourages crime more effectively than the threat of prison does.
TR | Ölüm tehdidi hapis tehdidinin yaptığından daha etkili bir şekilde suçu caydırır.
48
31 Chemistry contributes to more than half the global production.
TR | Kimya küresel üretimin yarısından daha fazlasına katkı yapar.
32 The Great Depression was one of the most important events in the economic history of the United States.
TR | Büyük depresyon ABD'nin ekonomik tarihinde ki en önemli olaylarından biriydi.
33 Today, the United States is one of the most developed countries in the world.
TR | Günümüzde ABD dünyada ki en gelişmiş ülkelerden biridir.
34 Certain individuals are more susceptible to developing chronic disease.
TR | Bazı bireyler kronik hastalığa yakalanmaya daha hassastır.
35 The number of countries in North America is much lesser than in the other continents.
TR | Kuzey ABD ülkelerin sayısı diğer kıtalardakinden çok daha azdır.
36 Effective leadership is one of the most important components of good teamwork.
TR | Etkili liderlik ekip çalışmasının en önemli bileşenlerinden biridir.
37 Parenting is one of the most challenging and rewarding human activities.
TR | Ebeveynlik en zor ve ev tatmin edici insan aktivitelerinden biridir.
38 The ecological zones play a role in making urban development more environmentally friendly.
TR | Ekolojik bölgeler şehirsel gelişmeyi daha çevre dostu yapmada önemli rol oynar:
39 Some surviving flightless birds on islands have a better future than they had in previous centuries.
TR | Adalardaki bazı hayatta kalan kuşlar geçmiş yüzyıllarda sahip olduklarından iyi bir geleceğe sahiptirler.
40 A government job is certainly stable and more attractive in comparison to the other corporate jobs.
TR | Memurluk diğer şirket işleri ile karşılaştırıldığı zaman elbette istikrarlı ve daha çekicidir.
49
41 Agricultural biotechnology is much more specific and controlled than previous crop breeding.
TR | Tarımsal biyo-teknoloji daha önceki ürün melezlemeden çok daha fazla spesifik ve kontrollüdür.
42 She brought up her children in just the same way as her mother did.
TR | O çocuklarını tamda annesinin yaptığı şekilde yetiştirdi.
43 Large companies do not have as much difficulty in finding employees as do small ones.
TR | Büyük şirketler küçük olanlarının yaptığı kadar işçi bulmada güçlük çekmezler.
44 Immigrants of a country are often more willing to work hard and at lesser wages.
TR | Bir ülkenin göçmenleri daha çok ve az ücrete çalışmaya daha isteklidir.
45 The invention of the computer has probably been more influential invention on our way of life than any other.
TR | Bilgisayarın icadı muhtemelen herhangi bir diğerinden yaşam tarzımız üzerine daha etkili bir icattır.
46 Poorer countries will be the most vulnerable to global warming.
TR | Daha fakir ülkeler küresel ısınmaya en savunmasız ülkeler olacaktır.
47 Exposure to UV rays can cause skin problems as high as skin cancer.
TR | UV ısınlarına maruz kalma cilt kanseri kadar ciddi cilt sorunlarına sebep olabilir.
48 Teachers play the most important role in shaping the careers of young men.
TR | Öğretmenler genç insanların kariyerini şekillendirmede en önemli rol oynar.
49 Children and the elderly have less effective immune systems in general.
TR | Çocuklar ve yaşlılar genelde daha az etkili bir bağışıklık sistemine sahiptir.
50 The recession is perhaps one of the most negative effects of globalization on businesses.
TR | Durgunluk belki işletmeler üzerine küreselleşmenin en olumsuz etkilerinin biridir.
50
Fiilimsiler
GERUND & INFINITIVE

1 Planning is the most basic and important function of management.
TR | Planlamak yönetimin en temel ve en önemli işleridir.
2 Food is necessary for survival and is the most basic requirement to keep the human body working.
TR | Yiyecek hayatta kalmak için gereklidir ve insan vücudunu çalışır tutmak için en temel gereksinimdir.
3 To overcome anxiety, you may also need to make major changes in your life.
TR | Kaygıyı yenmek için hayatında önemli değişiklikler yapmak zorundasın.
4 Understanding the underlying cause is very important in order to get relief from headache.
TR | Altta yatan sebebi anlamak baş ağrısından kurtulmak için çok önemlidir.
5 One of the five purposes of government is to defend the borders of the nation against foreign invasion.
TR | Hükümet'in 5 amacının biri yabancı istilasına karşı ulusun sınırlarını savunmaktır.
6 Yoga can be the most effective way to lose weight, fight disease and prevent heart disease.
TR | Yoga kilo vermek, hastalıkla mücadele etmek ve kalp hastalıklarını önlemek için en etkili yol olabilir.
7 Having the appropriate educational qualifications is required for any job profile.
TR | Düzgün eğitimsel niteliklere sahip herhangi bir iş profili için şarttır.
8 Doing eye exercise is a natural way to improve poor eyesight without wearing glasses.
TR | Göz egzersizi yapmak gözlük takmadan zayıf görmeyi geliştirmek için doğal bir yoldur.
9 The real goal of the effortless workout is to drive away all the negative emotions or thoughts.
TR | Zahmetsiz egzersizin gerçek amacı tüm negatif duygu ve düşüncelerin uzaklaştırmak tır.
10 Vaccination is one of the ways to strengthen the immune system in children.
TR | Aşılama çocuklarda bağışıklık sistemini güçlendirmek için yolların biridir.
51
GERUND & INFINITIVE
11 Smoking is considered to be the leading cause of cancer.
TR | Sigara içmek kanserin önde gelen sebebi olarak görülür.
12 Learning only in school doesn’t help students to understand all the subjects and perform well.
TR | Sadece okulda öğrenmek öğrencilerin tüm konuları anlamasına ve iyi performans sergilemesine yardım etmez.
13 Maintaining proper diet schedule is one of the best recommended remedial measures to treat flatulence trouble.
TR | Düzgün bir diyet programı sürdürmek gaz sorununu tedavi etmek için en iyi tavsiye edilen önemlerden biridir.
14 Being bilingual has a positive effect on intellectual growth.
TR | İki dilli olmak zihinsel gelişme üzerinde olumlu etkiye sahiptir.
15 Exercising has become all the more important for the youth as today.
TR | Egzersiz yapmak bugün olduğu gibi gençler için daha önemli olmuştur.
16 Education is the best tool to bring a positive change in society.
TR | Eğitim toplumda olumlu değişiklik yaratmak için en iyi araçtır.
17 Dealing with the stress of everyday life sometimes can lead to many different problems.
TR | Günlük hayatın stresi ile uğraşmak bazen bir çok farklı sorunlara sebep olabilir.
18 I couldn't help admiring her effective manner in dealing with the problem.
Cannot/Could not help doing

TR | Ben onun sorunu çözmedeki etki tarzına hayran olmaktan kendimi alamadım.
kendini bir şey yapmaktan alamamak
19 Laughter gives mental strength to cope with conflicts and challenges in life.
TR | Kahkaha hayattaki çatışmalar ve sorunlara başa çıkmak için zihinsel güç verir.
20 Money is very important to keep things going on smoothly.
TR | Para bir şeyleri pürüzsüz bir şekilde devam eder tutmak için çok önemlidir.
52
GERUND & INFINITIVE
21 Feeling good about yourself and your accomplishments is beneficial in a number of areas in your life.
TR | Kendin ve başarıların hakkında iyi hissetmek hayatında bir çok alanda faydalıdır.
22 The most important requirement for a healthy immune system is getting adequate sleep.
TR | Sağlıklı bir bağışıklık sistemi için en önemli koşul yeterli uyku almaktadır.
Understanding the causes of global warming requires interdisciplinary cooperation

23 between social and natural scientists.
TR | Küresel ısınmasın sebeplerini anlamak sosyal ve doğal bilimleri arasında disiplinler arası iş birliği gerektirir.
24 Without an adequate knowledge of history, it is not possible to comprehend today's social events.
TR | Yeterli tarih bilgisi olmadan, bugünün sosyal olaylarını anlamak imkansızdır.
25 Watching too much television takes kids further away from schoolwork and homework.
TR | Çok fazla TV izlemek çocukları okul çalışması ve ev çalışmasından uzaklaştırır.
26 Poetry is one of the best forms to express and manifest the spontaneous emotions of a poet.
TR | Şiir bir şairin anlık duygularını ifade etmek ve ortaya koymak için en iyi şekillerinin biridir.
27 The most important of all stress management activities is to manage one's time well.
TR | Tüm stresle başa çıkma aktivitelerinin en önemlisi birinin vaktini iyi yönetmesidir.
28 Establishing social and cultural ties between two communities will ease worries and help for mutual trust.
TR | İki toplum arasında sosyal ve kültüler bağlar kurmak karşılıklı endişeleri tarıştırır ve karşılıklı güven için yardım eder.
29 We must reduce the rise of unemployment to keep the economy in equilibrium.
TR | Biz ekonomiyi dengede tutmak için işsizliğin artışını azaltmalıyız.
30 The very first requirement to learn and get better grades is to have proper learning strategies.
TR | Daha iyi notlar öğrenmek ve almak için ilk koşul düzgün öğrenme tekniklerine sahip olmaktır.
53
GERUND & INFINITIVE
31 Satellite technology will continue to influence developments on the Internet.
TR | Uydu teknolojisi İnternetdeki gelişmeleri etkilemeye devam edecek.
32 Face-to-face communication is still the best way to make an effective business communication connection.
TR | Yüz yüze iletişim hala etkili bir iş iletişim bağlantısı kurmak için en iyi yoldur.
33 Maintaining trust in our relationships is essential to our reputation and longer term success.
TR | İlişkilerimizde güveni devam ettirmek bizim saygınlığımız ve uzun dönem başarımız için gereklidir.
34 The government plays a vital role in developing an economic security in the society.
TR | Hükümet toplumda ekonomik güvenliği geliştirmede hayati bir rol oynar.
35 Having the ability to communicate with others involves being confident in yourself and your feelings.
TR | Diğerleri ile iletişim kurmak için yeteneğe sahip olmak kendinden ve hislerinden emin olmayı gerektirir.
36 One way for businesses to aid global poverty is to provide a greater amount of money to charity.
TR | İşletmelerin küresel yoksulluğa yardım etmesi için bir yol hayır kurumunda daha fazla para sağlamaktır.
37 The fundamental purpose of education is to create good human beings.
TR | Eğitimin temek amacı iyi insanoğlu yaratmaktır.
38 Employing creative subjects is the foremost method to proceed within training youngsters.
TR | Yaratıcı konular kullanmak gençleri eğitmede ilerlemek için en önde gelen yöntemdir.
39 Becoming truly global is the only way to help sustain this planet.
TR | Gerçekten küresel olmak bu gezegeni sürdürmeye yardım etmek için tek yoldur.
40 Globalization has contributed to an increased desire to take up new languages.
TR | Küreselleşme yeni dillere başlamak için artan isteğe sebep olmuş durumda
54
GERUND & INFINITIVE
41 Dealing with stress and anxiety is one of the most difficult aspects in modern society.
TR | Stres ve kaygı ile başa çıkmak modern toplumda en zor konulardan biridir.
42 To survive, birds must prepare for the arrival of fall and winter and adjust their behavior accordingly.
TR | Hayatta kalmak için, kuşlar son bahar ve kışın için hazırlanmalı ve davranışlarını buna göre ayarlamalı.
43 Swimming and walking can be a good way for you to overcome your weight problems.
TR | Yüzme ve yürüme kilo sorunlarınızla başa çıkmak için iyi bir yol olabilir. For smb + to do : birisi bir şey yapması için
44 Developing an effective team is essential for the growth and success of any company.
TR | Etkili bir takım geliştirmek bir şirketin büyümesi ve başarısı için gereklidir.
45 Following a healthy diet schedule is a natural way to deal with insomnia and anxiety.
TR | Sağlıklı bir diyet programı takip etmek uykusuzluk ve kaygı ile başa çıkmak için doğal bir yoldur.
46 One of the basic purposes of a government is to plan for the development of the nation.
TR | Bir hükümetin temel amaçlarından biri ulusun gelişmesi için plan yapmaktır.
47 Being overweight has become a major health concern for all governments around the world.
TR | Aşırı kilolu olmak dünya çapında tüm hükümetler için ana sağlık sorunu olmuş durumdadır.
48 Globalization is said to bring people of all nations closer together.
TR | Küreselleşme tüm ulusları bir araya getirdiği söylenir.
49 To achieve water security, a country needs an appropriate mix of institutions and management skills.
TR | Su güvenliğini sağlamak için, bir ülke kurum ve yönetim becerilerinin uygun karışımına ihtiyaç duyar.
50 Dealing with long-term unemployment is never easy.
TR | Uzun vadeli işsizliği çözmek asla kolay değildir.
55
NOUN CLAUSE
1 Some people think that movies can make people violent.
TR |
2 There seems to be some confusion over who is actually giving the talk.
TR |
S V O
3 What all these countries have in common is widespread unemployment and illiteracy.
TR | Tüm bu ülkelerin ortak olarak sahip oldukları şey yaygın işsizlik ve cehalettir.
4 The physical features of a country strongly influence where the people of that country live.
TR | Bir ülkenin fiziksel özellikleri güçlü bir şekilde o ülkenin insanlarının nerede yaşadığını etkiler.
5 History tells us how we have evolved; how we have grown; and how far we have come.
TR | Tarih bize bizim nasıl evrimleştiğimizi nasıl büyüdüğümüzü ve ne kadar uzağa ilerlediğimizi anlatır.
6 Cough treatment mostly depends on whether it is an acute problem or a chronic problem.
TR | Öksürük tedavisi çoğunlukla onun akut mu yoksa kronik bir sorun mu olduğuna bağlıdır.
whether : olup olmadığı, olsa da olmasa da,

