PHYSICAL

SCIENCE
Modified Strategic Intervention MaterialS

DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Author:Tristan Alfin C. Ducut, Amilyn B. Sampang, Maria Winnie P. Dizon

Cover Art Illustrator: Erich D. Garcia Reviewer and Editor: Paz I. Canlas Layout Artist:Gilbert M. Datu

MANAGEMENT TEAM
Zenia G. Mostoles EdD, CESO V, Schools Division Superintendent
Celia R. Lacanlale PhD, Chief CID
Paz I. Canlas, Education Program Supervisor in Science

Quarter 2Week 1
 Title Card: IT’S NOT SO
ROUND AFTER ALL!

Lesson 1: Ancient Greek Physics and Astronomy

Guide Card
Learning competency
Explain how the Greeks knew that the Earth is spherical (S11/12PS-IVa-38)
Objectives
1. Recognize the Greek philosophers who proposed that the Earth is spherical.
2. List the naked-eye astronomical proofs that the Earth is round or spherical.
3. Understand ancient Greek two-domains view of the universe.
What do I need to know?
a. What is the shape of the Earth?
b. What causes the movement of the celestial
bodies?
c. Who first proposed that the Earth is not flat?
d. What are the proofs that the Earth is not flat?

Science is defined as “a collection of known truths about

the Universe that develops and expands over time.” Thus,
science is dynamic and ever-changing. It develops when
better models are found, clearer and more useful mechanisms are used to explain a group of phenomena, more
accurate and precise details are observed, and many more.
Therefore, astronomy is a major influence on the development of Physics. That is why we discuss ancient
Greek philosophy, cosmology, and astronomy. The Greeks divided the universe into domains, the celestial
domain, and the terrestrial domain. In this module, the learners are expected to get to know these philosophers
and their contributions to physics.

Pre-Test: What I Know

Directions: Circle the letter of your choice.

1. Who is the first person to propose that the Earth is not flat?
a. Anaxagoras b. Aristotle c. Pythagoras d. None of the above
2. Who believed that if the Sun and Moon are spherical, so is the Earth?
a. Anaxagoras b. Aristotle c. Pythagoras d. None of the above
3. Who observed that during a lunar eclipse, the Earth's shadow was reflected on the Moon's surface?
a. Anaxagoras b. Aristotle c. Pythagoras d. None of the above
4. According to Aristotle, if you travel near the equator, what becomes closer to the horizon?
a. North Star b. South Star c. Sun d. Moon
5. What is another term for universe?
a. alpha b. beta c. cosmos d. gamma
6. What realm is believed to be perfect and circular?
a. extra-terrestrial b. celestial c. terrestrial d. torrential
2
 7. What realm is said to be imperfect and unstable?
a. extra-terrestrial b. celestial c. terrestrial d. torrential
8. What is the apparent daily motion of the stars, including the Sun?
a. Annual b. diurnal c. precession of equinox d. all of the above
9. What is the apparent motion of the equinox on the ecliptic?
a. Annual b. diurnal c. precession of equinox d. all of the above
10. What is the apparent yearly motion of the stars with the Sun?
a. annual b. diurnal c. precession of equinox d. all of the above
11. What is the shape of the Earth?
a. perfect circle b. oblate c. round spheroid d. oblong
12. What is the motion where objects tend to go back to their natural state?
a. Involuntary b. natural c. voluntary d. none of the above
13. What is the motion where minerals and plants move due to mechanical forces?
a. Involuntary b. natural c. voluntary d. none of the above
14. What motion explains that humans and animals move due to their innate will to move?
a. Involuntary b. natural c. voluntary d. none of the above
15. What was observed by Anaxagoras to make his proposal about the Earth?
a. disappearing of ships from the horizon c. the differences in length of shadows casted by sticks
b. lunar eclipse that shows the Earth’s shadow d. the position of the North Star from the equator

Review:
There are various examples of cleaning materials for the house and for personal care. From product
labels, we can identify the active major ingredient(s) of cleaning products used at home and their uses.
Through this, we can explain the precautionary measures indicated in various cleaning products and
cosmetics.

Activity Card
Activity Card 1
Directions: Label the following pictures. Choose from the sentences in the box down below.

