Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Can Schönhage multiplication speed up the

RSA encryption or decryption?

Luis Carlos Coronado García

coronado@cdc.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de
Department of Computer Science
University of Technology, Darmstadt

16th June / MoraviaCrypt’05

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Outline

1 Introduction
RSA Algorithm
Motivation
Multiplications of Base Words

2 Multiplication Algorithms
Naïve, Karatsuba and Toom-Cook Multiplication
Algorithms.
Schönhage Multiplication Algorithm.

3 Comparison Amongst the Multiplication Algorithms

Theoretical
Practical
FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

RSA

Outline

1 Introduction
RSA Algorithm
Motivation
Multiplications of Base Words

2 Multiplication Algorithms
Naïve, Karatsuba and Toom-Cook Multiplication
Algorithms.
Schönhage Multiplication Algorithm.

3 Comparison Amongst the Multiplication Algorithms

Theoretical
Practical
FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

RSA

Description of the RSA Algorithm.

Arithmetical Operations.

p, q ∈ P, N = pq, e, d ∈ ZN s.t. ed ∼
= 1 mod ϕ(N).
e
m ∈ ZN , c = m mod N.
Modular exponentiation ⇒ Modular multiplication.
Montgomery: Modular multiplication without trial division.

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Motivation

Outline

1 Introduction
RSA Algorithm
Motivation
Multiplications of Base Words

2 Multiplication Algorithms
Naïve, Karatsuba and Toom-Cook Multiplication
Algorithms.
Schönhage Multiplication Algorithm.

3 Comparison Amongst the Multiplication Algorithms

Theoretical
Practical
FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Motivation

1 2
General Number Field Sieve O(e1.9229(ln n) 3 (ln ln n) 3 ).
1
Brent [1999] Y = 13.24(B log 2) 3 + 1928.6.
768 in 2009.86; 1024 in 2018.04; 2048 in 2041.29; 4096 in
2070.57.
Lenstra and Verhuel [2001] suggest: 1028 in 2002, a 2054
in 2023 and a 4047 in 2050.
Shor [1994]. Factoring quantum algorithm.
Hughes [1997]. L quantum bits and ng quantum gates,
where L = 5n + 4 and ng = 25n3 + O(n2 ).

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Motivation

1 2
General Number Field Sieve O(e1.9229(ln n) 3 (ln ln n) 3 ).
1
Brent [1999] Y = 13.24(B log 2) 3 + 1928.6.
768 in 2009.86; 1024 in 2018.04; 2048 in 2041.29; 4096 in
2070.57.
Lenstra and Verhuel [2001] suggest: 1028 in 2002, a 2054
in 2023 and a 4047 in 2050.
Shor [1994]. Factoring quantum algorithm.
Hughes [1997]. L quantum bits and ng quantum gates,
where L = 5n + 4 and ng = 25n3 + O(n2 ).

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Motivation

1 2
General Number Field Sieve O(e1.9229(ln n) 3 (ln ln n) 3 ).
1
Brent [1999] Y = 13.24(B log 2) 3 + 1928.6.
768 in 2009.86; 1024 in 2018.04; 2048 in 2041.29; 4096 in
2070.57.
Lenstra and Verhuel [2001] suggest: 1028 in 2002, a 2054
in 2023 and a 4047 in 2050.
Shor [1994]. Factoring quantum algorithm.
Hughes [1997]. L quantum bits and ng quantum gates,
where L = 5n + 4 and ng = 25n3 + O(n2 ).

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Motivation

1 2
General Number Field Sieve O(e1.9229(ln n) 3 (ln ln n) 3 ).
1
Brent [1999] Y = 13.24(B log 2) 3 + 1928.6.
768 in 2009.86; 1024 in 2018.04; 2048 in 2041.29; 4096 in
2070.57.
Lenstra and Verhuel [2001] suggest: 1028 in 2002, a 2054
in 2023 and a 4047 in 2050.
Shor [1994]. Factoring quantum algorithm.
Hughes [1997]. L quantum bits and ng quantum gates,
where L = 5n + 4 and ng = 25n3 + O(n2 ).

