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Natural Gas Industry B 4 (2017) 463e469
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Research Article

Development of gas-tight threads based on API round threads and its

evaluation
Zhang Yongqiang a,b,*, Liu Li a,b, Lu Jinfu c, Yin Zhifu a,b, Wang Ke a,b, Liu Jie a,b, Ta Chuan a,b
a
Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China
b
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Lacustrine Shale Gas Accumulation and Exploitation (Under Planning), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China
c
Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201900, China
Received 27 February 2017; accepted 25 May 2017
Available online 10 October 2017

Abstract

Great economic benefit will be made if a kind of low-cost gas-tight thread can be developed on the basis of API round thread with a relatively
lowest cost to replace the existing premium thread. In this paper, a kind of gas-tight threads was designed and manufactured based on the round
threads according to the API Spec 5B standard. An elastic sealing ring was added in the middle of the collar, and gas tightness was realized by virtue
of the interference matching between the elastic sealing ring and the casing thread. Then, its ultimate bearing capacity was analyzed by using the
finite element analysis software MSC.Marc/Mentat. Finally, ISO 13679 B series and C series tests, and tension tests under internal gas pressure in the
bending setting were carried out on Ø73.02
5.51 mm J55 gas-tight threads according to the ISO 13679 standard. It is shown that the gas sealing
performance of this gas-tight thread is good, and the results of ultimate internal pressure cycling and the thermal cycling test on sealing pipe ends
meet the requirements of ISO 13679. Besides, its internal pressure strength, tensile strength and collapse strength are much higher than those
required by GB/T 20657 standard. It is concluded that this type of gas-tight threads can be used in the development of low-pressure gas wells in the
Ordos Basin. It has the potential to cut down the casing cost greatly and it can be used as the reference for the design of new gas-tight threads.
© 2017 Sichuan Petroleum Administration. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Keywords: Casing; Round thread; Gas-tight thread; Finite element analysis; Full-scale test; Low-pressure gas field; Ordos Basin

As international crude oil prices continued to go down over the basis of API round threads to replace the existing premium
the past two years and the exploitation difficulty of remaining thread. It will also be a revolutionary innovation.
oil and gas blocks continues to increase, oil companies urgently
need to reduce the cost of casing, especially in low-pressure gas
1. Design and processing of gas-tight threads
field development and CO2 flooding process. In domestic and
foreign development of gas-tight threads, seal ledge is usually
1.1. Theoretical feasibility
adopted for sealing, so the cost cannot be significantly reduced
[1e4]. API round thread is currently the thread type with the
Because of the structural design, after the API tubing thread is
lowest relative cost. Therefore, great economic benefit will be
engaged, there is a spiral leakage channel between the tooth crest
made if a kind of low-cost gas-tight thread can be developed on
and the tooth bottom, which connects the inner space and the
outer space of the casing [5e10]. Due to the existence of the
leakage channel, the API round thread theoretically does not
have fluid sealing capability, so it is generally not used as gas-
* Corresponding author. Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum
(Group) Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China. tight thread. The sealing ability of API round threads can be
E-mail address: zhangyqslb@163.com (Zhang YQ.). greatly improved if the fluid leakage channel is plugged by
Peer review under responsibility of Sichuan Petroleum Administration. technical means. Through the theoretical calculation and

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ngib.2017.09.008
2352-8540/© 2017 Sichuan Petroleum Administration. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
464 Zhang YQ. et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 4 (2017) 463e469

experimental study, Wang Li et al. [11] believed that the thread

compound had a good fluid sealing performance, but the geo-
metric parameter error of thread reduced the sealing ability of
thread compound. Wang Jiandong et al. [12] successfully
applied the special thread compound and long round thread
string structure in the Sulige gas field. Although the long-term
service performance of thread compound is debatable, it pro-
vides a theoretical basis for the development of gas-tight threads
on the basis of API round threads. If the leakage channel can be
plugged with an elastic material, the sealing performance and Fig. 1. Seal status of the gas-tight thread structure and a local detailed view.
long-term service performance of API round threads can be
significantly improved. In recent years, as the casing thread 2. Finite element analysis
processing tools evolved from the original machine tools to CNC
machine tools, casing thread quality and processing accuracy The ultimate bearing capacity of thread structure of
have been greatly improved. Casing thread processing com- Ø73.02
5.51 mm J55 steel tubing was analyzed by finite
panies can have a good control of the casing thread processing element method.
accuracy, making it possible to achieve elastic seal. The material properties of the tubing and its collar were
In addition, the development of materials science provides determined according to the API standard, with the elastic
a technical basis for the development of gas-tight threads on modulus of 2.1
105 MPa and the Poisson's ratio of 0.3. In
the basis of API round threads. With the continuous devel- this study, the J55 steel tubing was selected for calculation,
opment of materials science, advanced polymer materials with the yield strength of 379 MPa and the tensile strength of
continue to emerge. Under this background, the elastic sealing 517 MPa. A bilinear reinforcement model was established as
material applicable in the working conditions of oil and gas the material model, by using the stressestrain input data. The
fields is not difficult to find. It is feasible to develop gas-tight sealing material has an elastic modulus of 1420 MPa, a
threads on the basis of API round threads. Poisson's ratio of 0.4, a Moony coefficient C01 of 8 and C10 of
32, so it is a complete elastic material.
1.2. Design
2.1. Finite element modeling
The proposed gas-tight thread has an elastic sealing ring
added on the basis of an API standard round thread. The elastic The large nonlinear finite element analysis software
sealing ring made of special polymer materials has high elas- MSC.Marc/Mentat was used for modeling and analysis, where
ticity and high strength, and it is embedded in the middle of the the axisymmetric three-node triangular solid element was
collar to realize gas tightness by virtue of the interference selected. According to the structure and stress of the thread, it
matching between the elastic sealing ring and the casing thread. was treated as the axisymmetric problem, and the middle
In the new thread, the sealing ring of special polymer materials plane of the collar was treated as a symmetry plane. The points
is installed in the seal groove in the middle of the collar. After in the cross section only had the freedom in radial
the external thread is engaged with the sealing ring, the sealing
ring can completely fill and engage with the leakage channel
between the tooth top and the tooth bottom through deforma-
tion, since the strength of the sealing ring is far lower than that of
metal. In this way, the non-contact seal of the API round thread
is converted to contact the seal, thus greatly improving the
reliability of the seal. It is noted that this kind of sealing structure
needs higher thread processing precision to make the J value
(API 5B provides that the J value is “the distance from the end of
the tube to the center of the collar after power-tight”) zero, so
that the end of the tube is aligned with the roof and the inner wall
after both ends of the casing are screwed on. The connection
structure that makes J value zero can guarantee the sealing
performance, and also enable the screwing to be conducted by
directly using the J value in the oil field, which is easy for
workers to operate. The detailed structure is shown in Fig. 1.

1.3. Processing

The thread of Ø73.02
5.51 mm J55 steel tubing was

processed according to the design, as shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Photos of a gas-tight thread.
 Zhang YQ. et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 4 (2017) 463e469 465

displacement [13e17]. For convenience, the following
simplification and assumptions were introduced into the
modeling in the premise that the problem concerned is not
affected:
1) Since the helix angle of the thread is small, its influence
is ignored [18], and the connector is regarded as an
axisymmetric structure.
2) The connector is made of low alloy steel and is regarded
as a homogeneous isotropic body.
3) The friction coefficient of the contact surface is related
to the type of thread compound. The friction coefficient
of each contact surface (including thread and elastic
sealing material) in the connector is 0.025 in the
calculation [19,20].
The direct constraint method was used to simulate the
contact of tubingecasing connector in this calculation.
2.2. Finite element analysis of ultimate bearing capacity
2.2.1. A tensile failure
A tensile load was applied to the engaged connector until
tensile failure occurred. As a result, the failure mode of the
connector is shown as slip-off failure. One or two engaging
threads in the larger end firstly slipped off, and then other
threads rapidly slipped off. The final failure load was 408.9 kN,
which was greater than the minimum connection strength of the
tubing given by the API standard (322.6 kN). The sealing ring
still maintained good contact before the tensile failure, as
shown in Fig. 3. It indicates that the auxiliary seal of the end
face had failed and the thread leakage channel increased
rapidly, but the sealing ring was still working at this time.
2.2.2. A compression failure
A compression load was applied to the engaged connector
until compression failure happened. As a result, the failure
mode of the connector is shown as buckling failure, which
started from the first thread engaged with the external thread
of the tube, as shown in Fig. 4.
In the compression process, the contact stress on the sealing
ring remained essentially unchanged at about 120 MPa. The
contact stress on the top surface increased with the increase of
the absolute value of the compression load, ranging from
440 MPa to 620 MPa.
2.2.3. An internal pressure failure
An internal pressure was applied to the engaged connector
until failure happened. As a result, the failure mode of the
connector is shown as failure of the tube blasting, as shown in
Fig. 5. The internal pressure failure load is calculated to be
84.0 MPa, which is greater than the internal pressure strength

Fig. 3. Contact stress of the thread, the ring and the top end face surface before a tensile failure.

Fig. 4. Equivalent stress distribution and deformation of the connector before a compression failure.
466 Zhang YQ. et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 4 (2017) 463e469

Fig. 5. Equivalent stress distribution and deformation of the connector before an internal pressure failure.

of the tubing given by the API standard (50.06 MPa). In the
process of internal pressure application until failure, with the
increase of internal pressure, the contact stress on the seal ring
increased steadily from 120 MPa to 280 MPa, which was
the so-called self-sealing effect. The contact stress on the top
surface remained essentially unchanged at about 440 MPa.
structure design is reasonable. With a good deformation
ability, the elastic sealing ring can fill the leakage channel
between the threads after deformation. In addition, the elastic
sealing ring is slightly affected by the axial load, so it has a
good sealing effect. It can also produce a lot of contact stress
on the top surface, so it has an auxiliary sealing effect.

2.2.4. An external pressure failure 3. Full-scale test

An external pressure was applied to the engaged connector
until the failure. As a result, the failure mode of the connector
is shown as failure of the tube collapse, as shown in Fig. 6.
The external pressure failure load was calculated to be
87 MPa, which is greater than the external pressure strength of
the tubing given by the API standard (52.95 MPa). In the
process of external pressure application until failure, with the
increase of external pressure, the contact stress on the seal ring
increased slightly from 120 MPa to 140 MPa. The contact
stress on the top surface slightly reduced from 440 MPa to
410 MPa. The external pressure is applied to the outer wall
of the collar and the tube, which has a limited impact on the
sealing ring and the contact stress of the top surface.
2.3. Summary of ultimate bearing capacity analysis
According to the results of theoretical analysis, the failure
load of each ultimate load is higher than the strength of
equivalent round thread specified in the API standard, so the
3.1. Test procedures
A full-scale physical test was performed on the gas-tight
thread of Ø73.02
5.51 mm J55 steel grade tubing accord-
ing to GB/T 21267/ISO 13679 [21] and other standards. First
of all, the non-destructive testing, size measurement, physical
and chemical testing and make-and-break test of the tubing
were conducted to ensure that the quality of the connector
were in conformity with API 5CT and other relevant standards.
3.2. Gas sealing tests
In the test, the gas sealing performance of the tubing thread
connector under the conditions of tension, compression and
temperature was mainly evaluated, the load condition of the
downhole tubing was simulated, and the test machine was the
composite load test system. Bubble internal pressure attenu-
ation detection method was adopted.

