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PLATO
MENO

STOCK
 HENRY FROWDE

Oxford University Press Warehouse

Amen Corner, E.G.

 DEPARTMENTAL
THE LIBRARY

MENO OF PLATO
IV/TH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

BY

ST. GEORGE STOCK, M.A.

PEMBROKE COLLEGE

I. — INTRODUCTION AND TEXT

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1887

I All rights reserved "]

 PREFACE.
All books are written to satisfy a want, if not on the
part of the public, at all events on that of the author. But
this book needs less apology than some others ; for the

Meno is prescribed for the Oxford course, and there is no

English edition of it.

The text that has been followed is that of K. F.

Hermann. It has not formed part of the scope of this
work to discuss differences of reading. My object has
been, in the first place, to clear away any difficulties that

might present themselves to a novice, except such as

merely required a reference to the dictionary, and, in the
next place, to supply whatever aids seemed necessary for
the full appreciation of the substance and style of the
dialogue.

My debt to Stallbaum is immense — far greater than

appears from the acknowledgments : but what has been
borrowed has become so mixed up with what has been
supplied as to render discrimination impossible. A general
acknowledgment is therefore the more necessary. Next
to Stallbaum most help has been derived from Riddell's
admirable Digest of Platonic Idioms, appended to his
edition of the Apology, to which a reference has in every

case been given.

6 PREFA CE.

\\y thanks are due to my friend, the Rev. R, L. Clarke,

of Queen's College, who kindly spared time from more
important work to look over the notes. As an examina-
tion made under such circumstances was necessarily hasty.

any mistakes that may have escaped his vigilance must be

credited to me alone. Since writing the above I have
found myself laid under deep obligation to ]\Ir. Evelyn
Abbott, Fellow of Balliol, for his careful supervision of
the whole work during its passage through the press, in
the course of which many corrections and improvements

-
have been suRorested.

ST. G. STOCK.
Museum Villas, Oxford,

April, 1887.
 INTRODUCTION.
I. Plato is valuable for his method, rather than for any
positive dogmatic truth which he teaches.

*
Out of Plato,' says Emerson, *
come all things that are
still and debated among men of thought
written a sentiment '
—
which I remember to have heard expressed in more homely
language by one of our own professors There 's no sort of — '

rubbish or nonsense that you won't find in Plato.'

Plato's merit is that he taught the world to think —at least
the western portion of it : he did not think for it, as Aristotle
did after him. Neither scientific terminology nor dogmatic
system are tobe found in Plato, save in a most rudimentary
form. To say that a man is a Platonist does not really
'
'

give us any definite idea of his philosophical tenets. We

infer that he has an enthusiastic belief in the immortality of
the soul, grounded on somewhat shaky arguments, and
thinks that ignorance lies at the root of eviP. There perhaps
the matter ends. We should hardly go on to suspect him of
being in favour of a community of women among the upper
classes of society.
It was a question among the Ancients whether Plato dog-

matized at all. Those who thought that he did found his

own opinions expressed through four characters in the dia-
logues—Socrates, Timaeus, the Athenian stranger in the
Laws, and the Eleatic stranger in the Sophist. But even the
opinions ascribed to Socrates are detached and tentative
rather than final and systematic they are so many isolated
;

and independent efforts to follow out the train of thought of

^ We might credit him also with a belief in the power of the
mind to acquire knowledge by the royal road of ideas, independently
of experience.
8 INTRODUCTION.
the moment —mere random ventures on the sea of thought of
a mind that was ready to sail wherever the wind of the argu-
ment might blow. It is quite true to say with Voltaire — Un '

homme qui saurait tout Platon, et qui ne saurait que Platon,

saurait peu, et saurait mal,' only it is slightly off the point.
One does not go to Plato for facts of science or ready-made
doctrines ; but for a spirit and a method, that we may learn
to question all things, while at the same time we become
kindled with his enthusiasm for truth and virtue.

2. Dramatic form of Plato's writings —perhaps

borrowed from Sicily.

One of the main reasons for this combination of infinite

suggestiveness with such meagreness of positive results is the
form which Plato adopted for his Avritings. Plato dramatised
the world of thought as completely as Shakespeare drama-
tised the world of action. The mind of the Greeks, at the
time when Plato wrote, Avas dominated by the drama, as it
had been dominated, in an earlier age, by the forms of epic
poetr^^ —
Add to this that philosophy at least moral philo-
—
sophy began in conversation amid the gymnasia and por-
ticoes of Athens, and we see that nothing could be more
natural than that the first mould into which it ran should be
that of the dramatic dialogue. Zeno, the Eleatic, is credited
with having been the first to employ the dialogue, or shares
the honour with one Alexamenus, otherwise unknown. But
before him, v/e find an anticipation of Plato in a quarter
where it might least have been expected, namely, in the great
comic poet of Sicily, Epicharmus, whose plays seem to have
abounded in philosophical discussions, conducted in due form
of dialectic, though in broad Doric verse. Epicharmus pre-
dicted that somebody would come after him, \vho would strip
his words of their metre, in place of which he would invest
them with stately robes of diction, and prove himself invin-
cible in the arena of thought, while giving a fall to all his
antagonists. Whether this prophecy was fulfilled by Plato
or not, in the shape of a debt to Epicharmus, it is Avith his
 PARTITION OF PHILOSOPHY. 9

name alone that the philosophical dialogue is indissolubly

associated \
has been often noticed that in Aristotle the influence of
It

the dialogue is not yet extinct. Though his works assume

the shape of formal treatises, yet we are everywhere conscious
of the presence of a suppressed antagonist a kind of Devil's —
Advocate, whose business it was to test the claims of every
proposition before it was admitted to the canonisation of
truth.

3. Tendency of the Greeks to dramatise philosophy.

Partitio7i of Philosophy.
The connection, on which we have been dwelling above,
between philosophy in its earliest form and the drama was
recognised by the Greeks themselves. The dialogue was
defined as being composed of question and answer, on some
'

philosophical or pohtical subject, with appropriate character-

drawing of the persons who take part in it, and in an ornate
style.' This definition was a common-place of antiquity, for
we find it not only in Diogenes Laertius, but in identically
'
the same words in the Introduction to Plato's Dialogues
'

by Albinus. Further, it was pointed out how the progress of

philosophy presented an analog>' to the progress of the
drama. As Thespis first added a single actor to the original
song of the chorus, then Aeschylus a second, and Sophocles
a third so philosophy had at first only a single department,
:

namely, physical speculation, to which Socrates added moral

science, while Plato perfected its structure with the third
division of dialectic. Ever form of philosophy
after this the

. ,,
was as form of a tragedy and every
rigidly fixed as the ;

systematic exponent or critic started with the assumption of

a tripartite division into and //, or, as it

was called later, Nor is the division without ground

of reason. For philosophy must study either nature (includ-
ing the divine nature) or man, and if it studies man, it must

1 The celebrated mime- writers of Sicily, Sophron and Xenarchus,

are said to have been great favourites with Plato.
1 INTR OD UCTIOAT,

regard him either from the side of the emotions or of the

intellect.

4. Trilogies and ieiralogies among the dialogues

of Plato.
The desire to trace an analogy between Plato's philosophy
and the drama was pushed to an extreme by those commen-
tators who variously distributed his wOrks into trilogies or
tetralogies. The latter form was adopted by Aristophanes
the grammarian, whose arrangement starts with the Republic,
Timaeus, and Critias, but the cogency of the connection is in
no case very apparent, and, after five trilogies have been
established, the attempt at further classification is abandoned.
The other distribution into tetralogies, which has been
followed in Hermann's edition of Plato, from which our text
is drawn, is resolutely carried out from beginning to end.

There are just thirty-six works, including the Letters as one,

which were acknowledged in antiquity to be Plato's own, so
that they fit conveniently into nine tetralogies. Here we
start with a very plausible combination in the Euthyphro,
Apology, Crito, and Phaedo. In the Euthyphro, we become
aware of the indictment of Socrates by Meletus in the ;

Apology we Hsten to the philosopher's defence of himself

before his judges ; in the Crito we find him refusing to
violate the laws of his countr)^ by escaping from jail : in the
Phaedo we are admitted as auditors to the dying discourse
of
'
Him, the Master of all thought,
Who took the hemlock and superbly died.'

Here, however, the tie of connection is a historical one,

which necessarily fails us in the bulk of the dialogues, from
w-hich the biographical element is absent. If the principle
were pressed, however, our own dialogue, the Meno, would
have a right to precede the four just mentioned, for it shows
us the motives which induced Anytus, the real mover in the
matter, to get up the indictment against Socrates. But the
Meno, as a matter of fact, is ranked along with the Euthy-
 DIVISION OF THE DIALOGUES. II

demus, Protagoras, and Gorgias in a quartette which deals

more especially with the views and pretentions of the
Sophists.

5. Division of ihe dialogues into theoretical and

practical, etc.

Quite apart from the division into trilogies or tetralogies,

there was current also among the Ancients a subtle logical
division of the works of Plato, which possesses a real philo-
sophical value.
assumed, to begin with, that the works
It is of Plato fall

into two main classes, one in which there is a more or less

definite conclusion present in the author's mind, which he

.
to
wishes to guide the reader, the other in which the object is

of the ? 1\—
vague inquiry. This gives us the two principal
and
gone conclusion may be of a merely speculative nature or one
' characters
The fore-
'

bearing upon life and practice. Thus we are led to a subdivi-

sion of the first of the two main classes into theoretical and
practical and these again are subdivided respectively into
;

()
physical and logical, ethical and political. It is on the other
side of the division that we must look for the Meno. The
inquisitory dialogues are so many exhibitions of the art

).
' '
all

of mental wrestling, but may be distinguished into dialogues

of practice and of combat and The
latter may end either in proving one's own proposition or

Plato's works are either

elicitory, tentative, probative^,
or( ^).
upsetting the adversary's {evSeiKTiKOs or
former may assume the shape either of eliciting a conclusion
from an unpractised thinker or of demolishing his successive
attempts to reach one Here then
are the eight infimae species which we r^ach in our division.
— physical, logical, ethical,
or eversive.
;

political,
Below these
the

^ It is worth noticing that Albinus has eXeyKTiKOs in his list

(Hermann's Plato, vol. vi. p. 148), and makes no mention of kv-

SeiKTiKOi. The latter therefore may be a mistake in Diogenes
Laertius, iii. § 49. The Protagoras is the only dialogue referred to
this head.
1 INTR OD UCTION.

there is only the enumeration of the individual dialogues

falling class, which gives scope for difference of
under each
opinion, and we find the list presented by Albinus very
different from that of Diogenes Laertius. As to the tentative
nature of the Meno, however, all are agreed.

6. Order of the Platonic dialogues.

Into the vexed question of the order of the Platonic writings

we need not enter here. There is not sufficient internal evi-
dence to establish a chronological order and, if there were,
;

it would be no clue to the logical order. Plato did not think

systematically, but piecemeal, and whoever thinks in that
— —
way and who does not ? will often have suggested to him
by one train of reasoning, and supply later, another which
seems necessary to lead up to it. Perhaps no more sensible
enouncement has been made touching the order of Plato's
wTitings than that of Albinus, who declared that they con-
stituted a perfect circle, and therefore presented no one point
which could rightly be considered prior to another. Only it
may be said generally that in its leading idea the ^leno
presents a connection with the Protagoras for in that dia-;

logue it is ultimately maintained by Socrates that virtue is

knowledge, and therefore can be taught. In the ]Meno this
idea seems to be struggling into the light of certainty, when
we are plunged back into confusion again by the admitted,
absence of teachers. On the subordinate, though intrinsically
more important, point of the proof of the pre-existence of the
soul from the doctrine of reminiscence, the ]\Ieno connects
itself with the deeper discussion of the same subject in the

Phaedo. In its general tone, and in the conduct of the

argument it reminds the reader of the Theaetetus, though
that again is a deeper dialogue than ours.

7. Date of the composition of the Meno.

As regards the date of composition, Stallbaum and others

of the German critics consider the Meno to have been written
 DATE OF THE NO. 1

during the lifetime of Socrates. Schleiermacher, on the

other hand, with whom
both Grote and Professor Jowett
agree, finds a clear reference to the trial and death of Socrates
in the concluding words of the Meno and indeed it is diffi-
;

cult to understand how any other opinion could be arrived

at, unless the critic were throttled by a theory. Professor
Jowett goes so far as to say —
There is no reason to suppose
'

that any of the dialogues of Plato were written before the

death of Socrates,' setting aside, apparently, as unworthy
of credence, the anecdote told by Diogenes Laertius of how-
Socrates exclaimed, on hearing Plato read the Lysis — 'Good
heavens ! How many
lies the young man has been telling

about me This is really too good not to be true. And it

!
'

leads us on to another point. For if Plato thus began to

make Socrates his mouth-piece even during the lifetime of
the latter, with how much more freedom is the process likely
to have been carried on after his death We can well be- !

lieve therefore that Plato was so penetrated with the habit

of uttering his own thoughts through the medium of Socrates,
that he became quite indifferent to chronological accuracy.
Any thought which was in Plato's mind was liable to be
put into Socrates' mouth. Granting this, we can recognise in
the Meno an allusion to the bribing of Ismenias the Theban
by the Persians, which would fix the approximate date of the
dialogue to a period shortly after B.C. 394.

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 DIVISION OF PLATO S WORKS. 15

^ fe>

1^
 1 AVTT? OD UCTION.

COURSE OF THE DIALOGUE.