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Motivation

1 2
General Number Field Sieve O(e1.9229(ln n) 3 (ln ln n) 3 ).
1
Brent [1999] Y = 13.24(B log 2) 3 + 1928.6.
768 in 2009.86; 1024 in 2018.04; 2048 in 2041.29; 4096 in
2070.57.
Lenstra and Verhuel [2001] suggest: 1028 in 2002, a 2054
in 2023 and a 4047 in 2050.
Shor [1994]. Factoring quantum algorithm.
Hughes [1997]. L quantum bits and ng quantum gates,
where L = 5n + 4 and ng = 25n3 + O(n2 ).

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Motivation

Hypothetical QC at 500 MHz wo Moore’s Law (time I).

Quantum
N bits gates time I time II
29 2564 3.35 × 109 33.56 sec 2.23 min
210 5124 2.68 × 1010 4.47 min 17.89 min
211 10244 2.14 × 1011 35.79 min 2.38 hrs
212 20484 1.71 × 1012 4.77 hrs 19.08 hrs
213 40964 1.37 × 1013 1.59 days 6.36 days
214 81924 1.09 × 1014 12.72 days 50.90 days
215 163844 8.79 × 1014 101.80 days 3.55 years
216 327684 7.03 × 1015 2.23 years 8.23 years
217 655364 5.62 × 1016 17.85 years 14.96 years
218 1.31 × 106 4.50 × 1017 142.80 years 22.83 years
219 2.62 × 106 3.60 × 1018 1142.47 years 31.55 years
FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Motivation

Hypothetical QC at 500 MHz wo Moore’s Law (time I).

Hypothetical QC at 25 MHz w an each 3-years Moore’s Law
(time II).
Quantum
N bits gates time I time II
29 2564 3.35 × 109 33.56 sec 2.23 min
210 5124 2.68 × 1010 4.47 min 17.89 min
2 11 10244 2.14 × 1011 35.79 min 2.38 hrs
2 12 20484 1.71 × 10 12 4.77 hrs 19.08 hrs
213 40964 1.37 × 1013 1.59 days 6.36 days
214 81924 1.09 × 1014 12.72 days 50.90 days
2 15 163844 8.79 × 1014 101.80 days 3.55 years
2 16 327684 7.03 × 10 15 2.23 years 8.23 years
217 655364 5.62 × 1016 17.85 years 14.96 years
218 1.31 × 106 4.50 × 1017 142.80 years 22.83 years
219 2.62 × 10 6 3.60 × 1018 1142.47 years 31.55 years
FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Motivation

Description of the RSA Algorithm.

Arithmetical Operations.

p, q ∈ P, N = pq, e, d ∈ ZN s.t. ed ∼
= 1 mod ϕ(N).
e
m ∈ ZN , c = m mod N.
Modular exponentiation ⇒ Modular multiplication.
Montgomery: Modular multiplication without trial division.

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Motivation

Description of the RSA Algorithm.

Arithmetical Operations.

p, q ∈ P, N = pq, e, d ∈ ZN s.t. ed ∼
= 1 mod ϕ(N).
e
m ∈ ZN , c = m mod N.
Modular exponentiation ⇒ Modular multiplication.
Montgomery: Modular multiplication without trial division.

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Motivation

Description of the RSA Algorithm.

Arithmetical Operations.

p, q ∈ P, N = pq, e, d ∈ ZN s.t. ed ∼
= 1 mod ϕ(N).
e
m ∈ ZN , c = m mod N.
Modular exponentiation ⇒ Modular multiplication.
Montgomery: Modular multiplication without trial division.

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

MoB

Outline

1 Introduction
RSA Algorithm
Motivation
Multiplications of Base Words

2 Multiplication Algorithms
Naïve, Karatsuba and Toom-Cook Multiplication
Algorithms.
Schönhage Multiplication Algorithm.

3 Comparison Amongst the Multiplication Algorithms

Theoretical
Practical
FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

MoB

Base Words.
Arithmetical Operations of Base Words.

ν0
ν0 ∈ N, 0 ≤ B < 22 is a Base Word.
One multipication of two base words = one computation
unit.
One addition of two base words = q computation units
(0 < q ≤ 1).
MOB(Alg, bit-length) is the multiplications of base words
needed by algorithm Alg for multiplying two integers of size
bit-length.

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

MoB

Base Words.
Arithmetical Operations of Base Words.

ν0
ν0 ∈ N, 0 ≤ B < 22 is a Base Word.
One multipication of two base words = one computation
unit.
One addition of two base words = q computation units
(0 < q ≤ 1).
MOB(Alg, bit-length) is the multiplications of base words
needed by algorithm Alg for multiplying two integers of size
bit-length.

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

MoB

Base Words.
Arithmetical Operations of Base Words.

ν0
ν0 ∈ N, 0 ≤ B < 22 is a Base Word.
One multipication of two base words = one computation
unit.
One addition of two base words = q computation units
(0 < q ≤ 1).
MOB(Alg, bit-length) is the multiplications of base words
needed by algorithm Alg for multiplying two integers of size
bit-length.

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

MoB

Base Words.
Arithmetical Operations of Base Words.

ν0
ν0 ∈ N, 0 ≤ B < 22 is a Base Word.
One multipication of two base words = one computation
unit.
One addition of two base words = q computation units
(0 < q ≤ 1).
MOB(Alg, bit-length) is the multiplications of base words
needed by algorithm Alg for multiplying two integers of size
bit-length.

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Na, Ka and T3

Outline

1 Introduction
RSA Algorithm
Motivation
Multiplications of Base Words

2 Multiplication Algorithms
Naïve, Karatsuba and Toom-Cook Multiplication
Algorithms.
Schönhage Multiplication Algorithm.

3 Comparison Amongst the Multiplication Algorithms

Theoretical
Practical
FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Na, Ka and T3

Multiplication Algorithms and MOB.

Naïve:
O(L2 ) or O(22v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Na, 2ν0 +ν ) = 22ν + 3q(22ν − 2ν )
Karatsuba:
O(Llog2 3 ) or O(3v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Ka, 2ν0 +ν ) = 3ν + 10q(3ν − 2ν )
Toom-Cook:
O(Llog3 5 ) or O(5v log3 2 ) for L = 2v .
MOB(TC, 2ν0 +ν ) = 5ν log3 2 + 24q(5ν log3 2 − 2ν ) + C(ν).
C(ν) < 18q5ν log3 2 .

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Na, Ka and T3

Multiplication Algorithms and MOB.

Naïve:
O(L2 ) or O(22v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Na, 2ν0 +ν ) = 22ν + 3q(22ν − 2ν )
Karatsuba:
O(Llog2 3 ) or O(3v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Ka, 2ν0 +ν ) = 3ν + 10q(3ν − 2ν )
Toom-Cook:
O(Llog3 5 ) or O(5v log3 2 ) for L = 2v .
MOB(TC, 2ν0 +ν ) = 5ν log3 2 + 24q(5ν log3 2 − 2ν ) + C(ν).
C(ν) < 18q5ν log3 2 .

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Na, Ka and T3

Multiplication Algorithms and MOB.

Naïve:
O(L2 ) or O(22v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Na, 2ν0 +ν ) = 22ν + 3q(22ν − 2ν )
Karatsuba:
O(Llog2 3 ) or O(3v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Ka, 2ν0 +ν ) = 3ν + 10q(3ν − 2ν )
Toom-Cook:
O(Llog3 5 ) or O(5v log3 2 ) for L = 2v .
MOB(TC, 2ν0 +ν ) = 5ν log3 2 + 24q(5ν log3 2 − 2ν ) + C(ν).
C(ν) < 18q5ν log3 2 .

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Na, Ka and T3

Multiplication Algorithms and MOB.

