Determination of dynamic soil properties is a critical task but an extremely important aspect in

geotechnical earthquake engineering problems. Dynamic soil properties include shear modulus,
modulus reduction and damping variations with cyclic strains. Field evaluation of dynamic soil
properties predominantly aids in the estimation of the shear modulus/shear wave velocity at low
strain level. Laboratory based evaluations helps in the estimation of a realistic range of dynamic
soil properties (e.g. experiments carried out in a specific strain-controlled environment) at varying
strain levels. Factually, the cyclic triaxial method has been the most widely used to measure the
strength, deformation and dynamic characteristics of soils. Such experiments can also help to
simulate and comprehend the liquefaction characteristics and evaluate the liquefaction potential
of the concerned medium. Various parameters like: relative density, confining pressure, soil
plasticity, strain amplitude, frequency and magnitude of cyclic loading influence dynamic soil
properties. This paper presents a review on the dynamic soil properties and their influencing
parameters. Earlier studies on dynamic soil properties are presented systematically to highlight
the importance of the each influencing parameter. Subjected to similar testing conditions, a
significant difference in the dynamic soil properties for characteristically different soils have been
observed by earlier researchers. It has been observed that the dynamic soil properties are
affected by many factors like: method of sample preparation in the laboratory (whether intact and
reconstituted samples), relative density, confining pressure, methods of loading,
overconsolidation ratio, loading frequency, soil plasticity, percentage of fines and soil type.

