Some Quantitative Aspets of Fatigue of Materials

WADD TECHNICAL REPORT 60-42
AD-A280 890
J-~3- 3/
SOME QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF
FATIGUE OF MATERIALS
Harold N. Cummings
Curtiss-Wright Corporation, PropellerDivision DTIC

Caldwell, New Jersey S E L E C T ;D
JUN 14&
19941,It
il•-i•
cl) JULY 1960
WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
94-18371
NOTICES
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tions, or notice on a specific document.
WADD TECHNICAL REPORT 60-42
SOME QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF

FATIGUE OF MATERIALS
HaroldN. Cummings
Curtiss-Wright Corporation,PropellerDivision
Caldwell, New Jersey
Accesion For
NTIS CRA&I
DTIC TAB
Unannounced
JULY 1960 Justification ............................
By ........................
.........
Distý ibution I
Availability Codes
Materials Central Avail and Ior
Contract AF33(616)-6552 Dist Special
Project No. 7381
WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

AIR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND
UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO
600 - October 1960 - 3-165
Ak
FOM WOED
This report was prepared by Curtiss-Wright Corporation, Propeller

Division, under USAF Contract No. AF 33(6W6)- 6552. This contract was
Initiated under Project No. 7381, 'Materials Applications', Task No. 73810,
OLiploratory Design and Prototype Development.0 The work was administered
under the direction of the Materials Central, Directorate of Advanced Sys-
teas Technology, Wright Air Development Division, with Mr. K. D. Shimmin
aoting as project engineer.
This report covers work conducted from May 1959 to April 1960.
The interest and suggestions of Messrs. .oH. Horgen, Director of

Engineering, Fe B. Stulen., Assistant Chief Engineero Analysis, and W. C.
Schulte, Chief Metallurgist, at Curtiss-Wright Corporation, Propeller
Division, are gratefully acknowledged.
WADD T.. 6o-42

ABSTRACT
In this report are given not only the fatigue properties of many
structural materials but also the "static" properties and such other supple-
mentary information as was given in the references consulted. The data are
in general from room temperature tests, but a few data are given on tests at
higher temperatures. The data are presented in tables and on curves, supple-
mented by brief discussions in the text.
PUBLICATION REVIEW
This report has been reviewed and is approved.
FOR THE COMMANDER:
W. J. TRAPP
Chief' Strength and Dynamics Brahch
Metals and ceramics Laboratory
Materials Central
WAfDD TR 6o-42 iii

s*zawc mAOZ
I Introuction e... e o.#.oo.%.o. e.*.. o.a..*... 1
1.1 Purpose of This Report. . . 0 0. . . . .0 . 0. 0. 0 • 1

1.2 The Format of This Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* 1
1.3 Notation. . . . . . o.. . o. . . . . . . 0
* *
e 0 0 0 1
II Steels .* , * a *o o
. o e *o . , * * * e. .e . . . 2
2.1 General . . • 2
2.2 L•iii in
Discussion of Iata 'to " 0.0 * 2
2.2.1 SAS Steels 1008 to 4335. . .o.a0 00 0 2
2.2.2 sAESteels 4340 toJ45, 0..o* ....eo... 4
2.2.3 SAE Steels 52100 to 98B40 . . . . . . .o . . o 7
2.2.4 Special Steels . . . . . . . . . . . .0. . . . . 9
III Heat Resistant Alloys.. . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . 0

3,1 General . ..
3.2 Discussion of Data' inable V . . . . . .0 0 0 .10 1
IV Alunminum Alloys* . . o & .v e . 0 0 *..

0 0 e 0 14
4.2 Discussion ofiaaianýTiablesoVlto*Xi . . . 14

4.2.1 Aluminum Alloy 2014 (14.).. ..... .. ... 14
4.2.2 Aluminum Alloy 2024 24s). . ... .... .. 14
4.2.3 Aluminum Alloy 6061 (61S). o . . . . o . . . . . 16
4.2.4 Aluminum Alloy 7075 758). o. o. oo.. . . 16
4.2.5 Aluminum Alloy 7076 (76B). . o 18
4.2.6 Aluminum Alloy 7079. , - - o o - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18
V Magnesium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . . . 19

5.1 General ... 19
5.2 Discussion oi Lata'in ablefi . 00 ... 90 *0 0* 19
VI Titanium Alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . a 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
i
6 .1 . G enera l ... 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 .0 .0 . . . 1
6.2 Discussion of Data in Table XIII. ... . . . . . . . 21
VII Misoellaneous M aterials. ................... 24
7.1 General . . i o o . . o e e 24
7.2 Discussion of Da T•able I . . . ". . . . . 0n 24
Bibliography . . . . . o * • • e • e a e o e o e 268
List of Authors of References. .o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
List of Materials. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 276
wADD TR 6o-42 Iv
LIST OF TA•LES
TAWZ PAGE
I SAS Steels 1008 to 4335 *........... ......... 28

II SAB Steels 4340 to 4350 o *...
................ 40
In 5200 to 98B40 ..
US Stools 0.... . . ............ 54
IT Special Steels. 0 .. . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . ..0.. . . ..

a 62
V Heat Resistant Alloys . . o ....... . . .......... 66

VI Alu•inum Alloy 2014 (14) o . .................... 82
VAI AluminumAlloy 2024 (2) .. .......... ..... 84
VIII Alloy 6061 (61S)
Alumlnum . . .............. . . 58
IX Aluminum Alloy 7075 (75S) . . .................. 90
x Aluminum Alloy 7076 (768) . . . . . .. .............. 96
XI Aluminum Alloy 7079 . . . . o o o .. .o. . . . . . . . . . . loo
XII Magnesium Alloys. . . .. . .. . . o.
... . . . .
o. . . o 102
XIII Titanium Alloys . . . . . .... . .. . ... . *o * o. o o 114
XIv Niscellaneous Materials ... o o a * ............ 128
LIST OF ILWUSTRATIOIS
JIGUH• PAGE
1 Fatigue Strength of Steels vs. Ultimate Tensile Str6ngth. . . . . 138
2 S-N Curves for SAE 1008 Steel, Decarburized and Not
Decoaburized. .. *. *. . . .• • .. . . . . . . . .. . . 139
3 S-N Curves for 1020 Steel ... e...... ......... . 14o

4 S-N Curves for 1040 Wrought Steel, Annealed, 81.4 Icui UTS . . . . 141
5 S-N Curves for 1040 wrought Steel, Normalized and Tempered,
90 ksi U'S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 141
6 S-N Curves for 1040 Cast Steel, Annealed, 83.5 ki UTS1
. . . . . . 142
7 S-N Curves for 1040 Cast Steel, Normalized and Tempered,
94 .2 ika 1 UT . . . . . . .. . .. •* .* . . . * * . e . . * . * . . 142
8 S-N Curves - Carburized 2315 Steel, Smooth . . . . . . . . 143
VAW'Tt 60-42 v
. "-.
S~PAOZ
9 Design of Notch Used for Fatigue Tests or Carburized Steels . . . . 144

10 S-N Curves - Notched 2315 CarburIzed Steel. .e. . . . . .e . . . . .144
11 S-N Curves - Smooth 2330 Carburized Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
12 S-N Curves - Notched 2330 Carburized Steel. ... . . .*. & .
. .145
13 S-N Curve for SAE 2340 Steel, Notched . . . . . . . 0 . * . . * . 146
14 Approximate S-N Curves for Normalized 4130 Steel. Fully Reversed

Axial Stresses. . . . . . . .* . .. 0 # e e. * * * a e e * * e e .147
15 Alternating
Axial Stresses*.... # .. for ..Normalized. 4130 Steel.
vs. Mean eStress,
o...........** e9o 00 .148
16 S-N Curves - Steel SAE 4320 - "Transverse" Specimens. ... a . . .149

17 S-N Curves for V-Modified 4330 Steel, 263 kel UTS . . . . . . . 150
18 S-N Curves for V-Modified 4330 Steel, 250 ksl UTS . . ..... • .150
19 S-N Curve for Smooth V-Modified 4330 Steel, 236 ksl TS . . . . . .150
20 S-N Curve for Smooth V-Modified 4330 Steel, 222 kul UTS . . . . . .151
21 S-N Curve for V-Modifled 4330 Steel, 201 ksi JTS. . ... . . . . . .151
22 Statistical Variation in Fatigue Life and Endurance Limit for
Quenched and Tempered SAE 4340.. . . . . . . . . . . . .* . . 0 0 .152
23 Statistical Variation in Fatigue Life and Endurance Limit of
Quenched and Spheriodized SAE 4340. - - °* * o .*. . . . • e
* e .152
24 S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel, UTS 164 kei. .. . . . . *. e * *153
.
25 S-N Curves, for Fully Reversed Axial Stress, of SAE 4340 Steel. .. 154
26 S-N Curves; SAE 4340 Steel. Low RAT.. . . .*. . . . . . . .*.e e155
27 S-N Curves; SAE 4340 Steel. High RAT . . . . . . . . .... ..0 0 .155
28 "Fully Reversed" S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel - Room Temp. .*.* .156
29 S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel - Room Temp. - With Steady Stress . .156
30 Alternating Stress - Steady Stress Diagrams for Different
Lifetimes. SAE 4340 Steel, of 158.5 kl UTS. Axial Tests. . . . .157
31 S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel, MTS 150 kcal. . . . . . . . • • .158
32 S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel . ...... ...... •. *.159
33 Mean Endurance Limit vs. 1TS of SAE 4340 Steel.. . . . . . . . 0 ..160
34 S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel, 172 ismi U7S, Tested in Bending . . . 161
WADD TH 60-42 vi
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)
F3DURE PAGE
35 S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel, 172 k1. UTS, Tested in Torsion . . . 161
36 Alternating vs. Steady Bending Stresses for SAE 4340 Steel,
172 ksl UTS . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . ..... 162
37 Alternating vs. Steady Shearing (Torsion) Stresses, for

SAE 4340 Steel, 172 ksi UTS . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
38 S-N Curves of constant Probability of Survival of Stress at

Constant Life, for SAE 4340 Steel, 1410 ksi UTS. R. R. Moore
Rotating Beam Tests . . . . . . •
* * . . . e * . .*. . . . . . . . 163
39 S-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at

Constant Life, for SAE. 340 Steel, 190 ksi UTS. R. R. Moore
Rotating Beam Tests ..... .a a * . .. . . . . . . . . . e. . . 164

Constant Life, for SAE 4310 Steel, 260 kul UTS. R. R. Moore
Rotating Beam Tests . . . . . . .. .. .. .. ..... a . * . . . . . .165

Constant Life, for SAE 1340 Steel, 230 ksi UTS. R. R. Moore
Rotating Beam Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Constant Life. Heavy Solid Line, - Vacuum Melted SAE 1340 Steel,
190 ksl UTS.
190 kel UTS Light
. Dash
*.o e * * Line, - Aircraft Quality SAE 4340 Steel,
........... a........e* 0 9 a. 167
43 Tests of SAE 4340 Steel, ISTS 140 kei. Transverse Smooth
Specimens. R. R. Moore Rotating Bending Tests. . . . . . . . . . . 168
44 Tests of SAE 4340 Steel, UTS 190 ksi. Transverse Smooth
Specimens. R. R. Moore Rotating Bending Tests. . .. . . . . . ... 169
45 Tests of SAE 4340 Steel, UTS 230 ksl. Transverse Smooth
Specimens. R. R. Moore Rotating Bending Tests. . . * a . . . . . .170
46 Tests of SAE 4340 Steel, UTS 260 ksl. Transverse Smooth
Specimens. R. R. Moore Rotating Bending Tests. . .. .e . . . . . . 171
Constant Life. R. R. Moore Rotating Beam Tests of 4350 Steel,
300 ksi UTS .. .. . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . 172
48 S-N Curves for 52100 Steel, Rc= 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
49 S-N Curves for 52100 Steel, Rc =45 . .. .. . . . . .. *.... .174
50 S-N Curves - 52100 Steel, Rotating Beam Specimens . .0. . . . . . 0175
51 S-N Curves for 8630 Cast Steel, Normalized and Tempered,
110.5 kol UTS ... o. e *................00
. . 0 00 0* 176
52 S-N Curves- for 8630 Cast Steel, Quenched and Tempered,

137.5 kBI DTS
. . . . . . .......... . .......... 176
WADD TR 60-42 vII
U l -- - m ,, n • mn nn io m nnn ie m g-l nu
LuS or nLBYAwmixoU (Contuinued)
FIGURE PAGE
53 S-N Curves for 8640 Wrought Steel, Quenched and Tempered,
138 kal UTS . . . . . . . . . . .. * * e * * * a
.. . •* . * * 177
and Tempered,
54 S-N Curves for 8640 Wrought Steel,
108.5 k-ei u• . . . . .. ... . Normalized
. . . . . ... 177
55 S-N Curve for 14B50 Steel, Smooth . .. .0. * . . . . . . • 178
56 S-N Curves for 98B40 Steel, 302.6 ksinUTS ... . ..... 179
1
57 S-N Curves for 98B40 Steel, 284 ksi UTS .o . ..... o 179
58 S-N Curves for 98B40 Steel, 270 ksUl TS ........... * * 179
59 S-N Curves for 98B40 Steel, 245 ksi UTS ... ... * 180
60 S-N Curves for 98B40 Steel, 204 ksitl TS ........ . .0. 180
61 S-N Curves for Tricent Steel, Smooth and Notched . . . . . . . *. 181

62 S-N Curves for Crucible UHS-260 Steel, Smooth and Notched . . . . , 182
63 S-N Curves for Super TM-2 Steel, Smooth and Notched . . . . .0. . . 182
64 S-N Curves for Hy-Tuf Steel, 243 ksi UTS . .... .. .... .183
65 S-N Curves for Super Hy-Tuf Steel, 260 kni UTS. . .. . . . . . . . 183
66 Approximate S-N Curves for Ferrovac WB-49 Steel, Not Nitrided
and Nitrided . . . . . . o. 0...... 0 0...............0 184
67 S-N Curves for Udimet 500, Hastelloy R-235, and GMR-235 Heat
Resistant Alloys. .*. , o
. * ..
* * * ..
* * * * ** . .. . . .. 185
68 S-N Curves for SAE H-l1 Alloy Steel Bar Heat Treated to
280-300 ksi UTS . . . . . . . ...... • 186
69. S-N Curve for H 23 Hot Work Tool Steel. . . ... .. .... . . .. .187
70 S-N Curves for Heat Resistant Alloys Tested at Room Temperature . . 1%8
71 S-N Curves for Inconel X Sheet, Heat Treated to 155 Isl
Minimum UTS * e * . * * * ** *
* • * * o * * . . .* ...
.. . . 189
72 S-N Curves for Inconel X-550 Alloy. ........... & &90 •
73 17000F S-N Curves for Inconel 713C at Zero Steady Stress and
at Zero Alternating Stress. . e * * e * e * * e .* a. o . ** 9 191
74 1700o7 S-N Curves for Inconel t13C at Several Combinations of
Steady and Alternating Stress . . . .a. . . . . .0 . ... .... * 192
75 S-N Curves for S-816, Lapelloy, and Type 403 Alloys . . .. .. . . 193
76 S-N Curves for M-20 Steel, Re 61-62, Not Nitrided and Nitrided.
Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at Constant Life . . . . 194
WADD TR 60-42 Viii

LIST 0F ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)
FIGURE PAGE
77 S-N Curves for PH 15-7 Mo Stainless Steel, Condition RH950,
Heat Treated to 225 kui Minimum UTS .0. . . .'.0 . 0 .. 0 &. . * 195
78 S-N Curves for 17-7 PH Stainless Steel, Condition TH1050,

Heat Treated to 180 ksi Minimum UTS e . e. . . . a & * .* a .4 . 196
79 S-N Curves for Refractaloy 26 at Room Temperature . .. . .. 197

80 S-N Curves for X-816 Alloy .. ............ a...... 198
81 S-N Curves for Sandvik Steel, for Two Heat Treatments . .0. . . . . 199
82 S-N Curves for 347 Stainless Steel, Showing Steady Plus Alter-
nating Stress . . . . . . e . . .. . . . . . . . . . .e. . . . . . 200
83 S-N Curves for 403 Stainless Steel, Showing Steady Plus Alter-
nating Stress . . . . . . o 201
84 S-N Curves for Stellite 31 (X- 4 0) Alloy .... . ...... . 202

85 S-N Curves for 6.3% Mo-Waspalloy .... . e...0...... .. 202
86 S-N Curves for 16-25-6 Timken Alloy ..

. e .. e . . . . 203
87 S-N Curves for Smooth Rene 41 Alloy, for Two Heat Treatments, at
Room Temperature, 12000, 14000, and 16000, With Zero Steady
Loads (A ='o ) * e * 0 e e * . *e 0 .. * * 0 0 0 * 0 * * 204
88 S-N Curves for Smooth Rene 141 Alloys for Two Heat Treatments, at
Room Temperature, 12000, 114000, and 16000, With Steady Loads
(A -o.67) . .. ..
.. * 0* # 0 e* . *. 0
. 0 0 * * * 0 * * * 205
89 S-N Curves for Smooth Rene 41 Alloy, for One Heat Treatment, at
14000 and 16000p, With Steady Loads (A = 0.25) . .0. . . . . . 206
90 S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 2014 (14s-T), Extruded . 0 . . 207

91 S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 2014-T6 (14S-T6) Rolled . e . .. 208
92 Alternating vs. Mean Stress, for N 107 Cycles, for 14S-T6
Aluminum Alloy, Rolled. .0 * e 0 * 0 0 0 0 e
* 0 0 . . . ..
& 208
93 S-N Curves for 2014-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Hand Forged.
Longitudinal, and Short Transverse, Axial Tests .0. . . . . . . . # 209
94 S-N Curves for Notched Alclad 24S-T3, Kt z 2.5.. e a 0 * * .* a e 210
95 Alternating vs. Steady Stress for Notched Alclad 24S-T3,
Kt = 2.5. e * * * e e e o e. * 0 0 *
e o. e* * 0 0 0 0 * 0
0 * 210
96 S-N Curves for Alclad and for Bare 24S-T3, Smooth .. . . e . .* 211
97 S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 24S-T, Extruded . .. . e

e 0 . . . . 211
98 S-N Curves for 24S-T4 Aluminum Alloy, Rolled. .. 0 #.. . . * 0
*. 212
WADD TR 60-42 ix
Ijay or UaMYAYZ (Continued)
VMS= PAGE
99 Alter'nating vo. Mean Stress, for N Cycles, for 24S-T4
207c)
AlmIinum Alloy, Rolled. . .. .. . . a 0 * a * * * .* * * * * * 212
100 8-N Curves for 248-T3 Plate, Fully Reversed . .. . . . . . . . . . 213

101 Alternating vs. Mean Stress for 24S-T3 Aluminum Alloy Plate . . . . 214
102 S-N Curves for 24S-T4 Aluminum Alloy, Hot Rolled. . . a . . . . . .215
103 Alternating vs. Steady Stress, for Aluminum Alloy 2 4 S-T, Smooth . . 216
104 AlternatIng vs. Steady Stress, for Aluminum Alloy 24S-T,
Notched, itt = 2.05. • • • . .... . . . ............. 216
105 S-N Curve for 2IS-T3, Axial Loads, Fully Reversed at Three
Speeds, on Notched Specimens, Kt z 4,0. * * * * . . * * . .&. . . . 217
106 Typical Load-Time Curves for Part of S-N Curve on Fig. 105. . . . . 217
Fully . Reversed
107 (A =Curves
S-N & *61s-T6
ma) *for ... * Alloy.
... e Aluminum
* *. . . . Stress . . . 218
108 S-N Curves for 61S-T6 Aluminum Alloy, for Steady plus Alternating
Stress (A = 1.0) . . . . . . . . . ..0 * . . .. . ..
o . . 218
109 S-N Curves for 615-T6 Aluminum Alloy Sheet, for Steady Plus
Alternating Stress (A = 1.0) .................. .218
110 S-N Curves for Alolad 75S-T6, Notched, Kt 2.5 . . . . . * .219
ll Alternating vs. Steady Stress for Alclad 75S-T6, Notched,

Kt z 2•5. * .. e• . • ... .. . . .. .. .. ... 219
112 S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 755-T, Extruded, Smooth Specimens . . 220
113 S-N Curves for Aluminum.. Alloy. 758-T6, Rolled Plate, Smooth
Specimens . • .. . . . .. .* o o
.. e . 221
1l4 S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 758-T6, Plate. Fully Reversed
Axial Stress. . .. . . . . *. * • . .. . . . . . . . . . . . o222
.
115 Alternating vs. Mean Stress, for Aluminum Alloy 758-T6. Fully
Reversed Axial Stress . . . . . . . . .223 e
116 S-N Curves for 758-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Hot Rolled . . . . . . . . .224
117 S-N Curve, 758-T6 Rolled and Drawn Rod, Smooth and Notched. . . . .225
118 S-N Curve, Extruded Bar 75S-T6, Smooth, . . . . . .*. . ... . 0 0225
119 S-N Curve for 758-T Aluminum Alloy, Showing Mean, and Scatter .*. .226
Band,. ....
*. ... .. . ... . . e
120 Log-Probability Diagram Showing Fatigue Life-Times, at Different

Stresses, for 758-T6 Aluminum Alloy ....... " • . . . .226
VADD YR 60•42 x
vIFGw• PAGE
121 S-N Curves for 753-T6 Aluminum Alloy, for Various Probabilities
of Failure. . . . * * a * * * * *. * * .* . . . . . . . . . .* . 227
122 S-N Curve for 75S-T6 Aluminum Alloy, for Axial Loads, Fully
Reversed, on Notched Specimens. Kt 2 4. * . . . . 0. . . .. • 227
123 S-N Curves for 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Hand Forged.