How is virtue io he attained?

Meno, a somewhat sophisticated youth, who has studied

under Gorgias, propounds to Socrates an inquiry as to how
virtue is to be attained. Does it come (i) by teaching, (2) by
training, or (3) by nature? (70 A).

What is virtue?

Socrates objects to this question on the ground that he

does not know what virtue is, and, what is more, has never
met with anybody who did (70 B-71 B). Meno is of opinion
that Gorgiasknew all about it, and undertakes to answer the
question himself (71 C, D).

Mends account of virtue ; he enumerates many virtues.

The virtue of a man, he says, be competent to manage

is to
affairs of state, and, in managing them, to help his friends
and hurt his foes, and avoid being hurt himself. The virtue
of a woman is to manage her household well, taking care of
l• the things, and obeying her husband. Again, there is the
virtue of a child, whether girl or boy, and of an elder person,
of a freeman, and of a slave. In fact, every age, sex, and
condition has its different virtue (71 E-72 A).

What is the common element in these?

This first attempt to define virtue is really an enumeration,

and not a definition. Accordingly Socrates asks for the
essential attributes which cause these various virtues to be
calledby the same name, illustrating his question by the
example of the wOrd 'bee' (72 B).

Explanation of what is meant by a common element or

general idea.

Menoonly dimly grasps the conception of a general idea

(72 C), and Socrates proceeds to enforce his meaning by the
 COURSE OF THE DIALOGUE. I

parallel examples of health, strength, and size. Does Meno

think that the health of a man is different from the health of
a woman ? Or that health has one and the same form {/iho%)^
wheresoever existent ? (72 D, E). Meno is willing to grant
the essential unity of these ideas, but thinks that the case of
virtue is somehow different from the rest {^) A). Socrates,
however, gets him to admit that man and woman, child and
elder will alike require the same things, namely, justice and
temperance , if they are to be virtuous {J2> A, B).

Virtue is the capacity of ruling over men.

being agreed then that virtue is one and the same thing,
It

wherever found, Meno is again called upon to define it. He

does so ofth^nd, declaring virtue to be 'the capacity of "^
ruling over men' (73 C).

Faults of the definitiofi.

This first attempt at a formal definition falls an easy prey

to the dialectic of Socrates. For (i) it cannot possibly apply
to the virtue of a child or a slave, whereas it is essential to
a logical definition that it should be co-extensive with the
thing defined and (2) the mere capacity to rule is not virtue,
;

but only the capacity to rule justly. Meno admits the force
of both these objections, Saying as to the latter 'For justice, —
Socrates, is virtue {y^ D). '

What is wanted is definition, not enumeration.

Hereupon Socrates asks him whether justice is virtue or

a virtue, and sets him floundering once more amid the
difficulties of a general idea. Socrates illustrates his own
question by the case of figure. He would not call roundness
*
figure,' but a figure,' because there are other figures. ' Yes,'
'

says Meno, 'and so I say that there are other virtues as well
as justice {y^) E). When asked what these are he specifies
'

temperance, wisdom, and magnificence, showing incidentally

how wide was the Greek conception of virtue, including, as
 I 8 INTR OD UCTION.

it did, moral, intellectual, and aesthetic elements. Socrates

again reminds him that what he \vants to arrive at is the
one idea which underlies these different phases of virtue
(74 A).

The definition of figure.

Meno confesses his inability to arrive at this, and Socrates
helps him to understand the question by the parallel instances
of 'figure' and 'colour' (74 B, C). To say that the round
and the straight are both figures is not to say that the round
is straight or the straight round, but it is to say that there
issomething called figure which is common to both (74
'
'

D, E). Let Meno then say what this something is (75 A).
Meno throws the task on Socrates, under promise that
he, in his turn, will attempt to define virtue ; and Socrates
accordingly defines figure as '
the only thing which invariably
accompanies colour (75 B). Meno jeers at this definition
'

on the ground that it assumes a knowledge of colour, and

thus involves what is known in logic as the fault of ignotum
per ignotii(s, or, as in this case, fier aegue ig7iotum (75 C).
Accordingly Socrates, admitting the principle that a defi-
nition should be clearer than the thing defined (75 D), pro-
pounds another definition of figure as 'th e term ination of
a solid '
(75 E-76 A).

Colour defined in the style of Gorgias.

Meno now a definition of colour and Socrates,
calls for ;

after bantering him on his imperiousness (76 A, B), asks

him whether he would like a definition in the style of Gorgias.
To this Meno whereupon Socrates, assuming
eagerly assents ;

the Empedoclean doctrine due to

of sense-perception being
emanations from bodies, defines colour as an emanation '

from bodi es commensurate with and perceptible by sight '

a definition which is hailed with enthusiasm by Meno {y6

C, D). Socrates hints that Meno likes this definition on
account of its pomposity, and expresses his own preference
for the definition of figure (76 E).
 COURSE OF THE DIALOGUE. 19

Meno once more defines virtue.

It is now Meno's turn to define virtue, for which the other

definitions were meant by Avay of practice (j'] A).
Adopting the sentiments of some poet, Meno defines virtue
as the desire for honourable things combined with the power
^

of procu ring them ). ' [

To this it is objected by Socrates that to desire things
honourable is to desire good, and all men desire good, so
that the definition is wider than the thing defined
follows from this that the difference between one
{ C-
78 A). It

man and another must lie in the power of procuring good,

so that Meno's definition now assumes this shape 'Virtue —
is the power of procuring good things (78 B). '

But in vain.

This third attempt of Meno's at a formal definition of

virtue is upset on the ground that good things must be
provided justly, if there is to be any virtue in the matter so ;

that we are in fact defining the genus, virtue, by its species,

justice, and are involved in our old vicious circle. It will be
necessary to begin the whole thing over again [ C-79 E).

Socrates con/esses his own ignorance, hut he is imlling to

help Meno in finding out what virtue is.

On hearing this, Meno's patience gives way, and he

compares Socrates to a torpedo which paralyses everything
which comes near to it (80 A, B).
Socrates playfully rejoins that he suspects Meno is fishing
for compHments, and wants to hear a simile about himself in
return. He pleads guilty to filling others with doubt, but
declares that because he is full of doubt himself. But
it is

though he does not know what virtue is, he is quite ready to

join Meno in searching into the matter (80 C, D).

Is such discovery possible .^ How can we acquire knowledge ?

At this point the dialogue takes an unexpected turn, for
2
 20 INTR OD UC TION,

Meno suddenly produces a weapon from the armoury of the

Sophists, in the shape of a dilemma against the possibility of
mental search
If one knows a thing, search is superfluous ; and if one does
not know it, search is useless.
Either one knows a thing or one does not.
.•. Search is either superfluous or useless (80 D, E).

Knowledge is reminiscence.

Socrates bodly accepts one horn of this dilemma, declar-

ing that, as a matter of fact, we do know all things. For the
soul is immortal, and, though subject to what we call birth

and death, is in its essence indestructible. Having therefore

existed from all time, has seen and learnt all things (81 A
it

-C). Now inasmuch as nature is all of a piece, and its

truths all connected one with another, there is nothing to
prevent the soul which has forgotten anything from tracking
it out within itself, by following up any clue, if only it has the

energy and perseverance to do so. This is how men can

evoke knowledge from their own minds on subjects of which
il they seemed at starting to be blankly ignorant (81 D).
Meno does not appear at all surprised at the doctrines of
the immortality of the soul and metempsychosis, for which
we may suppose him to have been prepared by the philo-
sophy of Empedocles but he is not quite so ready to accept
;

the corollary of reminiscence (81 E).

Socrates accordingly proceeds to illustrate this latter doc-
trine by a practical example.

Practical illustration of the doctrine. Exanunation of

the slave.

He asks Meno to call one of his numerous pages, a per-

fectly uneducated lad. Showing this boy a square, Socrates
elicits from him that if the side of such a figure were two
feet, the figure itself would be four square feet likewise that ;

a square twice as big as this would consist of eight square

feet (82 A-Dj. Then Socrates asks how big the line would
be on which the double square would be described, and the
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 ANALYSIS OP THE ARGUMENT.
The argument of the Meno seems to fall naturally into
three main divisions
I. The attempt to define virtue, arising out of the initial
question — ' Can virtue be taught ?' 70 A-80 D.

II. The exposition of the doctrine of reminiscence, in an-

swer to the sophistical argument against the possibility of
search 80 D-86 C.
;

III. Hypothetical resumption of the original questions

86 C-ioo C.
These three parts may be further subdivided as follows

I. The attempt to define virtue; 70-80 D.

a. Introductory; 70-71 D.
b. Enumeration of virtues in mistake for a definition
71 E-73 c.
(r._ First d efinition of virtue, as 'the capacity to rule over

men,' refuted 73 C-74 A. ;

d. Method of definition illustrated by the case of figure,

which is defined to be
(i) the sole invariable concomitant of colour ;

(2) the tennination of a solid, 74 B-76 A,

and of colour, which is defined, in accordance with the philo-
sophy of Empedocles, to be 'an emanation from bodies com-
;
mensurate with and perceptible by sight ' 76 A-E.
e. Se,cojid definition of virtue, '
To desire noble things
and be able to attain them,' refuted A-78 B. ;

f. Third definition of virtue, as The power of providing

'

what is good,' refuted 78 C-79 E. ;

g. Despair of Meno ; 80 A-D.

30 AN-ALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENT.
II. Exposition of the doctrine of reminiscence j 80 D-
86 B.
a. Dilemma against the possibility of search 80 D, E. ;

b. Statement of the doctrine of reminiscence 81 A- ;

82 B.
c. Illustration of the doctrine in the person of Meno's
page (82 B-86 B) comprising
(i) The dissipation of fancied knowledge ; 82 C-83 E.
(2) Inculcation of the advantages of doubt ; 84 A-C.
(3) The recovery of knowledge within the soul ; 84 D-
86 B.

III. Hypothetical resumption of the original question;

86C-100C.
a. Illustration of the meaning of hypothesis
86 C-87 C. ;

b. knowledge or prudence, and must

Proof that virtue is

therefore come by teaching, and not by nature 87 D-89 B. ;

c. Objection. There are no teachers (89 C, D) for ;

(i) The Sophists, who profess virtue are not so;

89 E-92 D.
(2) Neither are the statesmen who display it ;
92 E-
94 E.
d. General uncertainty as to the teachability of virtue ;

95 A-96 B.
e. Resulting conclusion that virtue cannot be taught

96B, C.
f. Discovery that right opinion may serve as a substitute
for knowledge ; 96 D-98 C.
g. Recapitulation of the argument, culminating in the
conclusion that virtue, as we know it, is not founded on
knowledge, and must therefore be a kind of inspiration ;

98 C-ioo C.
EN .
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avbave rots, ^ ^^^^^/:^

^.; .
\rfi4tynuUt4
be
-]^
^ ? tro perseet;

, , ^ €€,
2.
€t
ye.

hi ye otyoz; {xera^as, eUe^iuf -i^

avhpl
-p^^
eyei
rf v^

^€
. ^.;,
'7oo^'s
€,
70 e^

96
7T0T€ avbp'
€€
,
Trept

.
€, -,
Aeyet ;

ti'ert.
2. ^'E^ets elr^elv

ot eI^ tot
' etz^at 75

^
bLbaaoL oibe

tot
rore ^
eivai Trept aiiro

etz^ai, ot e
bibaKTov etvai, €e -
;

77ept

bbaov etvai
.^»^^^.^.-.-
 74 MENO, 96 -.

MEN. ^
2. el € iycuye.

^,
,
ovres etVt brjkov
. ye ;

MEN.
C
.^.€
,. bi ye
hoK€L.

€ ;

2.
. ^,.
AoKet e\av

elev,
? XiyeLS.
e' ye,
b€ ; \€ -
eiz^ai ;

.
,.
.
.
.
" .
^.
€ ye
aperTJs

, o^'e ;
;

D
re
MEN.
€
'Aper?/

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brj,
^ €9
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etirep
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eee^.
'
et/
; -.
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. ^€€,
TLves elvai avbpes,

?. € ^
,
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4
octtls

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^
9 ,
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— "?17
re €
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avbpes.

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4€,
avbpas bel
;
 ^
etrai,

.
^?
MEMO, 96 - 97 c.

ye, 6
75

€'

, , - 97

2.
. ;

OTL ye

€.
.
2.

€€
2.
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OTTOi
;

27,
Nat'.

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abo
;
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kav

'^•'

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-
-^ u^ /-

. €V ;

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2.

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2.
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2.
,
€
€Kat
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€'
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be
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bo^a rjv r

€.
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ye, €, ev
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eTn-,
 MENO, 97 c - 98 A.

, ^,
76

€ ; € ael 6

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€,
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..
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^^
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' .
;

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,
6

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h . ^;?, hi 6

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2.
2.
y
' rt

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;

.'"? , '.
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h ovh^
2.
.; bpa^:v,
b
b bbva, .
;

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* '
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^ ,
2.
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.,; b^a
bbvov
br]

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98

,
,, . ,, ba77ov

.
''^*^
a^tat

, ' b6.
b,
b b,
bia
bap b brj
 MEJV0,gSB-gSO.

,€ ??, .
ort
MEN.
2.

^lhivai,\oXiya
)

'
(, '^
; ^^^;
? , ' ^;'
€€ '
etTrep
,
eotKe

rt

^, ?. - OLOa. ,*^. ^<*,,^A,<^iu^i^y*»*.<^^j• <xi*«*.

-^ €
&
.
;
2.
€
MEN.
. ^,
^
Tt
^-
;
ye,

oiihlv
ho^a

i,v(vw,/U^
2,
}
^
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^^ €\
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2.
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etrai.
6

6 ye ayaObs ? /-

avbp€S

€
2.

Tols
Nat.

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etei;

bi €
€ ,
bi

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etTrep

bo^a
euv,

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tc^^^rij — boKU

. €€ ,2.
;

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ovbe ^
., -) ,
€161^

b^a,

, 2.
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el bibaKTov iaTtv,
Nat.
ye
 7

.
;

MEx\. Nat.
MENO, 98

hihaKTov ^bo^ev etvat,

D - 99 .

et ^
^,^^ ^^-fCjY^il. Kay et ye bibaKTov €, elvai ;

^
MEX. ye.

22. et /:xe'i/ ye tot etei^, bibaKTov av etvaLj

. ?. 5e ;

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 Clar^nburx "^xtBB «Series

THE

MENO OF PLATO
IVITN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES

ST. GEORGE STOCK, M.A.

PEMBROKE COLLEGE

PAKT II.— NOTES

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1887

\_All rights reserved^

 HEXRY FROWDE

Oxford University Press Warehouse

Amen Corner, E.C.

 NOTES.
]
know from
Of the person who
the text itself that he
gives his name to this dialogue
was a Thessalian (70
of Alexidemns (76 E), that relations of hospitality existed between
his family and that of Anytus (90 B, 92 D), that he was a favourite
A"^,
we
the son

of Aristippus of Larissa, one of the noble family of the Aleuadae

(70 B), that he was a disciple of Gorgias, and familiar with the
•philosophy of Empedocles (76 C), and that his family stcod well
with the court of Persia (98 D) we are led to infer also that he
;

was handsome, rich, and noble (71 B), and w'&s, still in the bloom of
youth (76 A-C).
From the connection AvithAristippus the Thessalian and the
court of Persia, there good reason for identifying the Meno of
is

Plato with the Menu of Xenophon's Anabasis. For in the Ana-

basis we meet with an Aristippus, the Thessalian, who was a guest-
friend of Cyrus the Younger and Xenophon relates how, being
;

hard pressed by the opposite faction at home, he came to Cyrus

and procured means for maintaining a mercenary^ force, which was
not to be disbanded till Cyrus could avail himself of its aid against
his brother Artaxerxes (Anab. I. i. § 10). Now we find 1500 men
from this force joining Cyrus at Colossae under the command of
Meno the Thessalian (Anab. I. 2. § 6), whose youth and good looks
had won him the favour of Aristippus (II. 6. § 28).
At first Meno appears to have enjoyed the chief place in Cyrus'
favour. He commanded the right wing at the review held at Ty-
riaeum, while Clearchus commanded the left (Anab. I. 2. § 15)
and it was he who was chosen to escort the Phoenician queen,
Epyaxa, back into her own country (I. 2. § 20). On this expedition
he sacked the town and palace of Tarsus, in revenge for the loss of
loohoplites on the mountains, who, it was supposed, might have
been cut off by the Cilicians (I. 2. § 25).
When the army was halting at Thapsacus, on the banks of the
Euphrates, and it was doubtful w-hether the soldiers would consent
to march against the King, Meno persuaded his men to be the first
to cross the river, and was magnificently rewarded by Cyrus in con-

A 2 3
 MENO,
sequence (I. 4. § 17). This seems to have been the culminating
point of Meno's fortunes.
Shortly after this a feud arose between him and Clearchus, origin-
ating in a soldier's quarrel, and they were only prevented from
engaging their forces by the inten-ention of Proxenus the Boeotian
(who, like Meno himself, had been a disciple of Gorgias II. 6. § 16),
reinforced by the energetic interference of Cvtus himself (I. 5.
§§ 11-17). From this time forward Clearchus seems to have
gained in favour both with the army and with C}tus, In the reWew
held in the plains of Babylonia, as in the battle of Cunaxa itself,
the right wing was commanded by Clearchus and the left by Meno

(I. 7. § I ; I. 8. § 4).
Subsequently to the death of Cyrus, Meno, who w^as the guest-
friend of Ariaeus (II. i. § 5), was suspected of treason by Clearchus
(II. 5. § 28), a belief which was shared by Xenophon himself (II. 4.
§ 15). After the treacherous seizure of the generals by the Persians,
Ariaeus told the Greeks that Clearchus was dead, but that Proxtnus
and Meno were held in high honour, because they had revealed his
plots (II. 5. § This appears to have been a mere lie. Proxe-
38).
nus, according to Xenophon, was a man of stainless honour, and
shared the fate of the other generals TI. 6. §§ 19, 20^, and although
Meno was spared at first, it was only to linger out for a year an
ignominious life crowned by a Avretched death (II. 6. § 29';. His
character is drawn in the blackest colours by Xenophon (II. 6.
§§ 21-2S}.
apeTfjs]important to bear in mind that intellectual
as well as moral excellence
It is
is conveyed under the Greek term

and that the former rather overshadowed the latter in the popular
,
use of the term. This is why Anytus so unhesitatingly answers that
Themistocles was a good man,' using the word as an equivalent for
'

a clever or able man, as in the slang sense which it carries among

By virtue in fact was meant, in popular parlance, that

€.
ourselves. ' '

become '
assemblage of qualities Avhich makes a man a capable statesman.
The aim of everv' ambitious
\eyeiv re
young Greek

wealthy houses did not mind spending money, if only they could
acquire the art whereby men manage houses and cities well, and
at this period
The
was
scions of
to

become capable of ruling, and of doing good to themselves and

others (Xen. Mem. IV. 2. § 11). The demand created the supply
(ProL 31 S E), and the class of Sophists arose, professing to be able
to teach men virtue.' '
It was this claim of the Sophists which led

-.]
Socrates to raise the previous question, whether virtue could be taught.

4
i.e. tentative. This term belongs to an elaborate
 MEMO, NOTES. A.

philosophical division of the works of Plato, which has been pre-

served to us by Diogenes Laertius (III. §§ 49-51), but which was
certainly not devised by himself. Grote (Plato, vol. I. p. 160 note)
thinks it '
certain ' it from Thrasyllus, to whom the
that he borrowed
division into tetralogies is ascribed. But the division into tetralogies
itself may not have been the work of Thrasyllus. Albinus, the author

of an Introduction to the Dialogues of Plato (printed in Hermann's

'
'

Appendix Platonica), and a contemporary of Galen (bom about

A. D. 130), after speaking of the division into tetralogies, adds of '

this opinion are Dercyllides and Thrasyllus.' Thrasyllus, then, is

not necessarily the author of the division into tetralogies with which
his name has been coupled by Diogenes (III. 56).
For the philosophical division, into which the term
enters as one of the dividing members, see the scheme prefixed. It
embraces several works which modem critics regard as spurious.
«Xets €€,
...] Contrary to his general habit, Plato, in 70 A
this dialogue, plunges straight into the discussion. But the omission
of an introduction, in which the Meno resembles the Cratylus, Phile-
bus, Hipparchus, and Minos, is more apparent than real, since the
first two pages (70-71 D) effectiA'ely set before us the personality

of Meno.
The same question which is here propounded is touched on in the

.? ,
Nicomachaean Ethics in connection with happiness, in which virtue
is infinitely the most important ingredient. The ninth chapter of
the first book of that treatise commences thus: 'OQiv anopurai
koTi ^
The drift of Aristotle's dis-
cussion is to show that Happiness is the outcome of human effort, and
not in any special sense the gift of Heaven least of all the result of —
chance. The precise question which forms the subject of the Meno
is

(9)> § 6),

.
quired, he says, TiveaOai ' ayaOovs , ,
alluded to as an unsettled one by Aristotle in the tenth book (ch.
where, speaking on the question of how virtue is to be ac-
' ,
]
So far as moral virtue is concerned, Aristotle, while
allowing some weight both to nature and teaching, ascribes by far
the most important part to training.
The employment of the neuter adjective with a sub-
stantive not of the neuter gender imparts a more abstract air 10 the
question.

«'
ship see
lirtriKfi]

Laws 625
Translate,
Eur. Hipp. 443 (Dindorf)
Kvwpis yap
On
D
'
Whether

, virtue is a thing to be taught.'

the reputation of the Thessalians for horseman-

; Hipp. Maj. 284 A. Thessaly
pvrj.

is a great plain
Cp.

5
 ,
enclosed by mountains; which adapts
NOTES.

it for horses. When Anchi-

-C,

^
molius invaded Attica, the Peisistratidae cleared the plain of Pha-

.
lerus, and let loose upon him a body of Thessalian horse, who

]
(Herod. V. 63;.

plied from

He

] is
6 ]
effected the destruction of himself and the main part of his army

or has to be sup-

For Aristippus see the note on Meno prefixed.

not to be confounded Avith Aristippus of Cyrene, the disciple

.
of Socrates, and the founder of Avhat is called the Cyrei^aic philosophy.
The regular construction would require the repeti-
tion of the article. For its suppression cp. Apol. 32 B, 57

5]
He was
and Phaedo 57 A,
A
Stallbaum.
celebrated rhetorician, a native of Leonti^i in Sicily.
himself a disciple of Empedocles, to whom the invention of
the art of rhetoric is ascribed (Quint. HI. i. §§ 8, 9, Diog. Laert. VIH.
§§ 57, 58^, and among his pupils were Aeschines the philosopher, not
the orator) and Antisthenes, who left him for Socrates (Diog. Laert.
VI. §1^.
II. § 64, He composed an Art of Rbetoric, which has not
come to us, though two orations, alleged to be his, are extant.
He was deputed as ambassador from his native city to Athens, to
implore aid against Syracuse, and produced a fatal effect there on the
public mind by his eloquence (Diod. XII. ch. 53. p. 514) at the :

same time he won for himself disciples in private, from vhom he re-
ceived handsome fees (Hipp. Maj. 28 2 B, C). He is said to have
lived to the age of 107 or more (Cic. De Sen. cii. Quint. III. i.

'.
;

]
§ 9 ; Diog. Laert. § 58 ; Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists,
p. 494).

family of nobles
i. e,

among
by Herodotus (VII.
Larissn, the city of the Aleuadae, a pi)\verful
the Thessalians.
6).
They are called €5
The first of these is a cognate accusative,

^
€008 v\l5ls eiOiicev]
under the more general head of accusative of the internal
\vhicli falls
object. To append eOos to does not add any new idea, but

,
merely sets out what was already contained in the action of the verb.

C
In

€
object.
on the other hand, we have an accusative of the external

«] (. Cp, Apol, 33

answer everybody see Gorg, 447 C, D, and for some comments of

On
,
Gorgias' undertaking to

]
Cicero on the practice see De Fin, II, ch, i.
The way in which this expression comes about
is perhaps this: ovdds ootis first becomes stereot)-ped as aneqtuva-

6
 MEMO, NOTES. 70 €-\ D.

lent of below 71 A, ovSus oaris

-7:0.% ris (as = 7€(7€ ?
7€€), and then the new expression is declined throughout.

,
Here we have it in the dative, where the original expression would
have been so. Similarly we have the gen. masc. in Prot. 317 C, the
gen. neut. in Theaet. 78 B, the ace. masc. in Phaedo 117 D,
i

ovTiva 01) and the acc. neut. below 74 D,

Kol
^.] (prjs ovSev
Cp. Thuc. VI. 24
turaed out quite the opposite to what he expected.'
uvai.
, ' it

KLvSuv€tr€L] On the force of see L. and S. sub voce, 71

Cp. Theag. 128

tls] Menex. 249 D. ;

«iSevat] Stallbaum quotes Axiochus 372

. . .

for the full construction with the article, and a passage of Lucan
(Icaromenippus 5) for its omission. With a genitive of the pronoun
the omission of the article is the rule. See note on 92 A.
&]=€.
€5]
such as
u>s
,65. and, as here,
Here the natural construction would be
;,
Verbs which express being in a state or condition,
are constructed Avith a participle.
?
€, the well-known tendency of Greek to put into the
but it is

nominative whatever relates to the subject of the principal verb. It

is one of the
tf , many forms
...]
of the figure called Attraction.
A similar difficulty occurs in the Laches,
where Socrates declares that, before we can discuss the training of the
soul, we must know Avhat virtue is. (See especially 190 B.) Cp. also
Rep. I. 354 C, yap b
.
, } (.'
]
called in Logic the
TIS
The ptirase
genus of a thing '
ftre

'
is

signifies the spe-

the technical expression for what
;
'
is

cies,' which consists of genus' () and differentia' ' We *

().
have
] here because the question is indirect.
A mere formula of transition. Cp. 73 A, B; 77^5 ^7 C

]
tC
D 98 B.
;

Notice how in Greek dialogue yes and no are im- ' ' ' '

plied rather than expressed. This is one of the most marked differ-
ences between the modern and the classical languages. Modern
6
The
€
Greek uses
€
infinitive here after
or
CLTreiv]
for 'yes,*
'
So
and
that, in point
would denote merely the
for 'no.'
of fact, I am not able.'
logical con-

€
sequence.
,
...] This is a sly intimation that Socrates
does not expect originality from Meno.
D
7
 NO TES. D-J2 .