Fig. 6. Equivalent stress distribution and deformation of the connector before an external pressure failure.
 Zhang YQ. et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 4 (2017) 463e469 467

3.2.1. B series tests (tensile/compression þ internal Table 2

pressure cycle test) Load of C series tests.a
The sample did not leak during the test. The test results Cycle Total Framework Pressure Temperature Load
met the requirements of GB/T 21267-2007/ISO 13679: 2002 axial load/kN /MPa / C holding
load time/min
Petroleum and natural gas industries e Procedures for
testing casing and tubing connections. The test load is shown Internal 80% 89.6 37.6 Room 5
pressure/tensile temperature
in Table 1. The thread did not leak in the whole process of cycle 1 to 5
loading. at room
temperature
3.2.2. C series tests (thermal cycling test under tensile and Heat 90% 103.5 33.8 100 60
internal pressure conditions) preservation
Thermal 90% 103.5 33.8 100 5
The sample did not leak during the test. The test results met cycle 1 to 5 90% 103.5 33.8 52 5
the requirements of GB/T 21267-2007/ISO 13679: 2002 Pe- Internal 90% 103.5 33.8 100 5
troleum and natural gas industries e Procedures for testing pressure/tensile
casing and tubing connections. The test load is shown in Table cycle 1 to 5
2. The thread did not leak in the whole process of loading. under high
temperature
Thermal 90% 103.5 33.8 100 5
3.2.3. Tension tests under internal gas pressure in the cycle 6 to 10 90% 103.5 33.8 52 5
bending setting Internal 80% 89.6 37.6 Room 5
The sample did not leak during the test. The test results met pressure/tensile temperature
the requirements of GB/T 21267-2007/ISO 13679: 2002 Pe- cycle 6 to 10
at room
troleum and natural gas industries e Procedures for testing temperature
casing and tubing connections. The test load is shown in Table a
The equivalent VME composite stress in the inner surface of the tube was
3. The thread did not leak in the whole process of loading. calculated according to the nominal outer diameter (73.02 mm), the minimum
nominal wall thickness (5.23 mm), the nominal yield strength at room tem-
3.2.4. Ultimate internal pressure cycling and thermal perature (379 MPa) and 90% of the nominal yield strength of the pipe
cycling test at the sealing pipe end (341 MPa) at 100  C as well as 60% of the tensile connection efficiency of the
The sample did not leak during the test. The test results met joint.
the requirements of GB/T 21267-2007/ISO 13679: 2002 Pe-
troleum and natural gas industries e Procedures for testing strength, bursting strength and collapse strength of the
casing and tubing connections. The test conditions are shown tubing. The tensile failure test and the internal pressure
in Table 4. The thread did not leak in the whole process of failure test were conducted on a composite loading test
loading. machine.

3.3. Ultimate load tests 3.3.1. Internal pressure failure test

When the internal pressure of the sample was increased to
The ultimate load test includes three kinds of failure paths 94.8 MPa, the leakage failure occurred in the thread at both
(i.e., internal pressure failure, tensile failure, and external ends A and B at the same time. The test result is higher than
pressure failure), which respectively verify the tensile the required value (50.1 MPa) of GB/T 20657-2011 Petroleum
and natural gas industries e formulae and calculation for
casing, tubing, drill pipe and line pipe properties. The
Table 1 macroscopic appearance of the sample after failure is shown in
Load of B series tests. Fig. 7.
Load Total axial Total axial Internal Ratio of VMEa
point load load/kN pressure/MPa to the yield strength 3.3.2. Tensile failure test
of the material
When the tensile load was 665 kN, the thread at end B
1 95.0% 241 0 57% slipped off. According to the test result, the ultimate bearing
2 95.0% 241 36.8 70%
3 80.0% 203 39.2 70%
capacity of the sample is higher than the required value
4 CEPL 123 40.8 70% (322 kN) of GB/T 20657-2011 Petroleum and natural gas
5 0 0 37.6 70% industries e formulae and calculation for casing, tubing, drill
6 33.3% 78 32.6 70% pipe and line pipe properties. The macroscopic appearance of
7 66.7% 155 25.2 70% the sample after failure is shown in Fig. 8.
8 95.0% 221 16.4 70%
9 95.0% 221 0 52%
a
3.3.3. External pressure failure test
The composite stress of VME was calculated according to the nominal
outer diameter (73.02 mm), the minimum nominal wall thickness (5.23 mm)
When the external pressure was 70.1 MPa, the pipe at end
and the nominal yield strength (379 MPa) of the pipe as well as 60% of the B collapsed. According to the test result, the ultimate bearing
tensile efficiency and 55% of the compression efficiency of the connector. capacity of the sample is higher than the required value
468 Zhang YQ. et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 4 (2017) 463e469

