คู่มือการออกแบบคอนกรีตเสริมเหล็ก (WSD+SDM) ดร.มงคล จิรวัชรเดช

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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
W ORKING STRESS DESIGN
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD
FOURTH EDITION
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Reinforced Concrete Design
Working Stress Design Method
Strength Design Method
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FOURTH EDITION
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1.2 ก, 1-1
1.3 ก%ก, 1-2
1.4 ก% &ก, 1-3
1.5 ก% (&ก, 1-4
1.6 /$
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1.7 ,705 1-6
1.8 /$ก) 1-6
1.9 ,/$0 1-6
1.10 +ก,&ก, 1-6
1.11 ก,ก%$ 1-9
1.12 .ก 1-9
2 กก
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2.1 ,;
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2.2 &#ก%กก 2-1
2.3 +*กกก 2-2
2.4 * # (Working Stress Design Method) 2-2
2.5 *ก% (Strength Design Method) 2-3
2.6 &#ก%\ 2-3
2.7 &#ก% %กก% ก+!% ,[ 2-4
2.8 &+!# 2-5
2.9 %ก !
ก 2-6
2.10 *+0/# 2-10
3 ก ! "!#ก

3.1 !% 3-1
3.2 6,ก&ก,.ก 3-2
3.3 ก% /,0 3-3
3.4 \+
(Balance Strain Condition) 3-5
3.5 ,.ก#!
3-6
3.6 ก, #, 3-6
3.7 กก #, !.ก ( 3-9
3.8 ,%.ก 3-12
3.9 &#]กก !d , 3-13
3.10 .ก +( 3-18
3.11 ก, .ก 3-19
3.12 กก ก,.ก$ 3-22
+/.!% 3 3-25
4 กก%& T
4.1 !% 4-1
4.2 ก#+!*"&4ก 4-2
4.3 ก% /,0+&$, T 4-3
4.4 .กก!
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4.5 $, T , 4-7
4.6 กก #, T /*ก% 4-10
+/.!% 4 4-16
5 กก)!*!#+
5.1 !% 5-1
5.2 !# 5-1
5.3 ,/$ (Modular ratio) 5-2
5.4 ก% &#,""# 5-2
5.5 ].ก
(Balanced Reinforcement) 5-3
5.6 กก #, !.ก ( 5-5
5.7 .ก (+.ก 5-8
5.8 ก, .ก 5-8
5.9 กก ก,.ก$ 5-10
5.10 กก $, T , L 5-11
6 -.
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6.1 !% 6-1
6.2 ) #,
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6.3 $, (Combined Stress Formula) 6-2
6.4 ก,ก#&!'.ก ) 6-3
6.5 ก% )&'.ก ) 6-5
6.6 ก%)&.ก )-ACI Code 6-6
6.7 &%ก&].ก ) 6-7
6.8 #,ก6,% ก ) 6-8
6.9 & ,กก ) 6-10
6.10 กก #, )/*!# 6-16
6.11 กก (ก 6-21
6.12 )! 6-26
6.13 k$ #+ 6-32
+/.!% 6 6-39
7 !/ !# 2ก

7.1 !% 7-1
7.2 (!กกก 7-1
7.3 (กก+0#,,ก# 7-2
7.4 กก+!!#&(กก 7-4
7.5 ก'ก&ก%( 7-5
7.6 ++97&.ก ( 7-8
7.7 ++97% .ก 7-12
7.8 ++97&.ก! ก 7-13
7.9 ++97&.ก (!-&,< 7-13
7.10 *0+/,0,#!ก ก
.ก 7-16
7.11 ++97.ก, 7-17
7.12 ก,.ก ( 7-20
7.13 ก,.ก 7-21
+/.!% 7 7-28
8
8.1 !% 8-1
8.2 +ก,ก#กก 8-2
8.3 ก%/,0 ,ก# 8-4
8.4 ก% &ก,.ก 8-6
8.5 ก+!%&/,0 +) 8-8
8.6 กก /,0, ก) + ก ,&#ก% ACI 8-9
8.7 ก ! ! (Compatibility Torsion) 8-12
+/.!% 8 8-19
9 5.6ก 2ก0 !

9.1 &" 9-1
9.2 ! 9-3
9.3 & ! 9-4
9.4 .กkกก,+ก
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9.5 " + , 9-6
9.6 " ' 9-10
9.7 '! ก#+ ' 9-11
9.8 '! 9-12
9.9 'ก ก% 9-15
9.10 ! 9-17
9.11 ก+0/*+!*&
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9.12 ก.ก" ! 9-21
9.13 (Slab-On-Ground) 9-24
+/.!% 9 9-28
10 "
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10.1 !% 10-1
10.2 ก,ก#0 10-1
10.3 ก
#,&#ก% ACI 10-3
10.4 ก
++, 10-5
10.5 /$
(Modulus of Elasticity) 10-6
10.6 /,0,ก# 10-7
10.7 ,qก+/,00 10-7
10.8 /,00 +!*" Ie 10-9
10.9 ก,/!! 10-10
10.10 ก,++ (Long-term deflection) 10-15
+/.!% 10 10-15
11 ก 2ก
11.1 !% 11-1
11.2 ก; %กก+ 11-1
11.3 & 11-4
11.4 ก%& %ก,ก 11-5
11.5 6,ก& ,ก 11-6
11.6 ก%& ,ก/* # 11-6
11.7 ก+กก 11-8
11.8 กก ก 11-9
11.9 กก กก 11-13
11.10 &#] d , กก 11-16
+/.!% 11 11-18
12
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12.3 "\$d*0 12-4
12.4 ก ,
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12.5 "\$d*0% กก 12-8
12.6 +/,0/* # 12-12
+/.!% 12 12-20
13 9กก 2ก