7 I don’t know when the meeting will start.
ister öyle olsun ister böyle
TR | Ben toplantının ne zaman başlayacağını bilmiyorum.
8 The judge had a hard time to decide which of the suspects murdered her.
TR | Yargıç şüphelilerin hangisinin onu öldürdüğüne karar vermekte güçlük çekti.
Fiilimsi
9 The study of glaciology can help explain why the Earth has certain landforms.
TR | Buzul bilimi çalışması dünyanın bazı arazi şekillerine niçin sahip olduğunu açıklamaya yardım eder.
10 I remember you saying that whoever gets there first will have a major advantage.
TR | Ben senin oraya her kim önce varırsa önemli bir avantaja sahip olacağını söylediğini hatırlıyorum.
56
NOUN CLAUSE
s v o
11 Whomever I consulted said that we bought the house at quite a reasonable price.
TR | Her kime danıştıysam bizim evi oldukça makul fiyata satın aldığımızı söyledi.
12 Sometimes you can't know exactly where the danger will come from.
TR | Bazen sen tam olarak tehlikenin nereden geldiğini bilemezsin.
13 There is no doubt that television has a great influence on children from avery early age.
TR | TV'nin çok erken yaştan itibaren çocuk üzerine büyük bir etkiye sahip olduğu şüphe yoktur.
14 Who will be appointed to the position has not been decided upon.
TR | Kimin bu pozisyona atanacağı karar verilmemiş durumda.
15 What we're discussing at the moment is not related to the main topic of the meeting at all.
TR | Bizim şu anda tartışıyor olduğumuz şey hiç mi hiç toplantının ana konusu ile ilgili değildir.
16 They aren't sure when they will finish their homework.
TR | Onlar ne zaman ev ödevini bitireceklerinden emin değiller.
17 New research has revealed why the efforts to create an effective vaccine for malaria have so far failed.
TR | Yeni araştırma sıtma için etkili için bir aşı yaratma çabalarının niçin şuana kadar başarısız olduğunu ortaya koymuş durumdadır.
18 You can get help with your homework from whomever you know.
TR | Sen bilgiyi herhangi birinden ev ödevin için yardım alabilirsin.
19 I wonder how you manage to get such high grades with only a little effort.
TR | Ben senin sadece biraz çaba ile nasıl böyle yüksek notlar alabildiğini merak ediyorum.
20 Recent research has shown that we need more effective methods of production.
TR | Son araştırma bizim üretimin daha etkili yöntemlerine ihtiyaç duyduğumuzu göstermiş durumdadır.
57
whether: -ıp, -ıpmadığı (ncl)=if
olsa da olmasa da (bağlaç1), ister öyle olsun ister böyle(bağlaç2)
NOUN CLAUSE
21 People disagree about whether capital punishment is moral or is effective in discouraging crime.
TR | İnsanlar idam cezasının ahlaki olup olmadığını, ya da suçu caydırmada etkili olup olmadığı hakkında aynı fikirde değillerdir.
22 Western doctors accept that many functions of the body can be controlled through the exercises of yoga.
TR | Batılı doktorlar vücudun bir çok işlevinin yoga egzersizi sayesinde kontrol edilebildiğini kabul eder.
23 Archaeologists have no history to help them to find out where the first modern men came from.
TR | Arkeologlar ilk modern insanın nereden geldiğini anlamak için onlara yardım etmek için geçmişe sahip değildir.
24 Evolution shows us how and why all living things change over a certain period of time.
TR | Evrim bize nasıl ve niçin tüm canlı şeylerin belli bir zaman döneminde değiştiğini gösterir.
25 Many people are often worried that census information can be used for other purposes.
TR | Birçok insan genellikle nüfus sayımı bilgisinin diğer amaçlar için kullanılabileceğinden endişe eder.
26 Learning organization leaders must know what is going on in their organizations.
TR | Öğrenilen kuruluşu liderleri kuruluşlarında ne oluyor olduğunu bilmelidir.
27 No one knows yet why a cancerous cell grows and divide endlessly.
TR | Hiç kimse henüz bir kanserli hücrenin niçin büyüdüğünü ve sonsuz bir şekilde bölündüğünü bilmez.
28 However reluctantly he seems to have accepted the new job, I think he likes the working conditions.
TR | O işi her ne kadar isteksiz kabul etmiş gibi görünürse görünsün, sanırım o çalışma koşullarını seviyor.
How + sıfat/zarf : ne kadar ---- However + sıfat/zarf her ne kadar
29 Most governments cannot decide whether they should restrict the press on the Internet.
TR | Çoğu hükümet internet üzerine baskıyı kısıtlamaların gerekip gerekmediğine karar veremiyor.
30 For centuries astronomers have considered the possibility that life might exist on Mars.
TR | Yüzyıllardır, gök bilimciler hayatın marsta var olabileceği olasılığı düşünmüştür.
58
RCL marker ları
RCL de what ve how yoktur. İnsan : Who, whom, that, whose
Nesne: Which, that, whose
Yer: Where, in which
RELATIVE CLAUSE Sebep (tge reason) : why, for which
1 The Incas made a point of providing favorable treatment to all people who did not resist conquest.
TR | inkalar (FETİH'e DİRENEMEYEN) tüm insanlara olumlu davranış sağlamayı ilke edindi.
2 Charles Dickens is one of the few novelists whose works became popular after his death.
Charles Dicknes (Çalışmaları ölümünden sonra popüler olan) bir kaç romancının biridir. Doğru çeviri
TR |
Çalışmaları ölümünden sonra popüler olan CH bir kaç romancının biri idi. Yanlış çeviri
3 Malaria kills over one million people each year, most of whom are children under 5.
TR | Sıtma her yıl (çoğu 5 yaşın altında olan) 1 milyondan fazla insanı öldürür.
4 Many weapons which use radioactivity to kill people in large numbers have been designed and tested.
TR | (Çok sayıda insan öldürmek için radyasyon kullanan) Birçok silah tasarlanmış ve test edilmiştir.
5 Cutting down forests is an example of changing landforms that have had a negative impact on our world.
TR | Ormanları kesmek arazi şekillerini değiştirmenin (Dünyamız üzerinde olumsuz etkiye sahip olan) örneğidir.
Seasonal unemployment is often seen to happen in areas where there is a rapid change in
6 seasons and climatic conditions.
TR | Mevsimsel işsizlik genellikle (mevsimler ve iklim koşullarında hızlı değişimin olduğu) gölgelerde olduğu görülür.
7 A sustainable economy is one in which resources are not used up faster than nature renews them.
TR | Sürdürebilir bir ekonomi (kaynakları doğanın onları yenilemesinden daha hızlı kullanılmadığı ekonomi)dir.
8 Evolution is the process by which living things known as species undergo changes over time.
TR | Evrim (türler olarak bilinen canlı şeylerin zaman için değişiklik geçirdiği) süreçtir.
9 A theatre is a place where people go and see all kinds of performances.
TR | Bir tiyatro (insanların gittiği ve tüm türlerde performans izlediği) bir yerdir.
10 Natural remedies for anxiety are available for those who need a safe and sure way to drive anxiety out.
TR | Kaygı için doğal çareler (kaygıdan kurtulmak için güvenli ve emin bir yola ihtiyaç duyanlar) için ulaşılabilirdir.
59
RELATIVE CLAUSE
11 The greatest disadvantage of fast food is the adverse effect that it has on one's health.
TR | Hazır gıdanın en büyük dezavantajı (onun birinin sağlığı üzerine sahip olduğu) olumsuz etkidir.
12 She didn't forget the year when the earthquake caused great damage.
TR | O (depremin büyük hasara sebep olduğu) yılı unutmadı.
13 There are different forms of government which exist in different parts of the world.
TR | Hükümetin (dünyanın farklı yerlerinde var olan) farklı şekilleri vardır.
14 The breakdown of food is the primary manner by which the body produces energy.
TR | Yiyeceğin parçalanması vücudunun enerji ürettiği ana şeklidir.
15 Altitude sickness is a health hazard for people who fly frequently.
TR | Yükseklik hastalığı (sık sık uçan) insanlar için bir sağlık tehditidir.
16 There are different forms of art which affect our emotions and feelings.
TR | Sanatın (bizim duygu ve hislerimizi etkileyen) farklı şekilleri vardır.
17 Unemployment and job loss forms the foremost reason why most individuals file for bankruptcy.
TR | İşsizlik ve iş kaybı (çoğu bireyin iflas için başvurmasının) önde gelen sebepleri oluşturur.
18 Earthquakes pose inevitable risks to everyone who lives in a seismically active region.
TR | Depremler (sistematik olarak aktif bölgede yaşayan) herkese kaçınılmaz risk oluşturur.
19 Sleep is a necessary body function, whose importance is often overlooked or likened to laziness.
TR | Uyku (önemi genellikle gözardı tembelliğine benzetilen) gerekli bir vücut işlevidir.
20 Wheat should be planted in spring when earth is warm and moist.
TR | Buğday (toprağın sıcak ve nemli olduğu) baharda ekilmelidir.
60
RELATIVE CLAUSE
21 I have got a hundred students, fourty of whom are married.
TR | Benim (kırkı evli olan) yüz tane öğrencim var
22 Anemia is a condition in which the person experiences a drop in the healthy red blood cells in the body.
TR | Anemi (kişinin vücuttaki sağlıklı kırmızı hücrelerinde bir düşüş yaşadığı) bir durumdur.
23 The first step in stress management is to identify the factors that cause stress in a person.
TR | Stres yönetiminde ilk adım (bir kişide strese sebep olan) faktörleri tanımlamaktır.
24 Decisions are very important factors that determine the growth of organizations.
TR | Kararlar (kuruluşların büyümesini belirleyen) çok önemli faktörlerdir.
25 The children of mothers who use cocaine are often born addicted to the drug.
TR | (kokain kullanan) Annelerin çocukları genellikle uyuşturucuya bağımlı doğar.
26 Ethics are the guidelines or personal beliefs by which humans live their lives.
TR | Etik (insanların hayatlarını yaşadıkları) kılavuzlar yada kişisel inanışlar
27 Soil erosion is now widespread in Africa, which has led to reduced productivity.
TR | (Azalmış üretkenliğe sebep olan) Toprak erozyonu şimdi Afrika'da yaygındır.
28 The only country in the world, where women are not allowed to drive is Saudi Arabia.
TR | Dünyada ki (kadınların araba kullanmasına izin verilmeyen) tek ülke Suudi Arabistandır.
29 The twentieth century is an age when many people are starved for fantasy.
TR | 20.yy (birçok insanın fanteziye aç olduğu) bir çağdır.
30 Computers are capable of doing all the tasks that the human brain performs even more efficiently.
TR | Bilgisayarlar (insan beyni daha da verimli yaptığı) tüm işleri yapabilirler.
61
Bir rcl marker'dan sonra doğrudan ana fiil geliyorsa (marker'i at, ana fiil
Bir rcl marker'dan sonra passive ana fiil tense bakılmadan doing'e dönüştür.
geliyorsa;marker ve be fiilini at We can see the children WHO PLAY in the garden
We can see the children playing in the garden
which were destoyed
destoreyed
RELATIVE CLAUSE REDUCTION
1 Today, travel and tourism account for the largest portion of money spent in international commerce.
TR | Günümüzde, seyahat ve turizm (uluslararası ticarette harcanan->) paranın en geniş bölümüdür.