Table 3
Loading step of tension tests under internal gas pressure in the bending setting.
Loading Framework Internal Bending Load Ratio of VMEa of the inner surface
step load/kN pressure/MPa load/[( )$(30 m)1] holding of the tube to the yield strength
time/min of the material
FP1 235.0 0 0 5 60%
FP2 103.6 35.0 0 30 70%
FP3 92.0 35.0 3 30 70%
FP4 80.5 35.0 6 30 70%
FP5 65.0 35.0 10 30
a
The equivalent VME composite stress in the inner surface of the tube was calculated according to the nominal outer diameter (73.02 mm), minimum nominal
wall thickness (4.82 mm), nominal yield strength (379 MPa) and 60% of connection efficiency of the connector.

Table 4
Ultimate internal pressure cycling and thermal cycling test conditions.
Pressure category Test Ratio of VMEa of the
pressure/MPa inner surface of the tube
to the yield strength
of the material
Oil field pressure 30.0 60%
Maximum pressure 37.6 75% Fig. 9. Macroscopic appearance of the sample after an external pressure
at room temperature failure.
Maximum pressure 31.5 70%
at 100  C
a
The equivalent VME composite stress in the inner surface of the tube was
3.4. Test result analysis
calculated according to the nominal yield strength at room temperature
(379 MPa), 90% of the nominal yield strength (341 MPa) at 100  C, the The test basically reached the J55 steel material limit. The
nominal outer diameter (73.02 mm) and the minimum nominal wall thickness test results show that the thread structure can pass through the
(4.82 mm). ISO13679 B and C series tests, and has reliable gas sealing
performance and stable sealing capacity. There is a certain
difference between the full-scale test results and the finite
element calculation results, which may be associated with the
manufacturing tolerances and the material properties of the
samples.

4. Application prospect

The above analysis shows that the thread structure has a

Fig. 7. Macroscopic appearance of the sample after an internal pressure failure.
Fig. 8. Macroscopic appearance of the sample after a tensile failure.
(53.0 MPa) of GB/T 20657-2011 Petroleum and natural gas
industries e formulae and calculation for casing, tubing, drill
pipe and line pipe properties. The macroscopic appearance of
the sample after failure is shown in Fig. 9.
good sealing performance and stability, suitable for use in low-
pressure conditions. In recent years, there has been an
increasing interest in CO2 storage and flooding projects at
home and abroad, where cost is a key issue restricting such
projects [22e25]. The proposed thread structure can effec-
tively prevent the leakage of the wellbore in the CO2 storage
and flooding projects and can reduce the casing cost. In
addition, many large gas fields have been found in the Ordos
Basin, such as Sulige, Wushenqi, Jingbian, Yulin, and Daniudi
[26e28]. These gas fields are characterized by low porosity,
low permeability, low pressure and low yield, so there is an
urgent need for low-cost development technology. This thread
sealing structure can completely satisfy the requirements of
most gas wells in the Sulige gas field and the Yanchang gas
field. If high-grade steel pipes are used, the sealing capacity of
such thread sealing structure will be further improved to meet
higher-pressure working conditions.
According to the current market price, the price of
specially-threaded casing is at least twice that of API round
thread casing with the same steel grade. The cost of the gas-
 Zhang YQ. et al. / Natural Gas Industry B 4 (2017) 463e469
tight thread developed on the basis of the API round thread is
about 1.2 times that of the API round thread. Therefore, at
least 40% of the casing cost can be saved and considerable
economic benefits can be made if this gas-tight thread is used
to replace the current widely-used premium thread.
5. Conclusions
1) It is feasible to develop gas-tight threads on the basis of
API round threads by relying on high molecular elastic
seal material to improve the gas sealing performance of
API round threads.
2) The gas-tight threads can be used in the low-pressure gas
wells, and CO2 storage and flooding projects of the
Ordos Basin due to their great potential of cost
reduction.
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