Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

HTML is the set of markup symbols or codes placed in a file intended for display on a web browser. The web browser renders the
code in the HTML file and displays the web page document and associated files. The W3C (http://www.w3.org) sets the standards
for HTML.

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

XML was developed by the W3C as a flexible method to create common information formats and share the format and the
information on the Web. It is a text-based syntax designed to describe, deliver, and exchange structured information. It is not intended
to replace HTML, but to extend the power of HTML by separating data from presentation. Using XML, developers can create
whatever tags they need to describe their information.
Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML)
XHTML was developed by the W3C to reformulate HTML 4.01 as an application of XML. It combines the formatting strengths of
HTML 4.01 and the data structure and extensibility strengths of XML. XHTML has been used on the Web for over a decade and
you’ll find many web pages coded with this markup language.
HTML5—the Newest Version of HTML
HTML5 (logo shown in Figure 1.10), is intended to be the successor to HTML4 and will replace XHTML. HTML5 incorporates
features of both HTML and XHTML, adds new elements, provides new features such as form edits and native video, and is intended
to be backward compatible. The W3C approved HTML5 for Candidate Recommendation status in late 2012.
URIs and URLs
A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) identifies a resource on the Internet. A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a type of URI
which represents the network location of a resource such as a web page, a graphic file, or an MP3 file. The URL consists of the
protocol, the domain name, and the hierarchical location of the file on the web server.

Domain Names
A domain name locates an organization or other entity on the Internet. The purpose of the Domain Name System (DNS) is to divide
the Internet into logical groups and understandable names by identifying the exact address and type of the organization.
A subdomain can be configured to house a separate website located at the same domain. For example, Google’s Gmail can be
accessed by using the subdomain “gmail” in the domain name (gmail.google.com). Google Maps can be accessed at maps.
google.com, and Google News Search is available at news.google.com. See http://www.labnol .org/internet/popular-google-
subdomains/5888/ for a list of the top 40 Google subdomains. The combination of a host/subdomain, second-level domain, and top-
level domain name (such as www.google.com or mail.google.com) is called a fully qualified domain name (FQDN).

Top-Level Domain Names

A top-level domain (TLD) identifies the rightmost part of the domain name, starting with the final period. A TLD is either a generic
top-level domain, such as .com for commercial, or a country-code top-level domain, such as .fr for France. ICANN administers the
generic top-level domains

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a set of rules that allow files to be exchanged between computers
on the Internet. Unlike HTTP, which is used by web browsers to request web pages
and their associated files in order to display a web page, FTP is used simply to move files
What Is HTML and Where Did It Come from?
The internet is sometimes considered "A Child of the Cold War" or "The Cold War's Baby."

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)
to link billions of devices worldwide.
ARPANET of the late 1960s

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) 

During the Cold War there was constant fear of nuclear attack from the Soviet Union  the United States felt
that they were falling too far behind the Soviet Union. To help prevent nuclear attack, United States  ensure the
safety so that  ARPANET was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later DARPA), a branch
of the military that developed top secret systems and weapons during the Cold War.

in 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, a contractor at CERN (French pronunciation: derived from the
name Conseil européen pour la recherche nucléaire), proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE
(was a software / It was a simple hypertext program) to use and share documents. and then to
HTML’s
codification by the World Wide Web Consortium (better known as the W3C) in
1997,

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in

a web browser.
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international community where Member organizations, a full-time staff, and
the public work together to develop Web standards. Led by Web inventor and Director Tim Berners-Lee

Structure of HTML Documents

The <title> element is used to provide a broad description of the content. The title is not displayed within the browser window. Instead,
the title is typically displayed by the browser in its window and/or tab,
The head contains descriptive elements about the document, such as its title, any style sheets or JavaScript files it uses, and other
types of meta information used by search engines and other programs.

The body contains content (both HTML elements and regular text) that will be displayed by the browser.
<meta> element declares that the character encoding for the document is UTF-8.
UTF-8 is a more complete variable-width encoding system that can encode all 110,000 characters in the Unicode character set (which
in itself supports over 100 different language scripts).

HTML Syntax
Elements and Attributes
HTML documents are composed of textual content and HTML elements. The term
HTML element is often used interchangeably with the term tag. Tags are encompassing the element name within
angle brackets <>.

HTML elements can also contain attributes. An HTML attribute is a

name=value pair that provides more information about the HTML element.

o Heading Tags
Provide information about your HTML page, such as its title. HTML has six levels of headings,
ranging from the largest <h1> to the smallest <h6>.
Headings are formatted in this manner:
<h1> Sample Heading H1 </h1>

o Paragraph Tags
Are placed between the <p> and </p> tags. The tags separate a paragraph from the headings.
o Horizontal Rules
The horizontal rule in HTML5 defines a thematic break.
o Line Breaks
Line breaks break lines of text at points where they appear.

o The List Item Tag

 Ordered lists are typically labeled with numbers or letters, and use the <ol> and</ol> tags
An ordered list can be used to enumerate a list of items or to outline a set of instructions or a
procedure.
 Unordered lists are usually labeled with bullet points and dashes, and use the <ul> and </ul>
tags
An unordered list is used when items in a list are in no particular order or importance.
 Definition lists are for terms and definitions. This type of list uses the markup tags <dl> and
</dl>. The definition list also uses the markup tags <dt> and </dt> (to define terms and names)
as well as <dd> and </dd> (to describe terms and names).
 The majority of attributes related to the <table> tag are

o Using the <a> (anchor tag)

The <a> (anchor tag) is also called the hyperlink tag. It should not be confused with
the <link> tag within the <head> element. There are two items involved in creating links:
1. The file or the location (URL) of the file that will be linked; and
2. The text to which the link or URL will be attached.
In order to attach links to certain text, you need to use the link tag, <a>, also known as the
anchor tag, and end with a closing tag </a>. The link address or URL is defined by the href
attribute while the point of display is defined by the target attribute.

Remember to add the complete URL of the Web page to include in the href attribute. A complete
URL includes http:// and any item that may appear after the Internet suffix .com or .net.
By default, a link has three states:
1. Unvisited link: underlined and blue
2. Active link: underlined and red
3. Visited link: underlined and purple