1. _
_
2. _
_

3. _ 4. _
_ _

3
 * A ship’s hull disappears first before the sail when it is
traveling away.
*Sticks placed at distant locations will throw shadows of
different lengths.

*When you travel to places near the equator, the North

Star is closer to the horizon.

*During a lunar eclipse, the Earth's shadow reflected on

the Moon's surface is circular.

*If the Moon and the Sun are both spherical, then
5. _
perhaps, the Earth is also spherical.
_
Discussion of Activity
Have you ever wondered what the early philosophers thought about the shape of the Earth?
The shape of the Earth is oblate spheroid.
It has a bulging equator and squeezed poles.
Around 500 B.C., most Greeks believed that the Earth was round, not flat. It was Pythagoras and his pupils who
were first to propose a spherical Earth.
In 500 to 430 B.C., Anaxagoras further supported Pythagoras' proposal through his observations of the shadows
that the Earth cast on the Moon during a lunar eclipse. He observed that during a lunar eclipse, the Earth's shadow
was reflected on the Moon's surface. The shadow reflected was circular.
Around 340 B.C., Aristotle listed several arguments for a spherical Earth.

● The North Star was believed to be at a fixed position in the sky. However, when the Greeks traveled to
places nearer the equator, like Egypt, they noticed that the North Star is closer to the horizon.
● Aristotle argued that if the Moon and the Sun were both spherical, then perhaps, the Earth was also
spherical.
● If the Earth was flat, then a ship traveling away from an observer should become smaller and smaller until
it disappeared. However, the Greeks observed that the ship became smaller and then its hull disappeared
first before the sail as if it was being enveloped by the water until it completely disappeared.
● If you stick a stick in the ground, it will produce a shadow. The shadow moves as time passes. If the
world had been flat, then two sticks in different locations would produce the same shadow.

Activity Card 2

Directions: Fill in the blanks by choosing the right words from the box down below.
Ancient (1) believed that the (2) or the universe was divided into two realms –
celestial and terrestrial.
The motion of the objects in the (3) was perfect and circular. They all revolved around
Earth. On the other hand, the motion in the (4) was unstable and imperfect, and there
should be a cause for motion.

A. Celestial Domain
How do celestial bodies move in the celestial sphere?
(5) motion is the apparent daily motion of the stars, including the Sun as seen from the Earth
due to the Earth’s rotation. (6) motion is the apparent yearly motion of the stars,
including the Sun as seen from the Earth due to the Earth’s revolution around the Sun.
(7) is the apparent motion of the equinoxes along the ecliptic as the
Earth wobbles.
B. Terrestrial Domain

How do objects move? How do moving objects stop from moving? According to

Aristotelian mechanics, there are three types of motion.

(8) motion where objects tend to go back to their natural state, which is based on the element that
composes them; (9) motion of humans and animals due to their innate will to
4
move; and (10) motion of minerals and plants due to mechanical forces.

Annual terrestrial realm Voluntary Involuntary

Natural celestial realm Greeks cosmos

Precession of equinoxes Diurnal

Enrichment Card
GUIDED ACTIVITY #1
Directions: Unscramble the letters to form words.

1. ltaebo rodihpse –
2. tposle –
3. gosarPyaht –
4. lacriphse –
5. sargonaxaA –
6. toruaeq –
7. throN arSt –
8. toletsirA –
9. norizoh –
10. larucirc –
GUIDED ACTIVITY #2
Directions: Choose among the pictures. Write the letter that corresponds to your answer on the space provided.

a. Anaxagoras b. Aristotle c. Pythagoras

1. He proposed that in natural motion, objects go back to their natural state.
2. He proposed that humans and animals move due to their innate will to
move.
3. It was him and his pupils who were first to propose a spherical Earth.
4. According to him, motion of minerals and plants is due to mechanical
forces.
5. He argued that a ship’s hull disappears first before the sail when traveling away.
6. He observed that during a lunar eclipse, the Earth's shadow was
reflected on the Moon's surface. The shadow reflected was circular.
7. He believed that if the Moon and the Sun are spherical, the Earth is, too.
8. He said sticks placed at distant locations will throw shadows of different
lengths.
9. He observed that when you travel near the equator, the North Star is
closer to the horizon.
10. He further supported Pythagoras' proposal through his observations.

