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PROJECT
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURC
ENGINEERING
HOSTINGE CAMPANY: CENTERAL GONDAR ZONE WATER,
IRRIGATION &ENRGY DEVELOPMENT
STUDENT NAME: ALEHGNE TSEHAY
ID NO: 00115/09
I declare that this report has been done in the kirkir small scale irrigation project. This report
contains all the detail tasks including our visits to the rural areas. And can assure you that we all
have gained all the necessary things as a trainee in the company & I can evoke any penal actions
which are not properly cited or acknowledged.
Signature……………………
Date of submission………………………….
This internship report has been submitted for proficient examination as a university advisor.
First Of All I Would Like To Thank My Almighty God For Giving Me His Endless Blessing
And Strength Throughout My Entire Life. And Also On This Internship.
Secondly I Am Deeply Indebted To All Staffs Of UOG; Next To This I Would Like To
Express My Heartfelt Thanks To My Advisor’s Both From UOG(MR. ASHENAFIE) For Their
Priceless Suggestions And Constructive Comments On This Internship Report That Changes My
Theoretical Knowledge Into Practical Skills Which Plays A Vital Role For My Future.
Finally My Deepest Gratitude Goes To My Fellows For Their Encouragement And Kind Deeds.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTIONE
Irrigation is one of the improved technologies that increase production by efficient utilization of
water resource irrespective of rainfall availability; it is to meet this objective that this small scale
irrigation project is identified. The main economic base for the area is agriculture, in which both
crop production and animal rearing is practical.
Most of Ethiopian’s cultivated land is under rain feed agriculture due to spatial and temporal in
rainfall distribution and lack of water storage, there is not enough water for most farmers to
produce more than one times per year and hence there are frequent crop failures. As a result of
dry spells and droughts, in this part of the region is phenomenon.
For such problems irrigation is vital solution for agricultural leading economy to ensure
sustainable food security. That is why Irrigation becomes a common practice in our farmers with
different scales. Traditionally farmers try to divert different water sources by constructing a
barrier across the river with local material and traditional ditches to convey to their farm land so
as to support the rain feed agriculture and they are trying to cultivate more than one time per
year.
Since they are using their local knowledge, they cannot keep the contour line of the land and
canal bed slope which is not proportional. Most of the main canal rout is earthen, so percolation
and seepage problems affect the capacity of the command area to be irrigated. The other problem
is that the construction is being carried out every year with local materials; that the farmers
should maintain the structure every year.
Therefore to increase command area and irrigation efficiency as well as to address a number of
beneficiaries, to improve traditional irrigation practices by incorporating canal infrastructures;
we can overcome percolation and seepage water losses. Constructing permanent structure has a
significant effect in alleviating every year maintenance cost and labor expenses. Hence
constructing different canal crossing structures for easy irrigation water application to the
irrigable land are modern irrigation practice, and also the beneficiaries have to cover the
operation and maintenance
1 Background of hoisting company
1.1.1 Brief history of the company
\The Amhara National Regional State Irrigation Small Scale water resources development bureau
(ANRSBoWRD) is one of the governmental developmental organizations established to improve the
living standards of peoples of the region with respect to food self-sufficiency, water shade
management, and water supply and sanitation projects by use of water and land resources.
Central Gondar Water Resource and Development Department is one of the departments which occur
in Amhara national regional state water resource and development bureau. From 1994-1999E.C it
was under Agricultural and Rural Development Department as water desk. Then, from 1999 E.C still
now it becomes North Gondar Water Resource and Development Department branch office still. This
branch office has established with the following core process.
This is the department that stands tries to avoid poverty and hunger, to address water coverage
and water quality of the zone 100%, to insure food security, to create job opportunities for non-
employers and to bring sustainable development by performing the following activities.
From irrigation and drainage study and design core process points of view:
It performs study and design works of small scale irrigation scheme to cultivate
command area twice and more per year
Irrigation construction
operating and maintenance
Generally the department is a part of water resource and development bureau executes law and
rules of the federal/ministry of water supply, energy and water resource development bureaus. It
also gives long-term and short-term trainings for expects in all division of the department by
collaborating with water resource and development .
Consultants
Construction companies and
Importers or suppliers
The organization has different parts with different work flow paths.
For example: - under the ministry of water, irrigation & energy
Planning
Advisor teams
Legal affair directorate
Audit directorate
Irrigation & drainage directorate etc.……
CHAPTER-TWO
As I narrate above after we join this organization as an internee we were working basically on
the irrigation directorate.
They have a certain path of promulgation (communication) among the different levels of employees.
Throughout my entire four months staying on the company I had participate in the lecture and field
sections.
The flow that I followed in this section can been seen in two sections
Throughout my lecture section I tried so hard to take notes and attend the class vigorously. Asking
questions
Because they have already told as there are two sections, the theory part and the field visit.
The procedures and methods we have used while performing our tasks
We have taken the theory part two times per a week (2×) and this session continues for the rest months.
We need to be on time at 2:00 am and finished at 7:00 am.
Then I read the construction document and I saw the project area.
Next I ask my supervisor when I got ambiguity idea.
After this he gave me an exercise.
Finally, he corrects me that I made errors during the exercise.
CHAPTER TWO
I had been working in small scale Agricultural and Rural development in Con
Based on the new curriculum, I was doing internship for one full semester at Central Gondar Small Scale
Irrigation, Water Resource and Development Department (CGWRDD). I have gained a lot of
understanding and experiences on practical application of water construction in a well-organized and
effective manner. While I was staying there, I have got several opportunities to visit project frequently to
observe the progress and to see the related activities. Within a fourth month stay in this organization, I
have spent ample time with site engineers, office engineers and quantity surveyors with sufficient
orientation and practical involvement on the site and office work.
In this report, I have included insights that I have gained during the internship time both site and office
work knowledge. Off course it is difficult to report all what I have seen, though I have tried to highlight
the main points.
3. Challenges
Due to Shortage of cars and disallowance of the head, I was not lucky to visit the project
site.
Shortage of computers and internet access in the enterprise.
Supervisors were busy and unfortunately they went to site so, they couldn’t advise
properly.
There is no finical support from the computer.
In the site there is uncomfortable weather condition.
Lack of office and office materials.
Lack of construction safety wears.
We can say, there are not that much challenges we have faced during our four months staying in the
company. But there are some challenges during our lecture time and during the field visit.
Even though my internship period is so interesting and it upgrading my practical skill there was some
challenges that I have faced during my work but they thought me basic things. Some of the challenges
that I have faced are:
Personal Challenges
Problem of Communication with the engineers, Foreman and daily labors, because I was new for the local
construction terms they use at the site but eventually, I know almost all the terms in the site
Lack of transport to go from company to site
Scarcity of money.