which /that is caused
2 Much of the damage caused by earthquakes is predictable and preventable.
markerdan sonra be +
TR | (Deprem tarafından sebep olunan)Hasarın çoğu tahmin edilebilir ve önlenebilir.
preposition geliyorsa;
marker ve be fiilini at;
who are in the garden
3 Self esteem is the value a person attaches to himself. in the garden
TR | Öz saygı (bir kişinin kendine iliştirdiği) değerdir.
4 Stress is an emotional or mental strain experienced by almost everyone at some time in life.
TR | Stres (hatta bir zamanlar neredeyse herkes tarafından yaşanan) duygusal yada zihinsel zorlanmadır.
5 Poetry is a great means of communication, allowing us to express our own thoughts and attitudes.
TR | Şiir iletişimin (kendi düşünce ve duygularımızı ifade etme olanağı tanıyan) en iyi yollarından biridir.
6 One of the matters discussed at the meeting was the question of security at the airport.
TR | (Toplantıda tartışılan)Meselelerden biri hava limanındaki güvenlik sorunlarından biri idi.
7 The evidence she gave to the court was not strictly accurate. Rcl marker'dan sonra, doğrudan
özneli bür cümle
geliyoorsa; marker'ı at;
TR | (Onun mahkemeye sunduğu) kanıt kesinlikle doğru değildi. where the children play.
the children play.
8 The period of Industrial Revolution witnessed an increase in cases of children being forced to work.
TR |
9 The threat to sustainable development posed by land degradation has been recognized for decades.
rcl ile tanımlanan isim eğer
TR | the first/last gibi sıralama
sayısı ya da üstünlük yapısı
10 The man accused of kidnapping Lucy Pohl has been found guilty. içeriyorsa;Marker'ı at, ana fiili
to do şekline dönüştür.
the first who became
TR | the first to become
62
11 A layer of fat, enveloping their bodies, protects whales living in polar regions from the extreme cold.
TR |
12 Starvation is a very serious form of malnutrition characterized by a deficiency in nutrients and vitamins.
TR |
13 Global warming resulting from the activities of human beings, has been an ongoing problem for a very long time.
TR |
14 The group I am responsible for consists largely of high school students.
TR |
15 Culture is a way of life adopted by a certain group of people of a particular society at a specific time and place.
TR |
16 Headache is the most common ailment noticed in people all over the world.
TR |
17 An economic model is a framework used to predict economic trends with a considerable degree of precision.
TR |
18 The purpose of a boycott is to bring about some change desired by its initiators.
TR |
19 Immune system is a natural defense mechanism developed in our body that helps to maintain overall health.
TR |
Urban air pollution is one of the most widespread environmental problems, affecting
20 health in almost all regions of the world.
TR |
63
21 Poverty is a growing problem worldwide, affecting thousands upon thousands of people.
TR |
22 Health problems resulting from air pollution are mostly associated with the respiratory tract.
TR |
23 One another problem affecting the project is the shortage of skilled labour in the area.
TR |
24 Teenagers dealing with drug abuse may display drastic changes in behavior.
TR |
25 The leaders should reconsider the decision they made in this regard.
TR |
26 The country is ethnically diverse, indicated by its four language groups.
TR |
27 Children suffering from asthma may experience general body weakness leading to fatigue.
TR |
28 In the 1950s, Asia and Latin America underwent an agricultural transformation known as the
“green revolution.”
TR |
29 Having been dismissed from the factory, Johnny had to look for a job months.
TR |
30 Volcanoes, floods, droughts are few natural calamities triggered by climatic change.
TR |
64
DUMMY IT
1 It is estimated that more than three-fourths of the population in big cities visits a shopping centre at least once a month.
TR |
2 It is probably the increasing prevalence of international trade that is usually meant by the term "globalization"
TR |
3 It has been known for thousands of years that ocean tides are somehow linked to the phases of the moon.
TR |
4 It is common to judge the difficulty of a book by how easy or hard the sentences are to understand.
TR |
5 It is promising that the factory’s production has almost doubled in the last six months.
TR |
6 It is apparent from these surveys that most people rely on television for information on general issues.
TR |
7 It is certain that smoking can aggravate the risks of developing cancer and other grave maladies.
TR |
8 It is estimated that as many as one million earthquake take place every year.
TR |
9 It is a well-known fact that addiction is a psychological issue that affects the control over
personal activities and social behaviour.
TR |
10 It is very important that we all educate our children on the effects of climatic change.
TR |
65
DUMMY IT
11 It has been proven that being overweight is detrimental to a person's physical and mental health.
TR |
12 It is impossible for the government to generate enough jobs annually to meet the employment requirements.
TR |
13 It has been argued that the lack of specificity in use of the term deforestation distorts forestry issues.
TR |
It is difficult to see how they could have maintained the war effort if the United States
14 had remained neutral.
TR |
15 It is argued by some that the entire phenomenon of the suburbs is due to the automobile.
TR |
16 It is estimated that more than a fifth of the population of the developing world live in extreme poverty.
TR |
17 It took five years for the author to research background information for her new book.
TR |
18 It is actually possible to keep the economy in good shape without harming the environment.
TR |
It is almost impossible for an underdeveloped country to try to keep up with the speed of
19 constantly advancing technology.
TR |
20 It is a well-known fact that trust is a critical element to any organization.
TR |
66
DUMMY IT
21 It is obvious that the Atatürk Dam will greatly contribute to the agricultural development of the region.
TR |
22 It is possible to cut down on the risk of contracting rabies from domestic animal bites by taking some precautions.
TR |
It is becoming more and more evident that many of the problems affecting the world
23 today cannot be solved.
TR |
24 It is best to adapt to a new life and experience the benefits the country has to offer.
TR |
25 It is important to note that time management is something that you learn and practice to be able to perfect.
TR |
It is estimated that annually six million hectares of productive land are being lost as a
26 result of desertification.
TR |
27 It is considered that the death penalty acts as a very strong deterrent for criminals.
TR |
28 It is believed that severe headaches have been a major symptom of high blood pressure.
TR |
29 It’s important to understand other people, people from different backgrounds.
TR |
30 It is generally true that a higher rate of interest is attractive for long-term savings.
TR |
67
TRANSITIONS
1 Dams can provide power and help control floods, but they can also bring about undesirable social and environmental impacts.
TR |
2 Humans have cut down trees for thousands of years, yet concern over deforestation is fairly recent.
TR |
Consuming large quantities of caffeine usually causes an energy crash later, however,
3 can make you feel worse the next day.
TR |
Living in a cold climate is difficult for some people; on the other hand, there are many fun
4 winter activities, such as sledding.
TR |
As a result of sparse vegetation, desert soil is poor in organic material but, nevertheless,
5 it is often rich in minerals.
TR |
6 Security at the event has been tightened since last year. Nonetheless, about 1000
managed to get in without tickets.
TR |
7 She can play the piano very well; still, she can’t read music at all.
TR |
8 I suppose the job was boring. On the contrary, it was really exciting.
TR |
9 They have adapted their house so they can look after their disabled son more easily.
TR |
10 The causes of poverty are multi-faceted and thus understanding poverty’s underlying issues is crucial.
TR |
68
TRANSITIONS
11 When forests are cut, the surface temperature and moisture levels rises and hence rainfall declines.
TR |
12 In earlier times, people who could not pay their debts were often treated as frauds, and therefore, as criminals.
TR |
Most vegetarian diets contain fewer calories than diets that include meat. As a result,
13 vegetarians tend to be thinner than meat-eaters.
TR |
14 Independence for women threatened traditional social and gender roles, and conse-
quently men’s civil power.
TR |
Men usually do more aggressive negotiations which is why they generally earn more, not
15 because there is a bias against women.
TR |
16 The Moon is the closest celestial body to our planet; moreover, it is the only natural satellite of Earth.
TR |
17 The decorations were absolutely beautiful and what's more, the children had made them themselves.
TR |
There is a link to D deficiency and breast cancer. In addition, colon cancer and ovarian
18 cancer have also been listed among the several vitamin D deficiency symptoms.
TR |
19 More baby boys die in childbirth; furthermore, more males die in each succeeding year of life.
TR |
20 Besides being used for the heating of water, solar energy, also can be used for the generation of electricity.
TR |
69
TRANSITIONS
21 Besides being a way of communication, human language is one of the main ways of all mental activities.
TR |
22 Car prices have gone down a lot, but even so, we couldn’t afford to buy a new one.
TR |
23 You'd better phone home, otherwise your mother will start to worry.
TR |
24 Education must be relevant to life, or it becomes fossilized.
TR |
25 Stem cells may be able to repair or replace damaged tissue, thereby reversing disease and injury.
TR |
26 Stress can be extremely damaging to your health. Exercise, meanwhile, can reduce its effects.
TR |
27 She is worried about the final exams; likewise, I have had a few sleepless nights.
TR |
28 Physical activities are essential for burning calories, and thus, parents must take steps soon.
TR |
29 Chia seeds are known for their nutritional properties; hence, consuming them can help treat a variety of ailments.
TR |
30 Technological advances continually improve acceleration and other performance aspects besides fuel efficiency.
TR |
70
CONJUNCTIONS
1 Although a majority of people are well aware of the benefits of exercising, many don't pursue it actively.
TR |
2 Though many forms of therapy have been tried, none has been able to prevent the disease from progressing.
TR |
3 Even though the government resources were scarce, the colonial governments expanded research efforts.
TR |
4 Despite the fact that skydiving may seem dangerous, there are only a few accidents that happen every year.
TR |
While there are great variations among African languages, many of the families share
5 similarities, or common characteristics.
TR |
While tropical rainforest deforestation has attracted most attention, tropical dry forests
6 are being lost at a substantially higher rate.
TR |
7 As agriculture becomes modernized, its dependence upon land as well as upon human labour decreases.
TR |
Since internet has become the commonest medium for doing searches for any product,
8 service or information, its potential to help in promotion is highly valued.
TR |
9 Because babies' immunity systems are weak, they are more susceptible to many diseases.
TR |
10 If poverty does not decrease, any significant economic growth becomes a distant dream.
TR |
71
11 As long as you continue to evade fulfilling your responsibilities, you will confront some substantial problems.
TR |
12 So long as the train runs smoothly, none of our mechanical activities will be affected by its motion.
TR |
13 We'll have no financial hardships provided that all of our members regularly pay their dues.
TR |
14 Learning a new language will be futile unless you perfect all your pronunciations and language tones.
TR |
15 Changes in biophysical and social systems may continue even if the forces of change are removed.
TR |
16 Dive accidents can be rare and easily avoided only if we adhere to the basic rules and principles.
TR |
17 If only you hadn't broken your promise, we would all have been happier.
TR |
18 Suppose that there were no water, what would the world be like ?
TR |
19 It is as if developing countries expect the West to save them from the consequences of industrialization.
TR |
20 During a panic attack, the individual may feel as if he or she is about to lose consciousness and even die.
TR |
72
21 When water is mismanaged, a high percentage is lost through evaporation in watersheds.
TR |
22 The cause of plague wasn't discovered until the most recent global outbreak.
TR |
23 In a democracy, a decision must be approved by a majority of voters before it may take effect.
TR |
24 After America emerged from the ashes of the Revolution, it started to undergo dramatic changes.
TR |
25 We will have been attending English classes for four years by the time the examination is given again.
TR |
26 As soon as everyone in the gathering agrees on the right course of action, the decision is taken.
TR |
27 Once agriculture was developed, people deliberately grew large quantities of plants that could be eaten.
TR |
28 As far as I'm concerned, the English football supporters should not be held responsible for starting the fight.
TR |
29 Education itself needs a change so that it can bring change in the society accordingly.
TR |
Climate prediction is fundamentally different from weather prediction, just as climate is

30 different from weather.
TR |
73
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
1 Despite progress in reducing emissions, air pollution poses risks for both human health and the environment.
TR |
2 In spite of the many economic drawbacks our country is having, it has remained strong.
TR |
In contrast to minerals which must be bio-available for the plant to acquire them,
3 vitamins are synthesised by the plant itself.
TR |
4 Contrary to popular belief, whale watching is not a modern phenomenon in British Columbia.
TR |
5 Due to the shortage of some essential raw materials, the factory had to reduce its production by half.
TR |
6 Many employees will be made redundant owing to continuous economic recession.
TR |
7 The future of water and food is highly uncertain because of uncontrollable factors such as weather.
TR |
8 No one should be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views.
TR |
9 During the last few decades the country has witnessed tremendous growth in terms of educating children.
TR |
10 Prior to the invention of paper, various kinds of materials were used as a means of recording written information.
TR |
74
11 In addition to the impacts on the climate system, consumption and production patterns contribute to
environmental degradation.
TR |
12 Various types of Vitamin D are helpful in the bloodstream as well as in promoting healthy bone formation.
TR |
13 Along with the growing gap between rich and poor, gender is one of the most persistent inequalities.
TR |
14 Dental health is important in order to prevent problems like tooth decay and dental plaque.
TR |
15 Unlike many other objects in our solar system, the sun has been known to humans since the dawn of time.
TR |
16 His work has largely been appreciated long after his death, rather than during his short life.
TR |
17 Accidents have become less frequent, thanks to recent improvements in our safety checks.
TR |
18 There are more than 1.3 billion people living in China the largest population in the world.
TR |
19 Although coral reefs cover less than 1% of the Earth‘s surface, they are home to 25% of all marine fish species.
TR |
20 Exposure to hazards has increased as a result of climate change and, for example, destruction of mangroves.
TR |
75
21 Biodiversity contributes to many aspects of human well-being, for instance by providing
raw materials and contributing to health.
TR |
Agriculture is highly sensitive to climate variability and weather extremes, such as

22 droughts, floods and severe storms.
TR |
According to experts, it is possible for us to predict the majority of accidents and to

23
prevent them by taking the necessary precautions.
TR |
24 An increase in the use of renewable energy supplies, instead of fossil fuels, will reduce greenhouse emissions.
TR |
25 Exercise has been shown to be an effective treatment alternative for a variety of anxiety
and mood disorders, including depression.
TR |
26 Budget deficit, excluding invisible items such as banking and insurance, was £4.5 billion.
TR |
27 Alcohol does damage organs in your body regardless of how many times each month you drink.
TR |
28 In order to compete in today's market, manufacturers must take consumer trends into account.
TR |
29 Chimpanzees have senses very similar to humans including hearing, sight, smell, taste, and touch.
TR |
30 Globalization has brought about a huge investment in poor countries in terms of labor and capitalization.
TR |
76
PASSAGES
11 Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on Earth. Its predominant use has always been for producing
heat energy. It was the basic energy source that fuelled the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and
19th centuries, and the industrial growth of that era in turn supported the large-scale exploita-
tion of coal deposits. Since the mid-20th century, coal has yielded its place to petroleum and
natural gas as the principal energy supplier of the world. The mining of coal from surface and
underground deposits today is a highly productive, mechanized operation.
77
2 With some practice and self-awareness you can catch yourself unconsciously holding your
breath. The reason for the breath holding is to minimize pain, whether real or imagined. For
example, when the dentist's drill bites into your tooth you almost instinctively hold your breath.
Or, if you witness an accident or see a fight, you will very likely find yourself holding your breath.
With self-observation you might find that you add to your own tension by holding your breath
while driving, taking tests, arguing, or simply talking to someone you fear.
78
3 The moon revolves once on its axis each time it turns around the Earth, thus always displaying the
same face to the observers on the Earth. However, even to the unaided eye this unchanging face
shows two divergent types of landscape - dark, plain-like arm of low relief, and brighter, decidedly
rougher regions which cover about two-thirds of the surface. Early astronomers erroneously
referred to the smooth dark areas as maria (or seas), giving the name terrae (or lands) to the
bright upland regions.
79
43 Happiness means different things to different people. For example, some people believe that if
they have much money or many things, they will be happy. They believe that if they are wealthy,
they will be able to do everything they want, and so they will be happy. On the other hand, some
people believe that money is not the only happiness. These people value their religion, or their
intelligence, or their health; these make them happy. For me, happiness is closely tied to my
family. I am happy if my wife, my children and I live in harmony. When all members of my family
share good and sad times, and when my wife and I communicate with each other and work
together, I am happy. Although the definition of happiness depends on each individual, my
"wealth" of happiness is in my family.
80
5 In most European countries pets are considered to be part of families. Parents would sooner keep
pets in their houses than buy their children toys preventing them from thinking or forming inde-
pendent personalities. Psychologists also suggest that children should have pets so that they can
learn how to share. When compared with other children, a child who has a pet is more affection-
ate and helpful. However, some parents are not in favour of keeping pets in their houses due to
the problems the animals may cause. I think parents who are against having pets should deter-
mine whether their comfort or their children's preference makes their sons or daughters happier.
81
6 Fats are high in calories and should only be eaten in small amounts, but they do slow down the
speed at which food passes out of the stomach into the small intestine and so play an important
part in staving off hunger. Truly, satisfying meals contain at least one slow-release food and some
fat. But don't be tempted to eat, say, a large chunk of cheese or half an avocado pear at one
sitting. Fatty foods should always be combined with carbohydrate. Potatoes are nutritious, and a
valuable sources of high quality protein and fiber. They are a fast-release food, and should be
eaten with some fat to slow them down. Baked jacket potatoes are best eaten with a modest put
of butter or melted cheese. You can even eat a few roast potatoes or chips, provided they are cut
fairly large to soak up less fat.
82
7 Raising houseplants involves nearly as much care and knowledge as raising children. First, both
plants and children are sensitive to their environments. For example/ a plant will grow faster and
'be much healthier if it is raised in an environment of tender, loving care. The same is true for a
child, who will be happier and healthier if his parents love and nurture him. Similarly, proper care
of houseplants requires a basic knowledge of plants on the part of the owner. He must know, for
example, which of his plants need direct sunlight and which need to be kept in shady places, and
how much water each plant requires for the best growth and appearance. Parents, too, must
have a basic knowledge of their children's needs in order to provide what is necessary for the best
physical and mental development.
83
8 Acid rain is now a familiar problem in the industrialized countries in Europe. Gasses like sulphur
dioxide and nitrogen oxide are produced by power stations and cars. The gasses dissolve in
rainwater, and this makes the acid rain, which damages trees, rivers and streams. Acid rain is also
capable of dissolving some rocks and buildings made of soft rock, such as limestone, are particu-
larly affected. The acid rain attacks the rock, and so carvings and statues are eroded much more
quickly. Scientists estimate the rate of wear to be about a millimetre of stone every twelve years.
That's enough to have caused some of the ancient carvings to become seriously damaged
already.
84
9 Many people think of gorillas as dangerous killers. One reason for this is that television and
movies often show these animals this way. But gorillas are really gentle animals. The gorilla is a
vegetarian. It lives in the African rain forests where it finds the fruits and plants it needs to
survive. A large, wild gorilla might eat over 40 pounds of leaves and fruit in one day. Unfortunate-
ly, these peaceful creatures are in danger of becoming extinct. Each year, large areas of the rain
forests are being cut down. Because there is less and less food from these forests, the number of
wild gorillas is becoming smaller and smaller.
85
10 Urbanization and coastal development has dramatically reduced the beach habitat available for
foraging shorebirds worldwide. This study tested the general hypothesis that recreational use of
shorebird foraging areas adversely affects the foraging behavior of sanderlings Calidris alba.
Observations conducted on two central California beaches from January through May and
September through December of 1999 showed that number and activity of people significantly
reduced the amount of time sanderlings spent foraging. Although the sample size was low, the
most significant negative factor was the presence of free running dogs on the beach. The experi-
mentally determined minimal approach distance did not vary significantly with the type of human
activities tested.
86
111 Advances in science and technology have brought the world many useful things, made life easier,
and have added to man's health and longevity. But, as is true with many good things, they have
brought new responsibility and hazards along with them. We are usually quick to grasp the good
in things and not so fast in realizing the responsibilities that go along with them. Probably the
foremost example is the invention of the automobile. Last year, 41,000 people were killed by
automobiles. Citizens and science must find a way to prevent this threat to our safety and life.
Medicine has made great strides in the last century with yellow fever, malaria, tuberculosis, polio,
and many other diseases. So much so that man's predicted life span has jumped from 40 to 70
years in the past century. Our use of fuels, electricity, and gas has greatly increased the hazards
from fire. Each person has an obligation to himself, family, and fellow citizens to learn enough
about these things to prevent the loss of life and property created by their misuse.
87
12 Immigration is the act of coming to a foreign country to live. The act of leaving one's country to
settle in another is called emigration. Immigrants who flee their country because of persecution,
war, or such disasters as famines or epidemics are known as refugees or displaced persons
(DP's). Most people find it very hard to pull up roots in their native land and move to a strange
country. But throughout history, countless millions of people have done so. The heaviest immi-
gration worldwide took place from the early 1800's to the Great Depression--the economic hard
times of the 1930's. In that period, about 60 million people moved to a new land. Most came from
Europe. More than half emigrated to the United States. Other destinations included Canada,
Argentina, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Today, the availability of fast, safe,
and cheap transportation helps make migration easier. Asia is replacing Europe as the major
immigrant-sending area. The United States remains the chief receiving nation.
88
13 Our hunter-gatherer ancestors consumed a diet very different from what's typical today. The diet
was based on minimally processed plant and animal foods. But with the advent of agriculture, the
standard Western diet changed greatly. Grains were introduced into the diet after the appearance
of stone tools. Refined grains were available after the invention of automated rolling and sifting
devices. Milk, cheese and other milk products were introduced with the domestication of
livestock. Salt consumption rose when technology to mine, process, and transport it became
available. Meat consumption increased with animal husbandry. It further increased with the
advent of technology that enabled grains to be efficiently fed to cattle, which allowed cattle to be
fattened quickly. Sugar consumption has risen since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
89
14 A solar eclipse is an astronomical event during which the Moon seems to cover the Sun. When the
Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, all or part of the Sun's light is blotted out. The
Moon, in fact, is much smaller than the Sun, but it is also a great deal closer to the Earth. As a
result, both the Sun and the Moon seem to be about the same size to us. During a total eclipse,
the Sun, the Moon, and the Earth are all in a straight line and the Moon completely hides the Sun
from view. A partial eclipse occurs when the three bodies are not exactly in a straight line. In an
annular solar eclipse, the Sun is visible as a bright ring around the Moon because the Moon is
farthest from the Earth.
90
15 Arid regions in the south western United States have become increasingly inviting playgrounds
for the growing number of recreation seekers who own vehicles such as motorcycles or powered
trail bikes and indulge in hill-climbing contests or in carving new trails in the desert. But recent
scientific studies show that these off-road vehicles can cause damage to desert landscapes that
has long-range effects on the area’s water-conserving characteristics and on the entire ecology,
both plant and animal. Research by scientists in the western Mojave Desert in California revealed
that the compaction of the sandy arid soil resulting from the passage of just one motorcycle
markedly reduced the infiltration ability of the soil and created a stream of rain runoff water that
eroded the hillside surface. In addition, the researchers discovered that the soil compaction
caused by the off-road vehicles often killed native plant species and resulted in the invasion of
different plant species within a few years. The native perennial species required many more years
before they showed signs of returning. The scientists calculated that roughly a century would be
required for the infiltration capacity of the Mojave soil to be restored after being compacted by
vehicles.
91
16 All viruses are made up of two kinds of substance. First, all viruses contain proteins. Proteins are
chemical substances that occur in all living creatures. A particle, or molecule, of a protein consists
of a long chain of substances called amino acids. There are about 20 different kinds of amino acid
in proteins. These can be arranged in any order on the protein chain. Different kinds of plant or
animal contain proteins with different arrangements of amino acids. The protein generally forms
the outer coat of a virus. This outer layer of protein encloses the second kind of substance found
in all viruses - nucleic acid.
92
17 Stress is a factor in all our lives. Learning to deal with stress in a positive, intelligent way is essen-
tial to good health. One way to combat stress is to get rid of it in physical activities. Anything from
jogging around the neighborhood to an exercise on the dance floor can relieve stress and, surpris-
ingly, give you more energy to come with life. Stress can also be controlled by changing your
mental attitude. Learn to accept things; fighting against the unavoidable or the inevitable is
useless. Learn to take one thing at a time. Rather than trying to do everything at once, deal with
more important problems first, and leave the rest to another day. Learn to take your mind off
yourself. Since stress is selfcentered, doing something for others helps reduce it.
93
318 Infants usually satisfy this very basic need in the course of an ordinary day spent with their
parents. However, if a baby is neglected or even mistreated by being deprived of touch, his devel-
opment will suffer on all levels-physical, intellectual and emotional. Some children have even
been known to die from this lack of tactile stimulation; it is thought by many doctors that many
unexplained “deaths" are directly related to lack of touch and its various consequences. Children
given out for adoption at a tender age and placed in poorly run orphanages, children brought up
by unaffectionate parents, and children whose parents touch them only to beat them-all types of
children run the risk of never reaching their potential as fully developed adults.
94
19 Medical care has changed greatly since the days when the family doctor treated all family mem-
bers for every type of medical problem. Today's physician is usually a specialist who treats only
problems with his or her specialty. Today's specialists often work together in a large group in
order to share costs. The group will buy expensive equipment for its own offices rather than use
hospital facilities. The physician's office usually has a laboratory where a variety of medical tests
can be done. So, unlike the family doctor, who often visited patients at home, today's doctors
normally see patients in their office, where they can use specialized equipment.
95
20 The aborigines of Australia may have been some of the first people on the planet. Recent discov-
eries of relics, including stone tools, show that humans lived near Penrith, New South Wales,
about 47,000 years ago. Australian aborigines migrated from northern lands by sea, when the
water passages were narrower than they are today. This is the first evidence of sea travel by
prehistoric humans. The saga of this water passing survives in modern-day aboriginal folklore. To
put this in perspective, remember that 50,000 years ago, humans were nomadic. Early aborigines
did not cultivate crops, and in Australia at the time there were no animals that could be domesti-
cated. No one knows how long it took aboriginal people to reach Australia, but archaeologists are
searching through ancient campsites for vestiges of their early lifestyle. Fossilized remains
indicate that these nomadic people not only gathered food from the land, but they also subsisted
on meat from large animals that no longer exist today. As part of their hunting tradition, aborigi-
nes ritually covered themselves in mud to mask their own scent or for camouflage. Aboriginal
society marked the major events of life with rites such as circumcision, marriage, and cremation.
Older people were revered and cared for as great sources of wisdom. When Westerners arrived in
Australia in 1788, the 300,000 aborigines who lived there were not eager to assimilate their
ways. In the following years, disease, loss of land, and loss of identity shaped the aborigines’
history perhaps as much as their first prehistoric crossing from the north.
96
21 Diana, Princess of Wales, became famous when she decided to marry Prince Charles. She became
the most photographed person in the world. Everywhere she went, there were photographers
taking pictures of her and people were very interested in her clothes, where she went on holiday
and who she was with. They were also interested in the problems between her and her husband.
When they divorced she remained very popular. In addition to her image as a 'star', Princess Diana
used her influence to attract attention to some charities. She was very sympathetic to all people
who were ill and unhappy and dedicated time to helping them and drawing public attention to
their problems. She used to visit homeless people regularly and did a lot of work for the National
AIDS Trust; she visited people suffering from AIDS.
97
22 Whales are mammals, so in many ways, they are just like human beings. The most important
difference is that humans and whales live in different environments and whales have a special
respiratory system that enables them to stay underwater for several minutes without breathing
oxygen. For this reason, they are said to be voluntary breathers. That is, because of whales under-
water environment, they must be conscious breathers. They think about every breath they take
and come up to the surface of the water to breathe through blowholes on top of their heads.
What is outstanding about whales is the way they can sleep. While all mammals sleep, whales
cannot afford to become unconscious for long because they may drown. The only way they can
sleep is by remaining partially conscious. It is believed that only one hemisphere of the whale’s
brain sleeps at a time, so they rest but are never completely asleep. They can do so most probably
near the surface so that they can come up for air easily.
98
23 In developing countries, poor people have suffered the most from shortages of clean water. There
are several reasons for this. First, in many developing countries, the majority of houses in poor
villages and urban slums are not yet served by a piped water system. People living in these places
often have to walk many miles to find water and carry it home in jugs and plastic containers.
Second, these people usually have few alternatives to the piped water supply. There may be
water closer by in rivers or lakes, but this is often dangerously polluted. In poor areas, street
vendors often sell water by the litre, but they often charge extremely high prices for water that is
not always safe to drink.
99
24 Insects are found throughout the world except on the poles. Fossil records indicate that many
species exist today in much the same form as they did 200 million years ago. Their enormous
biological success is attributed to their small size, and the remarkable adaptive abilities of the
group as a whole, shown by the enormous variety in body structure and way of life. The mouth
parts may be adapted to chewing, sucking or lapping and the legs for running, jumping or swim-
ming. Insects may feed on plants or prey upon other small animals or parasitize larger ones; they
may be omnivorous or highly specialized in their diets. They display a remarkable variety of adap-
tive shapes and colours that may serve either as camouflage or as warning. So me have stinging
spines or hairs and blistering or noxious secretions, used for defense.
100
251 All of us rely on what we see. Can we really trust the evidence of our eyes? Take competitive
sports. Fans who see the same game will not agree with each other and will disagree with the
referee. It is the same story in the courtroom. Trial procedure depends on witnesses giving sworn
testimony. But just how reliable is the testimony of a person who reports what he has seen? In a
recent study, ten thousand witnesses were asked to describe the man they saw commit a crime.
The study reveals that, on the average, the witnesses overestimated the man's height by five
inches, his age by eight years, and gave the wrong hair colour in 83 percent of the cases. What can