Longitudinal, and Short Transverse, Axial Tests . . . .0. . . . . 228
124 S-N Curves for 768-T61 Aluminum Alloy-Alternating Bending Stress

Superimposed on the Indicated Steady Bending Stress . . . .0. . . . 229
125 S-N Curves for 76S-T61 Aluminum Alloy-Alternating Torsion Stress
Superimposed on Steady Torsion Stress . .. . . . . . . . . . . . * 229
126 S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy X76S-T. Rotating Bending Tests . . . 230
127 S-N Curves for Vibratory Reversed Bending of X76S-T Aluminum
Alloy . . . . . .• •
* • * * a ..* a . * o .* . . . o. . . . . .e 230
128 Alternating Stress vs. Steady Stress, for Notched X76S-T Aluminum
Alloy. Kt 0 3.6..* * * & * * * • * .9 . . . . .*. . . . . . . . 231
129 S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 7076-T61. 10, 50, and 90%
Probability of Survival of Stress at Constant Life. . ...... 231
130 S-N Curves for 7079-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Hand Forged. Longitudinal,
and Short Transverse, Axial Tests . . . . . . . . . . * * * * * 232
131 S-N Curves for Magnesium Alloy AZ31X, Not Coated, and Coated
Anodically to 0.0025 inch Thickness . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . 233
132 S-N-R Curves for Magnesium Alloy FS-lhq Smooth. . .. . . .. . .. 234
133 Steady Stress vs. Alternating Stress for Magnesium Alloy FS-lh,
Smooth Sheet, for N = 107 Cycles . . . . .. . . .0 e *
. * a . 234
134 S-N Curves for Extruded Magnesium Alloy ZK6OA-T5. .-. . . . . . . . 235
135 Alternating Stress vs. Steady Stress for Extruded Magnesium Alloy. .236
ZK6OA-T5, for=N = 107 and 10. Cycles ..............
136 Alternating Stress v . Steady Stress for Extruded Magnesium Alloy

ZK6OA-T5, for N : 101 and 5(103) Cycles ... . . . . ... . 237
137 S-N Curves for Magnesium Alloy J-. . . . . .. .. ..... 238

138 S-N Plot of Fatigue Tests of FS-la (AZ31A-0) Magnesium Alloy. . . . 239
139 S-N Plot of Fatigue Tests of J-1 (AZ61A-F) Magnesium Alloy. . .a. . 240
140 S-N Plot of Fatigue Tests of 0-1 (AZ8OA-F) Magnesium Alloy. . . . . 241
141 S-N Curves for AZ-81T4 Cast Magnesium Alloy . ........... 242
WADD TR 60-42 xi
LIST OF 1LTPSRATIONS (Continued)
FIOUIG PAGE
142 S-N Curves for Smooth Specimens of Magnesium Alloy HM-31
and HK-31 at Room Temperature and at 5000, 6000 and 6500F,
With Steady Loads (A = 1.0) .*.* * . .0. . . . . . . . . . . 243
143 S-N Curves for Smooth Specimens of Magnesium Alloy HM-21
at Room Temperature and at 5000 and 6500F, With Steady Loads
(A = 1.0) and Without Steady Loads (A -- ). . . . . . . . . . 244
144 S-N Curves for Smooth and Notched Specimens of Titanium
Alloy, RC 55 Type . . . . . . * . 0 . . . .9 . . & . . . . a 2145
145 S-N Plot of Fatigue Tests of Titanium Alloys TI-150A and
RC-130B .. . . . . ......
. o........000 0& 0 00& 246
1*6 S-N Curves for Titanium Alloy RC-130B . . ....... . . . 247
147 S-N Diagrams for Ti-75A Titanium Alloy Tested at Different

Speeds With and Without Coolant .......... ...... 248
148 Effect of Alloy Content on the Fatigue Properties of Ti-Cr-Mo

* *
Alloys. .. . .0 * ... . . .
a * * .* .0 . 0 * .. .. 249
149 S-N Curves for 6 Al-4 Va Titanium Alloys, for Two Heat
Treatments . . . . . . . . . .. . . * . . . .. * a . ...
. 249
150 S-N Curves for 6 Al-4 Va Titanium Alloy - Constant Probability

of Survival of Stress at Constant Life. . . . e .. * * o* 249
151 S-N Curves for 6 AI-4 V Titanium Alloy Bar, Heat Treated
to 160 kul Minimum UTS . .. . . . . * ..0
& . 0. 0 *. a & 250
152 S-N Curves for Aged, and Annealed, Smooth 7 AI-3 Mo Titanium
Alloy, at 750, 4000• 6000, 8000, and 1000O,, With Zero
Steady Load (A =l . . . . . . *.
.0 . 0 . . . . . . . 251
153 S-N Curves for Aged, and Annealed,Smooth 7 Al-3 Mo Titanium

Alloy, at 750, 4000, 8000, and 1000,F, With Steady Loads
(A = 0.67 and 1.0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 252
154 S-N Curve for Both Smooth and Notched Gray Iron ... e* * *. * 253

Constant Life. R. R. Moore Tests of Al-NI Bronze . . . .*. . . 254
Constant Life. R. R. Moore Tests of Beryllium Copper . .0. . . 254
157 S-N Curves for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Laminated . . . . 255

158 S-N Curves for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Laminates . . . . 256
159 S-N Curves for a Heat Resistant Glass-Fiber-Reinforced
Plastic laminate, With and Without Superimposed Mean Stress . . 257
160 S-N Curve of a Heat Resistant Glass-Fabric Reinforced

Plastic Laminate, at 450 With the Warp. . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
WADD TR 60-42 Xi1

FIGURE PAGE
161 S-N Curves for a Heat Resistant Glass Fabric Reinforced
Plastic Laminate. . . . . . * * * . * * . * . * * * . * * a 258
162 S-N Curves of Heat Resistant Glass-Fabric Reinforced

Plastic Laminates .. .. . * * * . *
a * * *. * * *. * * * * & 259
163 S-N Curves for a Glass Fabric Laminate Plastic.. . .* * * ... 260
164 S-N Curves for Natural and Laminated Wood. ......... .261
165 Approximate S-N Scatter Band for 200k Specimens of Natural
and Laminated Woods . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
166 S-N Curve for Brush QMV Beryllium. Smooth Specimens.
Rotating Bending Tests. . .e. . . . . . . . . * . ... *. . . 263
167 Stress-Rupture Curves for QNV Beryllium at 1100OF o . .0. . . . 264
168 Approximate S-N Curves for Beryllium, Smooth and Notched.
Steady Plus Alternating Stress, at Room Temperature . o . . . . 265
Alternating Stresses Only, at 1100 0 F. o . . o 0 . . . . . . 266
Steady Plus Alternating Stress, at 2100OF . . o o . . . . . . 267
WADD TR 60-42 xiii

SECTION I. IMTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of This Report

The purpose of this report is to provide research and design engineers
and metallurgists with, as nearly as possible, complete data as to the "room
temperature" fatigue properties of structural materials, and a few high temper-
ature properties, as determined in the laboratory. Also, since these properties
can he so radically changed by so many different variables, as discussed in ref.
(I)-/, the report presents for each item all of the special conditions under which
its reported fatigue properties hold good as far as they are stated in the
references.
The values of fatigue strength for a specified cycle life, listed under
Se in the tables, must of course be understood to be an average or median value.
In other words, only about one-half of the specimens tested had as much strength,
and the other half showed less than the tabulated strength. In the few cases in
which a value of the "standard deviation" is given, some extrapolation downward
may be Justifiable, but it must be done cautiously. Reference (2) should be
consulted for a discussion of the statistical analysis of fatigue data.
1.2 The Format of The Report
The information gathered from the references is presented in tables,
figures and brief discussions. Each individual value of Se is given a line in
the proper table, and an "Item" number in the table. In these tables, the data
for each item begin on the left hand page, anJ are continued on the right hand
page, on which the item numbers are repeated. Information not covered by the
topics in the tables is given in the brief discussions to be found in Sections
II to VII and on the figures referred to in the discussions. A list of the
materials, with Table, Paragraph, and Figure numbers, is given at the back of
the report.
1.3 Notation
A Ratio of Alternating to Steady Stress

AC Air Cool
cpm Cycles per minute
Elong. Elongation (Static)
FC Furnace Cool
Ht. Heat
ksi Thousands of psi
Kt Geometric (Theoretical) Stress Concentration Factor
OQ Oil Quench
R1 Ratio of Minimum to Maximum Stress
R Root Radius of Notch
R.A. Reduction of Area (Static)
RAT Reduction of Area, Transverse
R.T. Room Temperature
Se Fatigue Strength, Fully Reversed Stress, for Indicated
Number of Life Cycles
Sm Mean (Steady) Stress
St. Dev. Standard Deviation of Fatigue Strength
UTS Ultimate Tensile Strength (Static)
WC Water Cool
YP Yield Point (Static)
_ Manuscript released by the author March 31, 1960 for publication as a
WADD Report.
2_/ Numbers in parentheses refer to the Bibliography.
WADD TR 60-42
SECTION II. STEELS
2.1 General
Steels given SAE or AISI numbers are placed in Tables I to III.
Other steels, in general, are listed as Special Steels and will be found in
Table IV. These are steels designed by the steel-makers, usually for various
specific fields of application. Stainless steels, however, have been clas-
sified as Heat Resistant Alloys and listed in Table V, since they offer
considerable resistance to corrosion under high temperature conditions.
The long-life (N = 107) fatigue strength of smooth steel specimens,

and also of specimens notched with theoretical stress concentration factors
anywhere from 2.0 to 4.0, have been plotted on Fig. 1. Steels that have been
carburized or nitrided are not plotted on the figure.
2.2 Discussion 9f Data in Tables I to IV

2.2.1 SAE Steels 1008 to 4335
Items 1-3 Ref. 3

These tests on SAE 1008 steel were run primarily to see if lowe .
the carbon content nearly to the vanishing point would lower, or eliminat .e
"fatigue limit" of the iron. Fig. 2 shows the S-N curves for the 1008 at
before and after decarburizing. It must be pointed out that the effect sh•.ii
on this very low carbon steel cannot be extrapolated to predict the results of
partial decarburization of modern high strength steels.
Items 4-5 Ref. 4
The 1020 steel was "hot-rolled bar stock . . . of electric melted
steel". S-N curves are given on Fig. 3.
Items 6-23 Ref. 5
In this series of tests the "cast steels were supplied in coupon form,
the wrought steels in the form of hot-rolled stock". Eight to eleven specimens
were tested for each S-N curve. The tests were primarily to study the relative
merits of cast and wrought steels. For the materials tested the authors con-
clude that "there Is no advantage of one material over the other at either
small or large numbers of cycles when critically shaped notches are present in
steels tested in fatigue". Figs. 4 to 7 give S-N curves for the 1040 steel.
(See also data on 4135, 4140, 8630 and 8640 steels).
Items 24-30 Ref. 6
Material is Smooth 2315 Steel. Specimens were carburized to a depth
of 0.041" to 0.044". Fig. 6 shows SiN curves. These studies were made in
connection with studies of the fatigue of full-scale rear-axle automobile
gears. The gears failed at fatigue strengths, or lives, much less than the
tests predicted, therefore the authors of reference 6 concluded that stress
concentrations due to designs or machining marks, etc., were more responsible
for the failures than the choice of one steel rather than another of those
studied. NOTE: There is no particular significance in the fact that "Item
30" is in the same block as Item 27, on Fig. 8.
Items 31-33 Ref. 6
Material is Notched 2315 Steel. A pecullar~design for notched R. R.
Moore specimens was used. The desl nis shown in Fig. 9. Authors of ref. 6
WADD TR 60-42 2
OWs *3t Nmes . were calculated at the surface opposite the notch. Because
of the sh•pe of the cross-sectlon through the notch, this point is more highly
stres•d than In the center of the notch. Failure starts, however, at the
Intersction ot the bottom of the notch with the surface where the stress is
apparently highest. No method Is known for calculating stress at that point;
therefore, the value obtained for the surface opposite the notch was used in
plotting curves". In the "Discussion"p R. E. Peterson says: "An Approximation
can be obtained by means of the Neuber solution, reference 7, which gives a
stress concentration factor of 3.14 for the two-dimensional ease and 3.M7 for
the three-dimensional case". S-N curves are given in Fig. 10.
Items 34-.-T Ref. 6
Material is Smooth 230 Steel for Items 34-36 and Notched 2330 Steel
for Item 37. See Items 2to 3A &Dove for general discussion. curves for
r-N
Smooth Carburized 2330 are shown in Fig. 11. S-N curve for Notched Garburized
2330 is shown in Fig. 12.
Items 38-39 Ref. 8
The "endurance limits" for this SAE 2340 steel were obtained from a
few specimens. The reference shows an S-N curve, Fig. 13, for notched specimens
only, based on eight specimens.
Items 40-44 Ref. 10

For this SAE 1130 steel, approximate S-N curves for fully reversed
stressing, plotted from data in the reference, are given in Fig. 14. Fig. 15
shows the effect of mean (steady) stresses superimposed on the alternating
stresses. In general, the S-N curves upon which these items depend were each
based on from five to ten or fifteen specimens.
Items 45-52 Ref. 5

Discussion of Items 6-23 applies also to these items on 4135 and 4110
steel.
Item 53 Ref. 11
Etching showed the grain flow of this 4320 steel to be transverse
to the axis of the specimens. Static properties are given as determined at
Wright Field "Tested transverse to the direction of rolling". Fig. 16 shows
the S-N curve as traced from the reference report.
Items 54-59 Ref. 12
Thest tests show the nitrided notch strength to be about triple the
unnitrided notch strength for this 4320 steel. Comparison of Items 56 and 55,
or 59 and 58, indicates that increasing the time of nitriding from 8 to 15
hours Increased the long life fatigue strength of the specimens tested by
about 15 percent.
Items 60-67 Ref. 13

Most of the data for static properties of this 41330 steel and all
data for fatigue properties were scaled from various charts in the reference
report. The material is described as "hot- rolled from commercial, electric-
furnace heats". The S-N curves taken from the report are given on Figs.
17-21.
WADD TR 60-42 3
Items 68-73 Ref. 14
These six values of Se for 4330 steel indicate variations among
three different heats of steel, and between longitudinal and transverse speci-
mens cf each heat. The reference gives 95% confidence limits for each Se.
amounting to from 1.6 to 14.4 ksl. These tests were made by the Prot method
which theoretically gives So for Infinite life. Static properties are averaged
from tests of two to four specimens. The small differences among them are
probably not as significant as they appear to be.
Items 74-77 Ref. 5
Discussion of Items 6-23 applies also to these items on 4335 steel.
2.2.2 SAE Steels 4340 and 4350
Items 1, 2 Refs. 15,16
It should be noted that by changing the heat treatment the item 2
steel was given a different microstructure and a reduced tensile strength. It
may be presumed that this accounts for the reduced fatigue strength of the Item
2 steel. The method of computing stresses as reported in reference 15 was re-
viewed in reference 16 and certain inaccuracies pointed out. The stresses
reported herein are based on the findings of reference 16, both in the data
tables and on the S-N curves, Figs. 22 and 23.
The S-N curves, Figs, 22 and 23, show the statistical variability of
the two steels. Note that the finite life variability was obtained by analyzing
constant-stress data, whereas the endurance limit variability was obtained by
analyzMg constant-life data. A large number of specimens was used for these
studies, wATER gves a-high degree of confidence to the resultsA for the type of
specimen used and the manner of testing. The "endurance limits for these items
may be presumed to be lower than would have been obtained if the specimens had
been "round, rotating" instead of "rectangular-cantilever". (See Figs. 14, 15,
16 of reference 23). The implication of the report, reference 15, Is that
inclusions rather than surface finish, determined fatigue strength. (Surface
finish In not reported for these specimens.).
Items 3-12 Ref. 17
The reference reports a size-effect study on specimens of SAE 4340
steel for sizes from 1/8 inch to 1 3/A inch diameter. There is an Implied con-
clusion in the reference that size effect is extremely small, in case-oiFextra-
polating from test results on specimens In the neighborhood of 2" diam. to
specimens of greater size.
Considerable variability appears in the detailed data of this refer'-
ence. The authors of the reference believe It to be due, at least to a consid-
erable degree, to non-uniformity both transversely and longitudinally in
metallurgical structure of the 3" diameter bars used as source material.
(Photomicrographs show pronounced bending In some of the longitudinal sections.)
This Is thought, by the authors, to account for the disproportionally low
endurance limit of the notched 1 3/4" diameter specimens.
Fig. 24 shows S-N curves from the reference report. Each of the
curves, as shown, Is based on only about a dozen test specimens.
Items 13-16 Refs. 18,19,20
Fig. 25 based on reference 20, shows individual S-N curves for fully
reversed axial tests on four hardnesses of the steel. The curves for smooth
specimens were derived by extrapolation from tests on notched specimens. The
two curves for the 190 ksi UTS steel represent specimens from different bars.
WADD TR 60-42 4
Twelve speolmens were tested for each S-N curve on Fig, 25.
Items 17-20 Ref . 21
These steels are called SAl 4340 but they are somewhat low in carbon,
particularly items 19 and 20. This fact should be taken into account in con-
sidering either the static or the fatigue strengths, both of which might have
been a little higher if the carbon had been chosen to the usual 4340 speoifi-
cations.
It Is to be noted that two heats of steel were used, each hardened

to about the same static strength as the other. However, one of the heats
(items 17 and 18) showed low ductility in the direction transverse to forging,
and correspondingly low fatigue strength in the transverse direction. This heat
also showed more variability in the transverse tests than in the longitudinal
tests.
Each value of Se in the data table Is based on a staircase test of

about 50 specimens. The S-N curves, Pigs. 26 and 27, were obtained by combin-
Ing the staircase (2) test results with the results, in each case, of about 15
additional specimens tested at constant stress. The 2 0, curves show scatter
in finite life. Scatter in long-life strength, shown in the data table, was
determined from the staircase tests.
Items 21-26 Ref. 22
In this report on high temperature fatigue tests, a considerable

amount of data were obtained on 4340 steel at room temperature. These data are
presented herein. The discovery of a few unusually large inclusions led to
considerable study of the cleanliness of SAE 4340 steel. "Micro-examination
of the specimens made by the metallurgical laboratory of the Republic Steel
Corporation revealed some fine dispersed globular non-metallic inclusions
throughout the matrix of the steel. . . . . the inclusions proved to be carbor-
undum crystals with silicate glass, . . . which is probably a deoxidation
product rather than a product of refractory erosion. . . . Check tests with
supposedly clean material; submitted by Republic Steel Corporation especially
for this purpose, revealed negligible influence in this respect. However, In
a few specimens of this material, submitted by Republic Steel Corporation,
small inclusions of the same appearance were found, which may indicate that
the SAE 4340 steel in general is permeated by this composition".
S-N curves, Figs. 28 and 29, give Information regarding Items 21,#23,
24 and 26. Data for Items 22 and 25.were obtained from tests run at "zero to
maximum tension". In such tests, the mean (steady) stress varies continuously
throughout the S-N curve, so that a curve of the type of those on Fig. 29 cannot
be drawn. Alternating stress-steady stress diagrams (modified Goodman diagrams)
are given for both smooth and notched specimens on Fig. 30.
Items 27, 28 Ref. 23

Fig. 31 shows the "control" S-N curves for 4340 steel obtained by
the authors of reference 23 incidental to the main purpose of their tests,
which were studies of the effect of varying amplitude.
Items 29-39 Ref. 24
Fig. 32 shows results of tests of 4340 steel, especially at high stress
levels. Heating effects shortened life of high stress level specimens so serious-
ly that cpm were reduced, for them, from 3450 to 90.
Note that curves for items 38 and 39 show alternating stresses only,
and that for any value shown on these curves there was also a steady stress of
WADD TR 60-42 5
magnitude equal to the maximum tensile alternating component; - In other words,
the tests were "puleating", I.e., zero to tension.
Fig. 33 shows mean "endurance limits" increasing linearly with UTS,

up to 220 kcl UTS. For higher tensile strengths the "endurance limits" have,
in general, been found to increase at a slower rate for this steel.
Item 40 Ref. 25
The 4340 steel was taken from two propeller shanks. Reference states
that statistical studies show no significant difference in the strength of the
two shanks, therefore, the data from the two shanks were combined.
From Tables II and III, p. 887 of the reference, data were taken, and
analyfed by the Step Method (reference 2)s which gave the mean endurance limit
at 10 cycles as 86 kal, and the standard deviation from t e-"ean as 8.0 ksls
for this steel which had been heat-treated to about 160 ksl UTS.
Items 41-56 Ref. 26
The S-N curves for 4340 steel shown on Figs. 34, 35, were "drawn
separately by inspection in order to represent the trend of the data".
The effect of steady stress, as shown in the reference, is shown on

Figs. 36, 37. Of course, stresses plotted to the right of the yield-point
boundary are more of the nature of modulus-of-rupture points, since the nominal
formula used for calculating them (Nc/I) does not apply in the plastic region.
Note that torsional steady stress, according to Fig. 37, appears to have only
a slight effect on torsional alternating stress.
Items 57-62 Refs. 27,28

S-N curves for 4340 steel are shown on Figs. 38,39,40. At least 280
specimens were used in determining each of the six S-N curves on these figures.
Between 170 and 200 additional specimens were tested and the results used In
determining the values of Se for each of the items 57, 59, and 61. This gives
an unusual degree of reliability to these values of Se, but only for the single
heat from which all of the specimens were taken.
Items 63-67 Ref. 29

The S-N curves for 4340 steel, for items 63 and 64, appear on Fig. 41.
Two hundred or more specimens were used for each of the S-N curves. The tests
were made to "investigate the actual fatigue behavior of SAE 4340 steel in what
has been reported to be a brittle range". The reference states that "the re-
ported brittleness of the 230 ksi UTS steel tested is perhaps not so serious as
had been thought".
For items 65 and 66, the S-N curves are given on Fig. 42. About 450
specimens of vacuum melted steel were tested for each of the curves. Attention
is called, in the reference, to the fact that "the notches cut in the 'notched'
vacuum melted specimens reduced the life and strength of the steel to practical-
ly the same values previously found for the air-melted steel".
The steel used for item 67 was made by the consumable electrode method.
Only 20 specimens were tested and the reference suggests that the value of Se
as determined by an abbreviation of the Prot method is subject to some uncertainty.
Items 68-71 Ref. 30

These tests of the transverse fatigue properties of SAE 1340 steel
were made on steel from the same heat that was used for items 57-72.* The purpose
WADD TR 60-42 6
'fRM.
. maust~lgto the zlat5ve oeffcet of non-,aleable spheroidal Inclusions

tftvw*
40~. as oesared with lon~gitudImil specimens.* The reference concludes
as*Obe ags-.aleable inolusion. •n the present steels ar not Important causes
of a •ow . B-N otves for the four different hardnesees are given in Pigs.
Items 72-75 Reo. 5

These items show the effect of different heat treatments on smooth
and notched 4340 steel.
Items 76-85 Ref. 14
These ten values of Se for 4340 steel indicate variations among five
different heats of steel, and between longitudinal and transverse specimens of
each heat. The reference gives 95% confidence limits for each So, amounting
to from 2.0 to 3.8 ksi. These tests were made by the Prot method, which theoret-
ically gives So for infinite life. Static properties are averaged from tests of
two to four speqimens. The small differences among them are probably not as
significant as they appear.
Items 86-87 Ref. 29
The S-N curves for this 14350 steel, shown on Fig. 417, are based on
about 250 smooth and 250 notched specimens.
item 88-95 Refe.l2
These eight values of So for 4350 steel indicate variations among four
different heats of steel, and between longitudinal and transverse specimens of
each heat. The reference gives 95% confidence limits for each Se, amounting to
from 3.5 to 4.5 ksi. These tests were made by the Prot method which theoretical-
ly gives So for infinite life. Static properties are averaged from tests of
two to four specimens, The small differences among them are probably not as
signifioant as they appear to be.
2.2.3 SAN Steels 52100 to 98B40
Items 1-22 Ref. 32
Each S-N curve of the 22 that are shown on Figs. 48 and 49 was drawn
to represent either 7 or 8 specimens. There is not enough information to warrant
any assumption as to the variances of the "fatigue strengths" listed in Table
III. (The fatigue strengths are given as listed in the reference report.)
Tentative conclusions, as to the effect of various degrees of gentleness in
surface finishing, as shown in the table below, are drawn in the report, but it
is shown that the differences are so small in many cases that they may not be
significant. Much greater differences occur, in general, between the tests of
round and of flat specimens of the same material, In addition to the effect of
shape, there may be some small difference chargeable to the difference in the
speeds of testing round and flat specimens.
Surface Treatment of Specimens Tested
for Fgse. 40, '19
No. of
Item Surface Treatment Type Specimens
2 Gentle grind & shot peen Round 8
Gentle grind " 7
Gentle grind & tumble 48
Dry grind "8
Gentle grind & hand polish & heat treat. " 7
6 Gentle grind & hand polish " 7
VADD Tn 60-42 7
Surface Treatment of SUeemens Tested
row Fly,. 40. 49 t contInuea j
"No. of
Item Surface Treatment Type Specimens
Gentle grind Flat 8
Gentle grind & hand polish 8
9 Severe grind "8
10 Severe grind & hand polish 8
11 Gentle grind & hand polish Round 7
12 Gentle grind & tumble 7
2j Gentle
Gentle
ggrind
grind
& shot peon
15 Gentle grind & hand polish & heat treat. 6
16 Gentle grind & grit blast " 7
17 Severe grind & shot peon Flat 8
1 Gentle grind & shot peon " 8
19 Severe grind & tumble " 8
20 Gentle grind . 8
21 Gentle grind & electropolish 8
22 Severe grind " 8
Items 23-26 Ref. 32

The four sets of specimens were cut from a tube of 3 5/8" O.D. and
5/8" I.D., so that Items 23 and 25 were from the bore of the tube and Items 24
and 26 were from the outside of the tube.
Items 2T-32 Ref. 33
A comprehensive study by Styri on 52100 steel. Particular attention
is given to the apparent lack of an endurance limit for this steel in the high
hardness state, a Rc 60, - and t3-the very conse-loe-rable scatter in the test
results. Fig. 50 shows tests apparently comparable with R. R. Moore rotating
cantilever tests. Size of specimens Is not stated. A supplementary set of tests
was run on a special (vacuum) melt of 52100 to see if the size of inclusions
affected the degree of scatter. "A wide scatter appears here also, in spite of
the great reduction in size of foreign inclusions".
Items 33-o0 Ref. 5
The discussion of Items 6-23 in paragraph 2.2.1 applies also to these
Items on 8630 and 8640 steel. S-N curves for cast 8630 steel are given in Figs.
51 and 52, and for wrought 8640 steel in Figs. 53 and 54.
Items 41-42 Ref. 8
In the case of the boron steel 14B50, the reference shows an S-N
curve, Fig. 55, for smooth specimens only.
Items 43-52 Ref. 13
For the data in Table III on this boron steel, 98B40, values were
scaled from graphs in the reference report, Figs. 56-60 show the S-N curves
as given in the report.
WADD TR 60-42 8
Items 1-6 Ref. 34
S-N curves for these tests of Tricent Steel (now called 300-M) are
given on Fig. 61. Also on the figure are the curves for notched saecimens of
Kt a 3, 5, and 8. The S-N curves appear in the reference up to log cycles only,
but as they are drawn it is reasonable to assume they would not show much de-
crease in values of Se if they had been carried out to 107 cycles.
Items 7-9 Ref. 29

The two Items 7 and 8 on Tricent-Steel apply to steel of about the
same tensile strength as that of item 1. There is about 15 percent difference
between values of So for these items and that of item 1. Attention should be
given to the many differences between the conditione of heat treatment, testing
procedures, etc., in attempting to account for the differences in fatigue
strength,
Item 9, Super Hy-Tuf, was tempered at the same temperature as was Item
5, but was partially stress relieved (3000P). However, it has about the same
fatigue strength as item 5.
Items 10-13 Ref. 34
S-N curves for these steels are given on Figs. 62 and 63 for both
smooth and notched specimens.
Items 111-7 Ref. 13
Data for the Hy-Tuf and Super Hy-Tuf steels were scaled from charts
in the reference. S-N curves are given in Figs. 64-65.
WADD TR 6042 9
SECTION III. HEAT RESISTANT ALLOYS
3.1 Generl1
Many of the fatigue strength values given in Table V for these heat
resistant alloys are the room temperature strengths of materials that had been
prepared for high temperature testing. The term "Heat Resistant" is not well
defined, and the inclusion of such alloys as are listed in Table V in rather
arbitrary. Items 64 to 74 of Table XII, 67 to 86 of Table XIII, and 51 to 63
of Table XIV might have been included in Table V.
3.2 Discussion of Data in Table V

Items 1-4 Ref. 35
The effect of nitriding this Perrovac WB-49 steel is shown graphically
on Fig. 66. Notched fatigue strength is considerably increased by thp nitrid-
Ing.
Items 5-6 Ref. 36
The fatigue data for this GMR-235 "high temperature" alloy given in
Table V are room temperature fatigue properties of a material that had been
prepared for testing at temperatures of 1200OF and 1650 0 F. Room temperature
S-N curves are given on Fig. 67 together with two other alloys.
Item 7 Ref. 37
For Halmo tool steel ghe reference gives a small S-N curve indicating
that the fatigue strength at 10 cycles is appreciably lower than at 107 cycles.
The curve is based on abput a dozen and a half specimens.
Items 8-9 Ref. 36

Comments on items 5-6, above, apply to this Hastelloy R-235 alloy.
See Fig. 67 for S-N curve.
Items 10-11 Ref. 38

S-N curves for H-11 alloy bar steel are given on Fig. 68. Special
attention should be given to the scale of stresses on this figure. They show
the combination of steady and alternating stresses at the various stress
levels. Note that as steady stresses increase, the alternating stresses also
increase.
Item 12 Ref. 35
An S-N curve for this H-23 steel, based on 107 specimens, is given
on Fig. 69.
Items 13-14 Refs. 39, 38
The data on Inconel X come from two references. Regarding item 13,
the authors of reference 39 made "exploratory tests on several" heat resistant
materials (S-816, Inconel Xp Type 403, TP-2B, TP-2-R). For eash of the room
temperature S-N curves on Fig. 70, they used five or six specimens. 'They
say:- "Although the scatter in the fatigue data is generally relatively small,
these data must be considered only approximate since so few specimens were
used for each curve".
WADD TR 60-42 10
M S-9 ouve"fr Inoonael X, derived from reference 38. shows a
Oembe zt1ce of steadj and alternating stresses on Fig. 71.
Item 15-16 Ref. 40

Values of So for the Inconel X-550 were scaled from the S-N curves
on Fi. 72.
Items 17-26 Ref. 41
These Items give hih temperature (17000F) data on cast Inconel

713C. The S-N curves, Figs-7•, 74, were derived from figures given in the
reference. Whereas the reference figures show crest stresses (steady plus
alternating), Figs. 73, 74 show the separate components of crest stress.
Notice that there are two scales on Fig. 73, one for the lower pair of curves
which show the effect on reversed stresses at 17000F, the other scale for the
upper pair of ourves which show the effect (creep) of a steady stress only
(A X0)
Item 27 Ref. 42
S-N curves for Lapalloy, and two other alloys for comparison, are
given on Fig. 75. Note that each curve is based on a small number of speci-
mens,
Item 28 Ref. 37
For M-1 steel th# reference gives a small S-N curve indigating that
the fatigue strength at 100 cycles is appreciably lower than at 104 cycles.
The curve is based on about a dozen and a half specimens.
Item 29 Ref. 37
For V57-1 steel, the comment above in item 28 applies.
Items 30-33 Ref. 35
The M-l0 steel, whose S-N curves are given in Fig. 76, shows consid-
erably more improvement in notched fatigue strength after nitriding than is
shown in the WB-49 steel (Items 1-4).
Items 34-35 Ref. 43
S-N curves, based on five or six specimens each, for the N-155
alloy are given on Fig. 70. The authors of the reference say:- "Since only
a small number of points were obtained for each curve, the diagrams presented
are only approximate".
Items 36-37 Ref. 38
The S-N curves, Fig. 77, for PH 15-7 Mo Stainless Steel show the
combined steady and alternating stress aseparately on the scale of stresses.
Note that the steady stresses increased as the alternating stresses Increased.
Items 38-39 Ref. 38
Comments on items 36-37, above, apply to Fig. 78 for 17-7 PH steel.
Items 40-45 Ref. 44
Although it may appear that the change in grain size of this
Refractalloy 26 is responsible for the sharp decrease in long-life strength
WADD TR 60-142 11
of the smooth specimens, the author of the reference points out that "the two
grain sizes were obtained by using two different solution treatments" (see
Table V ). He goes on to say:- "Consequently, It is possible that there may
be metallurgical dissimilarities other than grain size". S-N curves are given
on FPi. 79.
Items 46-63 Refs. 39,42,40
The data on S-816 alloy come from three references. Item 46 is one
of the materials mentioned in the discussion of Items 13-14, above. The S-N
curves are shown on Fig. 70.
For Item 47, an S-N curve is shown on Fig. 75, together with two
other alloys for comparison. Note that each curve is based on a small number
of specimens.
S-N curves for items 48-50 are given on Fig. 80. The values of Se
in Table V were scaled from Fig. 80.
The data for 8 m and Se for items 51-63 were derived from values
scaled from S-N curves of "crest" stresses in the reference. Each curve
was based on at least five specimens but in no case more than ten specimens.
Items 64-67 Ref. 4

The Sandvik steel was supplied to the investigator by Sandvikens
Jernwerks Aktiebolag, Sandvikenj, Sweden. S-N curves for smooth and notched
specimens and for two heat treatments are given on Fig. 81. Varying the heat
treatment affected the fatigue strength of smooth specimens appreciably, but
not the notched ones.
Items 68-70 Ref. 45