There is no payment to us so it was difficult to survive
I can say, we all have tried to overcome these challenges. This time I need to appreciate all my colleagues
of their spiritual and physical strength.
We all ask our coordinators to respect our time and to give us the knowledge that we were seeking for,
and that was corrected. The main measure that we took to overcome these challenges is mainly by
standing together against these challenges. I think we all have understood this quote.
I have taken some measures or mitigation for basic challenges faced me during my internship time.
Some the measure I had taken area as follow bellow:
5. Weir
Type: - Broad Crested weir
Weir Height: -2m
Crest length: - 22m
CHAPTRE THREE
INTRODUCTION
Background
Location
Kirkirayana irrigation project is located mainly at chinqana kebele woymba gote, Tach Armachiho Wereda
of North Gondar Zone in the Amhara Regional state. The proposed irrigation project is to be undertaken on
Kirkirayana River and the headwork structures are specifically located at an altitude of 1102masl and
geographical coordinates of 1435393 N (UTM) & 307816 E (UTM).
Accessibility
The project site can be accessed from the Wereda town, Sanja after driving 8km on all weathered gravel
road. Sanja town is found at about 60km from the Zonal Capital City, Gondar.
Specific Objectives
To identify, estimate and allocate, according to the water balance study, proportional
irrigation water for the given diversion to make sustainable the rain-fed crop production and make
extra production in the dry season irrigation for 40ha of land (ToR) through irrigation by
constructing diversion structures across the Kirkirayana River and diverting the river flow.
To appropriately estimate the design flood across the given cross section of the
diversion and/or the surrounding area by using various acceptable hydrological
methods and models, so that after construction of the structure any
unmanaged/overtopping, over flooding, back flooding and scouring ,etc/ will be
minimized and the structure will be safe throughout the life time.
To estimate reasonably design storm and design flood using required return period
to properly size the recommended hydraulic structures for the purpose.
to make detail design of the proposed weir with an engineering cost estimate
Methodology
The study procedure,
Specific Site identification:
o Field study assessment and measurement
o Review of the reconnaissance survey conducted
o 50,000 scale top map and GIS information
o topography survey at a scale of 1:1000
o Local farmers interview and discussion
o Use of Other secondary data ( Meteorology and that of the woreda)
Flow estimation
o Physical observation on flood mark indications and local information about high flood and
critical flow condition of the river
o Base flow estimated during the reconnaissance field visit by floating method.
o Base flow estimated during the study field visit by floating method.
o Base flow estimated using aged farmers information
Topographic survey:
o Surveying the headwork site and the Command area with sufficient radius, using Total
Station
Section І: hydrology
Hydrology
2.1 Hydro-metrological data availability
Climate
Hydrologists and designers are faced with lack of good or recorded hydrometric data on the target
stream/river and on local weather and climate conditions. Stream gauging stations are virtually non-existent
in remote rural areas of Ethiopia; meteorological stations are almost rare. Likewise, at the Project area
location and in the catchment area of this project, there is no meteorological station of any level. Moreover,
there are no recorded flow data for the river. Therefore, data for the hydro-meteorological analysis is taken
from the nearby station and similar areas. Therefore it is technically advisable to use the Gondar rainfall
station for the purpose.
As per the data of the station, March – April are identified as high temperature periods whereas December–
January are low temperature periods. The mean annual rainfall amount is 1101mm (1961 - 1995 data) and
most of it occurred from June to August.
Daily Heaviest Rainfall Data
In order to compute the design flood for design of the diversion structure, the daily maximum rainfall is
collected from Gondar Metrological stations with a record of 35 years. Because this station is the
nearest one as compared to other NMSA stations.
Watershed characteristics
The Watershed has marked topographic variation. All types of slopes are present. The dominant slope class
is 3-8% which covers 64.58% of the total area followed by 0-3% which is 18.16%. Sloping and moderately
steep slopping accounts 16.40 and 0.86 percent respectively. There is very steep slope.
Certain physical properties of watersheds significantly affect the characteristics of the runoff and sediment
yield and are of great interest in hydrologic analyses. The rate and volume of runoff, and sediment yield from
the watershed have much to do with shape, size, slope and other parameters of the landscape. These suggest
that there should be some important relations between basin form and hydrologic performance. If the basin
and hydrologic characteristics are to be related, the basin form must also be represented by quantitative
descriptors. These parameters are measured from maps as follows.
Catchment Area = 20.77 km2
Stream Length = 9.7 Km
CN(II) = 82
At the selected reference point, the area of Kirkirayana catchment is 20.7 km 2 and consists of a network of
tributaries.
Kirkirayana River at the headwork site is characterized by well-defined channel system and enough flows. It
looks that the gradient of the river is medium and hence there exists no more deposition.
Outlier Test
Higher Limit,Y H =Ymean+ Kn∗Sy , Kn = 2.753 for 35 Years of data.
Lower Limit, Y H =Ymean−Kn∗Sy , .
Therefore, the data shows relatively good consistency to use as design input.
D-Index test
After checking the consistency of the data for higher and lower outlier, the 35 years data is obtained as
representative for the analysis using D-index. The D-Index test is believed to be the better goodness to fitness
in many literatures. Hence in this study it was used to determine the best statistical distribution to estimate
the peak rainfall. The D-index for the comparison of the fit of various distributions is summarized as follows.
6
1
D −Index =( )∗∑ |( Xi− Xi' )|
X m i=1
Where Xi and Xi’ are the ith highest observed and computed values for the distribution respectively.
Table 1.1: Test for goodness to fit using D-index
Log Pearson Log Pearson
Normal Type III Normal Type III Gumbel EVI Gumbel
Rank XI XI -'XI' XI -'XI' XI -'XI' XI -'XI' XI -'XI' XI -'XI'
1 99 19.306 12.285 12.319 16.569 9.841 12.452
2 82 6.904 1.981 2.001 4.239 0.691 6.936
3 69.5 2.586 6.466 6.453 5.268 7.166 21.270
4 65.4 4.362 7.607 7.598 7.094 7.936 26.986
5 65.4 2.424 5.250 5.245 5.227 5.323 28.504
6 65 1.136 3.678 3.675 4.021 3.563 30.388
Sum 36.718 37.267 37.291 42.418 34.521 126.535
Sum/Mean 0.702 0.713 0.713 0.811 0.660 2.420
Point Rainfall 81.69 88.68 86.87 82.81 89.39 95.22
Design Point Rainfal = 89.387
All the candidate distributions give almost identical correlation coefficients. However, the standard errors are
significantly lower for the Gumbel’s EVI Method which is 0.66 that makes. However, since the data of
Gondar is taken for the site which is far by 60km, taking this design storm may underestimate the flood, for
this reason Gumbel’s distribution is selected to be safe. Therefore, the design point rainfall for 50 years
return period is 95.22 mm.
General
The river is not gauged river. The design flood is calculated by using SCS unit hydrograph method. Thus, it
is preferred to base the flood analysis on rainfall data. In the hydrologic analysis for drainage structures, it
must be recognized that there are many variable factors that affect floods. Some of the factors that need be
recognized and considered on an individual site by site basis are; rainfall amount and storm distribution;
catchment area, shape and orientation; ground cover; type of soil; slopes of terrain and stream(S); antecedent
moisture condition; Storage potential (over bank, ponds, wetlands, reservoirs, channel, etc.). After simulated
design flood is obtained based on the actual river and watershed data, the result is compared with the flood
mark method that is checked during field assessment.
Peak flood analysis by The United States Soil Conservation Service/SCS / method
Design flood is calculated by using SCS method. This method is widely adopted and more reliable
simulation method for flood estimation. The approach considers, watershed parameters, like Area, Curve
number, and Time of concentration.
0.948∗❑
Tc=
❑
Base time,
T b=2.67∗T p = 2.46hr
Recession time,
T r=1.67∗T p=1.54hr.
Areal Rainfall
As the area of the catchment gets larger, coincidence of all hydrological incidences becomes less and less.
This can be optimized by changing the calculated point rainfall to aerial rainfall. The conversion factor is
taken from standard table and curves that relate directly with the size of watershed area and type of the
gauging station (IDD manual). The result is shown in Table 2.4 below.
( I −0.2∗S)2
Q=
( I + 0.8∗S)
S= ( 25400
CN )
−254
Time H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 SUM
0.00 0.00
0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.60 0.00 0.37 0.37
0.92 0.00 1.57 0.00 1.57
1.30 0.00 2.99 4.79 7.78
1.42 0.00 3.44 6.73 0.00 10.18
1.70 0.00 2.82 11.18 13.96 27.97
1.92 0.00 2.32 14.72 29.42 0.00 46.47
2.20 0.00 1.70 12.06 48.87 12.07 74.70
2.42 0.00 1.21 9.94 64.33 25.44 0.00 100.91
2.70 0.00 0.58 7.27 52.68 42.26 4.46 107.26
2.92 0.09 5.15 33.36 55.63 9.40 103.63
3.10 0.00 3.45 22.30 49.17 13.39 88.31
3.42 0.37 2.40 37.55 20.56 60.88
3.96 0.00 0.00 18.08 13.36 31.44
4.46 0.00 6.68 6.68
4.96 0.00 0.00
3
From the analysis, the 50 years return period design run off is 107.26m /s. This implies that for
this watershed the peak flood rate per km2 area of the watershed is about 5.164 m3/s/km2
The 6hr synthetic hydrograph is shown using the following graphical representation
1
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
SUM
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
field assessment and topographic survey, the normal and maximum flood mark points has been
selected by interviewing the local aged farmers and marked in cross section of selected river
geometry. The river is a more channelized one having defined bed and banks dominantly covered
by fresh basalt settings. It is also steeply in slope proving that flood is concentrated in the outlet in
1.12 hrs time (calculated. There is no overflowing problem.
The cross section of the river looks the following starting from the right side bank of the river (BM-2,
left side )
1106
1105
1104
1103
1102
1101
1100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Tail water depth of the river is equal to the flood depth and amount at the proposed weir site before
construction of the weir. It is used to crosscheck peak flood estimated by the SCS unit hydrograph method
with flood mark method and to see the flood feature after the hydraulic jump. During field visit, the flood
mark of the river at the proposed diversion site was marked based on dwellers information and physical
indicative marks. The river cross-section was surveyed.
Average river bed slope
Elevatio
Northing Easting Partial Distance Cum.Distance n
307775.49 1435370.42 0.00 0.00 1102.60 upstream
307782.92 1435378.14 10.72 10.72 1102.26
307792.07 1435379.91 9.32 20.03 1102.08
307802.85 1435389.54 14.45 34.48 1102.13
307811.87 1435398.50 12.72 47.20 1102.25 center
307822.24 1435412.92 17.77 64.97 1102.05
307831.53 1435425.16 15.36 80.33 1102.00
downstrea
307857.45 1435438.21 29.02 109.35 1101.47 m
slope 0.010
Input data:
Manning's roughness coefficient, n = 0.030
Average river bed slope, S = 0.010
1
V = ×R2 /3 ×√ S
n ,
Q=V ∗A
Table 1.7: Stage discharge analysis
1104.50
1104.00
1103.50
1103.00
1102.50
1102.00
1101.50
1101.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00
Figure 1.4: Stage Discharge Rating Curve
From the above stage discharge table the computed design peak discharge is 107.26m3/s (at a depth of 2.3 m
from the river bed)
Therefore, the downstream high flood level before construction can be calculated as
⇒ D/S HFL = 1102.25+2.3= 1104.55 masl.
River Geomorphology
It is a common fact that the river development tends to accommodate itself to the local geology that develops
along the structurally weak zones like faults, joints, folds, etc. The drainage system of the study area is
strongly influenced by geological structures and formations, the nature of the vegetation cover and climate.
The nature of geological formations and structures has also strong influence on the development of the
channel.
The present morphology of the Kirkirayana River channel is a function of a number of processes and
environmental conditions, including the composition of the bed and the banks. The river flows in
meandering pattern. Particularly at the diversion site, the river has gentle slope. But as we move some meters
downstream of the diversion site the river take steep slope. The river has narrower section in upstream
direction whereas to downstream side the river section becomes somewhat wider.
Right Bank
This abutment forms nearly small ridge. It is characterized by moderately to highly weathered, jointed and
fractured rock. It is covered by weathered rock with silt clay soil for few centimeter thicknesses on the top
part of this bank. This rock is not extending in the downstream direction instead it is replaced by red silt clay
soil at the river bank but in the upstream side it extends for some meters. At the proposed weir site the height
of this bank is about 1.5m with steeply slope. This rock is good for anchoring the proposed weir structure
and the recommended retaining wall along this side with it.
Left Bank
The left bank of the River geological formation is characterized by consolidated sandstone and
unconsolidated or weathered hard rock. The soil type along this bank is characterized with reddish color and
having fine to intermediate grain size. From visual examination of the pit, there is thin fine silty clay soil
having low plasticity.
The rock type found at this quarry site is basalt, which has dark gray color, fine grained texture, and high
strength. The rock unit shows closely spaced joints that disintegrated and dislodged fragments of the rock are
observed in large quantity. In addition to this intact and jointed (by widely spaced joints) outcrops of the rock
unit and subsurface extensions are found. At the site large extent exposure of the rock is available..