26
irpos
, ',
, €] rrpos Aias.
NO, "Jl

Cp. Apol. 25 C, eiVe,

See Riddell's Apology, Digest of Idioms
? ?, : ;

§ 288.
€]
Alexandrian.
Imperative from elna. Cp. Attic, and
This form is noticeable as having the stem of a second
^^, €,
aorist and the terminations of a first. Though so rare in classical

(
Greek, it is the prevalent mode of formation in the modem language.
is not to be confounded with what is sometimes called

Homeric Aorist,' £, (imper.),

the
•€, €,
etc., which have
'

the terminations of a second aorist appended to the stem of a first,

. . . «]
Be found to know.' With an infinitive the
'

«
meaning would be seem to know.'
avSpos
'

€]
The article is omitted with
accordance with the rule that the subject takes the article and the
in

predicate not. Stallbaum.

Toijs € 5, ...] This
Polemarchus endeavours to uphold
is the definition of justice which
in the first book of the Republic
^332 D). Socrates maintains against it that it cannot be just to harm
anybody (335 B-D).
OLKciv]
oiKOvs
=^(.
( . See 73 A. Cp. Xen. Mem,

dppevos] We have here an unusual, but at the

same time perfectly natural grammatical phenomenon— namely, ad-
I. 2. § 64 (

72 A ' ,
jectives of different genders agreeing with the same substantive.
...] The whole answer is given from the
point of view of Gorgias. Aristotle, evidently -wnth an eye to this
passage, says that his enumeration of different virtues

,,
is preferable to
the vague generality of a definition of virtue in the abstract. See
Pol. I. ch. 13 yap 01 Xiyovres kavrovs, ' eS
€,
.' ]
€X€LV opOowpayeiv,
yap Xiyovaiv tols Topy'ias,

Riddell (Digest § 229"" classes this as

a case of what he calls binary structure,' as though the words
'

TOT

(^
simply repeated ovaias in another form. But plainly we
have here the same construction as aboA'e 71 E,
6 both of them being in accordance with
eari,
€
the common Greek idiom by which the subject of the dependent
clause is attracted into the principal one.
The word denotes the being or essence of a thing, that is, the
collection of attributes without which it would not be what it is.

The Romans cared so little for the subtleties of thought that they had
no word to express this idea until '
essentia ' and entia were coined
'
'

a
 MEMO, NOTES. 72 -^, ^'

by Plautus (see Quint. II. 14. § 2 III. 6. § 23 ed. Bonnell there

; ;

issome doubt as to the reading of the name). Essentia was used by '
'

Cicero, and after him by Fabianus, an elegant writer contemporary

with Seneca but it was always regarded as a monstrosity by the
;

Romans (Sen. Epist. 58 ad in.). Seneca complains of the in-

adequacy of the Roman language to deal with the conceptions of
Plato.
el] In this compound, however originated, the av has lost C
its force. The meaning of the expression is 'even though.' It

may be followed by the indicative, as here, or by the optative, as

in Rep. III. 408 B. Cp. Arist. Eth. Nic. V. (9), § 13 Pol. I. 3. § 3. ;

avSpos etvai] In order to account for the nominative, D

a personal boKu has to be supplied here from the impersonal toKii
preceding. Cp. Apol. 25 A, B, where the ellipse is more manifest
owing to the change of number.
TO
67«/
T^ .
We have here the construction
. only with a neuter object. Any word, or collection of

Thus TO
sion
,
v,-ords, when cited merely as such, is neuter in Greek.

called in Logic the

'the same.'
the
'

man,' and here

word '
This is
suppositio materialis
ttj

Translate, 'By the expression

' of a word
}, the expres-
"the same,"
or phrase.

mean this.'

TTpos TO iayys ]€€.

In the nominative, because referring to the

],
subject of the verb Cp. note on

surprise and impatience at the platitudes of Plato,

71
...] The modem reader is often inclined to feel
He should bear
(, .
73

in riiind that Dialectic was a game of which the laws were exactly
enforced. One of the interlocutors was not allowed at his own dis-

cretion toassume ^he identity of one form of expression with another.

Thus, if the point to be proved were some proposition relating to
-, ,
]
and the questioner had already extracted from his opponent a
confession of the point at issue with respect to it required an
additional question and answer to effect the transition, though the
one was admittedly a mere synonym of the other (Arist. Sophist.

«€
Elench. 6. § 3 ; Top.

:
I. 7. § i).
This seems at first sight a case of
is probably corrective
but the or rather.' — '
C
Socrates is sure that Meno's telling would be equivalent to his recol-

]
lecting what Gorgias had said.

low 86 C ad fin.
stands for apeTJj.
€
is put vaguely for

Shortly after we have

the thing in question.'
This usage is common enough both in Plato and Aristotle. Cp. be-
'

where
appended ^
€€€ ;

9
 MENO, NOTES. 'J^C-'J^B.

:,
in apposition to
kiTi

where the plural

dpxeiv '
Sj D

]
ad in.

is used in the same loose way.

Cp. Rep. IV. 430
Ar. Eth. Nic. X. (9', § 14, also X. (9),

This was the specious pros-

^
pect with Avhich the Sophists dazzled the imagination of ambitious
youths. See note on
C ; Apol. 21 B,
§ 9,

.
nepl in the title of the dialogue.
D dpxetv 6 eivai] The construction is slightly irregular, as the

€ ]
dative presupposes
The
porting the former one.
here introduces a new point, instead of sup-

iris Xeyeis] If there is anything calculated to make us

believe in a real growth of the human faculties within historical
times, it is the extreme difficulty under which Socrates always labours
minds of his hearers the meaning of a general
in instilling into the
idea. Even the intelligent Theaetetus makes the same false start as
Meno, and begins with an enumeration of various branches of knoAv-
ledge, when he is asked for a definition of knowledge in general
^Theaet. 146 C, D^.
74 A €€••6.] We have now had mentioned the four cardinal
virtues of Wisdom, Courage, Temperance, and Justice —a dixasion
which plays an important part in the Republic, and underlies Cicero's
treatise De Officiis.
addition to these should be
It is
-^.
remarkable that the one

matic propriety, as Stallbaum points out, about the mention of this

There
wtue named
is a certain dra-
in

quality in the mouth of a disciple of Gorgias, who taught his pupils

to answer re
nearly the same post of honour Avhere there
^-$. But
is
it occupies pretty
no such dramatic
motive discernible (below 88 A; Rep. III. 402 C\ €^\€€
is a conception peculiar to the honour-loving Greek, for which we
have no real equivalent in English. As defined and specialised by
Aristotle, it means expenditure on a large scale with propriety
'

(Eth. Nic. IV. [2], § I : but this is no clue to the vaguer use of the
term by Plato (see Rep. VI. 486 A~. Socrates in Xenophon speaks
of the attribute of magnificence ( €'\ penis, Mem. III. 10. § 5)

•Q
its
] ^$, ]
revealing itself in the features.
Herodotus VI. 121, 122.

use in Xenophon,
'
Running through
Riddell's view Digest of Idioms § 112.
Light

ning them over to their theor}•.'

advance.'
61 Tts € ']
See Xen. Mem. I. 5. § i.
Mem.

Notice that the indefinite

is

I. 2. §
For a sketch of a

17
all.'

;
thrown on the meaning of
See L. and
^-^^-

vould mean

tis takes the

S. and

this \vord
'win-

opta-
see

for

*
by

to

10
 MENO, NOTES. J4 -^ D.

tive, whereas Avhen greater defmiteness is imparted by the substitution

of •, lower down, the mood is changed into the indicative. The
superposition of three conditional clauses, . . . el . . . el, before
«?, For

]] .
we reach the apodosis at is very remarkable. Stallbaum.
two such clauses Rep. 331 C and Theaet. 147 A.
cp.
Cp. Prot. 318 ovtojs ,
Aristoph. : D

« ]' € ], ,
Acharn, 345

€€5
See note on
Stallbaum.

This is in agreement with

the inter\"ening clause,
ovic, 70 C.

... being parenthetical.

above,

75 A
'
unlike the English conjunction,
*

.
that,' may be used with the direct as well as with the oblique nar-
ration. \ Cp. below C,
€m
all of them.'
tovtois That which is the same thing in
The article is already contained in
'

but the
€ (.
:

]
product of crasis has become so much an independent word that it
is again prefixed. Stallbaum.
This is equivalent in meaning, if not in etymology, to the
Latin word meditatio.' Both words are used of an actor or orator

]
'

^
getting up what he has to say, and may sometimes be rendered by

]
the English word * rehearsal.'

]
5 Deprecatcr)^ Riddell, Digest § 136.

]
otiv Cp. Phaedo 79 A,
So also Phaedo 71 D, iKavSjs
This Attic form of the optative
, ^,is
ovv

preferred in vowel
;
;

verbs to the ordinary ending in -, ... somewhat remark-

It is

was common in classical Greek it

.
able that though the verb
was left to Jewish writers (Philo and St. Paul; to give circulation to

665]

.
per ignotius
Because involving the logical fault known as ignotum
or per aeque ignotum,' i. e. defining a thing by some-
'
'

thing less known, or no better kno\vn than itself. Socrates tacitly

accepts Meno's correction. See 79 D,

€] The
^
is defined by Aristotle to be one Avho

argues with a view to victory rather than to truth (Sophist. Elench.

-
'

-
C

XI. §§ 5, 6). The is much the same (see Theaet. 146 C

ad fin.).

Set] The indicative marks a transition from a mere supposition D

ment
€€] ^
to the actual case in hand, for
duction of the words

of truth, the proper end oi

That is, in a
.
which the way is paved by the intro-
Tejcai .
way more conducive
Cp. Arist.
to the attain-
Top. VIII.
11
 II. § 2
?' . €€, ..,]
definition should
NO, NOTES.

,
We have here in effect the logical rule that a
be clearer than the thing defined. The object of a
']^-'}.

definition is to explain the meaning of one term by the use of others ;

]
but this object will be defeated, if the others selected are no more
intelligible or less intelligible, than the original one. See Aldrich.
ch. I. § 8 ad fin. Ut per se clarior sit et notior definito
'
alias non :

explicat omnino.'

is indicated as
'
The person
by the term ^,
interrogated.'

the objector's doubts Avould be satisfied by a series of questions to

'
But the same person
the questioner,' above. For

which he would be expected to respond.

€5 ]
in the Meno.

Cp. Theaet. 163

Below

ad in.
also 76 A, D
-
This form of expression occurs several times
88 A. Cp. Phaedo 103 C,
Crat. 399 ^y ^^XW
Prot. 3r^ ^'
\iy(is
:
;

:
'"^'^^

Seos
;

(€ ^
;
^^°-'-

.^
It shows the variness with which the dialectical wrestlers were
wont to grapple with one another, that the one should demand of
the other his formal assent to the existence of ever so common a
We

]
notion befere he proceeded to argue about it. should say
bluntly, 'Do you admit the existence of so and so?' But the Greeks,
with a finer logical faculty. vere content with the recognition of an
idea in men's minds as indicated by language.
ITpcSi-Kos For a somewhat burlesque specimen of
Prodicus' skill in distinguishing shades of meaning in words see
Prot. 337 A-C.
Prodicus was a native of the island of Ceos, a fellow-countr^-man
of the Poet Simonides (Prot. 339 E\ Socrates at one time derived
instruction below 96 D, with which cp. Crat. 384
from him '^see :

Char. 163 D Prot. 341 A, and Xen. Mem. II. i. § 21'). He is said
;

]
to have amassed a great fortime by his lectures (Hipp. Maj. 282 C

,'(
-.

He is best knowTi as the author of The Choice of Hercules,' related

'

€
.
in Xenophon's Memorabilia.
Cp. Gorg. 401 D,
Mem

.
Cp. also Xen II. 3. § 10.

6€5]
7Q ^
)
that a thing

€]
TTJ

aTroKpiv€cr0ai]
of the trouble.
Iv
is well-known.

Epexegetical of

What Socrates
,
is sometimes used to indicate

Cp. below 80 A,

is made
^
explaining the nature

to say in joke, with

12
 NO, NOTES. -.
] ^]
6

questionable taste on the part of Plato, is stated in earnest by Xeno-

phon (Anab. II. 6. § 28).
khv tlvos means to form an unfavourable C
judgment of somebody.
€ In the Theages (128 ) Socrates is made

{)
to declare that the one art of
of love
which he was really master,
with allusion to the magnetic influence which
he exercised over his disciples. That this way of speaking was
was the art

characteristic of the real Socrates is evident from the similar language

put into his mouth by Xenophon (Mem. II. 6. § 28).
€€€] The plural shows that the opinion is ascribed to the

6€]
school of Gorgias in general,

docles (Quint. III. i. § 8

Gorgias was himself a disciple of Empe-
Diog. Laert. VIII. § 58). Empedocles
;

was famous as a philosopher, poet, orator, physician, and magician.

He was a native of Acragas in Sicily, and a member of a wealthy
family. Romantic legends have collected round his name, and little
is known with certainty of his life. His father's name is usually
given as Meton, though some say Exaenetus, and some Archinomus.
He is variously stated to have been a disciple of Pythagoras, of
Parmenides, of Xenophanes. The invention of rhetoric is ascribed
to him by Aristotle, as that of dialectic to Zeno. His philosophy
was embodied in hexameter verses, of which some fragments have
been preserved to us. His style was lofty and full of metaphors.
He flourished in Olympiad 84 (B.C. 444-0). See his life by Diogenes
Laertius, book VIII. §§ 51-77. Empedocles' theory of vision assimi-
lates sight to smell. Just as in smell there is an actual contact of
particles with the organ of sense, so Empedocles supposed it to be

in the case of sight.