I
NTRODUCTION
Soil is the most valuable natural
resource which is formed
due to disintegration of parent
materials (rock) by physical
and/or chemical weathering. The
geological conditions,
topographic characteristics and
climatic conditions play a
vital role in the formation of soil
in any region. Soil is
generally considered as a three-
phase system (air, water
and solid) causing significant
changes in the system
characteristics due to interaction
of these phases under
applied static and/or dynamic load.
Static loads remain
unchanged over space and time,
while dynamic load
represents loading conditions
which vary both in their
direction/position and/or
magnitude. Several researchers
have been involved in exploring the
complex behaviour of
soils under various types of
loading conditions. Damage
due to dynamic loading (e.g.
earthquake strong motions) is
substantially influenced by the
response of soil deposits
which is governed by the dynamic
soil properties.
Comprehending the dynamic
properties of soils aid to
predict and/or analyse the dynamic
behaviour. Dynamic
soil properties namely shear wave
velocity, variation of
stiffness or modulus reduction and
material damping with
strain levels, and liquefaction
susceptible parameters are
the primary input parameters for
various dynamic studies
and investigations. The
determination of dynamic soil
properties is an utmost critical
and important aspect of
geotechnical earthquake
engineering problems. In general,
soil properties depend on different
state parameters such as
the state of stress, void ratio,
confining stress and water
content, stress history, strain levels,
and drainage condition
to name a few. Apart from the
influence of the above-
mentioned parameters, dynamic
soil properties are
significantly influenced by the
dynamic amplitude and
frequency of the applied load.
Hence,
determination/estimation of the
dynamic soil properties
requires the consideration of all
the above-mentioned
influencing parameters. Dynamic
soil properties can be
determined from different field
and/or laboratory tests as
shown in Table 1 [1]. They can
also be evaluated using
suitable empirical correlations
established from earlier
standard field and laboratory
investigations carried on a
particular type of soil ([1]–[3]). One
of the important aspect
commonly looked into, is the
behavior of cyclically loaded
soil subjected to different strain
levels. At low strain levels
(< 0.001%), the soil portrays
higher stiffness and lower
damping ratio, with the stress-
strain behavior being
relatively linear. However, at
higher strain levels, more
nonlinearity effect is displayed
along with the portrayal of
higher damping ratio. Under such
condition, the influence
of the rate of loading and number
of loading cycles on
shear strength and volume change
characteristics of the soil
are extremely important. Basically,
when a soil is subjected
to earthquake or cyclic loading,
the shear modulus and
damping ratio of the soil are
influenced by many factors
like soil type, plasticity index,
cyclic strain amplitude,
relative density, frequency of
loading cycle, effective
confining pressure,
overconsolidation ratio, and number
of
loading cycles [1]. Thus stiffness
and damping properties
I
NTRODUCTION
Soil is the most valuable natural
resource which is formed
due to disintegration of parent
materials (rock) by physical
and/or chemical weathering. The
geological conditions,
topographic characteristics and
climatic conditions play a
vital role in the formation of soil
in any region. Soil is
generally considered as a three-
phase system (air, water
and solid) causing significant
changes in the system
characteristics due to interaction
of these phases under
applied static and/or dynamic load.
Static loads remain
unchanged over space and time,
while dynamic load
represents loading conditions
which vary both in their
direction/position and/or
magnitude. Several researchers
have been involved in exploring the
complex behaviour of
soils under various types of
loading conditions. Damage
due to dynamic loading (e.g.
earthquake strong motions) is
substantially influenced by the
response of soil deposits
which is governed by the dynamic
soil properties.
Comprehending the dynamic
properties of soils aid to
predict and/or analyse the dynamic
behaviour. Dynamic
soil properties namely shear wave
velocity, variation of
stiffness or modulus reduction and
material damping with
strain levels, and liquefaction
susceptible parameters are
the primary input parameters for
various dynamic studies
and investigations. The
determination of dynamic soil
properties is an utmost critical
and important aspect of
geotechnical earthquake
engineering problems. In general,
soil properties depend on different
state parameters such as
the state of stress, void ratio,
confining stress and water
content, stress history, strain levels,
and drainage condition
to name a few. Apart from the
influence of the above-
mentioned parameters, dynamic
soil properties are
significantly influenced by the
dynamic amplitude and
frequency of the applied load.
Hence,
determination/estimation of the
dynamic soil properties
requires the consideration of all
the above-mentioned
influencing parameters. Dynamic
soil properties can be
determined from different field
and/or laboratory tests as
shown in Table 1 [1]. They can
also be evaluated using
suitable empirical correlations
established from earlier
standard field and laboratory
investigations carried on a
particular type of soil ([1]–[3]). One
of the important aspect
commonly looked into, is the
behavior of cyclically loaded
soil subjected to different strain
levels. At low strain levels
(< 0.001%), the soil portrays
higher stiffness and lower
damping ratio, with the stress-
strain behavior being
relatively linear. However, at
higher strain levels, more
nonlinearity effect is displayed
along with the portrayal of
higher damping ratio. Under such
condition, the influence
of the rate of loading and number
of loading cycles on
shear strength and volume change
characteristics of the soil
are extremely important. Basically,
when a soil is subjected
to earthquake or cyclic loading,
the shear modulus and
damping ratio of the soil are
influenced by many factors
like soil type, plasticity index,
cyclic strain amplitude,
relative density, frequency of
loading cycle, effective
confining pressure,
overconsolidation ratio, and number
of
loading cycles [1]. Thus stiffness
and damping properties
I
NTRODUCTION
Soil is the most valuable natural
resource which is formed
due to disintegration of parent
materials (rock) by physical
and/or chemical weathering. The
geological conditions,
topographic characteristics and
climatic conditions play a
vital role in the formation of soil
in any region. Soil is
generally considered as a three-
phase system (air, water
and solid) causing significant
changes in the system
characteristics due to interaction
of these phases under
applied static and/or dynamic load.
Static loads remain
unchanged over space and time,
while dynamic load
represents loading conditions
which vary both in their
direction/position and/or
magnitude. Several researchers
have been involved in exploring the
complex behaviour of
soils under various types of
loading conditions. Damage
due to dynamic loading (e.g.
earthquake strong motions) is
substantially influenced by the
response of soil deposits
which is governed by the dynamic
soil properties.
Comprehending the dynamic
properties of soils aid to
predict and/or analyse the dynamic
behaviour. Dynamic
soil properties namely shear wave
velocity, variation of
stiffness or modulus reduction and
material damping with