5
 Reflection Card

Independent Activity 1
Direction: Summarize the ancient Greek two-domain view of the universe.

DOMAIN MOTION DESCRIPTION

Celestial 1.
2.
3.
Terrestrial 1.
2.
3.

Assessment Card
Directions: Identify the answer and write it on the space provided.

1. It is the shape of the Earth.

2. He is the first person to propose that the Earth is not flat.
3. It was observed by Anaxagoras to make his proposal about the Earth.
4. If you travel near the equator, this becomes close to the horizon.
5. He believed that if the Sun and Moon are spherical, so is the Earth.
6. It is another term for universe.
7. This realm is believed to be perfect and circular.
8. This realm is said to be imperfect and unstable.
9. This motion is the apparent daily motion of the stars, including the Sun.
10. This motion is the apparent yearly motion of the stars with the Sun.
11. It is the apparent motion of the equinoxes along the ecliptic.
12. It is the motion where objects tend to go back to their natural state.
13. This motion explains that humans and animals move due to their innate will to move.
14. This motion tells that minerals and plants move due to mechanical forces.
15. According to him, the Earth's shadow reflected on the Moon's surface is circular in
shape.

Reference Card

 Naked-eye observations that prove that Earth is round. PhysLink.com (1995-2016). Retrieved from
http://www.physlink.com/Education/ AskExperts/ae535.cfm;
http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae535.cfm.
 “Summary of evidence for a spherical Earth” (n.d.) In Wikipedia. Retrieved date, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Spherical_Earth#Summary_of_evidence_for_a_spherical_earth

6
 4. North
3. lunar
Star
eclipse
2.
1.Pythagora
oblate
ASSESSMENT
spheroid
s
CARD
involunt
ary 3
.
2. Terrest
voluntar rial
y1.
natura
l

Title Card: The Early Universe

Lesson 2: The Early Universe

Guide Card

Learning competency
1. Recognize the early astronomical phenomena known to astronomers before the advent of telescope.
2. Learn the wonder of early universe like constellations, phases of the moon, eclipse, and planets.
What do I need to know?
1. What are the different astronomical phenomena known to early astronomers before the advent of
telescope?
2. How do astronomers name the group of stars?
3. What is eclipse? How does solar eclipse differ from lunar eclipse?

What are the different phases of the moon? How do the early astronomers use the phases of the moon as a
guide in making a lunar calendar?

THE EARLY UNIVERSE

Humans have come up with several models in an effort to understand the universe. Before the invention of the
telescope, they had to rely on their senses for a picture of the universe with much philosophical and religious
symbolism.
It is possible with unaided eye to observe that there are apparently patterns in the scattering of the stars.
From the earliest record history, names have been given to groups of stars because their arrangement suggested
animals, gods, and legendary heroes. Even today these star patterns are called constellations. They are identified
by their ancient names, such as Ursa Major, the great bear; Cygnus, the swan; Pegasus the winged horse; Perseus
the slayer of monsters. Although still known by the old names, constellations are now marked off by different
boundaries, just as land surfaces of the earth are divided into countries. They can thus be used as guides in the sky
maps of astronomy.
They always admired the starry sky on a clear dark night. The great canopy of stars stretched overhead
suggests that our world is part of a vastly larger cosmos - another term for the universe. But how vast is the
universe? What does it look like? Where the Earth fit in?

Pre-Test: What I Know

Directions: Connect all the dots by following the patterns of stars to reveal the constellations

6
8 7
1
21
4
9 3
5 2
3
4
7 2
5 3
7
3
1 4
4 5
26

1
6

Leo Big Dipper Little Dipper Cepheus

1
1 1
3 5
2 2
7
3 3

2 4
6

4 4 3
 1

Review 5

Constellations
It is possible with unaided eye to observe that there are apparently patterns in the scattering of the stars.
From the earliest record history, names have been given to groups of stars because their arrangement suggested
Cassiopeia
animals, gods, and legendary heroes.Cancer Cygnus
Even today these star patterns Hercules
are called constellations. They are identified
by their ancient names, such as Ursa Major, the great bear; Cygnus, the swan; Pegasus the winged horse; Perseus
the slayer of monsters. Although still known by the old names, constellations are now marked off by different
boundaries, just as land surfaces of the earth are divided into countries. They can thus be used guides in the sky
maps of astronomy.