IlivSapos] See Boeckh's Pindar, vol. HI. p. 597, frag- D
ments
avvis
., ' €,
]
] '

sion to the style of Empedocles.

For the same theory see Timaeus 67 C, where
colours are compared to flames radiating from the object.
pompous.' There is perhaps an aliu-
tligh-flown,' '

Diogenes Laertius speaks of a

'tragic inflation' as characteristic of the whole man (VIII. § 70).
For the expression cp. Rep. III. 413 ad in.
'' '] We certainly seem to require here in con-

'
trast with the €€ following. Without it, we must understand
to mean But it is not better,' as opposed to the It
.
' '

seems better,' which is implied in /cei For the phrase >

13
 ,
(' ] cp. Gorg.
NOTES.

453 ^•
-'^.

11 A.
tion of figure as

Render d

'
533 A.
^
€L

olos '
above
'

'

]
the termination of a solid.*

if you had

But I am afraid I shall not

be able to tell you many things of the sort.' The Avhole phrase
The d merely
not.'

«]
Cp. Symp.

'
repeats

2
the

A; Rep.
former one.

VIT.

recurs in Rep. VI. 506 D. For o^s followed by the indicative

^.
cp. Phaedo 77 and Soph. Oed. T. 1074, 5, where we have the
verb of fearing expressed
''
]
Similarly Aristoph. Knights 112.

(/ €$
] That
— courage, temperance,
'

A
is,
''
metaphor from paying a debt.
ovtws
a logical whole, not divided into
onccs

See also Riddell, Digest § 59.

^. Cp. Symp. 194 D,

its component

]
species
a bad logical disision to hacking a quarter of meat instead of joint-
ing it (Phaedrus 265 E).
has been conjectured that the poet meant this ab-
solutely, in the sense of power.'
It
But as we kno\v nothing of the
'
etc. Elsewhere Plato aptly compares

,
passage except from Plato, we had better accept his interpretation.
We have a similar construction below 78 A,
Avith the same noun.
yeyoueuai below § 94 ad fin.
re
Avhere two verbs requiring different cases are coupled
For the construction ri cp. abwarovs

^,.
7^€] Supply Cp. last note.

C €€5] It is more usual to find <pi^s used thus parenthetically.

€, ]
•

See Phaedo 59 C ; Theaet. 151 E.

•/
78
,.
?] '
Cp. S}Tnp. 204

means
, epaiv

a man who is attended with an

;

evil genius ; hence '

unfortunate.' The word is used also for the
See the
evil genius itself. appalling story of Cassius of Parma in
Valerius Maximus, bk. I. ch. 7, De Somniis § 7. A belief in
spirits attendant upon human beings was common to the Jews, .

Greeks, and Romans. There are two passages in the New Testa-
ment, which seem to imply it, Matt, xviii. 10 Acts xii. 15. Among ;

the Romans the guardian-spirit of a man was called his Genius, that
of a woman her Juno (Tibullus IV. 6. i 13. 15). The conception ;

\vas turned to a religious use in the later Paganism. Epictetus finely

says :
' So that wheh ye have shut to the doors, and made it dark
 MENO, NOTES. 78 yi-79 ^. •

within, remember never to say that ye are alone for neither are ye. ;

For God is within, and your Genius is within and what need have

],
]
;

they of light to behold vhat ye are doing?' (Arrian, Epict. bk. I.

ch. 14 ad fin.).

See note on hivaaBai, 77 B.

Supply kivZw^^vh. B
TO yXv ...] It might be remarked on this that all
men

' desire the apparent good, but differ in the degree in

view of it approximates
84 KaXeis, ...]
to, or recedes from, the real good.
Notice the hyperbaton
the displacement of the natural order of words, the emphatic
which

in this sentence,
their

]^
i. e.

part being brought in last for the sake of giving it a greater promin-

,
ence.

,] ,
iryUcav re

77 B.
Riddell, Digest

But it is
. . .
§

and
309.

parenthetical.
might be coordinate with

perhaps simpler to take Xeyeiv as directly governing

See note on Xiyeis,

* And the getting of gold and silver too I mean.'

Attic neut. pi. of the indefinite pronoun
, tis, for ^ ; to
be distinguished from
] If is substantival,
neut. pi. of
we must regard
88 .
' as in D
apposition to
'
at alb'

procuring of worldly goods

it

]
; but probably

Meno had made

;
it should be taken adverbially

but Plato imparts

out virtue to
still
lie in
greater invidious-
the

^]
ness to his position by representing
these loAver goods themselves.
The participle is
him as confounding virtue with

attracted into the gender ^,

it
]
which stands nearest

]
preceding.
to it in the sentence.

This word generally signifies physical incapacity. Here

means the moral incapacity of the virtuous man to degrade himself
In sense it belongs to

79 A

,) ,],
Logically a part, as being one of the constituent species

(
of a genus.
irai^eis irpos
vpbs
€] Cp. Xen. Cyr. VI.

Stallbaum.
and Eur.
I.

. F.
§ 6 01
(j~,2

, \ irpos $
5 .
;

attracted into the gender of

refers really to
See note on (., but
above
is

78 E.
•

]
For a somewhat different instance cp. Cic. Phil. II.
Pompeium, quod imperii Populi Romani decus ac lumen fuit.'

Char. 167 B; Euthyd. 284 A. Similarly

D ; Apol. 29 A, uvai
Supply tis.

)
For

.
its omission cp. 97 A also
is omitted below, Si
;
22
 C
,
]
The rare impersonal passive construction is
TES. 79 C-^0 .

perhaps employed, consciously or unconsciously, to escape the

' ]?.
monosyllabic

species
oi'et

is a kind of
To
'
attempt to define a thing by means of
circulus in definiendo,' since to define a thing
its own

by its species is to define it by itself. The procedure, however, more

directly oftends against. the princ'ple laid down by Aristotle in the
Organon— that no definition can state the essence of a thing, if its
elements are not prior and better known (Top. VI. 4. § 2). Now the
species of a genus, though they may be better known to us, are not
better known imiversally ; they are, in fact, intelligible only through

jy 6€]€5]
the genus, so that we
See 75 D.
are involved in an '
ignotum per ignotius.'

TLvos ovTos
latent, to the predicate

^
Cp. below 87 C, oTL
The
of which,
\
question
, the participle,
ovtos , kanv
is
;

accommodated.
—
where the thing
is

^
here

80
spoken of is

]
ayaOuv ?
Tovs
€.
;

?
iroieLS ] €.
Similarly Prot. 354 C,

Cp. Theaet. 149 A,

\

]
The word is

language of the Apology.

'
Quite,' '
absolutely.' Cp. Apol.
of specially frequent occurrence in the slightly colloquial

This striking metaphor desen-es to be compared

with that of the magnet in the Ion (533 D, E;, by which Plato illus-
trates the secondary inspiration of students of poetrj'.
TO € ciSos] Similarly Alcibiades, in the Symposium, rallies
1 7 D and passim.

Socrates on his personal appearance (215 A, B;, and Theodorus tells

(Theaet. 143

a man
•<|]
(.
is
.
him that the youthful Theaetetus is not handsome, but like himself
), KaXas,
vas a permitted subject of jesting. ^Vhen
It
very ugly he becomes proud of the distinction
The electric eel or torpedo.
Se

Pliny says of
€

it :
'
etiam
procul et e longinquo, vel si hasta virgave attingatur, quam\-is prae-

pedes '
(Nat. Hist.
]
validos lacertos torpescere, quamlibet ad cursum veloces alligari
XXXII. [2), ed. Jan).

2
•. ing.

for
67€,

]
-
It is

Athens see Crito 52

epexegetical of

evGivSe ' ]
Phaedrus 230 D. On the treatment that
he might have met in another state see Apol. 37 C, D.
Cp, Apol. 17 A,
;
is intransitive,

only, not of

On
as in the line preced-

the fondness of Socrates

^-^.
€-

i6
 -
]
vim suam, ipsa non torpescens.' Stallbaum.
NO, NOTES.

Pliny testifies to

Tovs aXXovs] Masc, because, though speaking of the torpedo,

8

the opposite
C.

:
*
Novit torpedo C

«]
«]
he is thinking of himself.
On the optative subjoined to an indicative sentence see D
Riddell, Digest § 74.
Grote says in a note (Plato, vol, II. p. i6\
'
were the first to raise this question, I think that by
If the Sophists
so doing they rendered service to the interests of philosophy ;' and in
the text, '
Here we find explicitly raised, for the first time, that

]
difficulty which embarrassed the different philosophical schools in
Greece
'
for the subsequent three centuries — What is the criterion of
truth ?

It is difficult to see why this particular word should

be used here. Perhaps we may render it '
yoM are bringing home to
us.' L. and S. explain
'deducere filum.'
us
process of evoking knowledge out of one's
] it as a

By
metaphor from spinning,

search

Plato accepts one of the horns of the dilemma, maintaining that one
is meant mental search
own
like Latin

inner consciousness.
— the

really knovs the thing, having seen it in a prior state of existence.

Things thus seen are forgotten, yet not so far as to be beyond recog-
nition in case of their being alighted upon, so that search is always
a hopeful task.
nivBapos]
III. p.

irevGeos]
irivOos is
623) to the

Here
The

. .

another form of
. ]lines

= '
below are assigned by Boeckh (Pindar,

guilt,'
— '
of Pindar.

which sooner or
iraOos, as
^.
of .later brings suffering.
vol. 81

€5] The shortened before the following vowel, so that the C

,€€ ] ,
is

]
word scans as a dactyl.
The logical order eartv ovv 6
re ..., ^^.
What
is

Notice this word. we call learning is merely

$ 05
' '

recollection, while the origin of knowledge is in an intellectual in-

tuition of the truth of things. In the things are
visible to the eye of the mind, which are mere abstractions in the I

5 5, ...] On
world of sense.
€ the unity and continuity of nature
see Cicero, de Div. II. 14 'quae, ut uno consensu juncta sit et
continens, quod video placuisse physicis, eisque maxime, qui omne,
quod esset, unum esse dixerunt.' Cp. also Verg. Geor. IV. 219-27 ;

Aen. VI. 724-51.

D

':
],
TO
ME NO, NOTES.

See note on 79 B.
Supply nva.
]
This is one of the most
famous of Plato's doctrines. Cicero (Tusc. Disp. I. 24) admits the
partial truth of it in an interesting passage, which will serve as an
introduction to the coming interlude in the dialogue Habet sc.
81 D-E,

:
'

animus hominis) primum memoriam, et earn infinitam, rerum innu-

merabilium quam quidem Plato recordationem esse vult superioris
;

vitae. Xam in illo libro, qui inscribitur Menon, pusionem quern-•

dam Socrates interrogatquaedam geometrica de dimensione quadrati.
Ad ea sic ille respondet, ut puer et tamen ita faciles interrogationes
;

sunt, ut gradatim respondens eodem perveniat, quo si geometrica

didicisset. Ex quo effici vult Socrates ut discere nihil aliud sit nisi
recordari.'
St. Augustine too, no mean metaphysician, accepts the substantial
truth of Plato's doctrine without drawing his inference as to a
previous state of existence. He says (Conf. X. 11): Quocirca '

invenimus. nihil esse aliud discere ista, quorum non per sensus
haurimus imagines, sed sine imaginibus, sicuti sunt, per se ipsa intus
cemimus, nisi ea quae passim atque indisposite memoria continebat,
cogitando quasi colligere, atque animadveitendo curare, ut tanquam
ad manum posita in ipsa memoria, ubi sparsa prius et neglecta latita-
bant,jam familiari intentioni facile occurrant.' St. Augustine had
studied Platonism through the medium of a translation (Conf. '. 9).
ovTos . . . oSe] ovTos is here used, like '
iste,' pronoun of the
as the
means We have a

/,.
2nd person, '
that of yours ; ' o5e 'this of mine.'
clear instance of the same use in Homer II. VIII. 109, where

Diomede says to Nestor

\e^'
Se

Here refers to the horses of the person spoken to, and to

those of the speaker.
apyovs Cp. Phaedo S5 C, D, where Simmias insists

,
on the duty of speculative inquir}', even if certainty be unattainable.
2€5] Meno accepts the doctrine of metempsychosis
without surprise, and demurs only to that of Meno, we 5.
may remember, was imbued, through Gorgias, with the teaching of
Empedocles, vho held the doctrine of metempsychosis at least as
firmly as Plato.
^; yap
,
' ^^( ? €$ .
Witness what he says of himself
Kovpos 6,
Tf,
6,

€5 ,
(Diog. Laert. VIII.

hardly likely
§ 77? Ritter and Preller read
Tauchnitz.^
which saves the line from absurdity. Empedocles is
to have said that he had been a broiled fish in his time.
elv \
18
 8l E-^2 C.

'] , As you
,
Cp. note on 8i D above also Apol. 26 E,

]
'
say.' ;

TTpbs ?, '
Do I seem to you, as you say?
Rep. II. 370 A, '' 'iaais, paov '€5, where
means •'
in the way you suggest.'
A sign of Meno^s wealth. 82
€] A.

"
clause with Se
In proof of the genuineness of the experiment, as -q
a conjurer asks for anjf hat from the audience.
]—
We may suppose an ellipse of some counterbalancing
a Greek in race and language, but not educated.'
'

Cp. 89 C; Theaet. 162 A; Char. 153 C; Eur. Med. 676, Hipp.