we do to keep error to minimum? First of all, don't see something because you want to see it.
Secondly, try to stay relaxed. If you are tense, you are liable to see red when the colour is blue.
101
26 Wind is the movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. In fact, wind
exists because the sun unevenly heats the surface of the Earth. As hot air rises, cooler air moves
in to fill the void. As long as the sun shines, the wind will blow. And as long as the wind blows,
people will harness it to power their lives. Ancient mariners used sails to capture the wind and
explore the world. Farmers once used windmills to grind their grains and pump water. Today,
more and more people are using wind turbines to wring electricity from the breeze. Over the past
decade, wind turbine use has increased at more than 25 percent a year. Still, it only provides a
small fraction of the world's energy. Most wind energy comes from turbines that can be as tall as
a 20-story building and have three 200-foot-long (60-meter-long) blades. These contraptions
look like giant airplane propellers on a stick. The wind spins the blades, which turn a shaft
connected to a generator that produces electricity. Other turbines work the same way, but the
turbine is on a vertical axis and the blades look like a giant egg beater.
102
27 Coal contains anywhere from 25 to 90 percent carbon, which combines with oxygen when burned
to release energy. This process emits a host of noxious chemicals, such as carbon dioxide,
sulphur, nitrogen oxide and mercury. Yet carbon in coal can also be used to strip oxygen from
water, producing clean-burning hydrogen gas. Future Gen will liberate hydrogen by heating finely
ground coal in a high-pressure, pure-oxygen environment, a process known as gasification and a
turbine will burn the resulting hydrogen gas to produce electricity. As for emissions, the plant will
pump the CO2 underground while the other pollutants are converted to an inert solid and buried.
103
3 Pollution is the degradation of natural environment by external substances introduced directly or
28
indirectly. Human health, ecosystem quality and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity may be
affected and altered permanently by pollution. Pollution occurs when ecosystems cannot get rid
of substances introduced into the environment. The critical threshold of its ability to naturally
eliminate substances is compromised and the balance of the ecosystem is broken. The sources of
pollution are numerous. The identification of these different pollutants and their effects on
ecosystems is complex. They can come from natural disasters or the result of human activity,
such as oil spills, chemical spills, nuclear accidents... These can have terrible consequences on
people and the planet where they live: destruction of the biodiversity, increased mortality of the
human and animal species, destruction of natural habitat, damage caused to the quality of soil,
water and air... Preventing pollution and protecting the environment necessitate the application
of the principles of sustainable development. We have to consider satisfying the needs of today
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This means that we
should remedy existing pollution, but also anticipate and prevent future pollution sources in order
to protect the environment and public health. Any environmental damage must be punishable by
law, and polluters should pay compensation for the damage caused to the environment.
104
29 The bald eagle, America's national bird, is the only eagle unique to North America. About half of
the world's 70.000 bald eagles live in Alaska, making the northwest coast of North America by far
their greatest stronghold for bald eagles. They flourish here in part because of the salmon. Dead
or dying fish are an important food source for all bald eagles. Eagles are a member of the Accip-
itridae family, which also includes hawks, kites, and old-world vultures. Scientists loosely divide
eagles into four groups based on their physical characteristics and behavior. The bald eagle is a
sea or fish eagle. Bald eagles were officially declared an endangered species in 1967 in all areas
of the United States. Though still protected in the U.S., the bald eagle is no longer considered an
endangered species today
105
30 The study of history provides many benefits. First, we learn from the past. We may repeat
mistakes, but, at least, we have the opportunity to avoid them. Second, history teaches us what
questions to ask about the present. Contrary to some people's view, the study of history is not the
memorization of names, dates, and places. It is the thoughtful examination of the forces that
have shaped the courses of human life. We can examine events from the past and then draw
inferences about current events. History teaches us about likely outcomes. Another benefit of the
study of history is the broad range of human experience which is covered. War and peace are
certainly covered as are national and international affairs. However, matters of culture (art, litera-
ture, and music) are also included in historical study. Human nature is an important part of histo-
ry: emotions like passion, greed, and insecurity have influenced the shaping of world affairs.
Anyone who thinks that the study of history is boring has not really studied history.
106
31 Summer is the warmest of the four temperate seasons which also include winter spring and
autumn. It occurs between spring and autumn. It is known for the longest days and shortest
nights. The seasons start on different dates in different cultures based on astronomy and region-
al meteorology. However, when it is summer in the southern hemisphere it is winter in the north-
ern hemisphere, and vice versa. Summer is traditionally associated with hot dry weather, but this
does not occur in all regions. For example, the wet season occurs during summer across many
parts of the tropics and subtropics. Tropical cyclones develop and roam the tropical and subtropi-
cal oceans during the summer. In the interior of continents, thunderstorms are most likely to
produce hail during the afternoon and evening. Schools and universities have a summer break to
take advantage of the warmer weather and longer days. People take advantage of the warmer
temperatures by spending more time outdoors during the summer. Activities such as traveling to
the beach and picnics occur during summer months. Sports such as cricket, volleyball, skate-
boarding, baseball, softball, soccer, tennis, water polo, and football are played. Water skiing is a
uniquely summer sport, which is done when waters approach their warmest of the year.
107
32 Astronomers use tools such as telescopes, cameras, spectrographs, and computers to analyze
the light that astronomical objects emit. Amateur astronomers observe the sky as a hobby, while
professional astronomers are paid for their research and usually work for large institutions such
as colleges, universities, observatories, and government research institutes. Amateur astrono-
mers make valuable observations, but are often limited by lack of access to the powerful and
expensive equipment of professional astronomers. A wide range of astronomical objects is
accessible to amateur astronomers. Many solar system objects, such as planets, moons, and
comets, are bright enough to be visible through binoculars and small telescopes. Small
telescopes are also sufficient to reveal some of the beautiful detail in nebulas—clouds of gas and
dust in our Milky Way Galaxy. Many amateur astronomers observe and photograph these objects.
The increasing availability of sophisticated electronic instruments and computers over the past
few decades has made powerful equipment more affordable and allowed amateur astronomers
to expand their observations to much fainter objects. Amateur astronomers sometimes share
their observations by posting their photographs on the World Wide Web, a network of informa-
tion based on connections between computers.
108
33 A recession is a decrease of less than 10% in a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The
decrease must last for more than one consecutive quarter of a year. The GDP is defined as the
sum of private spending and government spending on goods, services, labor and investment.
The terms recession and depression are often confused. It can be said that a recession is in
general not as severe as a depression. A recession tends to resolve more quickly.
Not everyone agrees on a specific definition for determining an economic recession, but most can
point to several factors, which can cause a recession. Either significant drop in prices, or signifi-
cant increases in prices can occur. A drop indicates that people may spend less money, thus the
GDP is decreased. An increase in price may also reduce both private and public spending and thus
decrease the GDP.
In some ways, it is quite natural for countries to experience mild recessions. This is a built-in or
endogenous factor of a society. Spending and consumption are going to increase and decrease,
as will prices. However, another factor besides these occasional built-in drops in spending is
needed to evoke a recession. Usually, something changes quickly and provokes sharp increase or
decrease in prices.
A recent recession in early 2000 was caused by the sudden decrease in activity of the dot.com
industry. In the 1990s, the telecom industry had made huge amounts of money and began to
overreach its expectations in terms of assessing future demand. Suddenly, the previously looked
for demand was much lower than expected, leading to mass layoffs, decrease in production, and
thus decrease in spending.
The dot.com fall is considered a “shock” in the GDP, which can fall sharply if the product or indus-
try falls in production and spending. Though the recession resulting from the dot.com bust was
considered over by 2003, it has far-reaching consequences that are still felt.
109
34 Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, and it is
the result of an uncontrolled cell-cycle. If the spread of these abnormal cells is not controlled by
radiation therapy or other means, then cancer can cause death. Most cancers take the form of
tumours, although not all tumours are cancers. A tumour is simply a mass of new tissue that
serves no physiological purpose. It can be benign, like a wart, or malignant, like cancer. Benign
tumours are made up of cells similar to the surrounding normal cells and are enclosed in a mem-
brane that prevents them from penetrating neighbouring tissues. A malignant tumour, or cancer,
is capable of invading surrounding structures, including blood vessels, the lymph system and
nerves. These invading cells interfere with the normal functioning of different body cells, and it is
because of this that death of the host tissue usually follows. In addition to spreading to surround-
ing areas, cancer can also spread to distant sites by the blood and lymphatic circulation and so
can produce invasive tumours in almost any part of the body. In 1997, approximately 1,500,000
people in the United States were diagnosed with cancer and approximately 600,000 died of the
disease. Early screening for cancer is believed to be able to drastically reduce the number of
deaths due to the disease. Knowing what to look for when detecting cancer, as well as knowing if
you are in a high risk population are two aspects of early prevention which have been proven to
increase survival rates and lower the length and severity of treatments.
110
351 Contrary to popular belief, not all birds can fly. About 40 species of birds are flightless. Penguins
and cassowaries are two of these species. These birds share many characteristics, but they are
still very different from one another. Penguins are familiar to most people. Penguins have
paddle-like flippers that are used for swimming. their feet and short, stubby tails are working
together to help them swim. Penguins have been prepared by nature to stay underwater, saving
energy for diving. They are also able to leap out of the water and walk upright on land. The feath-
ers on their bodies, which are short and thick, offer protection from the cold. Cassowaries have
greyish, bony helmets on their heads. These helmets protect them as they make their way thru
dense rain forests. Cassowaries have pale blue skin on their heads and two wattles on the front
of their necks. Their black bodies are covered with rough, hair-like feathers. Their grey legs are
short and stout. According to the magazine Bird Life, however, the cassowary stands about five
feet tall. Although most penguins and cassowaries call the Southern Hemisphere their home, the
regions they inhabit are very different. Penguins live primarily in the Antarctic region, although
some have been found near the equator. Cassowaries, on the other hand, live in the tropical rain
forests of Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands. They prefer stream banks and clearings in
the rain forests, where they can find plenty of fruit to eat. Even though penguins and cassowaries
are two different species of birds, they share one major characteristic: neither bird has the ability
to fly. Their appearance and natural habitat help to distinguish them from one another.
111
36 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. Two
distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. The two approaches are very different
from one another. The controversy is often referred to as nature and nurture. Those who support
the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely
determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little to do with our abili-
ties, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Proponents of the nurture theory claim
that our environment is more important than our biologically based instinct in determining how
we will act. They see humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their
surroundings. Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite
likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the contro-
versy will continue for a long time is certain.
112
37 Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He was the illegitimate son of Ser
Piero, a Florentine notary and landlord, but lived on the estate and was treated as a legitimate
son. In 1483, Leonardo da Vinci drew the first model of a helicopter. It did not look very much like
our modern day “copter,” but the idea of what it could do was about the same. Leonardo was an
artist and sculptor. He was very interested in motion and movement and tried to show it in his art.
In order to show movement, he found it helpful to study the way things moved. One subject he
liked to study was birds and how they flew. He spent many hours watching the birds and examin-
ing the structure of their wings. He noticed how they cupped air with their wings and how the
feathers helped hold the air. Through these studies, Leonardo began to understand how birds
were able to fly. Like many other men, Leonardo began to dream of the day when people would
be able to fly. He designed a machine that used all the things he had learned about flight, and thus
became the first model of a helicopter. Poor Leonardo had only one problem, however. He had no
way to give the necessary speed to his invention. You see, motors had not yet been invented and
speed was an important part of the flying process. It would be another four hundred years before
the engine was invented and another fifty years before it was put to the test in an airplane. Leon-
ardo’s dream of a helicopter finally came to pass in 1936. The Italian painter, sculptor, architect,
engineer, and scientist, Leonardo died on May 2, 1519, and was buried in the cloister of San Fior-
entino in Amboise.
113
38 Malaria is a highly infectious disease transmitted from human to human by mosquitoes. Coined
from the Italian for 'bad air', malaria was originally thought to be caused by exposure to swampy
air. When the relationship between the mosquito population and the transmission of malaria was
finally recognized, controlling the spread of malaria became much easier. Almost unknown in the
US and Europe, malaria is more prevalent in tropical climates, where children and pregnant
women are more at risk. Symptoms are fever, joint pain, shivering, vomiting and anemia, which
can appear months, or even years, after initially contracting the infection. Preventive measures
are those that would prevent mosquito bites. DEET and other insect repellents, covering one's
bed with mosquito-netting in the tropics, wearing long sleeves and other measures to prevent
mosquitoes from having access to bare skin all prevent infection. Malaria is diagnosed through
microscopic examination of the blood cells. Once a patient is diagnosed, a variety of drugs can be
helpful. Quinine, distilled from the bark of a South American tree, the cinchona, was an early drug
that both treated and protected against contracting malaria. It is still used against variants of
malaria that have developed immunity to more modern drugs. It is of historical interest that
quinine is the 'tonic' ingredient in tonic water. This helps to explain the popularity of gin and tonic
drinks in the tropics.
Sickle cell anemia, a genetic blood disease, is a caused by a mutation that evolved in humans
living in high malaria risk areas. A person who inherits the mutation from 'carrier' parents will
have sickle cell anemia, a chronic disease that periodically flares up and causes bouts of extreme
pain. Those who only receive one copy of the mutated gene, however, have an increased resist-
ance to malaria. The resistance to malaria for some outweighed the painful disease in others, and
the mutation prospered in high malaria zones in the tropics.
114
39 One of the most dangerous drugs for pregnant women to consume is alcohol. Because alcohol is
delivered quickly into the blood and passes quickly into the tissues and membranes, the human
fetus is particularly vulnerable to its effects. In fact, the negative effects on a fetus are so
pronounced that babies born after exposure to alcohol are said to be suffering from fetal alcohol
syndrome. As a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, the alcohol is passed into her bloodstream
almost simultaneously. Moreover, because the bloodstream of the fetus is inextricably tied to
that of the mother, the alcohol passes directly into the bloodstream of the fetus as well. And,
what is more, the concentration of alcohol in the fetus is exactly the same as in the mother. For
the mother, this concentration is not a problem because her liver can remove one ounce of alcohol
from her system per hour. However, the fetus's liver is not completely developed (how developed
it is depends on its stage of development). The rate at which it is able to eliminate the alcohol
from the blood of the fetus is much slower. Eventually, the alcohol will be returned to the moth-
er's system by passing across the placenta, but this process is slow. By the time this takes place,
major neurological damage may have already occurred. Research has shown that as little as one
drink of alcohol can produce significant, irreversible damage to the fetus. Babies born after expo-
sure to alcohol generally exhibit facial distortion, inability to concentrate, and difficulty in remem-
bering. Simply speaking, it is imperative that pregnant women avoid alcohol.
115
40 Boycott is the refusal of a group to trade or associate with another group, an individual, an organi-
zation, or a nation. The purpose of a boycott is to bring about some change desired by its initia-
tors. Although the most frequent use of the boycott is in labor disputes, it has also been used as
a weapon in consumer affairs, social problems, personal relations, and international affairs. Boy-
cott initiators often attempt to enlist the support of friendly or neutral sections of the population,
as, for example, when democratic groups in various countries refused to purchase goods from
National Socialist Germany before World War II.
116
41 Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy in 1451. While spending most of his early years at
sea, Columbus began to believe that he could find a shortcut to the Indies by sailing west across
the Atlantic Ocean. Unfortunately, the King of Portugal refused to finance such a trip, and Colum-
bus was forced to present his idea to the King and Queen of Spain. In 1492, King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella agreed to pay for his trip. They gave him a crew and three ships, the Nina, Pinta
and Santa Maria. Columbus sailed aboard the Santa Maria. The trip was long and hard. Many
sailors grew restless and wanted to turn around. After two months at sea, land was finally sight-
ed. The ships docked on the island of Hispaniola. Columbus named the native people he saw
"Indians", because he believed he had found the shortcut he was looking for. In actuality, Colum-
bus found North America, a brand new continent at that time. Columbus, however, couldn't be
