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1.usage of Graphics and Their Applications
1.usage of Graphics and Their Applications
1.Computer Art:
Using computer graphics we can create fine and commercial art which include animation packages, paint packages.
These packages provide facilities for designing object shapes and specifying object motion.Cartoon drawing,
paintings, logo design can also be done.
3.Presentation Graphics:
For the preparation of reports or summarising the financial, statistical, mathematical, scientific, economic data for
research reports, managerial reports, moreover creation of bar graphs, pie charts, time chart, can be done using the
tools present in computer graphics.
4.Entertainment:
Computer graphics finds a major part of its utility in the movie industry and game industry. Used for creating
motion pictures , music video, television shows, cartoon animation films. In the game industry where focus and
interactivity are the key players, computer graphics helps in providing such features in the efficient way.
5.Education:
Computer generated models are extremely useful for teaching huge number of concepts and fundamentals in an easy
to understand and learn manner. Using computer graphics many educational models can be created through which
more interest can be generated among the students regarding the subject.
6.Training:
Specialised system for training like simulators can be used for training the candidates in a way that can be grasped
in a short span of time with better understanding. Creation of training modules using computer graphics is simple
and very useful.
7.Visualisation:
Today the need of visualise things have increased drastically, the need of visualisation can be seen in many advance
technologies , data visualisation helps in finding insights of the data , to check and study the behaviour of processes
around us we need appropriate visualisation which can be achieved through proper usage of computer graphics
8.Image Processing:
Various kinds of photographs or images require editing in order to be used in different places. Processing of existing
images into refined ones for better interpretation is one of the many applications of computer graphics.
9.Machine Drawing:
Computer graphics is very frequently used for designing, modifying and creation of various parts of machine and the
whole machine itself, the main reason behind using computer graphics for this purpose is the precision and clarity we
get from such drawing is ultimate and extremely desired for the safe manufacturing of machine using these drawings.
2. Over view of Graphics systems: a.Refreshing display devices, b.Random and raster scan display devices,
c.Colour Models: RGB etc., Tablets, Joysticks, Track balls, Mouse and light pens, plotters, printers, digitizers
1.Standard CRT:
In standard CRT the electron gun emits electron beams which fall on the phosphor coating due to which a glow
occurs which display the text or a picture. afterglow the light gets filled for continuous viewing the image is
therefore refreshed at regular intervals so frequently that the changing image appears as a continuous picture to the
human eyes.
2.Beam penetration CRT:
A normal CRT with phosphor coating generate images of only one colour a colour CRT for line drawing displays
images on multilayer phosphor. Colours are achieved by controlling the beam accelerating potential. The screen is
coated with a layer of green phosphor over which area of red phosphor is deposited.
When a low potential electron beam strikes the screen only the red phosphorus gets excited thus producing a red
trace. A higher velocity beam will penetrate into the green phosphor increasing the green components of the light
output by varying the beam potential different combinations of Red and Green lights can be produced.
Advantages:
1.A CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where an image is to be drawn.
3.High Resolution
Disadvantages:
1.Random-Scan monitors cannot display realistic shades scenes.
Frame Buffer is also known as Raster or bit map. In Frame Buffer the positions are called picture elements or
pixels. Beam refreshing is of two types. First is horizontal retracing and second is vertical retracing. When the
beam starts from the top left corner and reaches the bottom right scale, it will again return to the top left side
called at vertical retrace. Then it will again more horizontally from top to bottom call as horizontal retracing
shown in fig:
Types of Scanning or travelling of beam in Raster Scan
1.Interlaced Scanning
2.Non-Interlaced Scanning
In Interlaced scanning, each horizontal line of the screen is traced from top to bottom. Due to which fading of
display of object may occur. This problem can be solved by Non-Interlaced scanning. In this first of all odd
numbered lines are traced or visited by an electron beam, then in the next circle, even number of lines are
located.
For non-interlaced display refresh rate of 30 frames per second used. But it gives flickers. For interlaced display
refresh rate of 60 frames per second is used.
Advantages:
1.Realistic image
Disadvantages:
1.Low Resolution
2.Expensive
RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green and blue colors are mixed together
in various proportions to form a different array of colors. The name was given with the first letters
of three primary colors red, green and blue. In this model, colors are prepared by adding
components, with white having all colors in it and black without the presence of any color. RGB
color model is used in various digital displays like TV and video displays, Computer displays,
digital cameras and other types of light-based display devices.
As shown in the figure above, the addition of red, green and blue light will cause us to perceive
different colors. For example, if we combine blue and green light in some proportions it will result
in the formation of cyan. And if we combine red and green light it results in yellow light.
Advantages
No transformations required to display data on the screen.
It is considered as the base color space for various applications
It is a computationally practical system.
With the help of additive property, it is used in video displays
It relates simply to CRT applications.
This model is very easy to implement
DisAdvantages
RGB values are commonly not transferable between devices
Not perceptually uniform.
Not perfect for identification of colors
Difficult to determine specific color
Difference between colors is not linear
GFG
Each primary color can take an intensity value ranging from 0(lowest) to 1(highest). Mixing these three primary colors
at different intensity levels produces a variety of colors. The collection of all the colors obtained by such a linear
combination of red, green and blue forms the cube shaped RGB color space.
The corner of RGB color cube that is at the origin of the coordinate system corresponds to black, whereas the corner of
the cube that is diagonally opposite to the origin represents white. The diagonal line connecting black and white
corresponds to all the gray colors between black and white, which is also known as gray axis.
In the RGB color model, an arbitrary color within the cubic color space can be specified by its color coordinates: (r,
g.b).
Example:
Color specification using the RGB model is an additive process. We begin with black and add on the appropriate
primary components to yield a desired color. The concept RGB color model is used in Display monitor. On the other
hand, there is a complementary color model known as CMY color model. The CMY color model use a subtraction
process and this concept is used in the printer.
In CMY model, we begin with white and take away the appropriate primary components to yield a desired color.
Example:
If we subtract red from white, what remains consists of green and blue which is cyan. The coordinate system of CMY
model use the three primaries’ complementary colors: