16 August 2009

Facts about feed and

fodder
Dr. Pradeep Kumar Malik
Assistant Professor (Animal Nutrition)
Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari

16 August 2009
Introduction India
Indian economy is fastest growing

India is the 12th largest economy of the world

GDP growth was 9.0% and 9.2% during 2005-
2006 and 2006-2007

The share of agriculture in GDP is declining

continuously From 24 to 18.5%

Second largest producer of fruit &vegetables (150

MT)
16 August 2009
Introductio
n India
Third largest producer of food grain
3rd largest country in fish production

Largest population of livestock (20%) and its

contribution to Ag GDP is @ 24%

Largest producer of milk in the world (100 MT)

Milk alone contribute >18% of TO from

agriculture

16 August 2009
 Livestock population in
Livestock
India
World
(Million)
India % of world
Cattle 1371 222 16.49
Buffalo 170.7 95 56.77
Sheep 1024.0 59 5.76
Goat 767.9 124 16.21
Pig 956 18.5 1.93
Horse 55.5 0.8 1.44
Mules 12.8 0.3 2.34
Camel 19.1 0.9 4.71

16 August 2009 FAO, 2004

 Status of feed and fodder (DM
basis) in India
Feeds Available Required Deficit(%)
(MT) (MT)

Dry fodder 365 412 11

Concentrate 34 47 28

Green fodder 126 193 35

Total 526 652 19

16 August 2009 NIANP (2005)

 Feeds or
Feedstuffs
Any material included in a diet or ration
because of its nutritional properties
Cereal Grains
By-product feeds
Forages and roughages
Protein feeds
Mineral supplements
Vitamin supplements
Feed Additives

16 August 2009
 Roughages
Contains > 18% CF and <20%CP on
DM basis Pasture
Hay

Roughage

Silage
Legume

Hulls Straw

16 August 2009
 Concentrates
Contains < 18% crude fiber and >20%
CP on DM basis
Animal proteins
Meat scraps, fish, and blood meal
Plant proteins
Cottonseed meal
Soybean meal
Peanut meal
Grains-corn, oats, barley, wheat (Basal feed)
By-products
Wheat bran
Cottonseed hulls
Liquid supplements
Molasses
16 August 2009 Urea
 BIS specifications for cattle
feed
Attributes Type-I Type-II
Moisture (Max.) 11 11
CP (Min.) 22 20
EE (Min.) 3.0 2.5
CF (Max.) 7.0 12.0
AIA (Max.) 3.0 4.0
Salt (Max.) 2.0 2.0
Ca (Min.) 0.5 0.5
Available P 0.5 0.5
Vit A (IU/kg) 5000 5000

16 August 2009
 BIS specifications for
mineral
Characteristics
mixture
Type-I Type-II
Moisture (%, Max.) 5 5
Ca (%,Min.) 18 23
P (%,Min.) 9 12
Mg (%) 5 6.5
Salt (%) 22 0
Iron 0.4 0.5
Iodine 0.02 0.026
Copper 0.06 0.07
Mn 0.10 0.12
Co 0.009 0.012
F (Max.) 0.05 0.07
Zn 0.3 0.38
S 0.4 0.5
AIA 3 2.5
16 August 2009
 Digestive
system

16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition

 Non Conventional Feed
Resources
Non competitive unconventional feedstuffs may
bridge the gap between demand and supply of
nutrients

Feeding at higher level and for longtime can cause

adverse effect on animal performance

They can be converted into wholesome animal

feeds after suitable processing

Besides annually cultivated, 86 different oil

bearings perennial trees are present Danisco
16 August 2009 in India
Animal Nutrition
 Availability and their nutritional value of some
non conventional feeds resources

Name Availability & Toxic factor Detoxification

Nutritive value
Neem seed 0.9 MT (35-40%CP) Bitter taste Water washing, soaking (2%
cake (limonoids), NaOH)
Azadirachtin,
Nimbin and Nimidol
Mahua seed 0.12 MT (15-24% CP) Saponin (Mowrin) Acid treatment, ethanol
cake Heamolytic activity extraction, alkali treatment

Castor bean 30-40% CP Ricin Dry/moist heating, boiling

meal haemoagglutinizatio
n
Karanj cake 1.30 lakh tones (28-30% Karanjin Solvent extraction, alkali
oil) treatment

Mango seed 11.00 MT (6% DCP and Tannins Alkali treatment

kernel 50% TDN)

16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition

Potential of horticultural crop residues as animal feed

India is second largest producer of the

vegetables and fruits
About 33% is wasted during harvesting,
marketing and processing (Gangadhar et
al., 1993)
Gap between demand and supply could
be lessened
High moisture content is one major
problem (Datt et al., 2008)
Utilize efficiently after processing
16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition
 Proximate composition of some important
horticultural crop residues
Vegetable crop residues

% Composition (DM basis)

Name OM CP EE CF Ash

Cabbage waste 87.60 10.12 2.91 13.82 12.40

Cauliflower waste 89.62 18.12 4.92 14.50 10.38

Brinjal waste 91.74 17.42 3.10 22.55 7.82

Pumpkin waste 94.58 15.12 3.98 14.79 5.42

Bottle gourd waste 92.14 16.05 2.55 15.69 7.59

Reddish 85.70 12.80 2.10 9.98 14.30

Potato skin 90.33 12.75 3.40 9.34 9.67

Datt et al.(2008)
16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition
Contd..
Fruit crop residues

% Composition (DM basis)

Name
OM CP EE CF Ash

Banana leaves 89.84 8.50 2.78 24.30 10.16

Banana peals 85.25 6.45 3.23 10.09 14.75

Mango peels 93.56 7.99 2.64 18.03 8.06

Papaya leaves 93.25 16.05 1.82 21.83 6.75

Orange leaves 96.08 6.89 3.65 31.22 3.92

Datt et al. (2008)

16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition
 Improvement of poor quality roughages

Treatment

Physical Chemical
Biological
Chopping NaOH
Grinding Ca(OH)2 Rot fungi
Soaking Ammonia Enzymes
Steaming Urea

16 August 2009
 Procedure of dip treatment
Stra
1.5% NaOH
--------- w
-------
-
Solution-1
0.6 kg NaOH 30 l H2O

- - Soaking-2
Straw
-- ½-1 h
------------ -
-
------------
Replenishment/10 kg
- straw
Dripping-3
Straw ½-2 h
Feedin
g
----------
Straw -
Ripening 3-6
----------
days
-

16 August 2009
 Mode of Action

Alkali

CHO C O CO Lignin

Ester linkage

Carbohydrates C OH + COOH Lignin

16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition

 Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN)
Nitrogen supplied to the animal in a
non-protein state
Urea or Biuret

Requires microbial synthesis

(Ruminants)

Crude Protein Equivalent

% Nitrogen from NPN times a factor of
6.25
16 August 2009
 Urea
Supplement Treatm
ation ent
Feeding of NPN has
become a focal point
and needs C Skeleton
for AA synthesis

NH2
Ureas
O=C + e CO2 + 2NH3
NH2 H2O

16 August 2009
 Factors affecting urea
utilization
Source of energy

Level and source of protein

N:S Ratio

Frequency of feeding

Level of urea in feed

16 August 2009
 Urea Toxicity (NH3
Toxicity)
Mechanism
Rumen [NH3] • Rumen pH •
As pH •, shift from NH4+ to NH3
NH3 absorbed faster than NH4+
Liver capacity to convert NH3 to urea
is exceeded
NH3 goes to blood
2 mg NH3/100 ml plasma is toxic

16 August 2009
 Urea Toxicity (NH3
Toxicity)
Signs of toxicity
Appear 20-30 min after urea
ingestion
Excessive salivation
Rapid and labored breathing
Tremors
Incoordination
Inability to stand & tetany

16 August 2009
 Treatment
Orally dose with 5% acetic acid
(~1 gal. for 1,000 lb cow)
Shift equilibrium from NH3 to NH4+
• rate of absorption
Vinegar drenching

Drench with cold water

• rumen temp. which • rate of urea hydrolysis
Dilutes NH3 concentration
Takes 6-12 gal.; not practical when several sick

16 August 2009
 Prevention
Prevention
Mix feeds well
Don’t switch rapidly from natural protein
to urea
Always have feed available
Don’t allow hungry animals access to
highly palatable, high urea diet, feed, or
supplement (including lick tanks)
Don’t use urea with low-energy feeds
16 August 2009
 Multinutrient block
(MNB)

16 August 2009
 Preparation of MNB

16 August 2009
 Composition of MNB

16 August 2009
 How to prepare?

16 August 2009
 Procedure

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 Average consumption

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 Characteristics

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 Characteristics

16 August 2009
 Signs of toxicity and
corrective measure

16 August 2009
 Fibrolytic enzyme
supplementation
Enzyme is bio-molecule of protein

Digestibility of fibrous material

Microbial protein synthesis

ADG, FCE, Milk yield and composition

Break down anti-nutritional factors present in

feed ingredients
Xylanase, Pectinase, Cellulase,
16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition
 Sources of feed
enzymes
Fungi
Trichoderma viridae
Neocalimastix frontalis
Aspergillus Spp.

Bacteria
Bacillus spp.
Fibrobacter spp.
Ruminicocus flavifaeciens
Ruminicocus albus

Transgenic plant
16 August 2009
Xylanase from tobaco
Danisco Animal Nutrition
 Desirable characteristics of feed enzyme

Must survive at low pH

Resistant to proteolytic
enzymes

Tolerant to feed processing

Method of Mixture should possesses

Application
Indirect method adequate activity
Direct method
16 August 2009 Danisco Animal Nutrition
 Conservation of feed and
fodders
Fodders can be conserve as Silage
and Hay
Silage
Anaerobic fermented feed
possess all the quality of fodder
High moisture feed
Suitable crops are Maize, Jowar,
Grasses etc.
Harvesting of crops at flowering stage
moisture content Should not be <60-
16 August 2009 65%
Contd.
.Preservatives:
Molasses (3.5-4%)
Urea (0.5% of wet wt.)
Propionic acid (1%)
Formic acid (1%)
Lactic acid bacteria
lactic acid and acetic acid Prodn

How silage Formed?

Stored O 5h
GF 2
Respire
CO
2 Organic acids
Lactic, Propionic, Formic, Acetic
CH4, CO,
No

16 August 2009
Cont
d..
Quality of silage Hay
pH 3.5-4.2 Drying 85-90%
Ammonical N <10% of total Leafy, pliable and
green
Butyric acid: No/traces <20% moisture
Colour: green/brownish flowering stage
Taste: acidic Losses
Leaf shattering
Late cutting
Leaching etc.

Silag Hay
e
16 August 2009
 Thank
You

16 August 2009