The material Is 347 stainless steel. The S-N curves on Fig. 82,
derived from curves In the reference, show the steady and the alternating
components of the stress, on the stress scale. Note that the steady stress
Increases as the alternating stress Increases.
Items 71-77 Refs. 45,39,42,40
The data on 403 stainless steel were collected from four references.
For items 71-73s S-N curves on Fig. 83 show the steady and the alternating
components of the stress.
For Item 74, an S-N curve Is shown on Fig. 70. This is one of the
materials referred to in the discussion of items 13-14, above.
Item 75, 403 stainless steel, appears on Fig. 75 as one of three
alloys shown on the figure for comparison. Note that each curve is based on
a small numjer of specimens. Attention Is called to the different values of
Set at 2(101) cycles, in items 74 and 75. This primarily due to differences
in heat treatment of this martensitic steel.
Items 76, 77 refer to fatigue strength at two different values of
cycle life for 403 stainless steel heat treated much the same as the steel
in item 75.
Items 78-80 Ref. 40
The "scatter diagrams" of the tests of Stellite 31 showed "relatively
large scatter" which the reference says is "not unusual for cast materials and
Is probably due to the large primary grain size". The S-N curve, Fig. 84, show
WADD TR 60-42 12
- .. ."'l - 1W -v -4" 1- r 1U .1-11,qF ý ,- . 1'
"1 n Inversion at st•legth* fora 10.6-lit. notched specimns,, that could perhaps be
Moot•ed tow b7 the lange soatter In a relatively small number of specinens.
Values of So In Table V were scaled rrom •i. 8,4.
Items 81-83 Ref. 40
Values of so for this 16-25-6 Timken Alloy were scaled from the S-N
curves on Fig. 86.
Items 84-85 Ref. 39
These heat resistant materials TP-2B and TP-2-R (molybdenum with and
without tungsten) are among those referred to in the discussion of Items 13-14.
Their S-N curves appear on Fig . 70.
Items 86-87 Ref. 36
Comments on items 5-6, above, apply to this Udimet-500. The S-N
curves appear on Fig.
67.
Items 88-90 Ref'. '40
S-N curves for this 6.3% Mo-Waspalloy are given on Fig. 85. Values
of Se in Table V were scaled from Fig. 85.
Items 91-102 Ref. 46
These are evaluation tests of General Electric's heat resistant nickel

base alloy Rene 441, at room and at high temperatures. Two heats of this alloy-
were tested, but because of the small number of specimens available the variation
between the heats could not be investigated completely. The values of Se given
In Table V were scaled from the S-N curves given In Pig.s 87, 88, 89. curves
on Fig. 87 show fully reversed tests. Those on Figs. 88, 89, show steady loads
combined with alternating loads.
The speed of testing is not given in the reference, therefore total
elapsed time for 107 cycles cannot be stated. The "creep" effect presumably
would be considerable at the high temperatures used, and would depend upon
elapsed time. This suggests caution in using the values of Se given.
WADD TR 6o-42 13
SECTION IV. ALUMINUM ALLOYS
4..1 General
The titles of Tables VI to XI list the respective aluminum alloys
according to the present Alcoa number code, but give also, in parentheses,
the corresponding former code number. Within the tables, In the discussions,
and on the figures, the code numbers used by the respective references appear.
4.2 Discussion of Data in Tables VI to XI
14.2.1 Aluminum Alloy 2014 (14S)
Items 1-2 Ref. 47
"Extruded" material - smooth - surface polished but smoothness not
measured although "believed" to be about 20 micro-in. Fig. 90 shows tests on
same material, under similar conditions excepting shape, machine and speed.
("Sharp edges in the gage section were broken with emery paper".) Note that
only nine specimens were tested for each S-N curve.
Items 3-6 Ref. 48
S-N curves for smooth and notched specimens are given on Fig. 91.
The effect of steady stress on the 10( cycle strength of this 2014-T6 material
Is shown on Fig. 92.
Items 7-10 Ref. 49
The S-N curves, Fig. 93, show small differences between longitudinal
and short transverse fatilue properties for this hand forged 2014-T6 alloy.
(The forgings were 3" x 6 x 38" in size.) Similar curves are shown on Figs.
123 and 130 for other aluminum alloys.
4.2.2 Aluminum Alloy 2024 (24s)
Items 1-4 Ref. 50
These items show the effect of certain surface treatments on the
alloy.
The anodizing process was as follows:
1. Clean with hot caustic soda bath.
2. Immerse in 15% H2SO04 both at 700F.
3. Seal in water at 1850F.
For anodized and painted specimens, a fourth step:
4. Paint with zinc-chromate primer and normal finishing
of Preparakote.
Microsooric examination of anodized surface showed that "entire
surface was pitted".
The reference showed S-N curves from 104 to 107 cycles, for which
13 to 16 specimens were used for each curve.
The specimens used for items 3 and 4 were subjected to corrosion
WADD TR 6o-42 14
8wizs the ratigfs stressing by Vallowift P~lin taP water to drop slowlY uPOR
an extrweamy light-weight wick In conttaot with the spcimen".
Th* author of referwence 50 concludes that anodizing Is detrimental.
As a matter of fact, the anodized specimens (Item 2) appear to have about the
same strength as specimens subjected to tap water corrosion (Item 3).
Item 5 Ref. 51
The curves, Figs. 914, 95 are for notched Aiclad 24S-T3. They were
traced from reference 51.
It m 6 7Re
.5
Item 6 is Alciad and Item 7 is Bare 2143-T3. The type of testing

machine used made it Impossible to run a test at absolutely zero mean stress
and constant amplitude. However, the variations were of about the esae order
as the scatter shown on the S-N curves, Fig. 96, which were traced from the
reference report.
items 8-9 Ref. *47

"Extruded" material - smooth - surface polished but smoothness not
measured although "believed" to be about 20 micro-in. Pig., 97 shows tests on
this material, under same conditions excepting shape$ machine, and speed.
""Sharp edges :in the gage section were broken with emery paper".) Only 6 or
bspecimens were tested for each S-N curve.
-Items10-13 Ref. 418
"Rolled" materialI - smooth and notched specimens of Alloy 24s-T1 #.
Fig, 98 shows S-N curves for zero mean stress.* The reference report gives'
also S-N curves for various constant ratios of alternating to mean stress.
In this type of graph the mean (steady) stress Is changing continuously
throughout the graph. Therefore, these curves are not reproduced herein, but
the equivalent information for 107 cycle life Is given in Fig,* 99.
Items 1*4-18 Ref's. 9sl0,53,54
Material, 24S-T3s commercial sheet, 0.090" thick. Each S-N curve
depends upon from 5 to 12 or 15 tests.* Authors believe that errors In load
values do not exceed t5%.
Fig. 100 shows S-N curves for fully reversed loading. Fig. 101 shows
the effect of mean (steady) stress in reducing the alternating stress.
Items 19-21 Ref. 55
Material is 214-TI hot-rolled aluminum alloy. The authors, by slow
bend tests on specimens fatigued art-wa toward failure, determined that
24s-T4 has superior energy - oon capacity, compared with 75-T6, and
lower notch-sensitivity. However, by re-heat treating 24•3 to approximately
the hardness of 75s-T6, it was made to behave closely like 75h-T6.
Fig. 102 shows S-N curves for smooth and for notched 2*5-T3T, for
fully reversed stresses.
Items 22-23 Ref. 56

Axial tests are reported in the reference at various "stress-
ratios", i.e., combinations of steady and vibratory components of stress.
Figs. 103 and 104 were plotted from Table 8 of the reference.
WADE) TR 6o-*42 15
Item 24 Ref. 57
The material tested was thin 24S-T3 aluminum alloy. Tests were run
at three significantly different rates in cpm, as shown on Fig. 105. It is
probable that the S-N curve would actually be three different curves, if a
complete set of tests had been made, at each of the three rates of cpm, for the
range N a 1 to N w l0 cycles. No information is given as to the variability
of the material. The reversal of stress from the tests at less than 50 cpm
was not sinusoidal. Typical load-time curves, traced from the reference, are
shown in Fig. 106.
4.2.3 Aluminum Alloy 6061 (61s)
Items 1-4 Ref. 58
The S-N curves on Figs. 107 and 108 show the effect of "zero to
tension" stressing on the fatigue strength of the alloy. The curve for item
3, based on only three specimens, must be taken as less precise than the other
curves. The stress scale for Fig. 108 shows the steady component separately
from the alternating component.
Items 5-7 Ref. 45
Curves for these "zero to tension" tests on sheet 61S-T6 alloy,

shown on Fig. 109, are based on larger numbers of specimens than those
digaussed above. However, they are not particularly different in the region
l1: to 107 cycles.
4.2.4 Aluminum Alloy 7075 (758)
Item 1 Ref. 51
The S-N curves shown on Pigs. 110, 111, are for notched Alclad
alloy 75S-T6. They were traced from ref. 51.
Items 2-13 Ref. 47
These items come from a study of the effect of type of specimen on
fatigue properties of 75S-T6 aluminum alloy. It must be pointed out that the
test results depend upon not only the type of specimen but also the type of
testing machine and the speed of testing.
Fig. 112 shows results of tests, items 2 and 3, on extruded "75S-T".

The surfaces were polished but the smoothness was not measured, although it
was "believed" to be about 20 micrc-inches. "Sharp edges in the gage section
were broken with emery paper". From 7 to 11 specimens were used for each
S-N curve. For 75S-T6 plate material, S-N curves are given on Fig. 113.
Prom 10 to 20 specimens were used for each of these curves.
Items 14-18 Refs. 9,10,53,54
The material is 75S-T6, commercial sheet, 0.090" thick. Each S-N
curve depends upon from 5 to 12 or 15 tests. The authors believe that errors
in load values do not exceed *5%.
Fig. •14 shows S-N curves for fully reversed loading. Fig. 115
shows the effect of mean (steady) stress In reducing the alternating stress.
It should be noted that the curves on Fig. 115 are for the most part concave,
which suggests that the straight-line "Goodman" diagram may not be conservative
In all cases.
wADD TR 60-142 16
Item 11-21 S
The material Is 75S-T6 hot-rolled aluminum alloy. The authors, by
slow bend tests an specimens fatigued toward failure, determined that
%6" has poorer .nergy-absorption cap Iytan 243-Y4, and higher notch-
sensitivity. However by reheat-treating 75 to approximately the hardness of
243-.T4 it waAe Ito behave closely like 24S-T4. Fig. 116 shows 8-N curves
for smooth and for notched hot-rolled 75S-T6, for fully reversed stresses.
Items 22-24 Ref. 59

Fig. 117 shows S-N curves for smooth, and for notched, 75S-T6 Rolled
and Drawn Rod. The plotted test points showed no apparent difference between
longitudinal and transverse specimens. The crosses show anodic coatings, of
thickness as follows: X a 0.00009" thick; + a 0.0005" thick, Authors conclude
that the thin coat may be beneficial to smooth specimens, - and that notched
specimens are not partioularly sensitive to either thin or thick coatings.
Fig. 118 shows S-N curves for 75S-T6 Extruded Bar. Here, as In
Fig. 117, the thin coat of anodizing material appears to slightly improve the
fatigue streng•'-f the alloy.
Item 25 Ref. 23
Fig. 119 shows the "mean" S-N curve and the "scatter band" for a
total of 30 specimens. Caution: A "scatter band" is not a "probability"
curve" . Its width depends upon the variability of the material and the number
of specimens tested. Increasing the number of specimens usually-fhcreases
the width of scatter bands. For the material used in these tests the heat
treatment was not given, but the static properties are about the same as others
given In the data table for 75S-T6 aluminum alloy.
Item 26 Ref. 60
The material is 75S-T6. Fig. 120 shows the results of testing large
numbers of specimens, plotted on logarithmic normal-probability paper. The
lines are by no means straight, but by using a best-fit straight line for each
stross level, S-N curves were plotted as shown in Fig. 121.
Item 27 Ref. 57
Material tested was 75S-T6 Aluminum Alloy. Tests were run at three
significantly different rates in cpm, as shown on Fig. 122. It is probable
that the S-N curve would actually be three different curves, if a complete
set of tests had been made, at each rate of cpm, for the range N = 1 to
N a 107 cycles. No information is given as to the variability of the material.
The reversal of stress for the tests at less than 50 opm was not sinusoidal.
Typical load-time curves, traved from the reference, are shown In Fig. 106.
Items 28-31 Ref. 49
The S-N curves, Fig. 123, show considerable difference between
longitudinal and short transverse smooth specimens of the hand forged alloy,
but no significant difference for notched specimens. (The forgings were 3 x
6" x 38" in size.) Similar curves are shown on Figs. 93 and 130 for other
aluminum alloys.
WADD TR 60-42 17
402.5 Aluminum Alloy T076 (76B)
Item 1-9 Ra.f 61
This material Is 76S-T61. originally designated as m68, and referled
to in reference 62 as XT6S-T.
Fig. 124 shows S-N curves for bending# without and with superimposed
steady bending stresses.
Fig. 125, similarly, shows S-N curves for torsion, without and with
superimposed steady torsion stresses. Reference 61 also gives various tables
and curves showing combinations of alternating bending and torsion with super-
Imposed steady bending and torsion.
Items 10-21 Ref. 62
These tests were run In 1941 or 1942, on material that at that time
was designated XT68-T.
It will be noticed that the composition and heat treatment are
reported as Identical with those reported In reference 61, for 76S-T61. There
are not enough data regarding any one test to determine even approxifately the
variability of the material. Figs. 126 and 127 give S-N curves for this
material, and Pig. 128 shows, for notched material, the relation of alternating
to steady stress.
Items 22-23 Ref. 29
These tests were run to investigate the applicability of the Prot
method of testing to aluminum alloys. The reference suggests the possibility
that the much higher values of fatigue strength obtained by the Prot method
;Abe due to some "coaxing" effect. Long-life S-N curves are given on
R 129.
4.2.6 Aluminum Alloy 7079
Items 1-4 Ref. 49
The S-N curves, Fig. 130, show some difference between longitudinal
and short transverse smooth specimens of the hand forged alloy, but no
sloLnticant difference for notched specimens. (The forgings were 3" x 6" x
38 :In size.) similar curves are shown on Pigs. 93 and 123 for other
aluminum alloys.
WADD TR 60-42 18
SEC!ION V. MAONSIUM ALLOYS
5.1 General
Although there are numerous items In Table XII, a large number of
them do not show the tensile (static) strength. Inspection of the Table will
show that there seems to be little, if any, correlation of fatigue with static
strength, so that the missing static strengths would be of only academic
Interest. A few data are given In Table XII (items 64 to 74) for high temper-
ature fatigue.
5.2 Discussion of Data in Table XII

Items 1-12 Ref. 63
Regarding these test. on AZ31X, the reference says that the "HAE"
process "produces electrolytically on.magnesium alloys a nonmetallic coating
that is hard and corrosion-resisting". The reference states that the coating
reduced the fatigue strength by approximately 1000 psl for each 0.001 inch of
coating. Several specimens were exposed to warm salt spray for five days then
fatigue tested. The reference states that fatigue resistance was generally,
but not Invariably, not decreased by exposure to the spray. Fig. 131 gives
S-N curves for item 1.
Items 13-29 Ref. 64
The material is Dow Chemical Co's. FS-1 alloy. Heat treatment is
not specified in the reference, but the items marked FS-la are presumably
annealed and those marked FS-lh are presumably hard rolled. Most of the data
were from sheets, and to avoid buckling from compression the stress ranges
for these tests were kept between zero and a maximum tension.
Warning: The reference says: "* . . it is recommended that the
test bar data presented here not be used quantitatively for design values,
but rather, simply for a qualitative comparison of materials".
Items 30-43 Ref. 64

The warning above applies also to the data on the magnesium casting
alloys, C-AC, C-HT, C-HTA, and C-HTS.
Items 44-48 Ref. 65
Material is Dow FS-lh. Fatigue strengths were measured in terms

of R (ratio min. to max. stress per cycle).
Fig. 132 shows the S-N-R curves, I.e., the curves for crest stresses.
Fig. 133 was derived .by converting values scaled from Fig. 132 in odequivalent
separate steady and vibratory components for 10( cycles.
Items 49 - 5 1 Ref. 66
Material Is magnesium alloy ZK6OA-T5 (Dow Chem.), Extruded bar
stock. This Is a "solid solution precipitation hardening type with Mg-Zn
compound as the submicroscopic precipitate".
Fig. 134 shows S-N curves, for fully reversed stress, of smooth and
of notched specimens.
WADD TR 60-42 19
Figs.135 and 136 show, In modified Goodman type diagrames the
Influence of steady stress on alternating stress strength.
Items 59-53 Ref. 4
Approximate S-N curves for magnesium alloy J-1 are given in Fig. 137.
Items 54-61 Ref. 67
These tests on three magnesium alloys, PS-la, J-1, and 0-1, were made
to show the difference In fatigue strength of the alloys caused by differences
in the test methods. The individual specimen tests are plotted in Figs. 138-140.
As a result of these tests the authors of the reference state that some magnesium
alloys give appreciably higher strengths in rotating bending than In plate bend-
ing or in axial (push-pull) loading.
No S-N curves were given in the reference, but values of "Fatigue
Limit, lo7 cycles" were given. These are the values used in Table XII.
Items 62-63 Ref. 68
The tests on AZ8l-T4 cast alloy were made "to compare the fatigue
properties of AZ8l-T4 with other similar magnesium alloys now In service". The
reference concludes that "the unnotched fatigue strength of AZ81-T4 is approxi-
mately 4 ksi lower than AZ63-TV" and "the notched fatigue properties were
practically identical to those of AZ63-T4". S-N curves are given on Fig. 14.
Items 614-69 Ref. 69
The tests on HM-31 forged alloy are plotted on Fig. 142 together with
"results of previous testing on annealed HK-31 magnesium alloy". The values
shown on the figure are based on stressing from zero to tension (A z 1.0). In
addition to the tests plotted, "a limited number of the specimens were also
tested in completely reversed loading", with the following results:
At room temp., stress 15 ksi, one specimen failed at 2,085,500
cycles and one specimens failed at 3,875,000
cycles.
At 500 0 F, stress 12 ksl, one specimen failed at 91,700 cycles.
stress 9 ksi, one specimen failed at 1,102,300
cycles.
At 6500 F, stress 7 ksi, one specimen failed at 1,100,900
cycles after having survived 100 cycles at
10 ksl at 5000P.
Items 70-74 Ref. 70
These tests of HM-21 forged alloy were "preliminary", - for comparison
with HM-31 alloy. S-N curves are shown on Fig. 143.
WADD TR 60-42 20
TM
ALL< .Vs. ,
It is Interesting to note that in Table XIII the fatigue strengths

of smooth titanium alloys run close to and sometimes exceed, fifty percent
of the tensile strengths. A few data (items 67 to 86) are given on high
temperature propertles.
6.2 Discussion of Data in Table XIII

Items 1-6 Ref. 71
Alloy C-55 Type. Reduction in endurance limit of smooth specimens,
item 5s, I chargIo- the heating effect resulting from high speed cycling,
when op. are Increased from 1,800 to 10,000. The fact that notched specimens,
item 6, showed little effect from speed, and did not heat up, is thought to
be because of the relatively small volume of material subjected to maximum
stress and the ability of surrounding material to conduct the heat away as
fast as generated.
Fig. 144 shows the S-N curves for this alloy. It is to be noticed
that the curves are based on small numbers of specimens. The total number
of specimens for each curve Is noted on tho figure.
Item 7-l4 Ref. 72
The reference refers to earlier tests on Rem-Cru sheet 0.060" thick,
tested in Krouse sheet fatigue machines, and remarksj "The fatigue values
were higher In the transverse direction than in the longitudinal direction for
all conditions. No completely satisfactory reasons could be given to account
for the annealed and pickled samples producing the best results and the cold
rolled specimens the poorest results". The tests reported in reference 72
were made to study further some of the problems referred to above.
The variability of Ti-alloys appears in an analysis of the static
properties as reported in reference 72:- (Standard deviations have been
computed from the data in the report.
Alloy UTS ST. YP St.
ksl DEV. ksl DEV.
Ti-150A * 143.0 5.9 127.6 6.0
RC-130B 153.6 3.2 147.1 5.2
* Reference 72 says: "These melts were early experimental
ones and consequently were not of comparable quality to
melts produced at present".
The following excerpt is quoted from subject report:

ABSTRACT
"The evaluation of the effects of various treatments on the fatigue

properties of titanium bar stock alloys Ti-150A and RG-130B was made.
The varioe treatments of TI-150A and their corresponding fatigue
endurance limits are as follows:
1. Machined and polished - 68,000 psi
2. Oround - 63,000 to 70,000 psi
3. Ten percent permanently stretched and ground - 5k,000
WADD TR 6o-42 21
psi (wide scatter of data)
4. Ground and scaled - 56,000 psi
5. Machined notched - 40,000 psi
6. Ground and notched - 21,000 psi
The fatigue strength varied from about 35 to 145 percent of the tensile
ultimate strength for the different treatments, except for the notched
condition as would be expected. RC-130B gave endurance limits of about
67,000 psi (approximately 415 percent of tensile ultimate strength) for
the ground, unnotched condition, and about 214,000 psi for the ground
notched material. The wide range of values for the ground TI-150B alloy
and for the 10 percent stretched and ground Ti-150A alloy may have been
due to various degrees of surface cold work, and surface discontinuities,
caused by grinding and cold work. In addition, radiography identified
tungsten inclusions which were probably a contributing factor. In
general the surface treatment has a marked effect upon the fatigue
strength of titanium and its alloys. For the conditions tested, a
machined and polished surface produced the optimum fatigue properties."
Fig. 14 5 shows the evidence upon which the discussion of items 7 to

14 Is based. The, high degree of scatter must be considered in connection
with the values stated for "fatigue endurance limits".
Item 15 Ref. 73
These tests of RC-130B titanium alloy were run to provide data for
a study of the statistical nature of the material. In the reference report
the data are analyzed by using the means of the reciprocals of the life
cycles. In Fig. 146, the.P-S-N (Probability-S-N) curves were established
by probit analysis (reference 29).
Items 16-40 Refs. 74,75
The values of Se for 107 cycles that appear in the data tables were
scaled from curves in the references. These values are listed as "plus-or-
minus" values to indicate that they are not highly precise in the second
significant figure. In general only three or four - sometimes five - speci-
mens were tested at any one stress level.
Items 41-44 Ref. 76
These items show the sensitivity of the nearly pure titanium,
Ti-75A, to heating under high speed cycling, and to extremes of speed, that
is, from 400 RPM to 10,000 RPM. The reference says, however, that "speci-
mens which were water cooled to dissipate the internal heat showed small spread
in the failure curves for the different speeds of testing that were studied".
Fig, 147 shows S-N curves for these items. Values of Se in Table XIII were
scaled from Fig. 147.
Items 45-62 Ref. 77
In these tests of titanium-chromium-molybdenum alloys, 20 specimens
were used in tests for each value of Se. For the data in Table XIII, static
properties excepting UTS were scaled from graphs in the reference. In their
Summary, the authors refer to Fig. 148 and say:- "The fatigue endurance
limit of the alloy appears to be unchanged, regardless of alloy content,
although the tensile strength is greatly increased as a result of alloy
content".
WADD TR 60-142 22
Ite.m 63-64 ARG. 78
me two s-N curves for 6 A1-4 Va titanium alloys shown on ig. l249
!rersent
tests rum to "illustrate the Improvement in endurance strength
wihabe realised using duplex heat treatments".
Item 65 Ref. 29
The S-N curve for 6 A2-4 Va titanium alloy shown on Fig. 150 in
based on tests of 63 specimens whereas the lower curve of the same material
shown og Fig. 149 is based on A specimens, only four of which broke at less
than 100 o yles. Whether or not this alloy has an "endurance limit" at
around 10F or 10o cycles is questionable.
Item 66 Ref. 38
The reference says of the S-N curves for 6 Al-4 V titanium alloy
bar from which Fig. 151 was derived that they show "some limited axial .
fatigue data". The scale of stresses on Fig. 151 should be read carefully.
They indicate the steady stress component as well as the vibratory component
of stresso and it should be noted that the steady stress increases as the
alternating stress increases.
Items 67-86 Ref. 79
These tests of 7 A2-3 Mo titanium alloy were made to study the
effect of ageing versus annealing treatments on the high temperature creep
and fatigue properties of the alloy. The S-N curves, Figs. 152 and 153, were
derived from curves given in the reference. The stress scales on the figures
show the steady stress component and the alternating stress component.
WADD TR 60-42 23
SECTION VII. MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
7.1 0enel,
The data In Table XIV apply to plastic and wood laminates and a few
metallic materials. Some data on high temperature properties of beryllium are
Included.
7.2 Discussion of Data in Table XIV
Items 1-2 Ref. 8
The Ingot Iron used for item 2 was specially treated "to retain as
much carbon and nitrogen in solid solution as possible". This treatment was
used to render the Iron more susceptible to "coaxing" under fatigue stressing,
so that the effect of coaxing on Prot tests could be Investigated.
Items 34 Ref. 4
In the case of this gray (cast) iron, the plots of Individual test
results as given In the reference warrant the drawing on PIg. 154 of a single
S-N curve to represent both the smooth and the notched specimens.
Items 5-6 Heof. 29
For the aluminum-nickel bronze, Item 5, 76 specimens were tested to

give the S-N curves shown on Fig. 155. For the beryllium-copper, Item 6, 66
specimens were tested for the S-N curves on Fig. 156. The values of Se given
In Table XIV are probably higher than would be shown for longer cycle life.
Items 7-17 Ref. 80
S-N curves for these glass-fiber-reinforced plastic laminates are

given on Figs. 157, 158. The strength reduction factor of these notched
laminates Is noticeably smaller than that usually found In metals, and In
the case of the laminate with a glass mat, items 14-15, is actually less
than unity.
Items 18-23 Ref. 80
These items, showing the effect of superimposed mean (steady) stress,

are shown as S-N curves on Fig. 159, for a single laminate.
Item 24 Ref. 80
This item, represented by the S-N curve on Fig. 160, shows the
effect of stressing the glass-fabric-reinforced laminate at 45o with the
direction of the warp. The effect of anisotropy can be seen by comparing
this Item with item 18.
Items 25-30 Ref. 80
S-N curves for these heat resistant glass-fiber-rainforced laminates

are given on Figs. 161,162.
Item 31 Ref. 42
An S-N curve for this glass fabric laminated plastic Is given on
Fig. 163. The curve is considerably different in character from most of those
WADD TR 60-42 24
on PIgs. 157 to 162 although the long life fatigue strength is consistent with
those ef the other laminates. The specimens were round Instead of flat, the
stressing was In bending instead of being axial, and the-resin was not identical
with those used for the other laminates. The reference says:- "The decrease
in fatigue strength value with Increasing number of cycles is relatively smallm.
items 32-47 Ref. 81

Values of se for these tests of yellow birch and hard maple, both
solid and laminated, were scaled from Fig. 164 for 10 cycles. It must be
remembered that these values are "mean" strengths of laboratory-size specimens.
The "scatter" in data cannot be determined since each S-N curve was based on
somewhere between half a dozen and a dozen and a half specimens. The reference
po Pnts out that the "endurance limit" for these woods is apparently below the
10 cycle strength, and there is no Indication In the tests of how far below.
A variable not listed in the tabulation is "moisture content". The

reference gives 7 or 8% by weight for the natural woods, and 1.6 to 3.5% for
the compressed laminates. The reference says "it is believed that no serious
change in moisture content occurred during the test".
One respect in which the data in the last eight items differs from
values for steel Is in the effect of increased speed of cycling. There is a
small but persistent decrease in fatigue strength as speed increases from 3450
to 10,600 cpm. Steels have not been found so sensitive at these speeds, and
for much wider differences have shown the opposite effect.
Items 48-49 Ref. 82
Data for these flat-plate bending tests of solid and laminated wood
specimens are given as percents of the static modulus of rupture "because
specimens of the same species from different trees will vary considerably in
strength". Test results are shown on Fig. 165 as a "scatter band" since the
separate test values for the two solid and the two laminated woods were com-
pletely Intermingled on the figure in the reference. This is consistent with
the statement in the reference:- "Since the shear stress is relatively low
compared to the fiber stress in bending, it has been found that plywood speci-
mens tested as cantileer beams subjected to repeated or reversed bending
stress, with the plane of the veneers perpendicular to the load and the grain
of the outside plies parallel to the span, will fail in the wood before
separation of the veneers occurs".
The average value, 27% of static modulus of rupture, is given for

50,000,000 cycles, and the reference points out that the slope of the S-N
curves is still negative, indicating that this is not the "endurance limit"
of the woods tested.
Item 50 Ref. 83
The S-N curve, as based on four specimens, is shown on Fig. 166.
Regarding other data on beryllium, the reference states that other
investigators have reported "the fatigue strength under direct stress of hot
pressed, warm extruded Beryllium to be 31,300 psi at 108 cycles", and the
"fatigue strength of Beryllium under cantilever bending . . . as 32,000 psi".
Also, it quotes another set of tests as showing that strip specimens under
direct stress showed "an endurance limit at 107 cycles of 22,000 psi".
Item 51 Ref. 84
The 1100°F stress-rupture data for Brush QMV Beryllium are plotted
on Fig. 167.
WADD TR 6o-42 25
Items 52-63 Ref. 85
The axial test data for Brush QMV Beryllium given by tests the reference
168 shows room temperature and
are plotted on Figs. 168-170, PFig of the S-N curves shown is based
ligs. 169, 170 show tests at 11000F. Each
in Table XIV were read from the
on a small number of specimens. The data
S-K Curves.
WADD TR 6o-42 26
TABLES, pp. 28-137
ILLUSTRATIONS, PP. 138-267
BIBLIOGRAPHY, PP. 268-273

LIST OF AUTHORS OF REFERENGES, pp. 274-275
LIST OF MATERIALS, pp. 276-278
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WADD TR 6O-#2 112

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WADD TR 60-42 113

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WADD TR 6o-42 116

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WADD Th 60-'42 127

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Not Docrburized
34 push-pull Tets, mcp
3D
28
~26
106o 7 308
10~
126
S-It•o
e --
22
20 1 pco
Cycles to Failure
Fig. 2
S-N Curves for SAE 1008 Steel, Decarburized

and Not Deoarburized
(FrcWref. 3)
WADD TR 60-42 139

02,
* 0
I UN
fn r-I
T.IR699S48
fT,4mG40
WADD R 6o-2 14
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100
70
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wAD~ TR o-4 f143~

i I I I I II
300
DO&Wl~ or Notch Used For

MMM T"W• or CarfoLrCK 31teD]Is
.11
320
o 30"
Cycles to Failure
P•g. 10O
S-N CiWTe5 - Notched 2315 G•Arbur.ize Steel

(9t-eese. m axe bltrry and be misleead')
(Fram Reo. 6)
WADD TR 6o-42 14•,

NI-
Claus tbo Vstl~f
Fig. 11
S-N Curves - Smooth 2330 Carburized Steel
50 1 -ftf12
S-N Curves - Notched 2330 Carburized-Steel
WADD TR 60-42 1 4f
5
0
r4
0
0
- ~ -P
IZ
I U3
WADD TR 6o-42 146

80
70
60
Kt 1.o0
50
'4
i~~ K -• 0.
,2.
lO~~ 4,.0'
5 105 5 106 5 107

Cycles to Failure
Fix. 14
Appro~ximate S-N Curves for Normalized 4110 Steel.
Fully Reversed Axial 3tresses
(Plotted from Table 7 of Ref. 3.0)
WADD TR 6o-42 147

80 8
8 0 1 N. 104
- 10 5
70 .570 miq t 10
A Kt.- 1.5
50 - 50
40 = 4 .O Kt 2.0
30 301
.1 Kt 5-0.Kt -4.0
S2 0
2 0 '
Kt -5.0
10 10 __
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Mean Stress, ka.
80 -- B - -
N 106 N-107
70 7 -
60 60
50 • 50t 1.0-
111.0
30 4
SKt =1Kt
~20
Kt - .0 Kt 4.
10 1
0t 500
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 0 50
Mean Stress, ksi
Fig. 15
Alternating vs. Mean Stress, for Normalized 4130 Steel

Axial Stresses
(Plotted from Table 7 of Ref. 10 )
WADD TV 60-42 148

90
so
75
IS
Cycles to Failure
Fig. 16
S-N Curve - Steel SAE 4320 - "Transverse" Specimens
(Traced from ref. 11)
WADD TR 60-42 149

" 200
100 1, Spe im g. 17
S-N Curves for V-Modified 4330 Steel. 263 kica UTS

(From Ref. 13)
*t2001
100
10 ioi0
Cycles to Failure
Fig. 18
S-N Curves for V-Modified 4330 Steel, 250 ksi UTS

(From Ref. 13)
200
__00_
Kt =1.0
4
3
00
Cycles to Failure
S-N Curves for Smooth V-Modified 14330 Steel, 236 ksi UTS
(Fr. Ref. 13)
WADD TR 6o-42 150

200
100 .
Cycles to Failure
FIP. 20
S-M Curves for Smooth V-Modified 4330 Steel, 222 ksi UTS
(Fro Ref. 13)
0 ° l&oi
° zo6 i 7 10
200
60-42_151
4' ______ _ _ _ _ _ _Kt .- 8.0 _ _ _ _ _ _
b0- 104l lpo

Cycles to Failure
Fig. 21
S-N Curves for V-Modified 41330 Steel, 201 ksi UTS
(From Ref . 13)
WADD TR 60-42 151

ZOO-
stea. so 43Iao
9e Itm 1
1 ,16
-x ~Refs,
X
9 96
.M
92 9 0 w-fI&
0 -Mean Life
X-±_ Id"
90 A-&-t21r 3;
Cycles to Failure
Fig. 22
Statistical Variation in Fatigue Life and Endurance Limit
For Quenched and Tempered SAE 4340
70 1
A-X X-tee. S Az 434o
Its. 2
65 a- X-0-A e.1,6
60A -X - A0 ~ m
0o=Mean LiU: ___0_,___

1 55 -x-titr
E A-i 2r
43
5 o35 5 106 5 107 5 o8

Cycles to Failure
Statistical Variation in Fatigue Life and Endurance Limit

of Quenched and Spheroidized SAE 4340
WADD TR 60 .2 152
M6
800
c,~1.s to Failur
S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel. UTS 164 ksi

(Tr6ed fr ref.d17)
WADD TR 6---2 153

7i
260
20
10 iC
80Bse ons Kt - 10
120
W TR0 6orsl
_ _ .4
_ _IOU
o. d 000rU
V. 49
U% N
Ql)
- in~z~gkI~w~sf>
WADD~~ TB6V) 5
WS -5&5 ka
90 __ __ _ -
ton 1
- ,
- Iten 24
Notched KXt 3.3
106
5 5 1 7 Sp lIOU
Cycles to Fealme
"Fully Reversed" S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel - Room Temp.
(Traced from zefo 22)
SI I I
" 30 Ste Stress, 120 kn
~20 Item______
20 _ - Steady Stress, 150 kl. -
°03o i 1045 15 16 1o 7 108
Cycles to Failure
Fir,. 29
S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel Room Temp.
- - With Steady Stress
(Prm refo*22)
WADD TR 60-42 156

40
4.
Steady Strewr, kel
Fig. 3o
Alternating Stress - Steady Stress Diagrams for
Different Lifetimes. SAE 4340 Stee], of
158.5 ksi UTS
Axial Tests
WADD TR 60-42 157

r47
_ 0M
t4
;q .z g k0a3.~
wADD TH 6o-42 158

IV ,- St yessed at 3 00o o P
-.... Strossed at 90 a
stemy~
c - s L Stme. Al ! No* shm .
36,-
302 22081.0 o95 13
31 1886 51
32 158.5 *9
33 a '
7
3k 220.8 2.8 *8
35 19 Is1
36 158.5 i"
"37 a 3.6 " 7
38 a 1.0 Yem 6
39 a 3,6 *6
333
II
C~leu to Fatliw.
Fig. 32
S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel

(Platted fran scaled readings on
char'ts in ref. 21.)
WADD TR 60-112 159

it=-
It-w32 Daefmbn
0 160 loo o 220

ON, kol
Mean Endurance Limit vs. UTS of SAE 4340 Steel
WADD TR 60-42 160

NNE
6 K - 2.6 10
ho7 l
106? 108
Ccles to Ntur
900 Fig. 3•I
Tested in Bending
(Sm. Stresses lm been ecorreoted for yieldinG)
(Traced frm ief, 26)
201ý; 1o0z6 @•
8o
I i T-U'I-, Steed(TorIa
•5o' - I•• •---Io,/
4 I /
16 4 // 0 kO
Cycles to failure
Fig. 345
S-N Curves for SAE 4340 Steel, 172 ksi UTS
Tested in Torsion
(Sone Stresses have been corrected for yielding)
WADD TR 60-+2 161

0 )
40~
F4.
0 0
0
E-4~
0 0
43 4
0 4
~CI)
00
- m9k4 C-
V),
I
WADD TR 6o-'42 163

434co E4
q4A %~ 0
.lo M
if'i
'-40
4!)-)
t 00
-~ 0
if'i
0 4-
41 8
-7
0 --t
>cow
4-- U 0
400
~~ ~
IR 0 1 .I
WADD~C! TR6o421
gob~ 1.4
4-3
0 a)
jaca
8-4ý ' 0__

4-)
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v.0
'1i0 a
0V
0
Ul\ 64
-A-1
4a~a4a
0 0
gý 'SGý4
4-) d
0-7-
zw
0
0~C- 0 0 0
I"%
P~ 'U@~9 U~UIZOCH
WADD R 60-2 26
q44
I".
4- n
40
low 4J
.0 0
00
UCU
.0
0 0
, 0
Of||
00 c
4-10
a
WADD R 60-24-6
6
uqw3~t
1~~~~t U09
WADD~~ 6 to)012
0a
jK10~ 0 M
-0
0.
Cd
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CO
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co-
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cm :3
4..'
42), 4a)
>0a
iu ~ ~ ~ uuzqy
~ F IL:,
WADD J~ 602 16
120-
It... 68
33 10 kulOmS
S- Cum@
' Sb.o Percent
10
-32 Prdmebi11ty of Survival
,3, ,, ,•
o --
"70 3-- _ -"_
600
5017
C0
145 10 5 106 107
Cyocle to Failwe
Fig. 43
Tests of SAE 4340 Steel, UTS 140 ksi
Transverse Smooth Specimens
R. R. Moore Rotating Bending Tests
(From ref. 30)
(Light dash lines show lomgitudinal walues)
WADD TR 6o-42 168

150
22
24032 rwansverse
S\ s-N Cur•es Show P.remA
,4120
o 90 ) - S11 ( Lm ~ t . 50%)
C0ve. to Fatloo
Fig. 44
Tests of SAE 4310 SteelI, UTS 190 ksi
(Pro ref. 30)
(Ligkt dach ijius sha, lmgituiinl wi1s.)
WADD TR 60-k2 169

23
1.~, *B23TWMS
.... •Transverse
130 _S-N C-we ShowPai onim

Probability of Survive-
S1 3 0 _ _ _ _
Is- (Lenig
1. 5 D%
70
(E;W:(Fr
90f. C~cleu to Fa•Dhu. 50)

S~Transverse Smooth Specimens
T 0-• 8AD
(L~ight dash liies show lwigitudiral 'values) 13
a i1a i I i I I I II
D1
222_____
Sv•3 -V Cams ShowPecn
1150- PrdbiltrT of Sarvival
22- :aat
a 0 0 Do\L 0
*10
S.2 . •" ___

12
10 joo 5• " 5 10•7
Cyclesa to Failure
Fig. 46
R. R. Moore Rotating Beam Tests
(Fran ref. 30)