Fine Aggregates
Aggregates are highly required for headwork concrete structures and the main canal masonry structures and
other structures that can be constructed in the project. The aggregates required for use in concrete works are
coarse and fine aggregates that can be found from natural deposits or artificially by crushing of suitable rock.
The project stream itself and other nearby ones have been assessed for natural sand deposits with the help of
the local dwellers. The streams do not possess natural sand along their beds at and nearby the site because
since the stream around the command area is steep the sand cannot be deposited at the project area. The
streams are found at higher elevation part of the region that deposition of suspended sediments of sand to
clay sizes is not possible due to their nature, rather coarser sediments or rock exposures characterize their
bed.
Water
Water for construction purposes can be found from the project stream, Kirkirayana River, itself. The stream
is perennial throughout the year that there is some amount of flow along its course. During this field time the
stream base flow was more than 70 l/second.
a. Crest length
Lacey’s regime width, L=4.75∗ √ Q ,=4.75∗ √ 107.26 = 49.19 m.
Actual river section width of the over flow section of the river is = 22m take22m
b. Discharge over the weir section
Design discharge, Q = 107.26 m3/s
Q=CLHe 3 /2
2/3 2/3
Q 107 . 26
He=
CL [ ] [ =
1 .7∗22 ] =2. 02 m
He: specific energy head (over flow depth + approaching velocity head (m))
σ : Specific weight of weir body (2.35 for cyclopean concrete)
He 2 .02
T= = =1 .71 m
Top width, √σ −1 √2 .35−1
He+P 2 .28+2. 0
B= = =3 . 43 m
Bottom width, √σ −1 √ 2. 35−1
However this computed value of the dimensions shall be fixed after stability analysis of the structure.
After stability analysis safe we fixed Top width=1.0m, Bottom width=2.6m
From the stage –discharge curve prepared in hydrology Section the high flood level after construction (i.e.
D/s HFL) corresponding to the design flood is1103.93m a.s.l.
D/s HFL = 1103.93 m amsl ------------------------------------ (a)
U/s HFL = U/s bed level + weir height + Hd ----------------- (b)
Hd is the depth of water over the weir crest. This is calculated by assuming broad crested weir formula.
3
Q=C∗L∗H e 2
Q 32
H e= (
C∗L )
= 2.02m, L is the gross crest length i.e. 13m
The velocity head, ha is computed from the approach velocity as shown below
v
a2
ha =
2g
Where g: acceleration due to gravity = 9.81m/sec 2
Va is Approach velocity determined by
Q
V a=
Lxhd
L is Weir crest length + under sluice length = 21+1 = 22m,
hd is flow depth over the weir and also,
hd =H e−h a
2 2
Q 107 . 26
ha =H e −hd =
( ) (
L∗h d
=
( 22 )∗h d )
( 2 g) ( 2∗9 .81 )
By trial and error method, hd is found to be 1.39m
ha = He-hd = 2.02m-1.39m = 0.63m
Velocity head, ha = 0.63m
Afflux
⇒ Afflux = U/s HFL- D/s HFL = 1105.64m a.s.l – 1103.93m a.s.l = 1.71m.
From the flood level analysis, it is seen that the flood overtops the banks of the river upstream of the
structure. This condition is not allowed to take place as it inundates the canal head at the right side and has
negative impact on the structures. On the left side the flood may scour the bank and may change its route in
that direction. So, it is necessary to construct a structure to confine it.
Q 107.26 m3 /s
¿ = =4.88 m2¿ s
l 22 m
q2 4.882 4.882
h= = 2.02=0
2∗g∗ y 2 2∗g∗y 12 2∗g∗y 12
Fo=
∑ ( M +) =175 .12 =4 .56
∑ ( M−) 38 . 41 >1.5 Safe!
ii) Factor of safety against sliding (FS)
U∑ FV 0 .75∗119. 6
Fs= Fs= =1 .56 >1. 5 , safe .
∑ FH µ=0.75, 57 . 62
iii) Check for tension (i.e. whether the resultant lies within the middle third)
The location of the resultant force from the toe is given by
X=
∑ M (+)−∑ M (−) =175 .12−35. 41 =1 .17 m
∑V 119. 6
The eccentricity (e) = B/2‒X, B = 2.6m
Hence, e = /1.3‒1.17/ = 0.13m
2.6
=0. 43
The eccentricity (e) should be less than B/6 = 6 , Hence the obtained e = 0.13m < 0.43m.
⇒The resultant lays within the middle third no tension
Conclusion: From stability analysis, the designed weir section is safe
Under sluice
The under sluice is mainly provided here to remove silt deposition as a result of barrier structure/weir. Hence
the sill level of the under sluice is fixed to facilitate this deposited silt to increase the efficiency of water
abstracting to the main canal through the head regulator from the pocket. The sill level of this sluice is fixed
to be 1.4m above from the minimum bed level. Hence the sill level of the under sluice is
1102.25+1.4=1103.65m.a s.l.
Even if the position of the under sluice is on concave side that is on scouring side, there might be boulders
that may come into the pocket of the under sluice due to the barrier structure. Hence in addition to the supply
of water to the intake and the removal of silt, this acts to remove the boulder that comes to wards it.
Considering this, the opening size of the gate is 0.6m*0.7m
The capacity of under sluice is determined considering the following points.
The capacity should be at least five times the canal discharge to ensure proper scouring.
Capacity of passing about 10% to 20% of the maximum flood discharge at high floods.
During construction, it should be able to pass the prevailing (at least base flow) discharge of the
river.
From stated above 6 times of the base flow can be taken to fix the under sluice capacity not to exaggerate the
capacity i.e. 6*70=420 l/s. The dimensions of under sluice are determined by using broad crest formula for
maximum flood condition i.e.
• Outlet size
From the weir discharge formula the outlet size is determined as follows
Q = CLHe3/2
Where; C = Coefficient of discharge = 1.7
L = Length of water way (m)
He = head above sill level (neglecting the velocity head) = 0.50m
Q 0 . 42
L= 3/ 2
= =0. 70 m
CHe 1. 7 x 0 . 503/2
Outlet capacity for dry season irrigation = Duty x command area x correction factor (when necessary)
But the project area is drought affected and there is crop failure due short of rain in October. but at that time
the flow is too high and according to the aged people information it is estimated about 4 times the lean flow
(70 l/s) = 280 l/s . Therefore the canal capacity is designed using this flow which can be used for 1 st period
irrigation also (October-January). The project has enough command area for 1 st season irrigation (80ha). But
the topomap is surveyed for only 40ha.
• Outlet size
From the weir discharge formula the outlet size is determined as follows
Q = CLHe3/2
Where; C = Coefficient of discharge = 1.7
L = Length of water way (m)
He = head above sill level (neglecting the velocity head) = 0.5m
Q 0 . 28
L= 3/ 2
= =0. 45 m
CHe 1. 7 x 0 . 53/2 Say 0.5m
⇒Adopt water way length = 0.5m, to make easy for maintenance and cleaning.
Hence, provide an outlet size of 0.5m x 0.5m (length x height) .The gate of the off take canal is to be vertical
sheet metal of 0.5m x 0.50m for the closure of the opening space. Provide some extra dimensions for groove
insertion. Gross area of sheet metals for the off take canal gate will be 0.6m x 0.60m (allowing 5cm insertion
for grooves and above the weir crest level). The grooves are to be provided on the walls using angle iron
frames at the two sides of the gate openings.
Trash racks of diameter 14mm with c/c spacing of 10cm has to be provided u/s of the gate to prevent entry of
debris to the canal.
.
Retaining Walls
At the two ends of the diversion weir, walls have been provided to safeguard the structure from scour of
banks at the ends and also as a facility to the canal outlet operation and maintenance at the canal outlet
portion. The walls are basically provided to keep the highest flood flow within the weir crest section and to
safeguard areas out of the river bank.
Data available:-
3 3 3
γ m=23 KN /m , γ w =10 KN /m , γ soil =19 . KN / m Angle of repose ( φ ) =300 , Top w
W1
Ps
W2
B2
B
width=0.5m
Dimension
H FB HT B1 B2 B
3.40 0.50 1.20 1.70
Stability analysis
Table U/s retaining wall
Horizonta
vertical l force
Type of force load KN KN moment arm m moment
(-) (+)
Wt of 50.40350
back Pav 38.76 1.30 4
fill soil Pah 36.57 1.13 41.446068
weight W1 39.1 0.25 9.775
of the
body W2 46.92 1.13 53.176
sum 124.78 36.57 3.82 41.446068 113.355
Fo 2.73 >1.5 safe
∑ 71.9084
Fs 2.56 >1.5 safe M= 4
0.5762
x 8
Table 1.9: retaining
wall analysis
e 0.31
e<B/6
B/6 0.34 safe
Dimension
H FB HT B1 B2 B
1.70 0.50 0.70 1.20
Stability analysis
vertical load Horizontal
Type of force KN force KN moment arm m moment
(-) (+)
Wt of
back fill Pav 11.31 0.97 10.93
soil Pah 9.14 0.57 5.18
weight of W1 19.55 0.25 4.89
the body W2 13.69 0.57 7.75
sum 44.54 9.14 2.35 5.18 23.57
Fo 4.55 >1.5 safe
∑
Fs 3.65 >1.5 safe ∑M= 18.39
x 0.41
e 0.19
B/6 0.20 e<B/6 safe
Table 1.10: D/s retaining wall analysis
Note: during construction period anchoring depths can be extended bellow the bed match greater than the
provided value until sound foundation is existed in both upstream and downstream guide walls and for all the
structures going to be constructed
U/S DRAWING
0.5
1.7
The quantities of the various items have been worked out as per the final design and final drawings
prepared for the scheme. The unit rates analysis has been carried out based on the data available in
the vicinity of the project area.
Bill No. 1 General Items
Ite Uni Quantit Rate Amount
m Description t y (Birr) (Birr)
1.1 Allow for mobilization L.S 1 30000 30000
Topography
Topography is an important factor for the planning of any irrigation project as it influences method of
irrigation, drainage, erosion, mechanization, and cost of land development, labor requirement and choice of
crops.
The topographic feature of the project command area is mainly gently sloping type and flat surface.
However, it has identified to be suitable for surface irrigation the project command area is situated at the
right side of Kirkirayana River (to the East side of the river).
Climate
As per the hydrological analysis and on the basis of the traditional Ethiopian Agro-Ecological Zones (MOA,
2001), the TDWIP area is basically classified as Moist Kolla agro-ecological zone, indicating better moisture
condition in the area in wet seasons. There is no belg rain season in the project area. Despite the fact that the
Meher rains are considered adequate, there is notable variation in terms of onset, distribution and withdrawal
from year to year affecting crop production in general and crop productivity in particular.
The nearby station for the project we take Gondar meteorological station. And it has adequate and consistent
data for irrigation infrastructure design.
Soil characteristics
Soil properties (physical, chemical, etc.) greatly influence the growth and thereby yield of crops which are
going to be grown. The command area has predominantly sandy loam and black cotton soil. Most of the
study area soils are categorized as deep soil (>=1 meter depth). Soils of the command area are suitable for most of the
selected crops to be grown.
The gross requirement of water for irrigation system is very much dependent on the overall efficiency of the
irrigation system, which in turn is dependent on several factors: Method of irrigation, type of canal (Lined
and/or Unlined), method of operations (simultaneously and continuous or Rotational water supply), and
availability of structures (for controlling and distribution and measuring and monitoring).
On the basis of these factors, the project has planned to impose surface irrigation method (using furrows).
The canal system is lined other than tertiary and field canals. Hence, the conveyance efficiency has been
estimated to be 90%, distribution efficiency 85%, and field application efficiency 60%. As a result of these
the overall irrigation efficiency has been estimated to be 50%.
Irrigation duty
Irrigation duty is the volume of water required per hectare for the full flange of the crops. Moreover, it helps
in designing an efficient irrigation canal system since it enables to determine the amount of water.
The area, which will be irrigated, can be calculated by knowing the total available water at the source and
the overall duty for all crops required to be irrigated in different seasons of the years.
The proposed cropping pattern of Kirkirayana diversion irrigation project has showed a maximum net
irrigation water requirement (NIWR) in the month of February with the amount of 3.9 mm/day for 24
working hours (for overall proposed crops).
However, for the designing of the irrigation water application and the flows in the entire canal systems, from
the overall proposed crops the one that has maximum NIWR was used for irrigation duty calculation.
Accordingly, maize has showed the maximum NIWR (i.e. 5.47 mm/day); and hence taken for the irrigation
project duty calculation as indicated here below:
For Kirkirayana River Diversion Irrigation Project, it is decided to adopt 60% field application efficiency,
85% distribution efficiency, and 90% conveyance efficiency as the soil is sandy loam and black cotton
textured and the canal systems are estimated to be lined except tertiary and field canals. Hence, the
overall/project efficiency for the selected surface irrigation method has been estimated to be 50%
(60/100*90/100*85/100) which is rounded to 50%.
The GIWR, 10.49 mm/day, represents the daily quantity of water that is required to be applied. This water
quantity is also used for the determination of the canal discharge in consideration of the time of flow and is
defined as the duty, expressed as l/s/ha.