convinced. He died with the belief he had found the shortcut to the Indies. Soon, however, other
explorers and nations understood the importance of his discoveries. Columbus' discoveries set
the stage for the Age of Exploration: one of the most fascinating and exciting times in world
history
117
342 The ability of falling cats to right themselves in mid-air and land on their feet has been a source
of wonder for ages. Biologists long regarded it as an example of adaptation by natural selection,
but for physicists it bordered on the miraculous. Newton's laws of motion assume that the total
amount of spin of a body cannot change unless an external torque speeds it up or slows it down.
If a cat has no spin when it is released and experiences no external torque, it ought not to be able
to twist around as it falls. In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a
magician’s trick. The gyrations of the cat in mid-air are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the
process is obscured. Either the eye must be speeded up, or the cat's fall slowed down for the
phenomenon to be observed. A century ago the former was accomplished by means of
high-speed photography using equipment now available in any pharmacy. But in the nineteenth
century the capture on film of a falling cat constituted a scientific experiment. The experiment
was described in a paper presented to the Paris Academy in 1894. Two sequences of twenty
photographs each, one from the side and one from behind, show a white cat in the act of righting
itself. Grainy and quaint though they are, the photos show that the cat was dropped upside down,
with no initial spin, and still landed on its feet. Careful analysis of the photos reveals the secret;
As the cat rotates the front of its body clockwise, the rear and tail twist counter-clockwise, so that
the total spin remains zero, in perfect accord with Newton's laws. Halfway down, the cat pulls in
its legs before reversing its twist and then extends them again, with the desired end result. The
explanation was that while nobody can acquire spin without torque, a flexible one can readily
change its orientation, or phase. Cats know this instinctively, but scientists could not be sure how
it happened until they increased the speed of their perceptions a thousand fold.
118
43 The stratosphere is a layer of the earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere. It begins 10
miles above the equator and 6 miles above the earth's polar regions. Little moisture enters the
stratosphere, so clouds are rare. Even though the stratosphere has complex wind systems,
violent storms don't occur there. That's why airline pilots prefer to fly in the stratosphere. Tem-
peratures increase with altitude in the stratosphere. The lower layer has a temperature of 28
degrees Fahrenheit. The upper layer has a temperature of about -67 degrees Fahrenheit. The
upper part of the stratosphere is called the stratopause. The stratopause lies 30 miles above the
earth's surface. The stratopause contains most of the atmosphere's ozone which shields humans
and other living things from ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
119
44 Social parasitism involves one species relying on another to raise its young. Among vertebrates,
the best known social parasites are such birds as cuckoos and cowbirds; the female lays egg in a
nest belonging to another species and leaves it for the host to rear. The dulotic species of ants,
however, are the supreme social parasites. Consider, for example, the unusual behavior of ants
belonging to the genus Polyergus. All species of this ant have lost the ability to care for them-
selves. The workers do not forage for food, feed their brood or queen, or even clean their own
nest. To compensate for these deficits, Polyergus has become specialized at obtaining workers
from the related genus Formica to do these chores. In a raid, several thousand Polyergus workers
will travel up to 500 feet in search of a Formica nest, penetrate it, drive off the queen and her
workers, capture the pupal brood, and transport it back to their nest. The captured brood is then
reared by the resident Formica workers until the developing pupae emerge to add to the Formica
population, which maintains the mixed-species nest. The Formica workers forage for food and
give it to colony members of both species. They also remove wastes and excavate new chambers
as the population increases. The true extent of the Polyergus ants' dependence on the Formica
becomes apparent when the worker population grows too large for existing nest. Formica scouts
locate a new nesting site, return to the mixed-species colony, and recruit additional Formica nest
mates. During a period that may last seven days, the Formica workers carry to the new nest all
the Polyergus eggs, larvae, and pupae, every Polyergus adult, and even the Polyergus queen. Of
the approximately 8,000 species of ants in the world, all 5 species of Polyergus and some 200
species in other genera have evolved some degree of parasitic relationship with other ants.
120
45 When early humans hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their environment.
They could only interact with their surroundings as lower organisms did. When humans learned
to make fire, however, they became capable of altering their environment. To provide themselves
with fuel they stripped bark from trees, causing the trees to die. Clearings were burned in forests
to increase the growth of grass and to provide a greater grazing area for the wild animals that
humans fed upon. This development led to farming and the domestication of animals. Fire also
provided the means for cooking plants which had previously been inedible. Only when the process
of meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level of sophistication was it possible for
humans to follow other pursuits such as the founding of cities.
121
46 First language, also known as mother tongue, is generally the language a person learns first.
However, one can have two or more native languages thus being a native bilingual or indeed
multilingual. The order in which these languages are learned is not necessarily the order of profi-
ciency. Incomplete first language skills often make learning other languages difficult. Often a child
learns the basics of his or her first language or languages from his or her family. The term mother
tongue, however, should not be interpreted to mean that it is the language of one's mother. For
instance, in some paternal societies, the wife moves in with the husband and thus may have a
different first language or dialect than the local language of the husband. Yet their children usual-
ly only speak their local language.
122
47 Every drop of water in the ocean, even in the deepest parts, responds to the forces that create the
tides. No other force that affects the sea is so strong. Compared with the tides, the waves created
by the wind are surface movements felt no more than a hundred fathoms below the surface. The
currents also seldom involve more than the upper several hundred fathoms despite their impres-
sive sweep. The tides are a response of the waters of the ocean to the pull of the Moon and the
more distant Sun. In theory, there is a gravitational attraction between the water and even the
outermost star of the universe. In reality, however, the pull of remote stars is so slight as to be
obliterated by the control of the Moon and, to a lesser extent, the Sun. Just as the Moon rises later
each day by fifty minutes, on the average, so, in most places, the time of high tide is correspond-
ingly later each day. And as the Moon waxes and wanes in its monthly cycle, so the height of the
tide varies. The tidal movements are strongest when the Moon is a sliver in the sky, and when it
is full. These are the highest flood tides and the lowest ebb tides of the lunar month and are called
the spring tides. At these times the Sun, Moon, and Earth are nearly in line and the pull of the two
heavenly bodies is added together to bring the water high on the beaches, to send its surf upward
against the sea cliffs, and to draw a high tide into the harbors. Twice each month, at the quarters
of the Moon, when the Sun, Moon, and Earth lie at the apexes of a triangular configuration and
the pull of the Sun and Moon are opposed, the moderate tidal movements called neap tides occur.
Then the difference between high and low water is less than at any other time during the month.
123
48 Albert Einstein was born in 1879 in the German city of Ulm. He had been no infant prodigy;
indeed, he was so late in learning to speak that his parents feared he was fool. In school, though
his teachers saw no special talent in him, the signs were already there. He taught himself calcu-
lus, for example, and he told me that his teachers seemed a little afraid of him because he asked
questions they could not answer. At the age of 16, he asked himself whether a light wave would
seem stationary if one ran side by side of it. It seems an innocent question, but this shows.
Einstein going to the heart of a problem. From it there would arise, ten years later, his theory of
relativity.
124
491 Over the past 25 years or so, there has been a sharp increase in the popularity of parachuting as
a sport. Parachuting can be learnt at a parachute club. The training is extremely strict. The
instructor makes sure that the beginner has learnt and understood everything before the first
jump is made. Like all parachutists, the beginner must wear two parachutes - a main one on the
back and a slightly smaller reserve one on the front. Trainee parachutists do not open their para-
chutes themselves. By law, they have to make their first six descents using a parachute opened
automatically by a 15-foot nylon static line fixed to the airplane. It takes about 2.7 seconds for the
jumper's weight to pull on the line, and thus open the parachute. Trainees are taught how to
'spreadeagle' - to lie stomach down and stretch their arms and legs out to slow down their fall. In
this way, they descend at about 120 miles per hour before the parachute opens, whereas an
experienced sky-diver, descending headfirst, can travel at over 200 mph. Novices jump from a
height of about 2,500 feet, while experienced free-fallers may jump from well over 7,000 feet,
waiting until they are within 2,000 feet off the ground before pulling the ripcord to open their
parachutes.
125
50 Prose is writing distinguished from poetry by its greater variety of rhythm and its closer resem-
blance to the patterns of everyday speech. The word prose comes from the Latin prose, meaning
straightforward, hence the term "prosaic," which is often seen as pejorative. Prose describes the
type of writing that prose embodies, unadorned with obvious stylistic devices. Prose writing is
usually adopted for the description of facts or the discussion of whatever one's thoughts are,
incorporated in free flowing speech. Thus, it may be used for newspapers, capers, magazines,
encyclopaedias, broadcast media, films, letters, debtor's notes, famous quotes, murder mystery,
history, philosophy, biography, linguistic geography and many other forms of media.
126
51 In bringing up children, every parent, regardless of ethnicity, income, education, or geographic
location, watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill. However, it is often tempting to
hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, which can set up dangerous feelings of failure and
states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet
too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the
words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learn-
ing opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for
himself. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be
especially strict in money matters. Others are severed over times of coming home at night or
punctuality for meals. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and
the values of the community as much as the child's own benefit.
127
3 Scientists have long been trying to figure out why early humans became bipedal, and one popular
52
explanation has now been crossed off the list of possibilities. There was a popular notion that we
started walking upright to free up our arms so we could carry objects, and babies—apes don't
need to worry about this because their offspring can cling to them using their hands and feet. It's
like a built-in Baby Bjorn. But now University of Manchester researchers say the baby-carrying
theory doesn't hold, mainly because supporting an infant on your hip or in your arms is too tiring
to have been a legitimate factor in the transition to bipedalism. There is evidence that the move
was generally motivated by energy efficiency—walking on two legs burns fewer calories than
trudging along on your knuckles and feet—but the exact causes are still up for debate. "Scientists
have long hypothesized as to the reasons why hominins became bipedal in a relatively short
space of time but the truth is we still don't know for sure," says the University of Manchester's Jo
Watson.
128
53 The causes of headaches, whether they are the common kind of tension or migraine headaches,
or any other kind, are usually the same. During the periods of stress, muscles in the neck, head
and face are contracted so tightly that they make tremendous pressure on the nerves; head-
aches, taking many forms from a continuous dull pain to an insistent hammering result. Although
at least 50 % of American adults are estimated to suffer one or more headaches per week, it is the
20 million migraine sufferers who are in special difficulties. Migraines, which are mostly suffered
by women, can entail tremendous, unrelieved pain.
129
54 Although there is a great deal of variation within each gender, on the average men and women
discuss a surprisingly different range of topics. According to some studies, women and men rang-
ing in age from seventeen to eighty described the range of topics each discussed with friends of
the same sex. Certain topics were common to both men and women: work, movies, and television
proved to be frequent topics for both groups. The differences between men and women were
more striking than the similarities. Female friends spent much more time discussing personal and
domestic subjects, relationship problems, family, health and reproductive matters, weight, food
and clothing. Men, on the other hand, were more likely to discuss music, current events, sports
and business. Women were more likely to gossip about close friends and family. By contrast, men
spent more time gossiping about sports figures and media personalities. These differences can
lead to frustration when men and women try to converse with one another.
130
55 In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech,
music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were
initially distinguished by calling them talking pictures, or talkies. The next major step in the devel-
opment of cinema was the introduction of colour. While the addition of sound to film revolution-
ized the medium, quickly driving out silent movies, colour was adopted more gradually. The public
was relatively indifferent to colour photography as opposed to black-and-white. But as colour
processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies
were filmed in colour after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view colour
an essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a
black-and-white medium until the mid-60s. By the end of the 1960s, colour had become the
norm for filmmakers.
131
56 For centuries, people have searched for a way to replace dead and decaying teeth with comforta-
ble false teeth. Many materials have been used to make a set of false teeth. The teeth them-
selves should be made from a hard and durable material. They should be secured to a soft materi-
al, making them easy to wear. In the last two decades, dentists succeeded in making durable false
teeth that are comfortable, too. Two thousand years ago, the Etruscans made teeth out of animal
bone and gold. These materials were used-with varying degrees of success-up to the 1700’s.
When George Washington was president, ivory from animals such as elephants became a popular
material for false teeth. Doctors and inventors also tried silver, peal, and agate, but teeth made
from these materials were very expensive. Perhaps the most successful material was porcelain,
invented by a Frenchman about two hundred years ago. White, strong, and resistant to decay,
porcelain is still used today for making single teeth. Besides finding a material for the teeth,
inventors also had to find a way to secure them in a person’s mouth. People tried wire, springs,
and many kinds of glue to accomplish this. In most cases, however, discomfort and a likelihood of
the teeth falling out plagued the person who wore them. Around 1844, an American dentist
named Horace Wells used laughing gas to put people to sleep before working on their teeth. This
innovation made dental work a lot less painful. Soon after, an inventor created the first form of
rubber. This was important to dentistry because teeth could be attached to the rubber, and the
rubber could be molded to fit the shape of the mouth. With these two developments, dentist
could work without causing pain and could fit teeth more carefully. False teeth have become more
available and comfortable since then, and dentists have continued to improve the making and use
of false teeth.
132
57 Amphibians are going extinct faster than any other group of organisms. Since 1980, 122 species
may have disappeared. Of the roughly 6,000 remaining, up to half are threatened; some 500
could go extinct in the next 50 years if not taken into captivity. Now zoos and other institutions
worldwide are working together on an “Amphibian Ark” to help save all these species as they
vanish in the wild, in the hope of one day returning them home. Amphibians may be especially
vulnerable to extinction because they depend on both land and water--if either habitat suffers,
they do as well. In addition, although their thin skins let them easily take in air and water, that
thin-ness unfortunately allows pollutants through, too.
133
58 Tea had a reputation for being both safe and almost always beneficial. However, scientists are
now suggesting that tea may not be as safe as we had previously believed. Tea contains caffeine,
and caffeine has been linked to sleeplessness and to the unpleasant jumpy feeling some people
get when stressed. More seriously, there is a link between miscarriages, and pregnant women are
advised to reduce their intake of tea until after their baby is born. Due its dangerous side-effects,
many people who drink a lot of tea solve the problem by drinking a beverage from which the
caffeine has been removed, decaffeinated tea, but others claim that it simply doesn't taste right.
The sensible course is probably one of moderation: continue to enjoy your cup of tea, but don't
enjoy too many!
134
591 The elements other than hydrogen and helium exist in such small quantities that it is accurate to
say that the universe is somewhat more than 25 percent helium by weight and somewhat less
than 75 percent hydrogen. Astronomers have measured the abundance of helium throughout our
galaxy and in other galaxies as well. Helium has been found in old stars, in relatively young ones,
in interstellar gas, and in the distant objects known as quasars. Helium nuclei have also been
found to be constituents of cosmic rays that fall on the earth (cosmic "rays" are not really a form
of radiation; they consist of rapidly moving particles of numerous different kinds). It doesn't seem
to make very much difference where the helium is found. Its relative abundance never seems to
vary much. In some places, there may be slightly more of it ; in others, slightly less, but the ratio
of helium to hydrogen nuclei always remains about the same. Helium is created in stars. In fact,
nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that
stars produce. However, the amount of helium that could have been produced in this manner can
be calculated, and it turns out to be no more than a few percent. The universe has not existed long
enough for this figure to be significantly greater. Consequently, if the universe is somewhat more
than 25 percent helium now, then it must have been about 25 percent helium at a time near the
beginning. However, when the universe was less than one minute old, no helium could have exist-
ed. Calculations indicate that before this time temperatures were too high and particles of matter
were moving around much too rapidly. It was only after the one- minute point that helium could
exist. By this time, the universe had cooled so sufficiently that neutrons and protons could stick
together. But the nuclear reactions that led to the formations of helium went on for only relatively
short time. By the time the universe was a few minutes old, helium production had effectively
ceased.
135
60 Often mistaken for insects, spiders actually belong to a different classification of creatures, called