(Light dash lines show longitudinal values)
WADD TR 60-42 171

49
i-v4
00
&W4
IDID
00
CUU
34
wADD TN 6o-42 172

___iil___ - II i_ __ __i_ I I '. '
00
'.C4
ISMI
WADD TR 6o-4,2 173

II
04.
- - - -U e
t'-I
TUX '99JUSUTW814)
WADD
R6o-2 17
301
301D
Ite 30
300
100-
3mo
~300
300
Item 32
200
100 0 0 e U
qp@18 to ral~bnr
FI&. 50
S-N Curves - 52100 Steel, Rotating Beam Specimens
(Bmas an Bsf. 33)
WADD TR 60-42 175

- -n
-4
Cd a
- -Z41 0 l
'0103
-4)
;u: 'u-Isz T 3.U.Zq.
W-4
C/I
ctl a
Ci QI
E-4~iI
2 CY E-2
n6~
IWUS~IT
'S&X1
WADDkl TR-j~ 7
F-4
C4 0 -
oc
I- rr4
H
0
ogr-
~ 'gUIqS STWIa
4-0
0
02
I aI
0 O
02
WADD TR 60-42 178

TI,
'1~~~ __________
0t 1.
Cycles to Failure
S-N Curves for 98840 Steel, 302.6 1.1 UTS

(From Ref. 133
'.200
1100
0 0 4i o
Cycles to Failure
Fig. 57
S-N Curves for 98B40 Steel,. 2841 ksl UTS
(From Ref. 13)
,42001
4)~ecmn
0t1.
l 1 lop10T0
Cycles to Failure
S-N Curves for 98B~40 Steel,. 270 knl UTS

(From Ref. 13)
WADD TR 6o-4~2 179

.200
SI.8L 1
010 105 lob toe
Cycles to Failure
FIg. 59
S-N Curves for 98BI0 Steel. 245 kel UTS
(frtm Ref. 13)
200__ _
*1.0
S100
Spcmn
_ _ _
.t8.0 _ _ _ _
Cycles to Failure
S-N Curves for 98B410 Steel. 2041 kal 15TS
(From Ref.- 13)
WADD TR 6o-42 180

It K
S100
0 3" 5 ----- "-

8 .1 8, Ktinl
100 .- - - - - - -
it. 61 Tranav.
300 M• 2601 kenl

300 - T1S 270± kei
1
*8 tin 8- iKtin
* 100
Lo-gut. e Kt Tandv h
2000 5 - - 1 - 5-
10 102 10e 1 10 10 2 104~ 106

Cycles to Failure
Fig. 61
S-N Curves for fricent Steel, Smooth and Notched

(F'~ Ref.- 34)
WADD TR 6o-42 181

e44
~~ 04 340
V4 OPT r, t
00
100
WADD TR 6o-142 182

200
Kt = 8.0
0
101 c i c5 z• zo7 1o
Cycles to Fralure
Fist. 64&
S-N Curves for -HY-Tuf Steel, 2M3 kel UTS
(From Ftef- 23)
*200
i Kt - 8.0
Cycles to Failure
Fix. 65
S-N Curves for Super BY-Tut Steel. 260 ksI ST
(From jBef.- m3
WADD TR 60-42 183

160
Kt 1.0
1100'
X.2.6"
j80
cycle to Paibn"
Fig. 66
Approximate S-N Curves for Ferrovac Wi3-4f9 Steel,
Not Nitrided, and Nitrideci
(Ftcm ref.- 35)
WADD TR 6o-42 184

120
80 6 Spec mens
60
40
%%.LS~pecimens
201
S EHaatelloy R-235 Kt
no 4
Kt = 3.14
8 Specimens
Kt 1.0ecimensf
104 " 10 -;E 1o-7

Cycles to Failure
Fig. 67
S-N Curves for UdImet :20g HastelloY R-235, and
OMR-235 Heat Resistant Alloys
(From Ref. 36)
WADD TR 60-4~2 185

---- I -
$4
46-44)
4
a')
ocu
' " "i ! l I i I
WADD TR 6o-42
186
-E-
04)
>,
wADD TR 6o-42 187

60
N-12
Qcl.i to Valime
100
20
cycla. to f.ItiWu
Fla. 70
S-N Curves for Hoat Resistant Alloys

UstoG at.RoomTbtUD1'StuW
WADD TR 60-4+2 188

D4 0 0
* ~00
r4A
*U
_ _ _ 1894_ twm T uA~
WADD R 60-2 18
0*
.4
I U
1•--01-44
bi u-
- ----
-j
WAPD TR 60-42 190

OF'. amu
AM
0 0 0 34
in g
I,-
340
$0N
03
a /ca
1o 131
1 0
0
%00
44 44 4 4 44 44 44
lTOR 0tov am; Lou~qg
WADD TR 6o-4~2 191

0t15 __ 1 hr. l0°r-. 100hrm.
50 1 12.5 - -W
40 t 10 'Kt-. 0 * 0lm
30* 7.5 ,
11 9Selw
201 5 n 0.25 1
A20* 5
201, 5 105 5 l.o6 5 .17 5
*b. 10o 100 b,.

•.. .... ._9 Spleclumm
35*23.3 • I ! I
30 20
25 *k16.7
1-
t 133
20 o.671 1 t = -.j
5 105 3 106 5 io7 5
11 hr. 10 hr*. IlOhrs.
15 + 30 1 -il
I
~~Kt - 1.0
10*t20
m 2.91
5*1 - 2.
A
10ko i 5 106 5 107 5
0701.5 to Pa~m"
Fig.- 74
1700'F S-N Curves for Inconel 713C at Several
Combinations of Steady and AlternatIng Strees
(Frm De. 41)
Note: A - ratio of a1tezvotim to cbWt trs.
wADD TR 60-42 192

- 7W
__ I-
0'
N*
wADD TR 60-42 193

"2"
noo
%,ame to Vtm11e
Fig. T6
S-N Curves for M4-10 Steels Re 61-62, Not Nitrided
andl Nitridled. constfant I'rtobabli~ty or Surivyal
or Stress at Constant life.
(Pum ref.- 35)
WADD TR 6o-42 194

U%
40
o* * o
-43
a0
z '
00
+ + +
;gx 'ssuu~g3~~u~
9mv" u .MTp..qg
wADD TiR 6o-42 195

00
.40
0
'-4
4a
03 O
4-t
.4-
b% C#l
r44
WAD4 T56-4 9
11,3
6D
----
•o t 2..• 6
7yle go Flbir
Fig. 79
S-N Curves for Refractaloy 26
At Room Temperature
WADD TR 60-42 197

710 ==9 apeofuma
60 It - 1.0
1407Spces
4430 _____ _
SIKt 3.4
5 1o5 5 o20 5 io 7 5
Cycles to feilure
Flg. 80
S-N Curves for s-816 Alloy
(From Ref. ho)
WADD TR 6o-42 198

WWI
Iiin
II--P
-
ODI
r4.
wADD TR 6o-4I2 199

40 * 50
K1.0
330 *30
• lo','
; o • ,t "- 4.2.0
20*2011
110 * 10
0-
0o 1 6 0o
o08
1o0 1o3 0o4
cycles to Failure
Fig ,. 82
8-N -Curves tor 34T Stainless Steel. Showing Steady

PAus Alternatian S aress
(Fran Ref. 45)
WADD TR 60-42 200

120
100 1 10
80±•
1 "°
Kt .0
xt .0
x .
20 t20
Cycles t~o Failure
Fl•a. 83
s-N curves for 403 stainess Steel, ShowtnM Steady
PlUs AIS~ernatlMM Strzes8
wAD TR 6o-42 201

i~~ ill IIIL II II II i ,,
6~0
Sii Spspecimen
320 Nt" I
co no05
& :o.1 5 5 17
cycles to Failure
Fig. 84
S-N Curves for Stellite 31 (X-4o) Alloy
(From Ref. 40)
80
A50 -_ __ _
S6S icms"N 7 Sp•ecimens
10ý 5 0o 5 1oT '5 107 15

cycles to Failure
Fla. 85
s-N curves for 6-M M.-Wamp1loy

(From Ref. 0o)
WADD TR 60-42 202

71, IN7 .7ý 7. T A
Go F
ECa
* U I
,to- t
wD 6o-4 203 -
*100 -
Nt. 2
890
*70
*60
±I.!
I -_ _ or : j•_e_ spom en
*50
160
* 0 Solutiauued 21501' pc nv
Aillh,, ZeroP a¥Ied A= It
* Aged
0 1650*v*4
055 106 5 167 2

Cycles to Psilwae
S-N Curves for Smooth Rene 41 Alloy, for Two Heat

.Treatments, at Room Temperature, .12000, 14000, and 160001,
13th Zeto Steady Loads (A .w
(Ftcin Ref. i&6)
WADD TR 6o-42 204

7ot 2647
i6oh __tW
30*20
Solutlom~d 21501
Aged 16501
20 a 13.
7yoe to Fa6l7
Rt.
2 n e.~
UADD TB6160020
aot w
70 1 107
30*t 7.5
20*± 5, 5 5 o6
Cycles to Failure
do~ii
S-I GulTe for'Smooth Rene 4I1 Alloy, for One Heat

Tz~armenrop ar, JAWO and 160".p With Steady Loa-dsv(A 0.25
(F'romRef. 16)
WADD TR 60-42 206

35 OfttdG - ztatifg boom tests* Item 1.
30
~20---
is5 .65 17285 - l
cpae.. to Jr11m.
Fig. go
S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 2014 (14S-T), Extruded
(Twin ref. I&7)
wADD TE 60-42 207

,410
UA
10 2 p
UP• lop 17 S104 108

Cyclea to Failure
Fig. 91
S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 2014-T6 (14S-T6), Rolled.
"0 10 20
Klan Stress, Wt.
Fig. 92
Alternating vs. Mean Stress, for N = 107 Cycles,
for 14S-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Rolled.
(DrDRref. 028)
WADD TR 6o-'42 208

2. -- --.- W
A'A
o *w
I1
IW
IC
UN 0e
4.
0I 0*
cm4
Tax tW0T o904
TR6-4 ijD 0
3011 1
C I,3etodd mFel0ukiw
lbStead Cuvsfo ochdAcid2S-3 t .

20rc 20fkid
""4POIO
Fig. 95
S-NCuresfoA Nchad224ST3,Kt 2.5T3 t .
(ftram ref. 5.1)
E 60-2
WADD 21
Itoc
Fig. 96
S-N Curves for Alclad and for Bare 24S-T3,. Smooth
ho[I
1I
M vibrating esntllome
CY*l80 to ?&Ulwe
Fig. 97
S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 24S-T, Extruded
WADD TR 60-42 211

60
310
___ 6
10
9
Cycle. to Ftailu
Fig. 98
S-N Curves for 24S-TL Aluminum Alloy, Rolled.
(7r• ref. 48)
30
iIt,
o0 0 •o
2030 .00 60 TO 8D"90 30
Fig. 99
Alternating vs. Mean Stress, for N 107 Cycles
for 24s-T4 Aluminum Alloy, Rolled
(TwM ref.
WADD TR 60-42 212

:4
0
-------------- - -W
Uo
z
A 6; 1
lo- tspot '4o
wADD R 6o-2 21
60 6
is 1.5 -0 - -- - 0
A0.rSoob N #SOT.AN 10 ya
both
o T i5 o oo0 o 2 o o 5
14.1
30 0 20.3 Met
20 *0 It - 5.0
o0 10t 20
t0 a1400 .0ou
o 2 2 3o o 5o0 10 20 30 40 50
Mean Stress, ki 0 Mean Stress, kit
, ,,.0.0--- 100
0 0
5AD T -- -1e .20-

amot faboo _
202
t It
10 -0 -t
Alumlnuu
A11oC Plat It 46 .0..
00 -30 20
0 0 20 30 4o05o 60 0 1 2 3
Moan Stasis, kit Ymen Stress,, kni
Flg. 101
Alternating vs. Mean Stress for 24IS-T3
40 P I N I~ o4
Aluminum Alloy Plate
WADD TR 6o-4+2 2141

""t toC
ium~ n 2
Cycles to ?ulbuz'e
Fig. 102
S-N Curves for 24S-T4 Aluminum Alloy, Hot Rolled.
(urna ref. 35)
WADD TR 60-4~2 215

NFig. 103
-60-0 JO-30ý -2 -10 0*0 2O*3 050;
3ochd05 20
"(Based
onailt40 of16seies
R 6o-+2
WADD 21
so T__ Ato•he n
zo am
INI
IU0 and 180•0 6
1 01! 10T j20104 1

Cycles to ra11uro
Fig.-105
S-N Curve for 24S-T3, Axial Loads, Fully Reversed at
Three Speeds, on Notched Specimens, Kt = 4.0
(Fwm ref. 57)
24 to k8o
gM .4to 00 ME
TJLenullmi
Tim. Tim
Fig. 106
Typical Load-Time Curves for Part of S-N Curve on Fig. 105
WADDref.73
WADD TR 6o-~42 217

°*2o5 ,. 25*5 - 5
7 S eemla -
*20 - - - - - 8 pMim
12*15 - -- 1P213 - K~m.
12 Specimens K~.5 ImI

*10 - - -. -. l10 - !
10 0 5 0 107- -0 - 5*- 0 - 0 Ktw2.
Cycles to Failure cycle, to Failure
Fla. 107 Fla. 108

s-8 curves for 618-J6 Aluminum Alloy. S-i Curves for 1h46 Aluminam Al0oy
(
rully ReVeraea5=056U For a Aus ern BreOS
(Fr
Ref. 58)
( t
D 25t"02-
4~15t15
Cycle Failure 3o
F1g.110
S-i~~~ycefo 684 tuoelumiu loySet
For ear. Pus lernatu 3ross LA -*.

(Fran Ref. ii5)
WADD TR 60-42 218

. . . .. . . . ....... ....
7-~
-~W-
I'
(35 _ _ _ _ _
St~y ap
Cyclas to Fali~m'
pi-g. 1 1 0
S-N Curves for Aiclad 75S-T6, Notched, Kt =2.5
(Fro fef. 51)

30
~~204
*04
210
020 20 0200
Steady Cmpmeneaim, kal. Steady Tension, kul
Fig.111
Alternating vs. Steady Stress for Alciad- 75S-T6,
Notched, Kt = 2.5
(Frca ref.5
VADD TR 6o-4i
2 219
"5
* U3~jU rotating beem tests. Item 2.
cyc1.. to Failure
Fig.112
S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 75S-T, Extruded, Smooth Specimens
(From ref. 47)
WADD TR 6o-42 220

6, Ca¾ vr--'r
3.5
30
2.5
j35 - w___ w_____

____
CyclestoF~aiure
45g 113
~ ~
S-N~ ~~~Curve lly7
t nt6,Roled Plate,
Coalmiu
(Fr.ref. 1i7)ow
WADDAV
TR604222
j2
U'\
-4a,
6e/ a
, oat
n i)4,
Si
innnmiLCm\
=a mnmnnnnnnnu ~
WA•DD TR 60-412 222

141
00
04
4,
-~~ - - - *
g 2 2 A Ln 0
1u~I33..qS W 'Ue.48ZV~lzL.~!TM
q4J
tri
2loll-
Jj It.
WADD TR 60-42 223

50 -- _ _ _
hol
Cyc2as to Fe13w
Fig. 11-6
S-N Curves for 75S-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Hot Rolled
(Frm re. 55 )
WADD TR 6o-42 224

40-
0ig 11
S-N Curve, 75S-T6 Rolled and Drawn Rod,

Smooth and Notched
rf59)
(7iam
NX
X
20fmi
I(r I wsf [ i)
VADD 10 225 2671 1

Fig. 119
S-N Curve for 753S-T Aluminum Alloy,
ShowIng Mean, and Scatter Band
(Vim st. 23)
F2g. 120
Log-Probability Diagram Showing Fatigue Lif~e.-Times,
of Dferent 8ressesa or •-T Aumi tnA Alo
30 A ! ! %,3 !
WADD TR 60-•I2 226

Fi,. 121
S-N Curves for 75•-T6 Aluminum Alloy,

for Various Probabilities of Failure.
1. to p
-l W?I
Fig. 12
~~S-N Curve for s7 5§S-T6 frAllLas

Aluminum Alloy,
L100 mi 18T0 opi
(ft sit. do)
110
160
T _ _J• _ _27
00
c~cua to ftu2.
Flit. 122
S-N Curve for 755-T6 Aluminum Alloy,, for Axial Loads,.
Fully Reversed, on Notched Specimens. Kt - 4.0
WADD TR 60-42 227

o
dSS
44
WADD R 60-2 22
7,V *,1
ho
Zero
12 kid
120 h30 01
18 60 kul.
Cycles to FaiU.r
Fig.l2 4
S-N Curves for 76S-T61 Aluminum Alloy-Alternating Bending Stress
Superimposed on the Indicated Steady Bending Stress.
30(7rca Ref. 61)______ ______
__
25__
v
e4
*20
S16 Zr
E-.
a 1 ke
~10
70l&15 66l 718 o

Cycles to Nailure
Fig. 125
S-N Curves for T6S-T61 Aluminum Alloy-Alternating Torsion Stress
Superimposed on Steadý Torsion Stress.
(Fr ref. )
WADD TR 6o-4i2 229

ItI0
30
.1.4
____M
1
.20
•).t r-2.6
10
C700e9 to Failuro
Fig.126
S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy X76S-T. Rotating Bending Tests.