strain levels, and liquefaction
susceptible parameters are
the primary input parameters for
various dynamic studies
and investigations. The
determination of dynamic soil
properties is an utmost critical
and important aspect of
geotechnical earthquake
engineering problems. In general,
soil properties depend on different
state parameters such as
the state of stress, void ratio,
confining stress and water
content, stress history, strain levels,
and drainage condition
to name a few. Apart from the
influence of the above-
mentioned parameters, dynamic
soil properties are
significantly influenced by the
dynamic amplitude and
frequency of the applied load.
Hence,
determination/estimation of the
dynamic soil properties
requires the consideration of all
the above-mentioned
influencing parameters. Dynamic
soil properties can be
determined from different field
and/or laboratory tests as
shown in Table 1 [1]. They can
also be evaluated using
suitable empirical correlations
established from earlier
standard field and laboratory
investigations carried on a
particular type of soil ([1]–[3]). One
of the important aspect
commonly looked into, is the
behavior of cyclically loaded
soil subjected to different strain
levels. At low strain levels
(< 0.001%), the soil portrays
higher stiffness and lower
damping ratio, with the stress-
strain behavior being
relatively linear. However, at
higher strain levels, more
nonlinearity effect is displayed
along with the portrayal of
higher damping ratio. Under such
condition, the influence
of the rate of loading and number
of loading cycles on
shear strength and volume change
characteristics of the soil
are extremely important. Basically,
when a soil is subjected
to earthquake or cyclic loading,
the shear modulus and
damping ratio of the soil are
influenced by many factors
like soil type, plasticity index,
cyclic strain amplitude,
relative density, frequency of
loading cycle, effective
confining pressure,
overconsolidation ratio, and number
of
loading cycles [1]. Thus stiffness
and damping properties
I
NTRODUCTION
Soil is the most valuable natural
resource which is formed
due to disintegration of parent
materials (rock) by physical
and/or chemical weathering. The
geological conditions,
topographic characteristics and
climatic conditions play a
vital role in the formation of soil
in any region. Soil is
generally considered as a three-
phase system (air, water
and solid) causing significant
changes in the system
characteristics due to interaction
of these phases under
applied static and/or dynamic load.
Static loads remain
unchanged over space and time,
while dynamic load
represents loading conditions
which vary both in their
direction/position and/or
magnitude. Several researchers
have been involved in exploring the
complex behaviour of
soils under various types of
loading conditions. Damage
due to dynamic loading (e.g.
earthquake strong motions) is
substantially influenced by the
response of soil deposits
which is governed by the dynamic
soil properties.
Comprehending the dynamic
properties of soils aid to
predict and/or analyse the dynamic
behaviour. Dynamic
soil properties namely shear wave
velocity, variation of
stiffness or modulus reduction and
material damping with
strain levels, and liquefaction
susceptible parameters are
the primary input parameters for
various dynamic studies
and investigations. The
determination of dynamic soil
properties is an utmost critical
and important aspect of
geotechnical earthquake
engineering problems. In general,
soil properties depend on different
state parameters such as
the state of stress, void ratio,
confining stress and water
content, stress history, strain levels,
and drainage condition
to name a few. Apart from the
influence of the above-
mentioned parameters, dynamic
soil properties are
significantly influenced by the
dynamic amplitude and
frequency of the applied load.
Hence,
determination/estimation of the
dynamic soil properties
requires the consideration of all
the above-mentioned
influencing parameters. Dynamic
soil properties can be
determined from different field
and/or laboratory tests as
shown in Table 1 [1]. They can
also be evaluated using
suitable empirical correlations
established from earlier
standard field and laboratory
investigations carried on a
particular type of soil ([1]–[3]). One
of the important aspect
commonly looked into, is the
behavior of cyclically loaded
soil subjected to different strain
levels. At low strain levels
(< 0.001%), the soil portrays
higher stiffness and lower
damping ratio, with the stress-
strain behavior being
relatively linear. However, at
higher strain levels, more
nonlinearity effect is displayed
along with the portrayal of
higher damping ratio. Under such
condition, the influence
of the rate of loading and number
of loading cycles on
shear strength and volume change
characteristics of the soil
are extremely important. Basically,
when a soil is subjected
to earthquake or cyclic loading,
the shear modulus and
damping ratio of the soil are
influenced by many factors
like soil type, plasticity index,
cyclic strain amplitude,
relative density, frequency of
loading cycle, effective
confining pressure,
overconsolidation ratio, and number
of
loading cycles [1]. Thus stiffness
and damping properties
Eagle Point (Road Calc) is a design & analysis software which is globally used in road
projects. In Pakistan, all major companies are using this software for the designing and
analysis purposes of infrastructure.  It is Windows based software that runs in association
with Autodesk AutoCad. Eagle point (Road Calc) is helpful for Engineers who are directly or
indirectly involved in road designing. The software has many advantages which come in
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structures.

The software can produce plan & profile drawings, curve geometry data, coordinates &
elevation, Mass haul diagram sheets and cross section sheets as per defined intervals and
international standards. It is equally helpful for those engineers or surveyors who are
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Geometric Design of Road
By using Eagle Point, geometric design of road is developed. Eagle point develops it with the
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of the physical elements of roadway according to standards, constraints and other factors. 
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following terms must be understood:
 Road Profile
 Cross Section
 Alignment
Road Plan
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the center line. Road plans can be generated using Eagle Point software.

Road Profile
Road profile is the vertical aspect of the road. This includes crest, sag curves and the straight
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Alignment
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curves.  A true and workable alignment is generated by Eagle point software.

Cross Section of Road

The cross section of road shows drainage features, pavement structure and other items outside
the category of geometric design. The cross sections also show the detail about the position,
number of vehicle and bicycle lanes and sidewalks along with their cross slope. Cross
sections detail at each and every point is easily generated in Eagle point software which
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Benefits of Using Eagle Point

The objectives of development of geometric design in Eagle Point are to:
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Eagle point is a very useful software as discussed above. However proper training of this
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