STABILIZATION OF SWELLING

SOIL
WITH
RED MUD
Cemre ÇAĞLAR
1551613
Thesis Advisor: Prof. Dr. Erdal ÇOKÇA
CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Clay Minerals
 Swelling Mechanism
 Factors Affecting Swelling
 Measurement of Swelling Properties
 Stabilization of Soil
 Red Mud
 Conclusion
 Introduction

 Why we need to stabilize the swelling soils?

 For using areas, that cannot be used for other purposes
 Change in the water content  huge volume change

 Why we need to use Red Mud?

 It is useless waste
 Its huge amounts are very hazardous for the environment

 Can we get enough amount of Red Mud?

 It is the waste of the aluminium production

http://www.dfwconcretelifting.com/files/soil4.jpg
 Clay Minerals

 Kaolinite

 Illite

 Montmorillonite
Kaolinite

 Strong bonds (H bonds)

 One sheet silica and one sheet

gibbsite
Illite

 One gibbsite sheet between

two silica sheets
 Potassium (non-exchangeable)
ions between combined sheets
Montmorillonite

 One gibbsite or brucite sheet

between two silica sheets
 Potassium and (exchangeable)
ions and water between
combined sheets
 Very weak bonds

 HIGH SWELLING POTENTIAL

Swelling Mechanism

 Soluble ions in the water

 Na, K  large amount of water

 Ca, Mg  lower water content

 Fe, Al  very low water content

 CEC
Factors Affecting Swelling

 Soil Characteristics
 Mineralogy of clay, soil water chemistry, initial water content, fine fraction,
plasticity index

 Environmental Factors
 Climate, groundwater, drainage, vegetation, permeability, temperature

 The State of Stress

 Stress history, loading, soil profile
 Measurement of Swelling Properties

 Method A
 Initially loaded with 100 kPathen unloaded,
loaded vertically after the primary swell is
completed
 Measures;

 Free swell

 Percent heave for vertical confining

pressures up to the swell pressure

 Swell pressure
 Measurement of Swelling Properties

 Method B
 Same with method A, but the initial
pressure is not removed
 Measures;

 Percent heave or settlement for estimated

in-situ pressures

 The swell pressure of the specimen

 Measurement of Swelling Properties

 Method C
 Estimated in-situ pressure is applied and
after the free water is inundated, the height
of the specimen is keeping constant with
adjusting pressure.
 Measures;
 Swell pressure

 Preconsolidation pressure

 Percent heave or settlement in the range of

pressures.
 Stabilization of Soil

 Flocculation and Agglomeration

 Pozzolanic Reaction

 Cementitious Hydration

 Cation Exchange
 Red Mud

 Mostly contains silica, aluminium, iron,

calcium, titanium and other minör
constituents
 Some organic compounds are also
present
 90 % of its volume is finer than 75 μm.

INDIA FRANCE

http://redmud.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Red-Mud-lake.jpg http://redmud.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Disposal-in-France.gif
 Red Mud Production Cycle (Bayer Process)

http://redmud.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/0.C2.gif

http://redmud.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Bayer-Process_diagram.gif
 Using Red Mud for Stabilization

 Cation Exchange
 Na+<Li+< K+< Rb+< Cs+< Mg2+<
Ca2+<Ba2+<Cu2+<Al3+<Fe3+<Th4+

 Silica content
 Its cementitious properties
 Conclusion

Using Red Mud in Stabilization of Swelling soils;

 Gives chance to built structures on problematic soils, instead of agricultural
or other type of areas, that cen be used more efficiently,
 Prevents from the large disposal areas of the Red Mud, which can be
hazardous,
 Gives chance to stabilize the soil cheaper than the other stabilization
methods.
 References

Using Red Mud in Stabilization of Swelling soils;

 Gives chance to built structures on problematic soils, instead of agricultural
or other type of areas, that cen be used more efficiently,
 Prevents from the large disposal areas of the Red Mud, which can be
hazardous,
 Gives chance to stabilize the soil cheaper than the other stabilization
methods.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!!!