316. The last passage is instructive, as the suppressed clause is
supplied in the answer

. whom €,
TP. a'yvas
\
, xeipes
:

ayvai,
yeipas
* € ^^
.
;

Stallbaum, from

]
this note is dra\vn, illustrates the force of the

^
by that of the German particle *
doch :
'
*
Er ist doch ein Grieche
?
und spricht Griechisch

,€5. For the pi. cp. Soph. 222

On the doctrine
;

of
Euthyd. 275 E.
cp. Phaedo
73-6.
Elire , .,.]
construct the following diagram on the sand
We may now suppose
:
Socrates gradually to

Ifoot

.
Plato.
] In
Cp. 97 A.
The
full
figure ABCD.
, a common
It is practically equivalent to the
interrogatory formula in
Latin 'nonne.'
C

2 ly
 MEMO, NOTES. 82 C-^^ A.

There is an avoidance of blnntness about it characteristic of the polite

affects the
,
Hellenic mind. To exhaust the negative is an indirect way of
asserting the affirmative.
ovK a'yivvis,
Riddell, denying that
Greek abounds

whole of the sentence,

stands for
in such negative terms as

like the
, declares that
French '
n'est ce
pas que,' while may
expected affirmation to
restrict the
some special portion of the sentence. comparison of the instanceA

€€ ]
83 A
]5 ]
before us with the
distinction does not hold here.
TO The
in the next question shows that this

figure AEFD.
Digest § 22.

] The line DG.

The line AG.
This speaking inclusively, as the line AG itself

]]
oir' is is

6
one of the four.

C
€ ]
The square AHIG.
ABCD, DCKG, BHLC, CLIK.
$"
]
In full yap
: ' Four times a space of four feet is a

].
space of sixteen
5
]
feet, is it not
The
?

original line AD. Notice the Ionic

]
form

]
See L. and S.
The original square
The whole figure AHIG.
The line AD. Observe
compared has been attracted into the case of the
ABCD.

that the second of the terms

first. Riddell,

] ]
Digest § 168.
D The line AG.
TO DM, the half of DG.

84 ]] ']
', ...] €
TOT65]
about virtue.
AD, which was
The line DM.

Crasis for
This
See 80 B.
is
originally supposed to be

now

is
the line
epyov.
a hit at
For
Meno
AB, and
its
two feet.

the line
use cp. below 87 A.
for his readiness to
BN.

preach

D
]] DCKG.
CLIK,
The original square ABCD.

TO €]
ev BHLC.
€] AHIG.

€€5 ]
€]
85
] 20
ABCD.
BD, DK, KL, LB.
The four squares bisected by the four lines.
 |]
] MENO, NOTES. 85^-86^.
The triangles BCD, DCK, KCL, LCB.

]
€, ]
«V
€
In
Of the size of BCD.
DBLK.
...] * What (multiple) of two
This question is is DBLK.
is four?

abrupt as compared with the preceding ones, though the leap is not
more than a boy's intelligence would be sure to take imaided.

supplies thus
2.

.€
2.
2.
.
Schleiermacher supposes a lacuna in the text, which he ingeniously

.€
. 6
;
;
'yiyverai ;

]
The eye of the copyist might easily glance on from to
but, on the other hand, the mind of Plato might easily
:

have glanced over the missing link in the chain of argument.

-QS, irat Socrates says this as insisting on his
position that the truths of science are latent in the minds of all.
This is true of an a priori science like geometry, the truths of which
are such that the mind cannot but recognise them when they are
put before
6]( We
it.

seem able to dispense either with the words

Ttipi or with vepl ^. Stallbaum tries

from the charge of redundancy by taking

the first (
to vindicate the passage
in close connection with and translating thus(, :

ignorat, rectas verasque opiniones habere potest.'

forced,
( as a periphrasis for vepl
and perhaps the true explanation
the question as a hypothetical case,
.
Itaque qui ignorat aliquid, quidquid illud sit, is tamen de eo quod

-nepl
is

) ,
He takes
This seems somewhat
that Plato, having started
drives
Trepl

home

ing fact, TTfpl

and about things which he

^—
the apparent contradiction at the end by representing

is
' Then
not supposed to know, do there exist
in one who
it as an exist-
does not know,

true opinions about those things which as a matter of fact he does not
know?'

is
] The periphrastic form of the perfect optative,
invariable in the middle and passive, is found occasionally
which l>
in the

Cp. for example Hdt. ?

active

fin.
also.

7€7' , 433 A,
€€,
(.
',
III. 64
: Rep. III. 393 C ad

€] It appears from the words that are put 86

into the mouth of Socrates below, that Plato was himself conscious
2i
 NO, NOTES. ^6 -.
of the weakness of this remarkable argument for the immortality of
the soul. It breaks from the first, for there is no notice taken of
the possible supposition that the boy got the knowledge on coming
into this life, that is to say, that it is part of his human nature. If
necessar}' truth be the result of the structure of the human faculties,

this a priori knowledge is got at the moment when the faculties are
inherited. Neither is any notice taken of the position, Avhich is a
possible one, that the soul may have pre-existed, and yet not from
eternity.
y,kv € ,
...] For a similar distinction between

C
essential

'
ov
not but that.' ' After
]
and non-essential points of credence see Phaedo 114 D.
Of the same force as however,'
is to be^ un derstood a proposition
, '

,'
the contrary of that which fo ll ows the
155.
this
^) —](.^
very clear 'imros ^^
Riddell, Digest §
The instance given in the Student's Greek Grammar makes

,
]
{k^iT Kvpos.

D
, 66
73 C.
The
See note on

may
"jo A, and on

be supposed to coalesce with the

,
Rep.

6 51
I.
so as to form a negative term.
as below 87 B, ehe
354
(5]
C
'
eiVe

$
Otherwise we might expect
.
In order that you may be really free.' Cp.
the words of Philo, himself a Platonist
kXevOepos kari (II. 452, § 7, Tauchnitz).
l£
For after eiVe cp.

-^/
€1
]
TL
Riddell, Digest § 20.

fap 77 , «I
72
,
See note on

.
'
At
kan, 71 B.
all events then. '

...] On

The passage which follows is the only difficulty in the Meno, and
perhaps an insoluble one. The key to it has been lost for want of
£ ^
Cp. Rep. VI. 509

see note
C ;

the diagram which should accompany it. Takmg the words exactly
as they stand in the text, they seem to run as follows:
'By " hypothetically" I mean something of this kind. In a
question of geometr)', when one has asked, for instance, about a
figure, whether it be possible for a given figure, being a triangle, to
be inscribed in a given circle, a man might say, " I do not yet know
whether your figure is of the kind required, but, as an hypothesis, I

think the following consideration will help us. If this figure be of

such a kind that when a man has described a figure on the given line
of it, he falls short by a figure similar to the figure itself which
22
 U.
has been described thereon, one consequence seems to me to ensue,
and again another, if it be impossible for it to be treated thus.
Hypothetically, then, I am willing to tell you the result with re-
gard to the inscribing of it in the circle, whether it be impossible
or not."'
As to the meaning of these words, the following explanation may
be attempted for want of a better :

Socrates wishes merely to illustrate the nature of a hypothesis, and

he supposes a student to be asked Avhether it be possible for a
triangle to be inscribed in a circle. The student replies that if
it be a right-angled triangle, the case is one (namely, that it
can certainly be inscribed in a circle), and if it be not, the case
is another, and would have to be considered separately. But,
in order to make the hypothesis more elaborate, the student,
instead of speaking directly of a right-angled triangle, attempts
to describe it by one of Unfortunately this property
its properties.
is not so distinctly stated as to be peculiar to the right-angled
triangle.

upon
Let

the line
-/, \
mainder ABD
ABC
BC

87
be a right-angled triangle. To let fall a perpendicular
from the vertex A amounts to describing a triangle upon
AC (or upon
is
AD
itself, see note on

and the effect of such a perpendicular is that the re-

a triangle similar to ADC. To
render the description
(
peculiar to the right-angled triangle, should be stated that the
it

triangles into which it is divided are not merely similar to each other,
but to the whole triangle (Euclid VI. 8). As a matter of mathe-
matical fact, a circle can be described round any triangle whatever
(Euclid IV. 5). But the question is not whether a triangle generally
can be inscribed in a circle, but whether a given triangle can be
inscribed in a circle of a given magnitude. To decide this is easier in
the case of the right-angled triangle than in that of a triangle of
another kind. For as the angle in a semi-circle is always a right angle,
we have only to cneasure the length of the base and compare it with
the diameter of the circle.

] Properly '
space,' '
area.' But as every definite portion

23
 ME NO, NO TES. 86 E-8y E.

87
of space must have
*

€
figure.'

] some shape, it is permissible

.
Stallbauin's contention that these
the square previously described by Socrates seems put out of court by
the words immediately preceding, tOj/§6 rov Socrates had
to

words
render it

refer to

not already described a circle in the sand. Notice that the

following refers to the same thing as
of view has shifted from the first
6
above, only that the point
to the second person. See note on
ouTos . o5e, 8i D, above.
. .

€, ...] We have no clause with

,d-
€1 (X€v Se following, but the

.
force of one is got from the words below,

,,] These words admit of being con-

strued the line given here,' in which case they might be referred to

.
'

the perpendicular AD, If conjecture were within our province, we

]] ,
might imagine that the word had somehow got substituted
for A triangle which admits of being divided into two
similar triangles by a line drawn from the vertex and bisecting the
opposite side might, to the uninstructed eye, appear more capable of
being inscribed in a circle than another.

note on 79 ), Supply .
•
Cp. 8i D, and see

€'€ See note on 86 D.

€1 TL 6]
English idiom does not admit of our bringing

,$ €
in a question in this hypothetical way. We have to say, What '

kind of thing in the soul must virtue be, to admit of being taught, or

''
not to admit of it?' Cp. Rep. I. 333 C ; Xen. Mem. I. 4. § 14;

say, '
TL
What must
avrovs here we should ;

they do before you will think that they have a care

'
for you ?

] ovtos] See note on tIvos ovtos

In apposition to ^.
See note on
79 ^, ,
,
73 C, Such an apposition is far more common with the relative
than the demonstrative, e.g. Euthyd. 271 C. Distinguish this use
of
,]from that in Theaet. 146 E,

ttXovtos
where means as a thing in itself,'
* Wealth, of course '
'

—
said with allusion to the
6

avarice of the Sophists and the character of Meno. The enumeration

of bodily and external goods here given health, strength, beauty, —
—
and wealth is derived from a popular drinking-song, to which we
have a reference in the Gorgias (451 E), yap ae ',
Iv
-
Tots
€5,
24
iyiaheiv \ , €€ kv
 yeveffOai,
)?.
MENO, NOTES.
d(, ws
87

Beauty, according to Greek ideas, was even more essential

£-89 C
,
to happiness tlian strength.
661 A.
Cp. Euthyd. 279 A; Laws

^ I. 631 C ;

88 A

] ...]
KaXeis, See note on KaXus ;

. ,
75 D•

145
It
.
was
with
See note on

Socrates
left for
^
jS C.
Notice the tacit assumption of the identity of
In Xen. Mem. IV. 6. § 7, and in Plat. Theaet.
makes a similar identification oi
Aristotle to discriminate the
-B

and
meaning of the three
. -

, ^ ^, '
terms.
avcv voti -,
,
...] Cp. what Nicias says in the

6.
Laches 197 A,
ovSev
"yap
Setva
Si

avoias
ovre

], €
In this dialogue courage is tentatively defined as '
the
knowledge of what is calculated to inspire fear or confidence, both
in war and in all other matters' (195 A). On the subject of brute
10-12 and Rep.

,€
courage see Arist. Eth. Nic. III. (8), §§ ; cp. Plato,
IV. 430 B.
'
Both learning and training.'
'
We have here the rhetorical figure '
chiasmus,' re-

(.
ferring to the former word, and to the

]
latter,

^ ''* ^s
This refers to
^€,
account for the neuter. The dative
sufficient to
but the intervention of hv ^ Q
is

view see Digest §

]
the regular construction with a copulative verb.
183.
For Riddell s

,
This is an accusative, which is taken
up again by the pronoun at the end, owing to the long sus-
pension of the construction.

Rep. III.
...]
403 D, epoi yap
-^ ,, .
For the supremacy of the soul
b
in man
,,
cp.

8, €
ayaOr) ojs re
..,]a zeugma underlying the use of
There is ' 89
here, since with the indicative it signifies a purpose not realised,

tion is not raised.

The question is conveyed by while

€]
while with the optative, in the next clause, the question of realisa-
See Riddell, Digest
But can we have been
—
wrong in admitting this?' 'Num hoc minus recte concessimus?'
coalesces with , Cp.
§ 57.
'

•,:
C

Lysis 213 D ; Prot. 312 A ad fin.

25
 NO, NOTES. 89 C-^0 .
€€ €]
€v ]
, 82 .
For the absence of any clause with

Cp. Phaedo 67 C ad fin. Iv

.
cp. note on

kv

mous with TO .
and again 1 16 A ad fin.
eneira :

Soph. Ant. 611

€€ TO
eTreira
strictly it means the time immediately following, and

t' eneiTa
:
is
\Yhen used
not synony-

D , 5 ...]
', ...
After a verb involving a negative notion,
such as that of usual construction in Greek to
.
distrust,' it is the
'

have the two negaties So belo\v,

in
.] €'/€.
some such amusement
The mode of speaking which would be employed
as draughts is transferred to the game
Cp. Phaedo, 87 A Charm. 164 D ad
of dialectic. ; in. ; Prot. 354 ;

Gorg. 461 D, 462 A Rep. I. 334 E, 345 B. ;

€t€v] The optative imparts a hypothetical air to the question,

ov being equivalent to et tivos. Cp. Charm. 171 ad fin.; Lysis
314 D
ad in. Stallbaum. We may represent the force of the
optative by using the past tenses in English 'that if there Tvere —
neither teachers nor learners of a subject, we should be right in

]
conjecturing that it did not admit of being taught.' So below
96 C.
my Cp. Arist. Eth.