Activity Card
Activity Card 1
Directions: Read the passage below TWICE and UNSCRAMBLE the letters of the enclosed words to create
meaningful statements. Write your answer on a piece of paper. Enjoy learning!
Mercury, Venus, Mars, (retipuJ), and Saturn are easily seen in the sky without the aid of the (sepocseleT).
These planets can be easily confused with stars and are only seen at specific times of the day. The best time to
look for these (stenalp) would be before (esirnus) and after sunset.
Even before the (noitnevni)of the telescope, (tneicna) people have already observed different
(lacimonortsa) phenomena. The most observable objects in the sky are the sun and the moon.
Babylonian, (naitpygE) civilizations used a primitive version of a
(laidnus), called (nomong), in systematically observing the motion of the sun. By looking at the shadows that the
gnomon casts, they were able to observe that the sun rises in the eastern part of the sky, reaches its highest point
in (yaddim), and sets in the western part of the sky.
Also, they recorded that the points where the sun rises and sets on the horizon varies over a year and these
variations happen periodically. They observed that these variations are related to weather and so concluded that
seasonal changes in (etamilc) happen during a course pf one year.
Discussion of Activity

As the stars move across the sky each night people of the world have looked up and wondered about their place in
the universe. Throughout history civilizations have developed unique systems for ordering and understanding the
heavens. Babylonian and Egyptian astronomers developed systems that became the basis for Greek astronomy, while
societies in the Americas, China and India developed their own.

IMPORTANT POINTS
● In the 5th century B.C., Empedocles and Anaxagoras offered arguments for the spherical nature of the
Earth. During a lunar eclipse, when the Earth is between the sun and the moon, they identified the shadow
of the Earth on the moon. As the shadow moves across the moon it is clearly round. This would suggest
that the Earth is a sphere.
● Lunar eclipses also allowed for another key understanding about our home here on Earth. In 3rd Century
B.C., Aristarchus of Samos reasoned he could figure out the size of the Earth based on information
available during a lunar eclipse. The diagram at the right illustrates a translation of his work. The large
circle is the sun, the medium circle is the Earth and the smallest circle is the moon. When the Earth is in-
between the sun and the moon it causes a lunar eclipse and measuring the
size of the Earth's shadow on the moon provided part of information, he needed to calculate its size.

In contrast to the terrestrial, the celestial region of the heavens had a fundamentally different nature. Looking at
the night sky the ancient Greeks found two primary kinds of celestial objects; the fixed stars and the wandering
stars. Think of the night's sky. Most of the visible objects appear to move at exactly the same speed and present
themselves in exactly the same arrangement night after night. These are the fixed stars. They appear to move all
together. Aside from these were a set of nine objects that behaved differently, the moon, the sun and the planets
Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and Jupiter each moved according to a different system. For the Greeks these were
the wandering stars.

Activity Card 2
Directions: Study the picture below. Name and identify the different phases of the moon. Write your answer in the
piece of paper.
5

6 4

3
7
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaa

8 2

Discussion of Activity
The different phases of the moon are caused by the angle from which an observer on earth can see the
moon illuminated by the sun as it orbits our planet. As the moon makes its way around the earth a person can look
up in the sky and see various fractions of its surface reflecting sunlight. While there is always half of the moon
that is "lit" by the sun the observer on earth will see the moon pass through its phases one complete time in a span
of 29 and a half days.