(F•r ref.62)
321
30 Romid
~26 IM
•~x .6" 10-
j212
as to aSlquare
1Ig. 127
~~ Curvesllml~m~
imminmmin
S-N ~
for Vibratory K 0lnl
Reversed Bending of X76S-T Aluminum Alloy
WADlD TR 60-•42 230

* 77
10
X% 0 *10 0
Steady StrA"n, kl
Fig.128
Alternating Stress vs. Steady Stress,, for
Notched X76S-T Aluminum Alloy. Kt 3.6
(Fwi ref . CO
35
(?mrt.n 22)
WADDC) TR6oW2 3
~• ~ ~
m, m ~m ~
mmm ~
mmmmm ~ Amm Alo Ite 23,,
0 *
00
oc 0
1 con
a 04
I %
II 1 '4
ii- lei
3-i--0-4
$Ba Ix T 24L
wADD R 6o-2 23
-4 43
M W4
q-4
Cl)
02
WADD TR 60-42 233

Cyclos to ftl.bwe
Fig. 13
S-N-R Curves for Magnesium Alloy FS-Ih, Smooth.
20
0
o 10 20 30 40
Steady Strese, kmi
Fig. 133
Steady Stress vs. Alternating Stress for Magnesium
Alloy FS-Ih, Smooth Sheet, for N = lOT Cycles.
(Derived from Fig.132)
WADD TR 6o-42 234

E-
('I N
1- :3
r4.
pm 'momq ftrmuzsnT
WADD TR 60-42 235

ja -
1 ,, I..07 cyam.I
•20 "
60 70
Steady Strup, kv.
020- __
*10 KaJ _ _ _ _
p -3.a. __ . 2.
Steady Strtess, kel
Fig. 135
Alternating Stress vs. Steady Stress for Extruded
Magnesium Alloy ZK6OA-T5. for N = 107 and 105 Cycles
(rrm r'f. 66 )
WADD TR 6o-42 236

i i
SI I
34K,- 20 -
- It - -
I%
Steady Stress,koEL
- x~is
- o• Ols
3A N
-bs Strein, kel

Fla. 136
Alternating Stress vs. Steady Stress for Extruded Magnesium
Alloy ZK6OA-T5. for N = 104 and 5(103) Cycles
(r sitz-. 66)
VAD TR 60-42 237

- a- - - - - - -
-I4
i
.4-- - 0
WADD TI 60-42 238

30
26 Axial Lceai.S
26
18
04
111 S00
10
3(103) 0e 10' 107
cycle to Failure
*30
Plate BIeadi
22
18
0
10
3(103) 1o0 10 16 o7
Cycles to Fallure
Fig. 138
S-N Plot of fatigue Tests of PS-la (AZ31A-0)
Magnesium Alloy
(Frau Ref. 67)
wADD TR 6o-42 239

30
26 ___________ Plate Bd~b~m
18 0
00 I 0
30
26
0 00
300
300
Itotatift BeNdi
0 00
42
18
1.0-
cycles to Failure
M~. 139
S-N plot Or Patigue Tests of J-1 (Az61A-F)
Yamnesluiu Alloy
(Frim Reft. 67)
WADD TE 60-42 24I0

7 7,
a66
22
18
0 3
10
30
26
22
22
10
30
2 Retatina Bendiug
0__00
26 _ _ _ _
0 0 0
22 2
18
10
Cycles to Failure
Pig. l14o
S-N Plot of Fatigue Tests of-0-1 (AZ8OA-2)
maADDlTm Allay,
(Fran Ref.- 67)
WADD TR 6o-412 2411

.%
, I I0
_ _
/ fi4f
_ I
P*
UXDD'•
0- ""t I!•
Wtv"! 6m
-
-, mumm nm
-,,= i mmn
i ,,,m=m= mm
11 7 -111M
0.
CmM-
- A.
c- -r
Go r4 A 33
Ii
_ _ _ IM
I0 I
;::l~ 9.q4
I II
UN 0
VI
r43
~
,;Sx~~ ~ vo
Suz0tvrvI~
WADD R 6o-2 24
.310 j 10
I-.
11.5
Cycles to Failure
S-N 1uz'ves 5or Smooth Magrecium

po A11o• HM-21
at corn Te erature.and t50 an bOF thread Lods
(A .".00U) an3 W:Lou; 8?eady LOadS (A *,,)
lra Ret. 70)
WADD TR 60-42 244

00
.00 0
vs -E 0)
0)
m IM&M
WAD TR6-4 4
69 o g
I Q
x
0m 3 .4
0_
x
V
A sz
004 0
0 oo j x
A -se
m
NO.S48
*Iy
Tint
-4T
2 £&2
2 'U "tTL'
$iK 16E-4 m4 -wu
WO.8
-m
;u~ mzqgnv ; 'maridc
WADD R 24
6c-2
0 .l
'i- A*(ncml Ch
0
H
r'4 E-40
* f*4
___ __ 20 Ii
IW
'FIR see _t~m
WADD R 6o-2 24
I0
E-1
L 0)
4 CD.4.1-
0 D2
Ts~ 'SsZ!4
3w;~C+.4
WADD0 TR44'~
3 4
'44
344
0 en 64
00
0 .0
022
C.4
43 - OD. 4c b
4-
-^
to 'U~
0 0
WADD TR 6o-4+2 24f9

A0
04-
444434
00
wADD R 6o-2 25
UM b".
to b2s.
1.0 br.
100
0 90
0 60 5 specimens
ow*lr
V4
10007 4 spools*"
..w=.%%wwwMwftý
0 60
solution Tresled
0 150
0 * 100
0 90 mop 4 spectsew
0 80
0 70 weir 6 speci RES
0 60 svec J
3 cimms 5
5 107
5
0 50 3.04 5 105 Cýrcus to paijure
Titanium kIIOY&
Smooth r A1-3 141 (A = dp-w
and Ann' 100001F., with 147,ero Stead Load
iýll!"illiid
for" 11ý11
S-14 (;Urves 6000,, 8000, and
at 750, 4000,
(Froff Ref. 79)
251
WADD TR 60-42
got60 1.010110 h
II
8 .0 3_
_5 _ _
1880±80
7 160 -
0 * g dI
' S
30 * 30 Cycles l;ec x;;

pig. ~ f
6153
70rc *e 79)
6oD TE6 04o5

10 *
- - -0
hr~r
24
12
WADD TR 6o-42 253

I I i__I__i____ ,
107 2'
Cycles to Failure
S-N Curves of Constant Probabilit of Survival of Stress

at Conarlnz L:e,t' RK 21 Moors Tests or A1-N1 on8m
(Fr Ref. 29)
150 -
10%
50%
~35 90_
3010 2 i
Cycles to Failure
Fig. n'~
3-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress
t Conta~nt Lire. H. R. Moore Tests or Beryllium Copoer
(From Ref . 29)
WADD TR 60-42 254

35 - - - - - - -
Polyester Resin
30 - 181 Glass Fabric
Item 7
25 - -- -
9 Specimens
15 - - - - - ",- - -z
30
Polyester Resin
Item 8 112 Glass Fabric
5
10 - - l- 3. -.. ,-
20
5
Iyle to Kt.Failre
157
30
S-Ni Curves tar (]Pass-Fber-Reinfoc

1lastlc teminates
WADD TR 60-'•2 255

so~etar Resin
35 P18J& Gleam Fabric
30 -- --- - - - -
25
250
1a3nte
itaem
(F9 ReT 80)
WADDv~e 1.0o1225
35 - - - -
I I
-
Heat Resistant Polyester Resin

181 Glass Fabric
4Z
roM an S res Kt 1.
258 Speci1.0
20
I9Ii Spczg-L
5
1~ - 1I18 Gas abi
___
Ittem 21
~ 0
30 N CuvsfraHeat Resistant Plao-lyer-Rei

orResi
Ný
Plastic Lainte Mitean Withoust 3.5iupsdManSrs
M(ern Ref. 80)'
TR 60-15 ec 257
Sat Resistant
rlf Glaess FabricPolyester lesin
20
&5* vith
item••.•.
S15
N 8 Specimens Kt 1.
10
Cycles to Failure
S-N Curves of a Heat Resistant 0Gass-flbrio Reinforced

Plastic .•Mnate, at 450 w1trh the Warp
(FnCa Ref. 80)
35 pat Resistant I•t~ie Basin

1 M,Glas Fabric
"Is8 Specimens
25
ltaa 26
8 Specimens
433
10
1o 555 1o5 5 1o5

0o7 5 o8
Cycles to Failure
Fig. 161'
S-N Curves for a Heat Resistant Glass-Fabric-
Reinforced Plastic Laminate
(From Ref.- 80)
WADD TR 60-4+2 258

|ho
SHeat Resistant Phenolic Resin

181 Glass Fabric
35
25
20 7 Spcio
15
Kt f 3.5
10
' 30
Heat Resistant Silicone Resin
181 Glass Fabric
•4 25
~20
15 ;;; ý7Specimens
15Igel 30 Kt____1
SSpecimesK .
0Kt 3.5 0
10 10 5 10 5 105 5 3o6 5 107 5 108

Cycles to Failun.
Flg. 162
S-N Curves of Heat Resistant Glass-Fabric
Reintorced Plastic Laminates
(From Ref. 80)
WADD TR 6o-42 259

30
25
S20Itels
j20- 313 -
1 - • Kt 1.o0
log lo3 5iO( 5 1o5 51 5 o7 5 1o8

Cycles to Failure
Fig. 161
S-N Curves for a Glass Fabric Laminate Plastic
(Plotted fran Table XI of Ref. 42)
WADD TR 60-42 260

Nowial ea 9 ellow D±Tgh
!Ktul.08K
Hard reela GOOM

mole 5
10 W 1
ey"to Fallsre lols oT&
_ 1205
___0__ 10 lo,600 (on
Umw Deffs content

MO-oIrse t 2. 50%Compabed
aI I I I _0 1
10 0o10 108
Cycles to Ys11,w. Oyal.. to fLe3m.
20 -Hr a
~1534ai
N10
It
-
11* Deeals Oontstl
2.
cycles to Failgme
Fig. 164i
S-N Curves ror Natural and Laminated Wood
(From Ref. 81)
WADD TR 6o-42 2 61
,41 0
pal
4003
ImmIaI
8 8 6- 8
- .
--- 50 "t_-UK.! W22 50~l
WADD TR 60-4+2 262

t- Is- -7 on a
TOX sswuSUMUI-S
WADD R 6o-2 26
-- iii
- - - - - -
I
p
- - - - - __
I
I
'4
0
/
I
I
a
__ I I
___ 1 ___ '4
'4 U Ih
___ I ___
-1--
I
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Cuilnga, Harold N., Qualitative Aspects or Fatigue or Metals. WADC

TR 59-230, 1959.
2. Anon., A Tentative Guide for Fatigue Testing and the Statistical Analysis
of Fatigue Dava. ASTM 5TF NO* 91-As 195!).
3. Lipaitts L.A., and Horne$ 0.T.,, The Fatigue Behavior of Decarburized
Steel. Proc. ASYM, Vol. 57, 1957-.
4. Demer, L.J., Interrelation of Fatige Cracig, Mappng and Notch
Sensitivity, A.T 64UMrh 97
5. Evans, E.B., Ebert,, L.J., and Brines, C W. Fatigue Prouerties of Compar-
able east and Wrought Steels. Proc. AST,&; Vol.* 5b, 195b
6, Almon,, J.0.,, and Boegehold., A.L.,, Rear Axle Gears: Factors Which
Influence Their Life. Proc. ASYM, Vol. 35j, II, 1935.
7. Neuber, H., Der Raumlich Spanunzuatand In Umderhungskerben. Ingenieur
Archly., Vol. bs p. 133, 1935.
8. Corten, H.T.,, Dimoff, T., and Dolan, T.J.,, An Appraisal of the Prot Method
of Fatigue Testing. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 54,, 1954.
9. Grover, H.J.,, Bishop,, S.M,, and Jackson, L.R., Fatl~e Sigeths or
Aircraft Materials - Axial-Load Fatigue Tests on Notche ecimens
phet
of 24-T and T-T Auminum AZoE and or SA 1O ee wihsress
concentration Factors or 2.0 and 41.0. NAGA TN 23059, 1951.
10. Grover,, HJ.,, Hyler, W.S.,, and Jackson, L.R.,p Fatigue Strengths of
Aircraft Materials - Axial-L~oad Fatigue Tests on Notched Sheet specimens
of 24-T and T-T Auminum Aloy and of SAE 43Ste ntress
Concentration Factor or 1.5. NAGA TN 2639, February, 1952.
11. Rooney,, R.J., Fatigue Tests of Welded and Unwelded SAE 4ý20 Steel.
Wright Field Memorandum Report,, Serial No. XC7MCrE-590-6- , January 14,1948.
12. Anon., Rotati.'i Beam Fatfigue Test. Unpublished Report EML 803, June-
July 194y7, Curt iss-Wright Propeller Division.
13. Sachs, 0.,g Muvdi, B.B., and Klier,, E.P.,, Design Properties of High
Strength Steels in the Presence of stress Concentrations. WADC R 55-103,
January, 1955.
14. Starkey, W.L.,, Marco, S.M., and Gatta, R.R., Statistical Evaluation of
Variation in Endurance Limit Among Several HfeatFs -o( ro-pelle-r Type Ste-el.
WACTR 55-45S3# August, 195b.
15. Epremian, E., and Mehl, R.F.0 Investigation of Statistical Nature of
Fatigue Properties. NAGA TN 2719, June, 195r.
16. Dieter, G.E., Horne,, G.T.,, and Mehl# R.F., Statistical Study of Over-
Stressinig in Steel. MACA TN 3211, April,, 1154-.
17. Dolan, T.J., and Hanley, B.C., The Effect of Size of Specimen on the
Fatige Streag o AE440 Steel. Final Report, may, 19118, Engr-.
Expriensation, U.or11
WADD TR 60-42 268

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)
18. Poster H W. and Cox, R.J., Static and Fatigue Notch Tests of High Heat
SAE J43 0 and Hy-Tuf Steel Bar. LocUKheed Aircraft Corp., Report No. TT744U
January 309 L95l..
19. Wells, N.J., and Ward, M.V., Critical Design Factors for High Strength
Steel. Machine Design, Vol. 25, No. 10, October, 1953, PP. 149-15T.
20. Melcon, M..A., Ultra High Strength Steel tor Aircraft Structures. Product
Engineering, Vol. XXIV, No. 10, October, 1953, pp. 129-141.
21. Ransom, J.T., and Mehl, R.F.,, The-Statistical Nature of the Fatigue
Properties of SAE 4~340 Steel Forgings. Symposiu-mi onF7aitigue with Emphasis
on statistical Approach - II. A5TKh STP No. 137', June, 1952.
22. Trapp,, W.J., Elevated Temperature Fatigue Properties of SAE 4f340 Steel.
WADC TR 52-325-,Part I,,December, 1952.
23. Dolan, T.J., Richart, F.E., Jr., and Work, C.E., The Influence of
Fluctuations in Stress Amplitude on the Fatigue of Metals. Proc. AsTm,
Vol. 49, 1949, p-. BTb.
24I. Oberg, T.T., and Ward, E.J. Fatigue of Alloy Steels at High Stress Levels.
WADC TR 53-256, October, 1953.
25. Ward,, E.J., Schwartz,, R.T.,, and Schwartz, D.C., An Investigation of the
Prot Accelerated FatigueTest. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 53, 1953, P. 08t5.
26. Findley, W.N., Mergen, P.C., and Rosenberg, A.H., The Effect of Range
of Stress on Fatigue Strength of Notched and Unnotched SAE 4340 Steel
In Bending and Torsion. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 535, 1953,, p. 700i.
27. Cummings, H.N., Stulen, F.B., and Schulte, W.Ci. Investigation of
Materials Fatigue Problems Applicable to Propeller Design. WD TR 5~4-531,
28. Cummings, H.N., Stulen, F.B.,, and Schulte, W.C. Inesigation of

Materials Fatigue Problems Applicable to Propeller Deign.WAD1 TH 54-531,
S-upplement 1, October, 1955.
29. Cummings, H.N., Stulen, F.B.,, and Schulte, W.C., Investigation of
Materials Fatigue Problems. WADC TR 56-611a mar-,a1?957.
30. Cummings, H.N., Stulen, F.B., and Schulte, W.c., Research on Ferrous
Material Fatigue* WADC TE 58-43, August, 1958.
31. Starkey, W.L., Marco, S.M., and Gatts, R.R., Statistical Evaluation of
Variation in Endurance Limit Amo2 Several Heats af arpeller Tye
32. Tarasovp L.P., and Grover, H.J.., Effects of GriLnding and Other Finishing
Processes on the Fatigue Strengh or Htardened steel. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 50o
1950a p.76697
33. Styri,, H., Patiu Strenoth of Ball Bearing Races and Heat Treated 521.00
Steel Specimens. Prod. ASTX# Vol. 51, 1L951,o P. 062.
34. Muvdi, L.B., Sachs, G., and 111cr, E.P.,, Axial Load Patiuu Prpriso
High Strength Steels. Proc. ASTN,, Vol. 5T# 1957;
rpriso
wADD TR 60-42 269

35. Cummings, H.N., Stulen, F.B., and Schulte, W.C., Invest Aation of Fatigue
36. Vitovec, F.H., Fatigue, Creep and Ru ture Progerties 3f the Alloy
Udimet 500, Has~ei o_
y -5 and GX-j-. A T 5-34, Ocober, 1958.
37. Sachs$ G0. Sell, R., and Brown, W.F., Jr. , insion, Compression, and
Fatigue Properties or Several Steels for Ai ~craft Nearing Application.
Paper presented to ASTM Annual Meeting, Ju~ne, 1959.
38. Fairbairn, G.,A., An Appraisal of the Fatigue Characteristics of Materials
for High Performance Air Vehicles. Proceedings, WADC Symposium on Fatiu
oAircrart Structures, sponsored by ARDCO WADC TR 59-507j, August,, 1959.
39. Lazan, B.J., and Demers L.J., Dam~ng Elasticitz and Fatigue Properties
of Temperature-Resistant materials. Poc. AT, Vol. 5, 91
410. Vitovec, F.H., and Lazan, B.J., Fatigue , Creep, and Rupture Properties
of Heat Resistant Materials. WADC Tfl !50-101 August, 1950S.
41l. Vitovec, F.H., Fatigue, Creep, and Rupture Properties or the Alloy Inconel
11713CI'. Status Report 56i-j, Third quarter 1956 U. orMinIs.o
Techi7 Mechanics and Materials Dept., Appendix 94d. inIs*o
4&2. Podnick~s, E.R., and Lazan, B.J., Damping, Elasticity, and Fatigue Properties
of Titanium Alloys, Hi10 Temperature Alloys, stainless Steels, and Glass
Laminate at Room and Elevated Temperatures.* WADC TR 56-37, March,. 195b7.
43. Demers L.J., and Lazan, B.J., Damping, Elasticity, and Fatigue Properties
of Unnotohed and Notched N-155 Alloy at Room and Elevated T~emperatures.
Proc. ASTM,, Vol. 53,71953.
441. Toolins P.R., The Influence of Test Temperature and Grain Size on the
Fatigue Notch Sensitivit-y or Rerractaloy 26. Proc. ASTM,, Vol. 511, 195 4.
415. Hardrath, H.F,, Landers, C.B., and Utley, E.C., Jr., Axa-od aiu
Tests on Notched and Unnotched Sheet Specimens of 6lS 7-T6Mum~nUM Aj~IoY
Annealed 347 stainless STeel, and Heat-Treated 403 Stainess Steel, NACA
TN 3011, October, 1953.
416. Rooney, R.J., Fatigue Properties of Heat Resistant Nickel Base Alloy Rene
411. WADC Report WCLT L58z-73, 2b August 1956S.
247. Oberg, T.T., and Rooney, R.J., Reversed Bendin Fatigue Characteristics of
418. Lazan, B.J., and Blatherwick, A.A.,s Fatigue Properties of Aluminum Alloy
at Various Direct Stress Ratios.. Part I - Rolled Alloys. WADC TH 52-307
Part Is December, 1952.
49.Wag.TY. Axial Loadip Fatigue Properties of 7072-T6, 701-T6 and
50. Cliet, C.B., Flexural Fatigue Strength of Anodized 2315-T Aluminum Alloy
Sheet. Aeronautical Engineering Review, Vol. 11, No. 12,' December, 1952.
WADD TR 6o-42 270