].
'
In spite of all efforts.'

Nic. X. (7), § 8,

iv
90 Anytus is here represented as the type of conventional

"
propriety. He

(Apol. 18
is

of the three accusers of Socrates,

referred to in the

; cp.
Apology as the most important
who
Hor. Sat.
Personally he took up the quarrel of the manufacturing classes and
political men against Socrates (Apol, 23 E). His father, Anthemion,
are called collectively oi
II. iv. 3 'Anytique reum ').

had made his fortune as a tanner. Anytus was a prominent leader

of the popular party at Athens, and was exiled by the Thirty Tyrants
at the same time as Thrasybulus (B.C. 404. Xen. Hell. II. 3. § 42).

€
His character has
of Plato. The
suffered
Scholiast on the
more at the hands of later writers than

and states further that out of annoyance at some jest of

:

Socrates he bribed Meletus to prefer a charge of impiety against the

philosopher. AVhen the Athenians repented too late of their treat-
Apology calls him

ment of Socrates, Anytus was sent into banishment, while Meletus

was condemned to death (Diog. Laert. II. § 43).
, 26
 ]
in the reign
NO, NOTES,

Polycrates Avas a tyrant of Samos,

go -.
of Cambyses, and possessed the naost powerful navy
then in the world (Thuc.
fortune lost
I. 13 ad fin.). His preternatural good
him the friendship of Amasis, king of Egypt, who
surmised that he was destined to come to a bad end. This fore-
who flourished

]
boding was verified through the gratuitous treachery of the Persian
satrap, Oroetes, who entrapped and crucified him. He was a patron
of the poet Anacreon (Hdt. .
40-3; 120-5).
He
mentioned again in the Republic
is

(I. 336 A) as an ambitious and wealthy man. We read in Xeno-

phon's Hellenics (III. 5. § i) that he was one of the leading men
among the Greeks who received a bribe from the Persians to make
war on the Lacedaemonians during the campaign of king Agesilaus
in Asia (about b. C. 394). As the death of Socrates took place in
B.C. 399 this bribe cannot be alluded to as the origin of his wealth,

,'
question
irepi
yeyoue
]]
though the words bavros rivos look like it, unless Plato is here
guilty of an anachronism, and has made Socrates anticipate an event
which was fresh in his own mind as he wrote. In that case we
would have here a clue to the date of the composition of the Meno.
€5
amount
.
^,
to
Cp. Lach. 186

the following
ad fin. hihaoKaXos

' The
demonstrative
?

pronouns, o5e, oItos, and (Keivos, correspond to the three personal

'
Does not the preceding
three
G

ones, €, (, I, and derive their force from them. Now what a

speaker has said is already in possession of his hearer; whereas what
he is going to say, no one can know but himself. Hence o5e Avith
its derivatives is used in introducing a speech or idea, while outos

with its derivatives is used in referring to what has already been

,.
;
stated, here means what you have now heard
' Tube, '

'what I am going to tell you.' Cp. note on oItos oSe, 81 D, . . .

',
',
and on S'j A; also Apol. 37 A,

(what you have heard),

6e
(what I
am going to
livat] =
]
^,
the words ought to
gation after
tell you)
Lat. 'ventitare.'
'

abolished.
Does not the same thing hold?' But probably
be taken adverbially, and the note of interro-
The sentence will then run thus,
D

'
With regard to flute playing then and the rest, is it not in the

]
same way great folly,' etc. In this case the pronoun, while referring
to the sentence just expressed, in apposition to the sentence suc-

,
is

ceeding, Riddell, Digest § 18.

In agreement with which has to be supplied as
27
 , ^-
,
MEMO, NOTES. ^O E-()l D.

.,
the subject of
Otherwise there

6
is
as is evident from the following.
no reason for the change from the plural

. . .]
ot

] Persons who do not

'

'
claim.' ovre would

demonstrative cp. Gorg. 452

refer to

Rep. III. 395 D,

For the
some

D
definite individuals.
transition from the
^
relative to the

€
c^eo-Ti €]
av^pas ayaOovs yeviaOai.
This is more complimentary than e^eart
;

would

,8€
have been. The latter would have meant 'you have the oppor-

]
means 'there the opportunity/ have the

^
tunity;' this is i.e.

opportunity of your assistance.'

91 A ol ...] See the note on rrepl in the title

C
^evous

]] ^ .
Aristotle as

€5] .
of the dialogue.

^-,
Eth. Nic. IV.

In full
(2], §
Cp. Laches 186 C.
dai
15
6
coming under the sphere of the
(
'To get himself ruined.' Riddell, Digest § 88,
This
\-irtue of
is specified by

classifies this as an instance of the semi-middle sense of the verb. '

'

Cp. Apol. 35 C, where means 'to let yourselves be accus-

tomed.' There is a good instance of this use in Aristotle (Eth.
Nic. III. (l), § 9) enaivoi xpoyoi nepl tovs avay-

,
€, ] according as men let themselves be compelled or
'

D
not.'

]
otiToi

Socrates.

at 100
him
€
into agreement with the predicate, Riddell, Digest § 202.
on ]5 79 .
Protagoras of Abdera, an elder contemporary of
Notice that the copula

He was the first to call himself a Sophist, and to demand

a fee for teaching (Prot. 349 A). This fee is said to have been fixed
minae but if any pupil demurred to paying it, he allowed
:

go to the temple, and deposit under oath whatever sum he

to
is attracted
Cp. note

thought equivalent to the benefit he had received (Prot. 328 B. C ;

Arist. Eth. Nic. IX. (i), § 5 Diog. Laert. IX. =,2]. According to the
;

statement of Heracleides Ponticus, a disciple of Aristotle, Protagoras

gave laws to the Thurians. As the colony of Thurii was founded
by Pericles in B. C. 443, this statement exactly tallies with that of
Apollodorus, who says that he flourished {€) in the 84th
Olympiad, and accounts
ticular date (Diog. Laert. IX.
known story of how when
for the selection by the
Cp. § 50 with § 56). For the
a lad he was sent out to gain his living
latter of that par-
-
28
 MENO, NOTES. 91 D-()^ C.

and patronage of Democritas

as a porter, and attracted the attention
by his ingenuity in tying wood, and
see Aul. Gell. Noct. Att. V. 3,
cp. Diog. Laert. IX. § 53. Chronological difficulties have been
started with regard to it, on the ground that Democritus was
younger than Protagoras (see Smith's Diet, of Gk. and Rom.
biography). According to Philostratus, the father of Protagoras was
extremely rich, and entertained Xerxes on his way to Greece. This,

€],
however, would be quite consistent with subsequent poverty.

septuaginta annos natum.'

this statement
...]

]
The hunger that would overtake them.'
'

'Just about seventy years of age;' Lat.

It is extremely difficult to reconcile

with the often-repeated story that Protagoras was
banished from Athens for blasphemy, and his books publicly burnt.
After all, our earliest authority for this anecdote is Cicero (De Nat.
' Fere

Deor. I. ch. 23). The next best is Josephus (against Apion II. 37).
by Philostratus (p. 494, Teubner's ed. vol. II. p. 13),
It is told also
by Diogenes Laertius (IX. § 52), and by Eusebius (Praep. Ev. XIV.
19. § 6. ed. Heinichen). By the time the story reaches Philostratus,
Protagoras is hunted over land and sea, and drowned in a small
boat in attempting to escape the Athenian trieremes. How is it

]€ ]
that in all that has been written by Plato and Xenophon with regard
to the trial of Socrates for impiety, there should not be a single
reference to the similar charge brought against Protagoras, Avho
was, intellectually, the most prominent man of his day?
e. g. Prodicus of Ceos, Hippias of Elis, Polus 92 L•
of Acragas. See Prot. 314 C; Rep. X. 600 C; Theag. 127
ad fin.
The usual construction with
Seiv is the simple infinitive, as here and below 79 B,
S(is dwfiv (cp. Apol. 30 D, 35 D, 37 Dem. deCor. p. 263 ad fin., ;

de Fals. Leg. p. 356} but it may be followed by the accusative article

:

(Theaet. 166 D).

ot TovTois eiTiTpl-irovTes. This might be taken to mean 'who

]
intrust' the
more
young men
natural to take
We
it
to them
in the sense of
have here the idiomatic use of
of such expressions in Greek as
(i.e.

'
to the Sophists)
'

there
who
,
allow them

was no tree
: but
to.'

which allows
nor any other
it seems

, In this passage we may

;
grass in the place.' render it * either
sometimes 'besides' suits better. Cp. Apol. 36 B,
Rep. III. 401 A and see Riddell, Digest § 46.
;
/
oi . 65]
. . If you were entirely without experience of
'
it.' See C
note on etev, 89 E.

29
 MENO, NOTES. 92 ^-93^».

] The 70^ points to an ellipse. '

But let this pass, for,'

D
etc.

to
€65
what

]
is

clause after it
elire,

eKHvovs etVe

dependent question^Tra/xx rtVaj

ovs ,
...] kfeeivos here, like the Latin ' ille,' looks on
coming. The natural construction would be a relative
-
but owing to the

Stallbaum, $.
parenthetical clause which intervenes, we have this replaced by a

The aorist may be used of a contemporaneous act,

if it be not regarded as continuous 'benefit in the telling.'
—
Stallbaum remarks that it would certainly have been in the
imperative.
Tivas
Phaedo 115 C ad

tion in the
€vos , «)]
fin.
The
kpojra
conjunctive here
,
...] So in the imaginary cross-examina-
Apology Meletus is made to say that the jurors, the
) is

;
deliberative. Cp.

]
audience, the members of the council, the members of the assembly,

]
in fact the whole body of Athenian citizens, were fitter to be in-
trusted with the education of the young than Socrates.
Practically the upper class of Athenian
citizens. Cp. Rep. VIII. 569 A.
93 8e {)€3 '
And in investigating
what you have heard me say, I will tell you what we are investi-
gating.' See note on 90 C.

by a cognate accusative as well as

] Notice that adjectives can be followed
Cp. ApoL 20 A ad fin.
-^ verbs.
OS
ibid.
Digest

a man
D,

,
§ 3•
yap

...]
re

can transmit, or one receive from another.'

'
Or whether
uvat $.
this is not
See Riddell,

a thing that
The
:

force of

C
D
ad
]
- ]
the verbal adjective

in.
€]
Imperfect

tovs vieis
is active.

Supply
infinitive.
$ from above.

For the construction cp. Rep. IV. 421

xdpovs
. . . Riddell says €.
that the ascription to the middle voice of the meaning 'to get
a thing done by another is proved to be erroneous, and that
in its favourite exemplification
'

()
by some passages

'
in the Meno. He declares that the whole point of the present
passage lies in the education of the son by the father himself, for-
tifying his assertion by a comparison with 94 C, where the active
is used of a father getting his son taught by others (Digest

§ 87). But, if this be so, why did Plato add 6

30
 MENO, NOTES. 93 ^'-94 B.

? Besides, is it likely that the Olympian would have had

' '

time, even if he had the ability and inclination, to teach his son circus-
riding? As for the argument that the actiA^e voice in 94 C really
conveys (on the principle of qui facit per alium facit per se ') the
'

meaning that is supposed to be peculiar to the middle, this is a

reason for allowing the use to the active voice rather than denying
it to the middle. Cp. the parallel passage in the Protagoras C319 .

On the whole then we may safely say that the third sense of the

] ,
'

]
middle voice' need not be expunged from the grammars.
Ethic dative.

]
Iv TOis Cp. Theaet. 186 A, kv tois Avhere
Campbell remarks that in such expressions the article retains its
demonstrative force, comparing Euthyd. 303 C ad fin. and Oed. Col.
742 (DindorO.
This son of Aristeides the Just appears along with 94 A
Melesias, the son of Thucydides, among the interlocutors in the
Laches. They are there represented as old men, lamenting the
neglect of their own education, and resolved not to let t/iei7' sons
suffer in the same
Lysimachus had been intimate with Sophro-
Avay.
and belonged to the same deme as the
niscus, the father of Socrates,
—
philosopher that of Alopecae (Laches 179 C, D; 180 C, D). We
learn from Demosthenes (against Leptines, p. 491) that the
Athenians, in gratitude for his father's services, assigned him an
allotment of land in Euboea, together with a sum of money, on the
motion of Alcibiades. Aristeides, the son of this Lysimachus, was
committed to the charge of Socrates but the latter confessed sub-
:

sequently that his attempts to educate him had proved a complete

failure (Laches 200 C ; Theaet. 151 A ad in.). He does not appear
to have succeeded much better with Thucydides, the son of Melesias
(Theag. 130 A, B).
vUis] These sons of Pericles figure in the Protagoras (315 A,
319 , 328 C) they are referred to in the First Alcibiades (iiS D,
;

E) as being foolish. The Scholiast on the passage adds the infor-

mation that they were nick-named, each of them,
which practically amounts to booby' (cp. Aristoph. Clouds looi).
'
oas,
Valerius Maximus, therefore, is rhetorical in speaking of them as
youths of great promise (' duobus mirificis adolescentibus') when des-

] .
mind with Avhich Pericles bore their loss.
cribing the strength of
They fell victims to the plague within four days of one another, B. C.
429 (Val. Max. V. ch. 10, ext. §1).
The phrase is repeated in below.
Cp. Apol. 39 A, /zt) ? The easiest explana-
tion of such expressions is to suppose an ellipse of some word like

3t
 -.

about
]
IktoiKa or

TO-iJs

5
this.

strongest possible.
.
The
NO, NOTES.

tive variety of the deliberative conjunctive

] There is

instances already selected

For the
(^\

Riddell classifies them as instances of the presump-

Digest § 59.

ace. following cp. Polit.

;

a touch of the Socratic

had

,
(
really been

295 B, kirel
the

C
] ,
55] : Hipp. Min. 367
The son
Athens, and unsuccessful rival of Pericles.

UKofil '
See note on 94 A.
.
of Melesias.
See note on

To remember by hearsay is certainly a loose expression

preceding is practically equivalent to
'

and accepted
A

,
77 .
conservative statesman at

,
but
by the speaker as such.
...] The sentence is perfectly perspicuous,
though highly involved. It contains two dependent clauses, the
former of which has a both in the protasis and the apodosis,
which is answered by a corresponding in the protasis and apodosis

' .
^
of the latter. For a similar arrangement of particles cp. the long
sentence in the Apology, 28 D, E, beginning ovv In the
sentence at present before us the influence of the negative in
106 extends over both the dependent clauses. The real gist of the

dependent clauses lies in the participles and

respectively, and not in the verbs. Cp. Apol. 31 B, where see Rid-
dell's note and Digest § 303. The second of the two dependent
clauses may be rendered thus—* and yet have omitted to teach them
those things in the case of which he had no need to spend anything,
in order to make them good men.'
D €L

supposing that the writer has

]The singular
in his
is sufficiently
mind the question
accounted for by

o'lKias, ...] We have here an answer to the rhetorical

question just put—' Why, he was not only a member of a great house,

( , ( '^. $,
but,' etc.
Tis] tis is put for by attraction to the relative
clause intervening. Cp. Apol. 41 A, tovs
oiirep MiVas See the
by Riddell, Digest of Idioms § 192.
E
instances collected
,
... But the fact is, my friend Anytus, I am afraid
'

that virtue is not a thing that can be taught.' For yap in this
sense cp. Apol. 19 C, D and 25 C ad in., and see Riddell, Digest
§ 147. It is usual to explain yap by supposing an ellipse (cp-
note on 92 C). Here, for instance, the full expression might be
'
But why say more ? For,' etc.
33
 MEMO,
^']
J'
"
Here equivalent

\
NOTES.

to paov

4(
^4 £~g6 A,

by ellipse of

neivois '^,
. Cp. Soph.

and see Riddell, Digest

"AvvTos
Two
]
This
§ 170.
is answered, though
pairs of counter-balanced clauses, one pair with
late, by
^
below.
and
95

(€ (for erreiTa de), the other with the ordinary and inter-
vene before we get the antithesis which was latent in the mind of the
speaker when he began.
€ ,
...] For re followed by instead of

]
etvai
the usual
ois , cp. Theaet. 143
...] '
C ; Ion 535 D.
If they are not even agreed
Stallbaum.
about this.'
—
a kind of partitive genitive ' What I most
This is

(. C

]
admire Cp. Apol. 17 A,
in Gorgias.' Se ev
Similar instances are Theaet. 161 ad fin.; Prot. 329 C ad in.;
Rep. II. 367 D.
is often used thus to express a state of mind.

']
Cp. Apol. 17 A ad in. ; ibid. 22 A.
* Are
you aware, I say ?
^^,
An infinitive clause, ' D
phasis. The
6v iroiots €iT€aiv]
'' would have sufficed, except for em-
is repeated for the third time below.

The use of 5
for the simple rts seems

]
generally to indicate surprise, or a tendency to objection. Cp.
Hipp. Maj. 285 D Rep. II. 375 A. So Dem. de Fals. Leg. p. 356
;

ad fin.
€V Tots See Theog. lines 33-6. The second dis-
tich is quoted also by Socrates in Xenophon's Memorabilia (I. 2.
§ 20).

is
</|5] The Epic and Ionic form
used sometimes by Plato himself.
for
See Phileb. 23
^, -, D ad in.;
Laws III. 678 C.
]
€€]
*€5 €€,
'
Theog. 435-8.
He somehow says.'
...] On the divorce of practice from theory 96 A

, - ,
in the case of political virtue see Arist. Eth. Nic.
evidently has the conclusion of the
Laches 186 C.

verse attraction, v.-here the antecedent

lative So below C,
not yet expressed.
Meno

, ...]
... It is like Vergil's Urbem, quam statuo, vestra est.' It
'
is drawn
X.
before his mind.
(9), § 18,

strong instance of in-

(
into the case of a re-
who
See also

differs from the case in 94 D, in that the relative clause has there
already come in to modify the subsequent construction. Here
C 33
 NO, NOTES. A- .
we have the effect produced during the process of mental con-
ception. See Digest § 191. To the instances there
Riddell,
given add two from Stallbaum, Lysis 221 ad fin.; Rep. VII.
520 D. In another part of the Digest (§ 26 D) Riddell explains
this genitive on a different principle and refers us to § 191 for
reasons why it Is not to be explained on the principle of Attraction
of Antecedent to Relative. Perhaps he intended to alter the later
passage.

'
] '
Not only not,' which is sometimes the meaning of
non solum,' or 'non modo,' in Latin. Riddell remarks that the
negative which follows extends its meaning backwards over the
oVcus clause; Digest § 152.
El 84 € , ...] Supply from the last question.
ov, ...] Cp. 89 and note.

the
Tis
second
]
member
Render
of
^,
the
'
or if there are.*
dependent question,
It does not introduce
which is sup-
pressed.

6€ ]
€€ ITpoSiKOs] See note on 75 E.
The
gerundive was an archaism in classical Latin.
parallel construction of the neuter

'
Aetemas quoniam poenas in morte timendum est.'

,
Yet Cicero has it in the De Senectute

5
nobis quoque ingrediundum sit.'

Two
...]
Lucr. I. 112.
(ch. 2

The
things seem clear, namely, that the
ad fin.) '
viam

construction here appears

. . . quam

back

.
hopeless. r] refers us

^.
to

kaTi from
before the parenthesis, and that
Stallbaum explains the passage by supplying
The best of the instances he adduces as parallel
is

-^
subject to

are Crit. 51 B; Gorg. 492 D; Rep. VII. 525 B: but none of these
present the change of subject which constitutes the difficulty here.
This passage could only be assimilated to the rest by taking as
subject to €'/(, and forcing upon the words the meaning or '

else perhaps we must abandon the attempt to ascertain.' With a

different punctuation from Hermann's it would be possible to say
that hia(piv'^€iv is loosely put for oTt hiacpevyH and is coordinate with
the clause immediately preceding. In that case render, '
Or that else
perhaps
oTi €]
we cannot know,'
This is answered by '
etc.
"
eariv below in 97 A. In
what follows we have an instance of what Riddell calls binary
structure,' as the clause oTt
different
Digest
form the preceding one
§ 229.
, «... simply
on \ tous , repeats in a slightly
«...
'

Riddell,

S4
 NO, NOTES. 97 A- .

5 Supply b
fj] '€.
Stallbaum says that
Xiyeis] is here used
7
*

'
materially,' quoting Soph. Ant. 567

He might have quoted Theaet. 147 A,

) 4•
yap ear' en.
But €€ .
surely the sense is against him ?

with bpOibs.
'
Meno does not vant Socrates to
explain the meaning of the word ' rightly

] ]
else could guide rightly but wisdom. Supply

Quite as good '

;
he wants to know what

— by
'

therefore

the
^
figure ' meiosis '
or
litotes.'

too,'
TO '
Whereas right opinion was that
namely, a guide to right action,' understood from
*

The pronoun refers to the sentence preceding, and stands as predicate

^. C
to the one which it introduces. This passage is not analogous to

—-
Apol. 23 A, on which see Riddell, Digest § 19 (vhere a mistake
in the punctuation of the text is incidentally corrected rb €,
^^).
]
Swevei instead of, as printed, Nor does it bear any
resemblance to Rep. IV. 443 C, in which anticipates the sentence
coming as a subject.
act The av has to be supplied from above. Its

tially
]
repetition there, perhaps, led to its omission here.
ever, occasional instances to

] ]
without av.

opinion cp. Rep. VI. 506 C.

Tois
Deliberative conjunctive.
be found of the optative used poten-
See Riddell, Digest 66.
On the superiority of knowledge to right

Cp. Euthyphro
There

1 1 ;
are, how-

Aristotle,
D

s '«']
Politics I. 4.

The language here is playful,

and we are not to infer that such marvellous automata existed
at Athens any more than in Thessaly. The way in which Aris-

€
totle speaks of them plainly shows that they were mythical
ra rovs
latter see Homer II. XVIII. 376.)
Tp'inoSas. (For the
The Scholiast on this passage
of the Meno supplies a rationalistic explanation of the legend.
He says that the early statuaries used to make images with their
eyes closed, and their legs in But Daedalus, by re-
one block.
presenting the eyes of his statues as open, and giving an air of

]
motion by the separation of the legs, made them so life-like that
they actually seemed as if they might walk off, if they were not
looked after.
Perfect with augment in place of reduplication. Cp.
c 2 35
 Rep. VI. 505
in another.
Trpos ri ovv
,
,
where
NO, NOTES.

^^
..,] Notice the ' rhetorical interrogation,'
in
97

one line
^"99
is
^•

followed by ^
answered by the speaker himself, the object being to awake attention.
Riddell, Digest § 325,
ai
equivalent to «at yap
]. '
For true opinions
also.' yap is here
Cp. Apol. 18 E, «cu yap (%, ... So
Symp. 176 ; Gorg. 467 B, Stallbaum.
98 65, ...] Am
speaking from conjecture, not from
'

C €€
]
knowledge.'

eiev]
* Non omnino,' but used by litotes for
Subjunctive use of the optative, where the principal
'
omnino non.'

' «]
,
clause is itself optative. Riddell, Digest § 73
D ' Nor are they so to be acquired,' i.e. in the course
of nature, preceding is plural in sense.
€1

above.
€] has to be supplied from ol ayaOoi

5€€]
Kdv

]
61

the w^ords in 87 C,
€,

;
ye ,' etvat] This was implied in

99

18
ol
B,
person mentioned
Tovs
']",
'Wherewith.'
'
Accrues to

is
'

himself included.
us.'

'
Cp. Hipp. Maj. 303 A.
Themistocles and the like.' Cp. Apol.
Anytus and his coadjutors.' The
So Crat. 399 ad fin.
This way of speaking is as old as Homer. See Iliad III. 146
VI. 436,

men the
€5]
7•

same
We
have here extended to practical states-
which Plato else-
half-jocular theory of inspiration

* 533 E.
] ,
where applies to poets and rhapsodists. See Apol. 22 B, C; Ion

It may be, as Stallbaum says, that this is not

D
the
the
same thing as

(10), § 12
at €
guage of admiration.
/.
—
65]
' a great many

Women
true things.'
but that the
But cp.
serves to intensify
Arist. Eth. Nic. I.

of all countries are strong in the lan-

In the Cratylus (418 C ad in.), Plato alludes
to the conservative influence exercised by women upon language.
Compare the admiration expressed by Crassus for the diction of his
mother-in-law, which reminded him, he declared, of Plautus and

06105
dialect it
]
Naevius (Cic. de Orat. III. § 45).
Plato has Atticized the expression.
would be ceios (Arist. Eth. Nic. VII. (i), § 3).
In the Laconiaa

36
 NO, NOTES. A-C,

']
{ ] &
Od. . 495•
* In the same way such a man would be at
100 A

€,
once evQvs).^

Tt
...] *
It is plain that virtue

€5] By
comes.'
saving them from the dis- C
grace of condemning Socrates.

37
 INDEX OF PERSONS.
(n appended refers the reader to the notes.)

Aleuadae, 70 B., n. on ^ -. Paralus, 94 B.

Alexidemus, 76 . Pericles, 94 B.
Anthemion, 90 A. Persephone, 81 B.
Anytus, 89 E-95 A, 99 E, 100 C. Pindar, 76 D, n, 81 B, n.
Aristeides, 94 A. Polycrates, 90 A, n.
Aristippus, 70 B, n. Prodicus, 75 E, n, 96 D.
Cleophantus, 93 D, E. Protagoras, 91 D, n, E.
Daedalus, 97 D. Socrates, passim.
Empedocles, 76 C, n. Sophists, 91, 2.

Eudorus, 94 C. Stephanus, 94 C.
Gorgias, 70 B, n, 71 C, D, 76 B, C, Teiresias, 100 A.
95 C, 96 D. Themistocles, 93 D, E.
Homer, 100 A. Theognis, 95 D, E.
Ismaenias, 90 A, n. Thessalians, 70 A, n, B.
Larissaeans, 70 B. Thucydides, 94 C, n, D.
Lysimachus, 94 A. Xanthias, 94 C.
Melesias, 94 C. Xanthippus, 94 B.
Meno, see note on title.

THE END.

39
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