Enrichment Card
Enrichment Card 1
The Different Early Astronomical Phenomenon

Ancient people have observed that the moon changes its path and its appearance within a period of 29.5
days. They observed that the moon changes its appearance from semi-circular disk to full circular disk. These
phases of the moon as the basis of ancient calendars.
Through its revolution around the earth, half of the moon are seen as its moves along its orbit around the
earth. When the moon is between the earth and the sun, it is new moon. The face of the moon seen on the earth
and a small –lighted side is seen. This is phase is called the waxing crescent — a thin
curved slice of the moon. When the moon has traveled one —fourth of the distance around the earth, it is in the
first quarter phase. This phase resembles a luminous half-circle. As the days progress, more than one-half of the
lighted part is seen. This is the waxing gibbous
phase. Full moon shows the face of the moon facing the earth fully lighted. This is because the earth is positioned
between the moon and the sun and the earth cast no shadow on the lighted moon. During this phase, the moon is
midway around the earth. Notice that the above stages are the waxing part of the cycle. This means that the
lighted part of the earth progressively gets larger.
The next half of the cycle is the waning part. The lighted side of the moon from the full moon gets smaller. This
proceeds from the waning gibbous, when more than half of the moon is lighted. Then, the last quarter. This time
half of the moon is seen but it has already traveled three-fourths of the distance it is supposed to traverse. Next, a
little lighted part remains —the waning crescent. The new moon starts the next cycle.

ENRICHMENT CARD 1
Directions: Name the different phases of the moon. Write your answers inside the box provided. Write your
answers in the piece of paper.

4
1 2 3 5 6 7

The Eclipses

Astronomical phenomena also include the different eclipses, like lunar eclipse that occurs when the Earth
casts its shadow on the moon when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon. A phenomenon such as this is
known as a lunar eclipse wherein the moon changes into a dark or blood red color.
Aside from lunar eclipse, the occurrence of a solar eclipse was also observed. Solar eclipse occurs when
the Moon is in between the Sun and the Earth and the Moon partially or completely blocks out the Sun.
 It was also observed that the stars appear to be attached to a celestial sphere that rotates around an axis in
one day. This axis intersects the celestial sphere at a point in the northern sky and is presently close to the
northern star, Polaris. Also, the constellations’ positions in the night sky vary depending on the time of the year.
Astronomers have discovered that Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are planets because they
have noticed that the stars are in a fixed position with respect to each other (like how constellations are always
grouped). But there are very bright stars that change positions periodically. These “stars” do not belong to group
of constellations in the sky. Thus, they are called “wanderers” or planetes in Greek terms.

Directions: Identify the following astronomical phenomenon. Write your answer on the space before the
number, use a piece of paper.
1. A phenomenon wherein the moon changes into a dark or blood red color.
2. It occurs when the moon is in between the sun and the earth and the moon partially or completely
blocks out the sun.
3. It is called the northern star.
4. One of the phases of the moon that shows the face of the moon facing the earth fully lighted.
5. It is considered as twin planet of the Earth.
6. Planet with ring.
7. It is the largest, sun like planet in the solar system.
8. It is known as the living planet.
9. It is a planet that is closest to the Sun.
10. Stars that do not belong to any group of constellations in the sky.

Reflection Card
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
Directions: In the piece of paper, kindly write your reflection on the following questions.
A. How does the motion of the Earth affect our lives?
 B. Where am I in the universe?

C. How does the changing technology increase my understanding of the universe?

Assessment Card

Assessment Card 1
Directions: Give the seven astronomical phenomena where ancient astronomers were able to observe even
before the advent of the telescope. Write your answers in the piece of paper.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Assessment Card 1
Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the word (s) that completes the statement. Write the letter of your
choice on the piece of paper.

1. The primitive version of sundial that was used by Babylonians and Egyptian.
A. Watch B. Clock C. Gnomon D. Wall Clock
2. Ancient people have observed that the moon changes its path and
its appearance within a period of days.
A. 30 B. 29.5 C. 27.5 D. 31
3. It is the basis of the ancient calendars.
A. Solar Eclipse B. Lunar Eclipse C. Phases of the moon D. Constellations
4. It is known as the Red Planet.
A. Mars B. Venus C. Earth D. Mercury
5. The pattern of the stars are called .
A. Galaxy B. Milky Way C. Andromeda D. Constellations
6. The Earth stay still and the Sun moves around the earth.
A. True B. False C. Maybe D. Uncertain
7. Craters are hole on the surface of the moon that are made when
A. Aliens scoop parts of the rocks C. The moons cool down at night
B. Rocks from the space hits the surface D. All of the above
8. What is the name of the North Star?
A. Vega B. Polaris C. Parallax D. Nova
9. The apparent daily motion of stars and other celestial bodies across the sky caused by Earth’s
rotations about its axis is called .
A. Sundial motion B. Diurnal motion C. Annual motion D. Eccentric motion
10. The Sun is also
A. Planet B. Star C. Moon D. Comet

Reference Card
Bibliography
Santiago, Karen S. (2016) Exploring Life Through Science: Physical Science (Textbook), Phoenix Publishing House.
Bilbao, P (2016). New Science for the Junior High, Grade 7—Integrated Track Vol. 2 (Worktext), St. Mary’s Publishing
Corporation.

https://www.loc.gov/collections/finding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan/articles-and- essays/modeling-
the-cosmos/ancient-greek-astronomy-and-cosmology

https://sciencing.com/definition-phases-moon-5087636.html
Answer Card
 Title Card: Center Of Universe
Lesson 3: Tycho Brahe’s innovation and extensive collection paved the way for
Kepler’s Law

Guide Card
Hi there! I am Mrs. Uni. Do you know the game pass the message? The message goes from person to
person until it reaches the end of the line, and that person announces the message to the group.
Let us start with this game! Pass the message also happens in Science. Ideas of a scientist can be passed to
another, like the ideas/innovations of Tycho Brahe being passed and used in Johannes Kepler’s discovery of his
laws of planetary motion.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to explain how Tycho Brahe’s innovation and extensive
collection of astronomical data (naked-eye astronomy) paved the way for Kepler’s discovery of his laws of
planetary motion
S11/12PS-IVb-44
Learning competency
Explain how Tycho Brahe’s innovation and extensive collection of astronomical data (naked-eye
astronomy) paved the way for Kepler’s discovery of his laws of planetary motion S11/12PS-IVb-44

Subtasks:

Determine the contribution of Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler in the universe Explain how Brahe’s
innovation and extensive collection of astronomical data paved
the way for Kepler’s Law
Identify the importance of Tycho Brahe’s innovation and extensive collection of astronomical data in
planetary motion.

What’s In?
Planets are easily seen in the sky without the aid of the telescope. Even before the invention of the
telescope ancient people have already observed different astronomical phenomena. The most observable objects
in the sky are the moon and sun.

Activity Card

Activity 1: Observation and Measurement

Directions: Read the passage below TWICE and UNSCRAMBLE the letters of the enclosed words to create
meaningful statements. Arrange the scramble words. Write your answer on your notebook Enjoy,
The Danish astronomer Tycho (Hebra) was one of many early scientists of the Scientific Revolution, a
time period between 1500 and 1700 when many scientists discovered natural laws and created processes to test
theory. In 1572, he observed (persuvano) for nearly eighteen months, and also the first recorded (metoc) in 1577.
In addition to observing and charting over 750 (sstar) and (venylhea diesbo) , Tycho’s greatest contribution to
science was his insistence in the use of careful (ntoivaserob) and very detailed (teaccura) records on everything he
did. He also created the most rudimentary (pecoslete) to make more accurate observations of the heavens. The
emphasis he placed on observation and accurate records laid the base (korw) for how other theories and (sdohtme)
can be applied and tested by future scientists. In that way his contributions still affect (drenmo) science. Even
today scientists still keep careful, accurate records when observing and proving scientific theory. (rekepl) was
Brahe’s (atssiasnt) and later used Brahe’s records of (rsam)’ movements to further his theories of (tarypalen)
motion.

Direction: Answer the following questions briefly. (2 pts

each) Write your answer on your notebook.
What is the center of universe?
What are the theories about the location of the planets in the universe?

Activity 2: Planets’ Path

Directions: Read the following statements and answer the following questions. Write your answer on your
notebook
Kepler found that the orbits of the planets followed three laws. Like many philosophers of his era, Kepler
had a mystical belief that the circle was the Universe’s perfect shape, and that as a manifestation of Divine order,
the planets’ orbits must be circular. For many years, he struggled to make Brahe’s observations of the motions of
Mars match up with a circular orbit. Eventually, however, Kepler noticed that an imaginary line drawn from a
planet to the Sun swept out an equal area of space in equal times, regardless of where the planet was in its orbit. If
you draw a triangle out from the Sun to a planet’s position at one point in time and its position at a fixed time later
say, 5 hours, or 2 days the area of that triangle is always the same, anywhere in the orbit. For all these triangles to
have the same area, the planet must move more quickly when it is near the Sun, but more slowly when it is
farthest from the Sun.
This discovery (which became Kepler’s second law of orbital motion) led to the realization of what
became Kepler’s first law: that the planets move in an ellipse (a squashed circle) with the Sun at one focus point,
offset from the center.

Kepler’s third law shows that there is a precise mathematical relationship between a planet’s distance
from the Sun and the amount of time it takes revolve around the Sun.

Enrichment Card
Read the following statement and the statement on the activity card. Answer the following questions below.
Important contributions of Brahe:
He made the most precise observations that had yet been made by devising the best instruments
available before the invention of the telescope. His observations of planetary motion, particularly that of Mars,
provided the crucial data for later astronomers like Kepler to construct our present model of the solar system.
He made observations of a supernova (literally: nova= "new star"). Brahe made careful observations of a comet
in 1577. By measuring the parallax for the comet, he was able to show that the comet was further away than the
Moon. This contradicted the teachings of Aristotle, who had held that comets were atmospheric phenomena. As
for the case of the supernova, comets represented an obvious change in a celestial sphere that was supposed to
be unchanging; furthermore, it was very difficult to ascribe uniform circular motion to a comet. He made the
best measurements that had yet been made in the search for stellar parallax. Upon finding no parallax for the
stars, he (correctly) concluded that either, the earth was motionless at the center of the Universe, or the stars
were so far away that their parallax was too small to measure.
Brahe did not believe that the stars could possibly be so far away and so concluded that the Earth was the
center of the Universe and that Copernicus was wrong. Brahe proposed a model of the Solar System that was
intermediate between the Ptolemaic and Copernican models (it had the Earth at the center). It proved to be
incorrect, but was the most widely accepted model of the Solar System for a time.
 Additional Resources

To further understand how Tycho Brahe’s innovation and extensive collection of astronomical data (naked-
eye astronomy) paved the way for Kepler’s discovery of his laws of planetary motion, check featured video
at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdQf9fMsbpw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdQf9fMsbpw

How Tycho Brahe’s innovation and extensive collection of astronomical data (naked-eye astronomy) paved the
way for Kepler’s discovery of his laws of planetary motion?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdQf9fMsbpw

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previous activities so that I can test your mastery on the topic.
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Assessment Card

Assessment Card 1
Directions:
True or False: Read each item carefully. Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is not. Write your
answer on your notebook.
1. Tycho Brahe’s innovation and extensive collection of astronomical data paved the way for
Kepler’s discovery of his laws of planetary motion.
2. Tycho Brahe formulated the Three Law’s of planetary motion.
3. Supernova observed by Kepler before the advent of telescope.
4. Planets moves in elliptical orbit.
5. Brahe proposed a model of the Solar System that was intermediate between the Ptolemaic and
Copernican models.
6. Tycho Brahe contributions in science led for more theories.
7. Planet’s distance from the Sun and the amount of time it takes revolve around the Sun.
8. Planets move with an equal area.
9. Tycho Brahe is the assistant of Johannes Kepler.
10.Tycho Brahe observe that earth is immovable and located at the center of the solar system.

Assessment Card 2
Directions: ESSAY: Answer the following questions? Explain your answer briefly. Write your answer on
you notebook. Write your answer on the space provided.

1. What is the importance of Tycho Brahe discoveries/ideas in modern science?

2. How Tycho Brahe’s innovation and extensive collection of astronomical data (naked-eye astronomy) paved
the way for Kepler’s discovery of his laws of planetary motion?

Reference Card
Bibliograhpy
Allen A. Espinoza, Mary Grace F. Pineda, Physical Science, Senior High School,Quezon City: DIWA Publishing
House Inc.
Paul Hewitt,Conceptual Physics, Seven Edition
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdQf9fMsbpw