The duty for the GIWR of 10.49 mm/day and 16 hours of daily irrigation time (t = 16), is supported to be
used with furrow irrigation method. Hence, Duty for 16 working hours, as the site is nearer to farmers’
village and local farmers have experiences in irrigation, is computed as follows:
Irrigation methods
Among the different irrigation systems surface irrigation system will be used for the project area; and the
irrigation water will be obtained from Kirkirayana River and by constructing diversion weir and conveying
the water commonly through lined main and canal and then leading to earthen secondary and field (SC&FC)
canals; and finally irrigation takes place mostly in furrows.
For this project, among the various irrigation methods, surface irrigation method has been selected. Of the
surface irrigation methods furrow, border and basin irrigation methods can be used to supply irrigation water
to the plants/crops. However, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Care should be taken
when choosing the method which is best suited to the local circumstances, i.e., depending on slopes, soil
types, selected crop types, amount of water available, etc. of the command area.
Based on the above factors surface irrigation method has been proposed for the proposed crops in this
project. The method allows applying light irrigation and can be laid out in sloping fields along the contour.
Furrow irrigation method is best suited for most of the proposed and row planted crops. In general, furrow
irrigation method is simple, manageable and widely practiced irrigation method. This method is suitable for
row crops that cannot stand in water for long periods. The only thing required to use this method is row
planting of crops. Besides, basin and border irrigation method would be used for the non-row planted crops.
Rotational flow water distribution is also recommended for the project area.
Topography
Topography is an important factor for the planning of any irrigation project as it influences method of
irrigation, drainage, erosion, mechanization, and cost of land development, labor requirement and choice of
crops.
The topographic feature of the project command area is mainly gently sloping type and flat surface.
However, it has identified to be suitable for surface irrigation the project command area is situated at the
right side of Kirkirayana River (to the East side of the river).
Climate
As per the hydrological analysis and on the basis of the traditional Ethiopian Agro-Ecological Zones (MOA,
2001), the TDWIP area is basically classified as Moist Kolla agro-ecological zone, indicating better
moisture condition in the area in wet seasons. There is no belg rain season in the project area. Despite the
fact that the Meher rains are considered adequate, there is notable variation in terms of onset, distribution
and withdrawal from year to year affecting crop production in general and crop productivity in particular.
The nearby station for the project we take Gondar meteorological station. And it has adequate and consistent
data for irrigation infrastructure design.
Soil characteristics
Soil properties (physical, chemical, etc.) greatly influence the growth and thereby yield of crops which are
going to be grown. The command area has predominantly sandy loam and black cotton soil. Most of the
study area soils are categorized as deep soil (>=1 meter depth). Soils of the command area are suitable for most of the
selected crops to be grown.
The gross requirement of water for irrigation system is very much dependent on the overall efficiency of the
irrigation system, which in turn is dependent on several factors: Method of irrigation, type of canal (Lined
and/or Unlined), method of operations (simultaneously and continuous or Rotational water supply), and
availability of structures (for controlling and distribution and measuring and monitoring).
On the basis of these factors, the project has planned to impose surface irrigation method (using furrows).
The canal system is lined other than tertiary and field canals. Hence, the conveyance efficiency has been
estimated to be 90%, distribution efficiency 85%, and field application efficiency 60%. As a result of these
the overall irrigation efficiency has been estimated to be 50%.
Irrigation duty
Irrigation duty is the volume of water required per hectare for the full flange of the crops. Moreover, it helps
in designing an efficient irrigation canal system since it enables to determine the amount of water.
The area, which will be irrigated, can be calculated by knowing the total available water at the source and
the overall duty for all crops required to be irrigated in different seasons of the years.
The proposed cropping pattern of Kirkirayana diversion irrigation project has showed a maximum net
irrigation water requirement (NIWR) in the month of February with the amount of 3.9 mm/day for 24
working hours (for overall proposed crops).
However, for the designing of the irrigation water application and the flows in the entire canal systems, from
the overall proposed crops the one that has maximum NIWR was used for irrigation duty calculation.
Accordingly, maize has showed the maximum NIWR (i.e. 5.47 mm/day); and hence taken for the irrigation
project duty calculation as indicated here below:
For Kirkirayana River Diversion Irrigation Project, it is decided to adopt 60% field application efficiency,
85% distribution efficiency, and 90% conveyance efficiency as the soil is sandy loam and black cotton
textured and the canal systems are estimated to be lined except tertiary and field canals. Hence, the
overall/project efficiency for the selected surface irrigation method has been estimated to be 50%
(60/100*90/100*85/100) which is rounded to 50%.
The GIWR, 10.49 mm/day, represents the daily quantity of water that is required to be applied. This water
quantity is also used for the determination of the canal discharge in consideration of the time of flow and is
defined as the duty, expressed as l/s/ha.
The duty for the GIWR of 10.49 mm/day and 16 hours of daily irrigation time (t = 16), is supported to be
used with furrow irrigation method. Hence, Duty for 16 working hours, as the site is nearer to farmers’
village and local farmers have experiences in irrigation, is computed as follows:
Irrigation methods
Among the different irrigation systems surface irrigation system will be used for the project area; and the
irrigation water will be obtained from Kirkirayana River and by constructing diversion weir and conveying
the water commonly through lined main and canal and then leading to earthen secondary and field (SC&FC)
canals; and finally irrigation takes place mostly in furrows.
For this project, among the various irrigation methods, surface irrigation method has been selected. Of the
surface irrigation methods furrow, border and basin irrigation methods can be used to supply irrigation
water to the plants/crops. However, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Care should be
taken when choosing the method which is best suited to the local circumstances, i.e., depending on slopes,
soil types, selected crop types, amount of water available, etc. of the command area.
Based on the above factors surface irrigation method has been proposed for the proposed crops in this
project. The method allows applying light irrigation and can be laid out in sloping fields along the contour.
Furrow irrigation method is best suited for most of the proposed and row planted crops. In general, furrow
irrigation method is simple, manageable and widely practiced irrigation method. This method is suitable for
row crops that cannot stand in water for long periods. The only thing required to use this method is row
planting of crops. Besides, basin and border irrigation method would be used for the non-row planted crops.
Rotational flow water distribution is also recommended for the project area.
Conveyance System
The conveyance system consists of one Main canal to irrigate total command area of 30 ha. The main canal
starts from Water abstraction site on right side and conveys water for a length of 920m.
Main canal is aligned along contours and supplies to secondary canals and field canals.
The main canal is decided to be masonry lined because of the following main reasons;
The available water source is scarce for this specific project, requiring minimizing of
conveyance losses to increase efficiency.
The route of these canals is steep so it will aggravate erosion if it is left unlined.