arachnids. They're insects' worst enemies. Although a few species, such as the black widow and
the brown recluse, are dangerous, the majority are harmless to humans. Moreover, they can be
helpful. Pest control, for example is just one of the many ways spiders can help us. Because they
kill far more pests than commercial insecticides do. In the future, perhaps if farmers employ
armies of spiders to protect their fields, our grocery bills will be lower and our soil and water and
food will have fewer pesticide remains.
136
61 Increasingly, many scientific techniques are used by the archaeologist, and he uses the scientific
expertise of many persons who are not archaeologists in his work. The artifacts he studies must
often be studied in their environmental contexts; and botanists, zoologists, soil scientists, and
geologists may be brought in to identify and describe plants, animals, soils, and rocks. Radioac-
tive carbon dating, which has revolutionized much of archaeological chronology, is a by-product
of research in atomic physics. But although archaeology uses extensively the methods, tech-
niques, and results of the physical and biological sciences, it is not a natural science; some consid-
er it a discipline that is half science and half humanity. Perhaps it is more accurate to say that the
archaeologist is first a craftsman, practicing many specialized crafts (of which excavation is the
most familiar to the general public), and then a historian.
137
62 On the coast of California, on top of a mountain, stands an enormous castle which looks as if it
has been lifted out of the Middle Ages and laid on the site. In fact the castle, called San Simeon,
was built for the American newspaper proprietor, William Randolph Hearst but it is furnished with
objects dating from different historical periods, which were transported from Europe. It took
thirty years to build the castle and even then it was not completed. Throughout this time, over a
hundred workmen were permanently employed on its site and the architect Julia Morgan, was
continually obliged to change its design, as often as Hearst changed his mind. Rooms and whole
floors were constructed but then had to be knocked down and rebuilt to please him. Agents were
set all over Europe to find works of art to decorate the castle. Old ceilings and fireplaces, furniture,
paintings and statues were purchased and shipped to America. An enormous number of objects
were bought but many of them could not be used and had to be stored in warehouses, some of
them not even unpacked.
138
63 The scale of violence against children has been revealed in new figures which show that in
England an average 58 youngsters a day are being admitted to hospital after being deliberately
injured. The numbers, contained in National Health Service data, suggest that the incidence of
intentional harm against children may be rising. Five years ago some 16,600 were counted as
having suffered deliberate harm, but the figure rose to 21,859 last year. These figures, which
show the numbers admitted to English hospitals with a deliberate injury, do not include those
who are taken to casualty departments but then sent home, or who die as a result of the harm.
Most of the children diagnosed with injuries are babies and toddlers, who are particularly vulner-
able to violence from parents or carers.
139
64 The first English attempts to colonize North America were controlled by individuals rather than
companies. Sir Humphrey Gilbert was the first Englishman to send colonists to the New World.
His initial expedition, which sailed in 1578 with a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth, was defeat-
ed by the Spanish. A second attempt ended in disaster in 1583, when Gilbert and his ship were
lost in a storm. In the following year, Gilbert's half-brother, Sir Water Raleigh, having obtained a
renewal of the patent, sponsored an expedition that explored the coast of the region that he
named "Virginia." Under Raleigh's direction efforts were then made to establish a colony on Roa-
noke Island in 1585 an6 1587. The survivors of the first settlement on Roanoke returned to
England in 1586, but the second group of colonists disappeared without leaving a trace. The
failure of the Gilbert and Raleigh ventures made it clear that the tasks they had undertaken were
too big for any one colonizer. Within a short time the trading company had supplanted the individ-
ual promoter of colonization.
140
65 The Industrial Revolution was essentially a rapid change in the method of production of material
goods. Products once made by hand were now able to be produced by machine or by chemical
processes. The Industrial Revolution transformed Western society, creating an international capi-
talist economy, urbanization, labor reforms, public education, and labor specialization. While the
pace of change during the Industrial Revolution was indeed very rapid, the Industrial Revolution
itself stretched over a rather long period of time—from the mid-1700s through World War I
(1914). In the first century of the Industrial Revolution, the country undergoing the most dramatic
change was England. After 1850, the Industrial Revolution spread rapidly throughout Europe.
Several key discoveries and inventions enabled the Industrial Revolution to take place. These
included machines and tools like the cotton gin, the radio, the circular saw, the cylindrical press,
and the steam engine. Cement, dynamite, and aluminium were invented, as were the bleaching
and papermaking processes.
141
366 Our demand for electricity is climbing so fast that over the next decade our generating capacity
must increase by a third. Fossil fuels supply nearly three-quarters of this energy. But the smoke
expelling coal, gas, and oil-fired plants are also responsible for half of our air pollution. That might
be considered as a small price to pay for progress. But there's an alternative,.one that produces
no smoke and can actually create more fuel than it consumes. In many regions it's even cheaper
than coal-fired electricity: nuclear power. It may directly bring danger of radioactivity to the mind,
but if other types of power didn't present equal and even worse problems, it would make no
sense to consider nuclear power at all. But they do.
142
67 Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern
counterpart, the most obvious difference being that it is often much heavier. Fossils often have
the quality of stone rather than of organic materials, and this has led to the use of the term “petri-
faction” (to bring about rock). The implication is that bone, and other tissues, have somehow been
turned into stone, and this is certainly the explanation given in some texts. But it is wrong inter-
pretation; fossils are frequently so dense because the pores and other spaces in the bone have
become filled with minerals taken up from the surrounding sediments. Some fossil bones have all
the interstitial spaces filled with foreign minerals, including the marrow cavity, if there is one,
while others have taken up but little from their surroundings. Probably all of the minerals depos-
ited within the bone have been recrystallized from solution by the action of water percolating thru
them. The degree of mineralization appears to be determined by the nature of the environment
in which the bone was deposited and not by the antiquity of the bone. For example, the black
fossil bones that are so common in many parts of Florida are heavily mineralized, but they are
only about 20,000 years old, whereas many of the dinosaur bones from western Canada, which
are about 75 million years old, are only partially filled in. Under optimum conditions the process
of mineralization probably takes thousands rather than millions of years, perhaps considerably
less. The amount of change that has occurred in fossil bone, even in bone as old as that of dino-
saurs, is often remarkably small. We are therefore usually able to see the microscopic structures
of the bone, including such fine details as the lacunae where the living bone cells once resided.
The natural bone mineral, the hydroxyapatite, is virtually unaltered too – it has the same crystal
structure as that of modern bone. Although nothing remains of the original collagen, some of its
component amino acids are usually still detectable, together with amino acids of the noncollagen
proteins of bone.
143
68 Alcohol consumption may be linked to a women's risk of infertility, say researches supported by
the National Institute of Child Health. In a study of nearly 6000 women, researchers from the
Harvard School of Public Health looked at Data from those evaluated at seven infertility clinics.
After adjusting for other factors that could affect results, such as age and cigarette smoking,
researchers found a strong association between alcohol (more than the equivalent of seven cans
of beer a week) and infertility due to ovulation problems. The inability to conceive was about 30
percent more likely to occur in women who drank moderately and about 60 percent more likely in
women who drank heavily.
144
69 The most dangerous animals on the North American continent, by a margin of 1000 to one, are
not bears, mountain lions or wolves but poisonous snakes. Attacks occur far more frequently
than most people suspect; 6500 to 7000 humans are bitten by venomous snakes in the United
States each year. Fortunately, the death rate from snakebite is low, largely because of wide-
spread knowledge about snakes and the fact that in most cases treatment is prompt. Yet for the
victims, even though they survive, the ordeal is a dreadful experience sometimes resulting weeks
or months of illness, permanent crippling, the loss of a hand or foot, or other lasting handicaps.
145
70 A group of researchers has demonstrated that pleasure and positive states of mind are better for
our health. This new intellectual approach to health is not only more powerful, but also has no
side effects. Central to this claim are recent findings that eve n getting an education may add as
much as 10 years to your health. That is why National Geographic featured John de Rosen in its
book The Incredible Machine, which discussed old age. De Rosen, an artist, continued to paint
until the week he died at age 91. The book notes: "Same scientists believe that retirement to a
sedentary lifestyle initiates or aggravates medical problems, thus shortening life. According to a
study of retired people, adults over 65 can learn a creative skill, like oil painting, as readily as
younger students." So retiring from a job in a sense means retiring from life unless supplemented
by some other, preferably new activity.
146
71 At the beginning of World War II, when the Germans moved into northern France, they searched
the towns and countryside for escaping French soldiers, who were sent to prisoner-of-war camps
in Germany. Next, they tried to zep all the guns or other arms they could find, though many people
hid theirs on farms or underground. The Germans also took all the horses from farms and towns,
because they were needed in the army. This loss really hurt the French, since the lack of gasoline
made horses necessary to work the farms and for transport. Not long after this, the Germans
zepped radios as well, so that people could not listen to foreign news reports.
147
72 Benjamin Franklin was one of the most important Americans in history. In the early part of his life,
Franklin was a business person and inventor. He ran the Pennsylvania Gazette (newspaper) and
also published Poor Richard's Almanac. Poor Richard's Almanac was very popular because it
made predictions about the future and had wise sayings. Ben Franklin also invented the Franklin
stove, lightning rod, bifocals (eyeglasses), and started America's first library. He is probably best
known for his kite experiment which proved electricity could be harnessed from lightning. In the
later part of his life, Franklin became interested in politics. He spent many years in England before
coming back to America. In 1776, Franklin helped Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration of Inde-
pendence. Two years later, he went to France and convinced the French to help America in the war
against England. After the war, Franklin joined the Continental Congress and signed the Constitu-
tion. He died in 1790. Today, Ben Franklin is honoured on the $100 dollar bill. His name is
honoured on highways, schools, and businesses across America.
148
731 Real education is the one which enables you to think for yourself and apply what you have
learned. Purely knowing facts and being able to effectively remember and recall them isn't being
educated. To be educated is being able to make your own decisions and form your own opinions
about things. It is the imparting of skills that enable you to succeed in any field of human endeav-
or and make your original contribution. What good education requires is a one-to-one interaction
between a good teacher and student. There are two factors of education which must mold two
different aspects of the human psyche - one is analytical intelligence and the other is emotional
intelligence. The former deals with the ability to solve technical problems while the latter deals
with the ability to empathize, communicate, connect with our fellow human beings. A wholesome
education system must educate both these facets of the human psyche to mold a character with
all the abilities required to live a happy and successful life.
149
74 Vatican City is the smallest independent state on the planet, with an area of just under 110 acres.
Completely surrounded by Italy, it is also one of three nations encompassed entirely by a single
country – San Marino and Lesotho being the other two. Vatican City has a population of just over
800 people, ranking ahead only of the Pitcairn Islands – which is an overseas territory of the
Britain. As a modern state, Vatican City was created in 1929, building on earlier incarnations of
Papal States which at times encompassed enormous swaths of Italy. The city is essentially the
secular capital of the Catholic Church – in fact, the actual religious seat of the Bishop of Rome is
in the Basilica of St. John Lateran outside the walls of the city, in Rome proper. Because of the
fundamentally Catholic nature of the state, all high-ranking governmental officials are also rank-
ing members of the Catholic Church.
150
75 A PhD advisor is someone who provides mentoring to a PhD candidate. The advisor helps the
student develop a thesis, create a research plan, pursue grants, and successfully pass qualifying
exams and other hurdles that arise in the process of obtaining a doctoral degree. The advisor is
not a tutor; she provides guidance and assistance without making up for gaps in the student's
education or experience. PhD students choose their own advisors and there are a number of
things to take into account when seeking out an advisor. A typical PhD advisor is a member of the
faculty at the university the student is attending. Many students seek out advisors who are
performing active research and may participate in the research being performed by their advisors
as part of their theses. Competition for advising slots can be fierce if the faculty member is
famous or popular with students, as professors need to limit the number of students they take
on as advisees.
151
3 Scientists have discovered the bones of what may be the largest meat-eating dinosaur ever to
76
walk the earth. The discovery was made by a team of researchers from Argentina and North
America in Patagonia, a desert on the eastern slopes of the Andes in South America. Besides the
interesting fact that the dinosaur was huge and horrifying, it is even more astounding that the
bones of a number of the dinosaurs were found together. This discovery challenges the prior
theory that the biggest meat-eaters lived as loners and instead indicates that they may have
lived and hunted in packs. The Tyrannosaurus Rex lived in North America and was believed to
hunt and live alone. The newly discovered meat-eater appears to be related to the Giganotosau-
rus family, being as closely related to it as a fox would be to a dog. It is actually not of the same
family at all as the Tyrannosaurus Rex, being as different from it as a cat is from a dog. The fossil-
ized remains indicate that the animals lived about 100 million years ago. With needle-shaped
noses and razor sharp teeth, they were larger than the Tyrannosaurus Rex, although their legs
were slightly shorter, and their jaws were designed to be better able to dissect their prey quickly
and precisely.
152
77 Philosophy in the second half of the 19th century was based more on biology and history than on
mathematics and physics. Revolutionary thought drifted away from metaphysics and epistemol-
ogy and shifted more towards ideologies in science, politics, and sociology. Pragmatism became
the most vigorous school of thought in American philosophy during this time, and it continued the
empiricist tradition of grounding knowledge on experience and stressing the inductive proce-
dures of experimental science. The three most important pragmatists of this period were the
American philosophers Charles Peirce (1839-1914), considered to be the first of the American
pragmatists, William James (1842-1910), the first great American psychologist, and John Dewey
(1859-1952), who further developed the pragmatic principles of Peirce and James into a compre-
hensive system of thought that he called “experimental naturalism”, or “instrumentalism”.
153
78 The spinal cord is an essential part of human anatomy. It extends from the brain, down the back,
and acts like a highway for information that travels to and from the brain. Injury or damage to the
spinal cord can result in serious problems such as quadriplegia, bowel dysfunction, and inability
to breathe. The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of two structures: the brain and the
spinal cord. These two work together to ensure that the body functions normally. The brain can
be compared to a command center. It sends messages to the body and it receives information
sent from other parts of the body. For messages to travel, however, they need to use the spinal
cord. This is the highway for neurological information, which exists in different forms. This infor-
mation is transmitted by way of nerves, which also exist in different forms. Sensory nerves, for
example, are those that provide information that needs to be sent to the brain. Motor nerves
carry messages in the opposite direction, from the brain to various parts of the body, often
providing commands as to how they should function.
154
79 According to theories, a person with a photographic memory is capable of remembering scenes
and events as detailed, precise images. Numerous scientific studies have suggested that the
photographic memory is probably purely legendary, as no demonstrations of a truly photographic
memory have ever been documented. Some people, however, have what is known as an eidetic
memory, a related but somewhat different concept. The terms “eidetic” and “photographic” are
sometimes confused, especially in the popular media, and some people may refer to a photo-
graphic memory when they really mean an eidetic memory. Proponents of the belief that a
photographic memory really does exist say that some people are capable of storing information
in the form of detailed images which can be recalled at will. A person with such a memory, for
example, would be able to describe a painting in detail after seeing it once, or be able to recite
passages from a book he or she had only seen in passing. People are in fact capable of such feats,
but this appears to be the result of rigorous mental training, rather than an actual photographic
memory.
155
80 As people grow older, they need more medical services: and the UK population is getting older. As
people grow richer, they demand higher standards of health care: and our national income is
rising. And as new medical procedures become feasible, as they seem to do at an increasing rate,
people start to demand them. All of this — and more — puts a remorseless pressure on the NHS,
imposing a greater and greater burden on those who work in it and pay the taxes to sustain it. The
NHS executive and some health authorities have resorted to the only solutions that seem to be
available to them: to ration services and to stop delivering certain treatments and therapies.
Patients may be unaware that they are not getting the best possible medication, or that their
surgery might have been done earlier if more beds had been available, so the complaints are
muted. But few people think that rationing can really the best way of relieving the pressure on the
NHS. In the long run, indeed, it is likely to cost more: a patient who is prescribed an older, cheaper,
drug is more likely to suffer adverse side effects which will need a return visit to the doctor, while
a patient who is denied surgery today may spend uncomfortable months unable to work and
drawing sickness benefit.
156
www.remzihoca.com