BIBLIOORAPHY (Uontinued)
51. Wilks, I.E and Howard, D.M., Effect of Mean Stress on the Fatigue Life
of Alclad 2AS-T3 and 75S-T6 Aluminum Alloy. WADC TR 53-40, June, 1953.
52. Smith, P.C., Brueggeman, W.x., and Harwell, R.H., Comparison of Fatigue
Strengths of Bare and Alclad 24S-T3 Aluminum-Alloy Sheet Specimens
Tested at 12 and 1,000 Cycles per Minute. NACA TN 2231, December, 1950.
53. Grover, H.J., Bishop, S.M., and Jackson, L.R., Fatigue Strengths of
Aircraft Materials - Axial-Load Fatigue Tests on Unnotched Sheet Speci-
mens of 24S-T3 and 75S-Tb Aluminum Alloys and of SAE 4130 Steel. NACA
TN 2324, 1951.
54. Grover, H.J., Bishop, S.M., and Jackson, L.R., Fatigue Strengths of
Aircraft Materials - Axial-Load Fatigue Tests on Notched Sheet Specimens
of 24S-T3 and 75S-Tb Aluminum Alloys and or SAE MO Steel with stress
Concentration Factor of 5.0. NACA TN 2390, 1951.
55. MacGregor, C.W., and Grossman, N., Effects of Cyclic Loadins on Mechanical
Behavior of 24S-T4 and 75S--T6 Aluminum Alloys and SAE 4130 Steel. NACA
TN 2U12, October, 1952.
56. Wallgren, G., Direct Fatigue Tests with Tensile and Compressive Mean
Stresses on 24"-T Aluminum Plain Specimens and Specimens Notched by a
Drilled Hole. -Stockholm, 1953, Report No. 40 of the Aeronautical
Research Institute of Sweden.
57. Hardrath, H.F., and Illg, W., Fatigue Tests at Stresses Producing Failure
in 2 to 10,000 Cycles. 24S-T3 and 75S-Tb Aluminum-Alloy Sheet Specimens
with Kt - 4.0, Subjected to Completely Reversed Axial Load. NACA TN 3132,
January 1954.
58. Rosenthal, D., and Sines, G., Effect of Residual Stress on the Fatigue
Strength of Notched Specimens. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 51, 1951, p. 593 et seq.
59. Stickley, G.W., and Howell, F.M., Effects of Anodic Coatings on the
Fatigue Strength of Aluminum Alloys. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 50, 1950.
60. Sinclair, G.M., and Dolan, T.J., Effect of Stress Amplitude on Statistical
Variability in Fatigue Life of 75S-Tb Aluminum Alloy. Trans. ASIfE, Vol.
75, No. 5, July, 1953, PP. Ob7-b72.
61. Findley, W.N., Combined-Stress Fatigue Strength of 76S-T61 Aluminum Alloy
With Superimposed Mean Stresses and Correction for Yielding. NACA TN
2924p, May, 1953.
62. Dolan, T.J., Effects of Range of Stress and of Special Notches on Fatigue
Properties of Aluminum Alloys Suitable for Airplane Propellers. NACA TN
052, June, 1942.
63. Bennett, J.A., Effect of an Anodic (HAE) coating on the Fatigue Strength
of Magnesium Alloy Specimens. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 55, 1955.
64. Found, G.H., The Notch Sensitivity in Fatigue Loading of Some Magnesium-
Base and Aluminum-Base Alloys. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 4b, 194b.
65. Jackson, L.R., and Grover, H.J., The Fatigue Strength of Some Magnesium
Sheet Alloys. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 46, 194b.
WADD TR 60-42 271

BIBLIOORAPHY (continued)
66. Blatherwick, A.A., and Lazan, B.J,, FatguePrper~ties ofExtruded

Ualposium Alloy 2K6O Under Various Cormbnatons or Alenating an7 mean
AalStresses. WADC TH 53-l15l, August, 1953.
67. Hyler, W.S.., and Lyons, F.H., Material-Progerty-Des sn criteria for Metals.
68. Harmsworth,, C.L.,1 Fatigue Properties of AZ8l-T~4 Cast Magnesium Alloy.

WADC Report No. WcRT L5t-13,, 31 January 195b.
69. Harusworth, C.L.s, and Stewart, J.M., Fatigue Properties of HM-31 Magnesium
Alloy at Room and Elevated Temperatures. WADc Report NO. WCRT L5t-b9,
14 may 195bw'
TO. Harmsvorth, C.L.,, and Beutel, E.., Fatigue Properties of HM-21 Magnesium
Alloy at Elevated Temperatures. WADC Report NfO. WURT L5b 112, ?3 October,
1950.
71. Romualdi, JP., and D'Appolonia, E.,* The Effect of Geometry of Notch and
Speed of Testing on the Fatigue Prourtles of Titanium. Carnegie I-naTITute
or Technology and Office or Chief or Ordnance. Contract No. DA-36-061-
ORD-259. WAL Report No. '401/68-22. March, 1953.
72. Adenstedt, H.K.p Binna, F.R., and Rooney, R.J., A Preliminary Inves~igation
on the Effects of Surface Treatments on the Fatigue Strength Or Titanium
Alloys TI-150A and RC -130B * WADC TR 52-202, February 1953.
73. Harmsworth, C.L., Invest Wtion of the Statistical Nature of Fatisue of
RC130B Titanium Allo-y.WADC Report WCRT L5)4-3b, Project 591-bO kS-A),
7 July 1954.
7'4, Demmlers, A.W., Jr., Sinnottj, N.J., and Thomassen, L., The Fatigue Properties
of Some Titanium Alloys.. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 55, 1955, p.7-71--
75. Demmier, A.W.s, Jr.., Sinnotts, M.J., and Thomassen, L., The Fatigue Properties
of Some Titanium Alloys. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 56, 1956, P. 1051.
76, Crum, R.G., and D'Appolonia, E., Behavior of Ti-T5A Titanium Alloy Under
Repeated Load. Proc. ASTM, Vol. 55_, 195.
77. Ogden, H.R.s, Holdens, P.C., and Jaffee, R.I., Mechanical Properties of Ti-
Cr-Mo Alloys as Affected by Grain Size and Grain Shape. Trans. ASM, Vol.'
50s, 2950.
78. Sherman R G. and Kessler, H.D., Investigation of the Heat Treatability
of the t% ilu'minum-'4% Vanadium Titanium-Base Alloy. Tr-ans. ASm, Vol.* 49
195b.
79. Coer, A.E. Fatigue, Rupture and Creep Properties of 7 Al-3 Mo Titanium
Ally. Status Report 59-2, Second quarter 1959, U. of Minn., In~stf. of
Teen., Mechanics and Materials Dept., Appendix 6'4g. (Air Force Contract
33(616) -5'449).
80. Boiler, K.H., Fatjgue Properties of Various Glass-Fiber-Reinforeed Plastic
La.minates. WAINC TR 55-30i9.
WADD TR 6o-4~2 272

81. Fuller, F.B., and Oberg, T.T., Fatigue Characteristics of Natural and
Resin-Impregnated, Compressed, LamInated Woods. Journal of the Aeronautical
Sclences, Vol. 10, No. 3, March, 1943.
82. Kommers, W.J., The Fatiue Behavior of Wood and Plyood Subjected to
Repeated and Reversed Bending Stresses. U. S. Dept. or Agriculture, Forest
bervice. Forest Products La oratory Report No. 1327, March, 1955.
83. Torvik, P.J., Damping, Elasticity, and Fatigue Properties of Brush QNV
Berylliu. Status Report 59-2, Second Quarter 1959, U. of MRUm., Inst. of
Tech )-chanics and Materials Dept., Appendix 72h. (Air Force Contract
84. Materials Laboratory, WADD, Stresa-Rupture Data for Beryllium.

85. Materials Laboratory, WADD, Fatigue of Beryllium.
WADD TR 6o-42 273

LIST OF AUTOM (W MEMMRENCS
AUTHOR REFERENCES AUTHOR REFEEINCES
Adenstedt, H.K. 72 Harusworth, C.L. 49,68,69,70,

Almen, J.0. 6 73
Anon. 2,12 Harwell, R.H. 52
Holden, F.C. 77
Horne, G.T. 16
Bennett, J.A. 63 Howard, D.M. 51
Beutel, E. 70 Howell, P.M. 59
Binns, F.E. 72 Hyler, W.C. 10,67
Bishop, S.M. 9g53 54
Blatherwick, A.A. 66
Boegehold, A.L. 6 Ing, W. 57
Boller, K.H. 80
Briggs, C.W. 5
Brown, V.F., Jr. 37 Jackson, L.R. 9,10,53,54,
Brueggeman, W.C. 52 65
Jaffee, R.I. 77
Cers, A.E. 79
Cliet, C.B. 50 Kessler, H.D. 78
Corten, H.T.8 Klier, E.P. 13,34
Cox, R.J. 18 Kommers, W.J. 82
Crum, R.e. 76
Cummings, H.N. 1,27,28,29,
30,35 Landers, C.B. 45
Lazan, B.J. 39,1 40,42,43,
"48,66
D'Appolonla, E. 71,76 Lipsitt, H.A. 3
Demer, L.J. 4 39,43 Lyon, F.H. 67
Demler, A.W.,Jr. 74,75
Dieter, G.E. 16
Dlmoff, T. 8 MaoGregor, C.W. 55
Dolan, T.J. 8,17,23,60, Marco, S.M. 14,31
62 Materials Labor-
atory, WADD 84,85
Mehl, R.F. 15,16,21
Ebert, L.J. 5 Melcon, ,.A. 20
Epremlan, E. 15 Mergen, F.G. 26
Evans, E.B. 5 Muvdi, B.B. 13,34
Fairbairn, G.A. 38 Neuber, H. 7

Findley, W.N. 26#61
Foster, H.W. 18
Found, O.H. 64 Oberg, T.T. 24,47,81
Fuller, F.B. 81 Ogden, H.R. 77
oatta, R.R. 14,31 Podnicks, E.R. 42

Grossman, N. 55
Grover, H.J. 9 10,32,53, Ransom. J.T. 21
54,65 Richart, F.E.,Jr. 23
Romualdi, J.P. 71
Rooney, R.J. 11,46,T7
Hanley#, B.C. 17 Rosenberg, A.H. 26
Hardrath, H.I. 145,57 Rosenthal, D. 58
wADD TR 60-142 274

LIST OF AUTHORS OF REFERENCES (Continued)
AUTHOR REFERENCES
Sachas, 0. 13,34,37
Schulte, W.C. 27,28,29,30,
35
Schwartz, D.C. 25
Schwartz,
Sell, R. R.T. 25
3•
Sherman, R.G. 7o
Sinclair, O.M. 60
Sines, 0. 58
Sinnott, N.J. 74,75
Smith, F.C. 52
Starkey, W.L. 14,31
Stewart, J.M. 69
Stickley, G.W. 59
Stulen, F.B. 27,28,29,30,
35
Styrij, H. 33
Tarasov, L.P. 23,32

Thomassen, L. 74,75
Toolin, P.R. 44
Torvik, P.J. 83
Trapps W.J. 22
Utley, E.C., Jr. 45
Vitovec, F.H. 36,40,41
Wallgren, 0. 56
Wang, D.Y. 49
Ward, E.J. 24,25
Ward, N.V. 19
Wells, N.J. 19
Wilks, I.E. 51
Work, C.E. 23
WADD TR 60-42 275

MATERIAL TABLE ITEWS PARAGRAPH FPIS.
Steels and
MITeat otant Alloys
1008 1 1-3 2.2.1 2
1020 f4-5 3-
1040 6-13 "1-7
1330 14-19 If
1340 20-23 - --
2315 24-33 " 8-10
34• 37 " 11-12
2330 13
23 " 38-39
4230 It
"1 45-48
4130
404 "--- -15
4N05
41'I If
0 49-52 "T -"
4320 53-59 16
4330 60-73 If 17-21
4335 74-T77 if
4340 1I 1-85 2.2.2 22-46

4350 I 86-95 "47
52100 III 1-32 2.2.3 48-50
8630 " 33-36 51-52
8640 37-140 53-54
14B50 41-42 55
9840" 43-52 56-60
cruc. UHS-260 IV 10-11 2.2.4 62
Ferrovac (WB-49) V 1-4 3.2 66
OR-235 5-6 " 67
H-1 10-11 " 68
H-23 " 12 69
Halmo 7
Hastalloy 8-9 67
H•-Tut IV 14-15 2.2.4 64
Inoonel 713C V 17-26 3.2 73,74
Inoonel X " 13-14 " 70,71
Inoonel X-550 15-16 72
Lapalloy 27 75
X-1 28
M-10 30-33 76
K-30C See Tricent 61
MV-" 29
X-155 34-35 70
Refractalloy 40.-45 " 79
Rene 41 91-102 87 88,
S-816 "46-63 70 75,
Sandv'ik 64-67 " 81
StaWnleas 347 68-70 62
StaWnless 403 71-77 70 75,
Stainless 17-7 PHt 38-39 78
Staless PH-15-7 No "36-37
Stellite V (See X-40) "
Super HY-Tuf IV 9,16-17 2.2.4 65
Super TH-2 12-13 I 63
WADD TR 60-42 276

LIST OF MATERIALS (Continued)
MATERIAL TABLE ITEMS PARAGRAPH FIGS.

Steels and Heat Resistant
Alloys IContinued j
Timken 16-25-6 V 81-83 3.2 86
Trioent IV 1-8 2.2.4 61
TP-2-B V 84 3.2 70
TP-2-R 85 70
Udimet 500 " 86-87 67
Waspalloy 88-90 85
WB-49 See Ferrovac 66
x-4o 78-80 84
Aluminum Alloys
2014 VI 1-10 4.2.1 90-93
2024 VII 1-24 4.2.2 94 -106
6061 VIII 1-7 4.2.3 107-109
7075 IX 1-31 4.2.4 110-123
7076 X 1-23 4.2.5 124-129
7079 xi 1-4 4.2.6 130
Magnesium Alloys
AZ-31A-0 XII See PS-la 5.2 138
AZ31X 1-19 131
AZ6lA-F See J-1
AZ8OA-" See 0-1 ---
AZ81-T4 " 62,63 141
C-AC 33,37,41
C-HT 30,34,39 n-
C-HTA " 31,36,40,42,43 ---
C-HTS " 32,35,38
'S-1 " 27-29
PS-la " 20-26,54,55 " 138
PS-lh See AZ31X
1FS--h 44-48 132,133
HK-31 67-69 " 142
HM-21 " 70-74 " 143
HM-31 64-66 " 142
J-1 52,53,56-58 " 137 139
0-1 " 59-61 " 140
ZK6OA-T5 " 49-51 " 134-136
Titanium Alloys
"Commerolal" XIII 45-50 6.2 ---
Ro-A-30314 35-40
wADD TR 60-42 277

LMi8 O ORM•Ah (COUUMOd)
MATERIAL TABLE TITEM PARAGRAPH FIGS.

Titanium Alloys (Continued)
Ro-130D XIII 13-15,24-34 6.2 145-146
Ro-55 1-6
1 144
TI-75A 16-23,41-44 147
Ti-150A 7-12 145
Ti-2.5 Cr-2.5 No 55-62 148
Ti-7.5 Cr-7.5 go 51-54 148
6 A1-4 Va 63-66 149-151
7 A1-3 Mo 67-86 152-153
Miscellaneous Materials
Al-Ni Bronze XIv 5 7.2 155
Beryllium " 50-63 "166-170
Beryllium Copper 6 156
Glass Fiber Plastic Lam. 7-31 157-163
Gray Iron " 3-4 154
Ingot Iron 1-2
Wood and Plywood 32-49 " 164-165
WADD TR 60-42 278

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Some Quantitative Aspets of Fatigue of Materials

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WADD TECHNICAL REPORT 60-42

Curtiss-Wright Corporation, PropellerDivision DTIC

cl) JULY 1960

WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

SOME QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF

WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

This report was prepared by Curtiss-Wright Corporation, Propeller

The interest and suggestions of Messrs. .oH. Horgen, Director of

WADD T.. 6o-42

This report has been reviewed and is approved.

FOR THE COMMANDER:

WAfDD TR 6o-42 iii

I Introuction e... e o.#.oo.%.o. e.*.. o.a..*... 1

1.1 Purpose of This Report. . . 0 0. . . . .0 . 0. 0. 0 • 1

III Heat Resistant Alloys.. . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . 0

3.2 Discussion of Data' inable V . . . . . .0 0 0 .10 1

IV Alunminum Alloys* . . o & .v e . 0 0 *..

4.2 Discussion ofiaaianýTiablesoVlto*Xi . . . 14

V Magnesium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . . . 19

VII Misoellaneous M aterials. ................... 24

List of Materials. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 276

I SAS Steels 1008 to 4335 *........... ......... 28

IT Special Steels. 0 .. . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . ..0.. . . ..

V Heat Resistant Alloys . . o ....... . . .......... 66

XIII Titanium Alloys . . . . . .... . .. . ... . *o * o. o o 114

XIv Niscellaneous Materials ... o o a * ............ 128

3 S-N Curves for 1020 Steel ... e...... ......... . 14o

8 S-N Curves - Carburized 2315 Steel, Smooth . . . . . . . . 143

9 Design of Notch Used for Fatigue Tests or Carburized Steels . . . . 144

14 Approximate S-N Curves for Normalized 4130 Steel. Fully Reversed

16 S-N Curves - Steel SAE 4320 - "Transverse" Specimens. ... a . . .149

37 Alternating vs. Steady Shearing (Torsion) Stresses, for

38 S-N Curves of constant Probability of Survival of Stress at

39 S-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at

40 S-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at

41 S-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at

42 S-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at

52 S-N Curves- for 8630 Cast Steel, Quenched and Tempered,

61 S-N Curves for Tricent Steel, Smooth and Notched . . . . . . . *. 181

WADD TR 60-42 Viii

78 S-N Curves for 17-7 PH Stainless Steel, Condition TH1050,

79 S-N Curves for Refractaloy 26 at Room Temperature . .. . .. 197

84 S-N Curves for Stellite 31 (X- 4 0) Alloy .... . ...... . 202

86 S-N Curves for 16-25-6 Timken Alloy ..

90 S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 2014 (14s-T), Extruded . 0 . . 207

97 S-N Curves for Aluminum Alloy 24S-T, Extruded . .. . e

100 8-N Curves for 248-T3 Plate, Fully Reversed . .. . . . . . . . . . 213

110 S-N Curves for Alolad 75S-T6, Notched, Kt 2.5 . . . . . * .219

ll Alternating vs. Steady Stress for Alclad 75S-T6, Notched,

120 Log-Probability Diagram Showing Fatigue Life-Times, at Different

123 S-N Curves for 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Hand Forged.

124 S-N Curves for 768-T61 Aluminum Alloy-Alternating Bending Stress

136 Alternating Stress v . Steady Stress for Extruded Magnesium Alloy

137 S-N Curves for Magnesium Alloy J-. . . . . .. .. ..... 238

147 S-N Diagrams for Ti-75A Titanium Alloy Tested at Different

148 Effect of Alloy Content on the Fatigue Properties of Ti-Cr-Mo

150 S-N Curves for 6 Al-4 Va Titanium Alloy - Constant Probability

153 S-N Curves for Aged, and Annealed,Smooth 7 Al-3 Mo Titanium

155 S-N Curves of Constant Probability of Survival of Stress at

157 S-N Curves for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Laminated . . . . 255

160 S-N Curve of a Heat Resistant Glass-Fabric Reinforced

WADD TR 60-42 Xi1

162 S-N Curves of Heat Resistant Glass-Fabric Reinforced

I Introuction e... e o.#.oo.%.o. e... o.a..... 1

XIII Titanium Alloys . . . . . .... . .. . ... . o o. o o 114