Naïve:
O(L2 ) or O(22v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Na, 2ν0 +ν ) = 22ν + 3q(22ν − 2ν )
Karatsuba:
O(Llog2 3 ) or O(3v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Ka, 2ν0 +ν ) = 3ν + 10q(3ν − 2ν )
Toom-Cook:
O(Llog3 5 ) or O(5v log3 2 ) for L = 2v .
MOB(TC, 2ν0 +ν ) = 5ν log3 2 + 24q(5ν log3 2 − 2ν ) + C(ν).
C(ν) < 18q5ν log3 2 .

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Na, Ka and T3

Multiplication Algorithms and MOB.

Naïve:
O(L2 ) or O(22v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Na, 2ν0 +ν ) = 22ν + 3q(22ν − 2ν )
Karatsuba:
O(Llog2 3 ) or O(3v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Ka, 2ν0 +ν ) = 3ν + 10q(3ν − 2ν )
Toom-Cook:
O(Llog3 5 ) or O(5v log3 2 ) for L = 2v .
MOB(TC, 2ν0 +ν ) = 5ν log3 2 + 24q(5ν log3 2 − 2ν ) + C(ν).
C(ν) < 18q5ν log3 2 .

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Na, Ka and T3

Multiplication Algorithms and MOB.

Naïve:
O(L2 ) or O(22v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Na, 2ν0 +ν ) = 22ν + 3q(22ν − 2ν )
Karatsuba:
O(Llog2 3 ) or O(3v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Ka, 2ν0 +ν ) = 3ν + 10q(3ν − 2ν )
Toom-Cook:
O(Llog3 5 ) or O(5v log3 2 ) for L = 2v .
MOB(TC, 2ν0 +ν ) = 5ν log3 2 + 24q(5ν log3 2 − 2ν ) + C(ν).
C(ν) < 18q5ν log3 2 .

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Na, Ka and T3

Multiplication Algorithms and MOB.

Naïve:
O(L2 ) or O(22v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Na, 2ν0 +ν ) = 22ν + 3q(22ν − 2ν )
Karatsuba:
O(Llog2 3 ) or O(3v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Ka, 2ν0 +ν ) = 3ν + 10q(3ν − 2ν )
Toom-Cook:
O(Llog3 5 ) or O(5v log3 2 ) for L = 2v .
MOB(TC, 2ν0 +ν ) = 5ν log3 2 + 24q(5ν log3 2 − 2ν ) + C(ν).
C(ν) < 18q5ν log3 2 .

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Na, Ka and T3

Multiplication Algorithms and MOB.

Naïve:
O(L2 ) or O(22v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Na, 2ν0 +ν ) = 22ν + 3q(22ν − 2ν )
Karatsuba:
O(Llog2 3 ) or O(3v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Ka, 2ν0 +ν ) = 3ν + 10q(3ν − 2ν )
Toom-Cook:
O(Llog3 5 ) or O(5v log3 2 ) for L = 2v .
MOB(TC, 2ν0 +ν ) = 5ν log3 2 + 24q(5ν log3 2 − 2ν ) + C(ν).
C(ν) < 18q5ν log3 2 .

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Na, Ka and T3

Multiplication Algorithms and MOB.

Naïve:
O(L2 ) or O(22v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Na, 2ν0 +ν ) = 22ν + 3q(22ν − 2ν )
Karatsuba:
O(Llog2 3 ) or O(3v ) for L = 2v .
MOB(Ka, 2ν0 +ν ) = 3ν + 10q(3ν − 2ν )
Toom-Cook:
O(Llog3 5 ) or O(5v log3 2 ) for L = 2v .
MOB(TC, 2ν0 +ν ) = 5ν log3 2 + 24q(5ν log3 2 − 2ν ) + C(ν).
C(ν) < 18q5ν log3 2 .

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Schönhage

Outline

1 Introduction
RSA Algorithm
Motivation
Multiplications of Base Words

2 Multiplication Algorithms
Naïve, Karatsuba and Toom-Cook Multiplication
Algorithms.
Schönhage Multiplication Algorithm.