Academic: Translation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Academic: Translation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ACADEMIC

3 Don't look at me!

5 Open the door!

14 Never give up!

15 Don't touch it!

17 Don’t make noise!

18 Put it on the table!

TR | Onu masanın üzerine koy

20 Read this page again!

TR | Bu sayfayı tekrar oku!

22 Open your books!

23 Clean your room!

24 Lay the table, will you?

TR | Masayı kur, tamam mı?

26 Study English everyday!

TR | Hergün ingilizce çalış!

27 Be honest with me!

TR | Bana dürüst ol!

28 Drink two liters of water every day!

TR | Hergün 2 litre su iç!

29 Don't look down!

TR | Bana anahtarları ver!

32 Be careful, will you?

TR | Dikkatli ol, tamam mı?

33 Wear you coat!

34 Give him some paper!

TR | Ona biraz öğüt ver!

TR | Beni takip et.

36 Don't drive fast!

TR | Elinden gelenin en iyisini yap!

38 Obey the rules!

39 Don't laugh at me!

40 Drink milk every morning!

TR | Her sabah, süt iç!

42 Water the flowers regularly!

Düzenli olarak çiçekler sula!

43 Don't interrupt me!

44 Respect the elderly!

TR | Yaşlılara saygılı ol!

45 Don't insult anyone!

TR | Kimseye hakaret etme!

46 Turn off the light!

47 Don't take him seriously!

TR | Onu ciddiye alma!

48 Make a clear explanation, please!

TR | Lütfen, anlaşılır açıklama yap!

49 Don't steal anything!

TR | Hiçbir şey çalma!

TR | Yürümeye devam et!

TR | Yoksulluk + önemli bir küresel sorun + dur

TR | Hayat + iyi + dir.

TR | Yiyecek + yeterli + değildi.

TR | Bugün + o + soğuk + tur.

5 I am not at home now.

TR | Şimdi + ben + evde+ değilim.

6 They are from Italy.

TR | Onlar + italya'dan + dır.

7 Clara and Steve are married.

TR | Clara ve Steve + evli +dir

8 She is an English teacher.

TR | O + bir İngilizce öğretmeni +dir.

9 The story is true.

TR | Hikaye + gerçek + tir.