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Sand Gravels
Coarse Medium
Clay Silt Gravel
Sand Gravel
Angular Subangular
Clay minerals
Clay minerals are very tiny crystalline substances
evolved primarily from chemical weathering of
certain rock forming minerals, they are complex
alumino – silicates plus other metallic ions.
Clay minerals
Different arrangements of atoms in the silicate
minerals give rise to different silicate structures.
Clay minerals are composed of two basic units:
(1) silica tetrahedron and
(2) alumina octahedron.
These units are held together by ionic bonds.
Aluminum
Hydroxyl
si
Silica Tetrahedron Silica sheet
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 16
Structure of Clay Minerals
Aluminium (or Magnesium) Octahedral Unit
The octahedral unit has an aluminium ion or a
magnesium ion endorsed by six hydroxyl radicals or
oxygen arranged in the form of an octahedron. In some
cases, other cations (e.g. Fe) are present in place of Al
and Mg.
Aluminum
Hydroxyl
Kaolinite
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 21
Types of Clay Minerals
Kaolinite Mineral
The basic kaolinite unit is a two-layer unit that is formed
by stacking a gibbsite sheet on a silica sheet. These basic
units are then stacked one on top of the other to form a
lattice of the mineral.
Gibbsite sheet
Silica sheet
H bond
Gibbsite sheet
7.2Å
Silica sheet
Kaolinite
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 22
Types of Clay Minerals
Kaolinite Mineral
The layers are held together by hydrogen bonding .
The strong bonding does not permit water to enter the
lattice. Thus, kaolinite minerals are stable and do not
expand under saturation. Kaolinite is the most
abundant constituent of residual clay deposits.
Gibbsite sheet
Silica sheet
H bond
Gibbsite sheet
7.2Å
Silica sheet
Kaolinite
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 23
Types of Clay Minerals
Kaolinite
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 24
Types of Clay Minerals
Kaolinite
The surface area of the kaolinite particles per unit mass is
about 15 m^2/g.
The surface area per unit mass is defined as specific surface
Joined by strong
hydrogen bond….no
easy separation
26
Types of Clay Minerals
Illite
The negative charge to balance the potassium
ions comes from the substitution of aluminum
for some silicon in the tetrahedral sheets.
Silica sheet
Gibbsite sheet
Silica sheet
Potassium
Silica sheet
10 Å Gibbsite sheet
Silica sheet
Montmorillonite
Montmorillonite has a structure similar to that of
illite—that is, one gibbsite sheet sandwiched between
two silica sheets.
Silica sheet
Gibbsite sheet
Silica sheet
nH2O and exchangeable
Silica sheet
10 Å Gibbsite sheet
Silica sheet
Montmorillonite
In montmorillonite there is isomorphous substitution of
magnesium and iron for aluminum in the octahedral sheets.
The specific surface is about 800 m^2/g.
Silica sheet
Gibbsite sheet
Silica sheet
nH2O and exchangeable
Silica sheet
10 Å Gibbsite sheet
Silica sheet
Montmorillonite
Potassium ions are not present as in illite, and a large
amount of water is attracted into the space between the
layers. There exists interlayer swelling, which is very
important to engineering practice (expansive clay).
Silica sheet
Gibbsite sheet
Silica sheet
nH2O and exchangeable
Silica sheet
10 Å Gibbsite sheet
Silica sheet
Concentration of ions
Cations
Anions
Pan
80
Percent finer
60
40
20
0
10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle diameter (mm)
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 53
Particle-size Distribution Curve
Percent (%) Finer by Weight 4.75 2.0 0.6 0.425 0. 25 0.15 0.075 (mm)
Definition of L in Hydrometer
Rc R
.. . . .
. ... ... . ... . ... . ... L1
. .. .. . .. . . . . . .
. . . .. . .. .
L1 . .... ... ... . ... . .... ...
.
. . . .. . . . . . L
. ... . .... .... ... . ...
. . . . .
.. .. .. . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
.. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
.. . . . . . . . .
.. . . .
.
.. .. .. gravity of L2
. . . hydrometer
.
bulb
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 68
Sedimentation Analysis (Hydrometer)
The values of K as function of specific gravity and
temperature are given in table (ASTM2004):
.. ....... . .. .. . . .. .. .
L
.
.. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . . . . .
.. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
.. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
.. . . . . . . . .
.. .. ..
.
.
.
. .. .. . . .. .. .
L
... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ..
L
... ... ... . .. .. .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
...
. .. .. .. ... .. .. ...
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .. . .. .. .
.. .. .. ... ... ...
... ... ... . .. .. .
.. .. .. .. .. ..
. .
.. ......
..
Start T1 T2 T3
80
Percent finer
60
40
20
0
10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle diameter (mm)
III
I
II
90
80
70
60
Percent finer
50
40
30
20
10
0
10 1 D60 D30 D10 0.01
80
Percent finer
60
40
Gravel Sand Fines
20
0
10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Particle diameter (mm)
Dr. Abdulmannan Orabi IUST 84
Summary
Solution
Tabulate data to obtain % finer
Sieve Mass % Retained ∑( %Retained) % Finer
No. retained , g On each sieve
4 0 0 0 100-0 =100
10 14.8 3.0 3.0 100-3=97
20 98.0 19.6 22.6 100-22.6=77.4
40 90.1 18 40.6 100-40.6=59.4
100 181.9 36.4 77.0 100-77=23
200 108.8 21.8 98.8 100-98.8=1.2
pan 6.1 1.2 100
Total mass M = 499.7 g
Solution
Effective size= 0.1mm
Solution
Calculate Cu and Cc
D60= 0.45 D30 = 0.18
Cu = 0.45/0.1 = 4.5
Cc = 0.72
Extract percentage of gravel, sand, silt,
and clay.
Gravel = 0 %
Sand = 98.8 %
Silt and Clay = 1.2 %
_E` − P
^ =
_E` − _ab
where:
_E` is the maximum void ratio
( loosest condition),
_ab is the minimum void ratio ( densest
d ∗0 d ∗0
de fgh = de fij =
1 + _ab 1 + _E`
d ∗0
de =
1+ c