Data Transmission:

a) Serial Transmission: 16 bits. Each bit needs 1 ms to be transmitted.

Total time: 16 ms.

A
----------
----------
----------
----------
B

b) Parallel Transmission: 36 bits. Each bit needs 1 ms to be transmitted.

Total time: 36/4 ms = 9 ms.

*** There are two modes of 'Serial Transmission'. They are: 1) Synchronous
Transmission, and 2) Asynchronous Transmission.

We have 128 bits to transmit. Each bit needs 1 ms to be transmitted.

1) Synchronous Transmission
a) The receiver clock needs to be in synchronization with sender clock. [The
receiver has information about when a bit starts and what is the bit duration]

b) In synchronous transmission, once we start transmission there cannot be

any delay until all the bits are transmitted. [Total time: 128 ms]

c) No start or stop bit is required.

2) Asynchronous Transmission
a) The receiver clock does not need to be in synchronization with sender
clock.

b) In asynchronous transmission, there can be delay in between transmission

of the bits. [Total time: unspecified]

c) With every group of bits, a start bit and a stop bit are added.

We have 128 bits to transmit. Each bit needs 1 ms to be transmitted. In

asynchronous transmission, we will transmit these bits in 4 groups.
Minimum Required time = 128*1 ms + 4*2 ms = 136 ms;

(0|G4|1) delay (0|G3|1) delay (0|G2|1) delay (0|010110110110001{15 bits}|1)

Bit Duration: 1 nano-s.

Bit Rate: Number of bits getting transmitted each second.

= 1/(Bit Duration) = 1/(1 nano-s) = 1 Gbps; [bps = bits per second]

Types of network: LAN, MAN, WAN

LAN: 4 PC; 1->2,3,4; 2->1,3,4; 3->2,1,4; 4->2,3,1
WAN: 10000 PC; 10 PC <-> 10 PC

Lecture 2: Network Models

*** Layering helps us to understand the data communication process with ease.

1. OSI Model: Elaborate and archaic [not much in use]

2. TCP/IP Model: Realistic and Practical [Popularly Used]

OSI Model: Total 7 layers. They are-

1. Application Layer [Topmost]

2. Presentation Layer
3. Session Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Network Layer
6. Data-Link Layer
7. Physical Layer [Bottom]

Sender: (Original Message-----------> Transmit Ready Bits)

Receiver: (Received Bits------------> Original Message)

*** Sender:
1. App: Email [intact in its own form]
2. Prsentation: Bit Stream ; size = 64 bits. [only binary bits are here]
3. Session Layer: May be the message will be broken down in 4 groups. Each group
size = 16 bits + Header/Trailer = 18 bits. Total bits in session layer = 4*18 = 72
bits.
4. Transport Layer: May be each group of 18 bits will be broken down into 3 group.
Each group size = 6 bits + Header/Trailer = 8 bits
Total bits in Transport layer = 12*8 bits = 96 bits.
5. Network Layer:

Quiz 1: Schedule 10 Feb, During Class, MS Forms, MCQ, Syllabus: Topics covered in
Lecture 1 ppt file +
* Each pulse here is carrying only one bit.

Bit Duration = 1 ms
Pulse Duration = 1 ms
+ 5 V -> '1'
- 5 V -> '0'
Receiver: Pulse Duration = 0.5 ms
11110011000011

a) Total Duration = 1 s.
Number of bits = 8
Number of pulses = 8
Bit Duration = Pulse Duration = 1/8 s

b) Total Duration = 1 s.
Number of bits = 16
Number of pulses = 8
* Bit Duration = 1/16 s
* Pulse Duration = 1/8 s