3 Comparison Amongst the Multiplication Algorithms

Theoretical
Practical
FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Schönhage

Schönhage.

Schönhage:
It takes the advantage of Fast Fourier Transform: O(κ2κ )
for 2κ summands.
2κ multiplication of numbers of length n(κ)
O(L log L log log L)

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Schönhage

Schönhage.

Schönhage:
It takes the advantage of Fast Fourier Transform: O(κ2κ )
for 2κ summands.
2κ multiplication of numbers of length n(κ)
O(L log L log log L)

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Schönhage

Schönhage.

Schönhage:
It takes the advantage of Fast Fourier Transform: O(κ2κ )
for 2κ summands.
2κ multiplication of numbers of length n(κ)
O(L log L log log L)

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Schönhage

Schönhage and MOB.

MOB(Sch, 2ν0 +ν ) =
MOB(MA, 2ν0 +ν ) if ν < 5


2κ MOB(Sch, 2ν0 +κ (2ν+1−2κ + 1)) + qκ2ν+2 otherwise

Observation
n(κ) = 2ν+1−2κ + κ+3
  κ+ν
2 κ 2 0 . If 3 ≤ κ then n(κ) has a
ν+1
minimum in κ = 2

κ = ν+1
 
2

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Schönhage

Schönhage and MOB.

MOB(Sch, 2ν0 +ν ) =
MOB(MA, 2ν0 +ν ) if ν < 5


2κ MOB(Sch, 2ν0 +κ (2ν+1−2κ + 1)) + qκ2ν+2 otherwise

Observation
n(κ) = 2ν+1−2κ + κ+3
  κ+ν
2 κ 2 0 . If 3 ≤ κ then n(κ) has a
ν+1
minimum in κ = 2

κ = ν+1
 
2

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Schönhage

Schönhage and MOB.

MOB(Sch, 2ν0 +ν ) =
MOB(MA, 2ν0 +ν ) if ν < 5


2κ MOB(Sch, 2ν0 +κ (2ν+1−2κ + 1)) + qκ2ν+2 otherwise

Observation
n(κ) = 2ν+1−2κ + κ+3
  κ+ν
2 κ 2 0 . If 3 ≤ κ then n(κ) has a
ν+1
minimum in κ = 2

κ = ν+1
 
2

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Theoretical

Outline

1 Introduction
RSA Algorithm
Motivation
Multiplications of Base Words

2 Multiplication Algorithms
Naïve, Karatsuba and Toom-Cook Multiplication
Algorithms.
Schönhage Multiplication Algorithm.

3 Comparison Amongst the Multiplication Algorithms

Theoretical
Practical
FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Theoretical

Behaviour of log2 (MOB(alg, 2log_size )) with q = 0.9.

45.0
Naive
40.0
35.0 Karatsuba
Toom-Cook
30.0 Schonhage

25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.0 5.0 10.015.020.025.0 FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Theoretical

Behaviour of log2 (MOB(alg, 2log_size )) with q = 0.9.

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Practical

Outline

1 Introduction
RSA Algorithm
Motivation
Multiplications of Base Words

2 Multiplication Algorithms
Naïve, Karatsuba and Toom-Cook Multiplication
Algorithms.
Schönhage Multiplication Algorithm.

3 Comparison Amongst the Multiplication Algorithms

Theoretical
Practical
FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Practical

Timing on Linux on an Intel Pentium 4 at 2.4 GHz.

10.0 Naive
Karatsuba
5.0 Toom-Cook
Schonhage
0.0

-5.0

-10.0

-15.0

-20.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Practical

Timing on Linux on an Intel Pentium 4 at 2.4 GHz.

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Summary

Comparison of multiplications of base words (MOB)

amongst some multiplication algorithms.
Selection of an adequate κ for Schönhage algorithm.
Schönhage is the best for number of bit length ≥ 217 .

FB Informatik
Introduction Mult Algo Comparison Summary

Questions?
Thank you for your attention!

FB Informatik