The earthen canals have been designed with a trapezoidal shape and the lined ones with rectangular x-
section using Manning's Formula:
AxR 2 /3 xS 1/2
Q=
n
Where Q= discharge (m3/s)
R= Hydraulic radius (Flow area/wetted perimeter)
S= Hydraulic gradient/bed slope
n= Manning's roughness coefficient, n=0.022 is adopted for the earth channels and n=0.018
for masonry lined part of the main canal.
V
Valu Bed BW FSD FB WP QR QD
Reach (m/sec SS
e of n Slope (m) (m) (m) (m) (m3/s) (m3/s)
)
0.018 1000 0.5 0.33 0.17 0.44 1.02 0:1 0.280 0.280
0+000-1+400
FB
FB
FSD FSD
0.35
0.35
0.35 BW 0.35
0.35 BW 0.35
Typical Section for BTL >=OGL
NOT TO SCALE
NOT TO SCALE
FB
0.6 0.6
1.5 FSD 1.5
1 1
0.3
0.3 BW 0.3
Field Canals
This project is traditionally used by farmers so no need to design field canals. They can use the existing field
canal layout.
B2
0.35 0.35
Q2
0.4
0.4
L2
0.35
0.35
Q1
B1
L1
Lo
Qo
B
0.35
0.35
0.4 0.4
Figure 1.10: Typical Division Box plan
incoming discharge
Name of
Depth of
Division
Chainage
box
/code/
(m)
No. of Q
D=d+fb, Ldp,
Canal Name Turn (m^3/s B (m) L (m) Lup, (m) Remark
(m) (m)
outs )
Drop structures
The drops are provided at places where the ground slope is steeper than the canal bed slopes. For
easy of construction and operation all drop heights with in the scheme are made standard. There are
9 vertical drops with standard dimensions (USBR type).The design procedures are shown below.
a. Critical hydraulic
1. Design discharge, Q (m3/s)
2. Height of drop, h (m)
0. 734 Q
(m)
3. Width of drop, bc = d 3/2
Where d = water depth of the canal, m
4. Critical discharge, q = Q/bc
1/3
q2
5. Critical depth, dc =
()
g
6. Lip height, a = dc/2, a 0.15
b. Stilling basin
18.46 √Q
,m
1. Basin width, B = Q+9.91
3
1. 1dc dc
2. Basin length, L =
[ 2 .5+
h ( ) ] √ hdc, m
+0 .7
h
All the hydraulic parameters computed using the above procedures in tabular form where,
L1=U/S protection
L2= D/s protection
b1=top width of drop wall =0.4m
t=Thickness of the stilling basin=0.4m
q
Q V b H d h b1 dc L B t a bc L1 L2
Drops onDrops
(m2/s/
Chainage (m)
(m3/s) (m/s) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
)
MC
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
MC
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
MC
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
MC
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
MC
0+750
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
MC
0+850
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
MC
0+920
0.280 1.22 0.50 0.12 0.12 1.0 0.3 0.183 0.15 1.0 0.63 0.4 0.15 0.30 1.5 1.5
2 TERTIARY-CANAL
Earth work
2.1 0 -
64,800.
2.1.1 Clearing and grubbing m2 5400 12 00
Excavation (soil) 123,120.
2.1.2 m3 2052 60 00
29,364.
2.1.3 Back fill and compaction m3 554.04 53 12
217,284.
Sub total 12
3 Division Box
3
3.1 Masonry work with 1:3 ratio m 13.478 1300 17521.92
3.2 stone pitching m3 7.5816 180 1364.69
3.3 C-10 concrete bedding m3 1.769 1700 3007.37
169.1
3.4 Plastering with 1:3 ratio m2 58.968 5 9974.44
3.5 Gate 0.00
2
3.5.1 4mm thick sheet metal m 6.48 1400 9072.00
3.5.2 Stiffening angle iron (30*30*4) m 40 50 2000.00
3.5.3 Angle iron for groove(40*40*4) m 84 80 6720.00
16mm reinforcement bar for
3.5.4 handling Kg 35 55 1925.00
51,585.
Sub total 41
4 Turn out
32,500.
4.1 Masonry work with 1:3 ratio m3 25 1300 00
9,000.
4.2 stone pitching m3 50 180 00
147,050.
4.3 C-10 concrete m3 86.5 1700 00
169.1 24,526.
4.4 Plastering with 1:2 ratio m2 145 5 75
4.5 Gate -
4,018.
4.5.1 4mm thick sheet metal m2 2.87 1400 00
m 700.
4.5.2 Stiffening angle iron (30*30*4) 14 50 00
m 2,592.
4.5.3 Angle iron for groove(40*40*4) 32.4 80 00
16mm reinforcement bar for 770.
4.5.4 handling Kg 14 55 00
221,156.
Sub total 75
5 Drop structure
5.1 Masonry work with 1:3 ratio m3 26 1300 33800
5.2 stone pitching m3 35.1 180 6318
169.1
5.3 Plastering with 1:3 ratio m2 36.4 5 6157.06
46,275.
Sub total 06
6 Flume
6.1 Earth work
912.
6.1.1 Clearing & grubbing m2 76 12 00
600.
6.1.2 Ordinary soil excavation m3 10 60 00
318.
6.1.3 Back fill and compaction m3 6 53 00
Masonry work
6.2 -
12,350.
6.2.1 Masonry work with 1:3 ratio m3 9.5 1300 00
169.1 10,741.
6.2.2 Plastering with 1:2 ratio m2 63.5 5 03
Operation
The operation of the irrigation system depends mainly on the method of water delivery at farm level. The
farmers would organize themselves and form groups in order to handle the water management. For better
and efficient water management, crop diversification should be avoided within a group. This would reduce
the complexity of water distribution system of the scheme during one irrigation season.
To ensure equitable distribution of water the amount of water released through field canals should be
proportional to the available command area.
In order to minimize the water losses during conveyance and application:
Water users association (WUA) should assign gate keeper who is responsible to control
unnecessary gate opening, damage and losses through gates.
Ever damage on the canal system, crossing structure and gates should be followed by the WUA
and immediate action should be undertaken.
For technical failure beyond the capacity of the local community should be informed to the
Wereda irrigation and Drainage sector and immediate action should be taken.
Frequent supervision to the canal system is needed. Remove silt, weed, and any flow blocking
objects from the canal system.
Land leveling of each farm block access uniform water distribution within the block.
Water application should be done by furrow rather than flooding.
Uniform cropping season and pattern within nearby blocks is good for irrigation water
management.
Maintenance
The performance of an irrigation canal system depends not only on how the system is operated, But also on
the condition of the canals. Irrigation canals function well so long as they are kept clean and if they are not
leaking. If no attention is paid to the canal system, plants may grow and the problem of siltation may arise.
Even worse, the canals may suffer from leakages. Plant growth and sedimentation not only impede the flow
in a canal, they also diminish the area of the cross-section. As a consequence, the canal capacity may
diminish A reduction in the capacity may result in overtopping and a limit on water supply to the fields. The
available water will also be reduced when there are leakages in a canal.
To protect the system from these problems, the canals should be maintained on a regular basis. Even when a
canal is well maintained, serious technical problems may arise. These problems need to be solved by repair
or improvement works.
A repair should usually be done as soon as possible, depending on the severity of the problem.
Improvements, such as the lining of a canal section, may be postponed until the end of an irrigation season,
when canals are dry and farmers have more time available.
After a serious problem is found on an inspection tour, a team of workers or farmers should be available for
repair as soon as possible. Such a team should be formed at the beginning of the irrigation season in order to
have it on call in case of emergencies. The same team may be asked to do the improvement works. If
necessary, a contractor may be asked to do the job.
A good maintenance programmed can prolong the life of canals. A routine, thorough programmed should be
kept to. Maintenance of an irrigation canal system is usually carried out in between two irrigation seasons,
or at times of low water demand. It consists of cleaning, weeding, de-silting, re-shaping, and executing
minor repairs.
Bushes or trees on canal embankments should be removed. They may obstruct the water flow and
their roots will open the compacted soil in the banks and cause the development of leakages.
Breaches and rat holes in the embankments should be filled with compacted soil, inside as well as
outside of the embankment. For compacting, the soil should be wetted.
Plants silt and debris in the canal should be removed. While cleaning the canal bed, care must be
taken that the original shape of the cross-section is kept. For this, a wooden frame, or template, with
the exact dimensions of the designed cross-section of the canal being cleaned, can be of great help.
Weak sections and sections of canal embankments where people or animals cross the canal should
be strengthened with compacted soil or with bricks.
Eroded sections of a canal should be rebuilt to the original shape.
The expense for O&M should be collected from the beneficiaries. Of course, much of the task is done by the
labor and skill of the community. For cost incurring activities beneficiaries have to collect money based on
the proportion of the command area they owned. Households with more command area contribute more
money. Farmers should contribute twice in a year unless special damage is happened to the system. The
amount of money to be contributed by each Household shall be determined by the beneficiaries using the
water users association.
CHAPTRE THREE
The main objective of internship is to achieve practical knowledge by taking or holding theoretical
knowledge already gained from the university in four years and made the students of the country ready for
multi-dimensional problems in construction industry in this internship. I got many things in this internship
program while attending In the KIRRIR SMALL SCAL IRRIGATION PROJECT. This makes me to step
one a head and to develop my knowledge and experience throughout all the theoretical and practical phases
in this engineering field.
I need to show you some of the experiences that I have gained throughout this internship as follows:-
Critical thinking and the ability to evaluate designs, plans and projects;
Effective assessment and management of risk, resources and time;
Interpersonal sensitivity and the ability to work as part of a team;
Clear written and oral communication skills;
Before this internship period I knew only calculations and theories. The practical work is used to know
different parties involved in the project. For example, I knew client, consultant, contractor, Forman,
supervisor, and other parties by name or by theory. This practice helps me to connect each parties with their
working responsibilities and it shows me how they interact with each other. The following are the crucial
area that helped me to upgrade theoretical knowledge
In addition to the practical skill, this program helps me to strengthen my theoretical knowledge and gain
meaningful engineering experience as a complement of my academic studies. The theory that I took in the
theoretical helps me as compulsory information In addition to the theories I get from my campus. Since the
practice depends first on theory.
The primary goal of our internship is to improve our practical skills in addition to the theory that we already
get of the past 3and ½ year of our study. It can be a good way to have those practical capabilities essential to
a job after graduation. We have been improving our practical knowledge by the field visits that our hosting
company has prepared.
We were practically able to see how a water supply project runs and managed and controlled in a way that is
efficient and wastage reducing.
From this field visit we gained basic things which improve our practical skill some of them are listed
below:-
1. We adopt social interaction in work place
2. Understand how to manage time and raw materials near to the working area
3. Understand the necessity of making testes for each sample
4. How to change theoretical knowledge into practical one
As an engineer the result of our internship program should be the development of problem solving
capability.
Therefore, during my field visit it initiates and motivates me to be an employee in the industries which are
basically developed for the purpose of irrigation programs. Because it mainly enable us to know more about
my stay, the challenges, and ways of business establishment in my profession.
As I get from internship program I have developed the ability to design any water supply project concerning
safety and economic activity. so in the future I can solve industrial problems by designing and constructing
irrigation project.
Increased employee satisfaction. The main objective of the work is just having good work
satisfaction in one’s life and leading works with other being involved in works.
The opportunity to develop and acquire new skill. When persons work together they will share
knowledge from each other; this will also help in developing practical skills.
Team playing skill is the ability to work with other people in co-operative that may be may gained in nature
or experience. It needs listening others idea and challenge so that to create the best idea for one problem
then take the most best idea to be action.
I have been experiencing team work skill during my internship program within different sectors in
construction building. This made me to improve team work skill that I have been facing during my
theoretical learning time. Here are some of them:
is a critical management skill; it is the ability to motivate a group of people toward a common goal. The
following are some of the basic good quality in leadership we gained during our internship.
The following are some advantages of internship to improve a leadership skill:-
Work ethics is very important for developing healthy working environment and increasing productivity.
This principle helps an individual to have a smooth interaction among others and peaceful coexistences with
our co-workers.
The internship program equipped us with different kinds of work ethics. The organizations that we had
working have its own rules and regulation that the employer has to follow such as:-
Reliability
Punctuality
Honesty and
Cooperation
Reliability: - The worker should b e qualified for the part He/ She is supposed to be performing. He/she
must have appropriate skill and knowledge for the task assigned.
Punctuality: - means keeping the companies work beginning and ending time and to complete a given task
within the given period.
Honesty: - Regarding this value each worker regardless of its status should abstain from bad behaviors such
as cheating, bias, corruption etc.
Cooperation: - Each worker should interact and cooperate with each other while working. That is because it
is through such system problems could be easily solve.
What is Entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship is the act of building a business by an individual through innovation or the taking of an
initiative beyond the scope of described job duties. In the business world and in the field of engineering, this
requires a combination of skill intelligence and ambition. With start-ups becoming commonplace in today’s
market, an individuals can play even more of a role in determining success than technical ability. To be
good entrepreneur the following characteristic should be fulfilled:
• Self-confident multi-skilled
• Management skill
• Communication skill
• Innovative skill
• Result oriented
• Risk taker
And also He or she is the person who perceives the market opportunity and then has the motivation, drive
and ability to mobilize resources to meet it. I have got a wide range of entrepreneur skills such as.
The ability to manage time and people (both myself and others) successfully.