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13.4 <ก %ก 1$0 13-4
13.5 !# 13-6
13.6 <ก " 13-9
13.7 <ก 13-13
13.8 <ก 13-21
13.9 <ก $ 13-22
13.10 <ก (Strap footing) 13-29
13.11 <ก &. (Pile caps) 13-31
+/.!% 13 13-36
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500
7000
6000 400
Co
Strength, kg/cm2
m
pr
Strength, psi
es
5000 siv
e
st 300
re
ng
4000 th
3000 200
2000
Flexural streng 100

1000 th
(modulus of rupt
ure)
0 0
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Water-cement ratio, by weight
1.2 :

!'!7$+&,#$%&$!ก' ก' . ก$

0ก!&ก1
! :ก #
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7 14 28 3 !" 6 !" 1 # 2 # 5 #
ก' 0.67 0.86 1.0 1.17 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.35
1.4 ก %&!'ก

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'6#$%()(ก 33 0ก$ ก' ก$ ()

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4# ก ก (Cylinder) +
:!F4,ก 15 7.&.
4 30 7.&. #$%3 28 &&C+&ก
ASTM 7.% ()+2&C(ก' ก กก &$ก!4ก4+244กFก, (Cube)
15×15×15 7.&. &&C กGE (British Standard, BS) +)!ก +% ก4ก4&$+1ก
ก!ก
#
+H$%ก' # ก ก ∅15×30 7.&. & 85% 4กFก, 15×15×15 7.&.
+&%'# ก ก#$%3 28 &#
ก' #.ก!! &+$(Stress-strain
curve) 5 4#$% 1.3 ()! ! +2
ก ! ./. ! f c′ !! #$%
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3#$%&+$ & 0.002 ก กก#$%&+$ (Ultimate strain, εcu) & 0.003
ก$#$%&$ก'
4 . &$&3! &+$ &$!
1-3
1 ก ก
350
ksc
c
ks
0
35
280
c
ks
0
28
ก , ก.ก./..2
210 sc
0k
21
140 k sc
140
70
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.0035

1.3 :

!'!7$+&,#$%&$!ก' ก' . ก$
1.5 ก %&!)'ก

ก' ก$(ก . &$:! &ก!กก(
ก' . ก 5กก
#
Splitting tensile strength # ก ก ∅15×30 7&. &&C ASTM C496 )#

(+% #
(4#$% 1.4 ()#! +1ก +%( ก P ก:!ก +#!"ก &
# ก ก # ก ก กก+2

!+&%/. ก' . ! . &$!+#!ก
2P
f ct = (1.1)
π DL
+&% P 'ก#3ก
4
3 D +
:!F4,ก # ก ก L &# ก ก
P
1.4 ก#

ก' . Splitting tensile strength
ก' . +23
&#$%+$%5 !ก!ก' &$! & 10 /. 15% ก'
! Splitting tensile strength # ก ก fct +2

!ก fc′ &C ACI 5()
f ct = 1.76 f c′ กก ./7& .2
' ก$ ' ก*& f ct = 1.51 f c′
' Sand-light weight
f ct = 1.33 f c′
' All-light weight ก$
1-4
1 ก ก
ก' . $ก +0#.% กก+$ก! &4

กกก(Modulus of Rupture) &
&C ASTM C78 ()(ก กก ก! &4
กกก f r '
5ก
4ก f = Mc / I (!ก' . #$%
4 ก!ก#
Splitting tensile +% ก!
ก 5&!+2+
+กก ACI ก'(()!&4
กกก+#!ก
f r = 2 f c′ (kg/cm 2 ) (1.2)
+2#$%
+ก!# ก#
Splitting tensile strength &4
กก5&!5ก' .
+% ก&$&3! ก(ก 5&!&$&+)%& กกกก! . #$%&ก+ก.+)! กกก
ก( กก(# ก +H กกก ก #' ! +1ก+
&
ก$
1.6 ! "!+'ก (Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete)

&4
&3!+2$ก.% 3
&#$%
'6 ก$5กก#
ก# ก กก$ !
&4
&3! Ec ก+$% ! !&+$()!
ก
unit stress
Ec = (1.3)
unit strain
fc’
! ก"
Tangent modulus at 0.5fc’

Initial modulus (tangent at origin)
0.003
0.5fc’ 0.004
Secant modulus at 0.5fc’
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
, ../..
1.5 &
&*, ! ก ก$0(
&4
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J+
&#
3!ก+
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&
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! ก
'ก$0( 7.%
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+%& (Initial modulus) &4
&:
(Tangent modulus) 7$#,&4

(Secant modulus) ก7$#,&4
& 25% /. 50% ก'
(=3 ACI '(()&4
3!+#!ก
Ec = 4, 270 w1.5
c f c′ (1.4)
1-5
1 ก ก
'! wc ! 1.45 2.48 /.&.

'ก$'กก!'ก 2.32 /.&. ACI
'(()
Ec = 15,100 f c′ (1.5)
1.7 + @ AB (PoissonDs Ratio)

!=
,7 µ +2
!&+$# !&+$# 0(! &ก0()!

ก
!$ 4! ! 0.15 /. 0.20
'# ก$'กก ก$&+
!=
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()(ก+ ,
:!5, 3& ,, / ', +%
$+#,&+
'
357
#Mก
!=
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'ก$()!+H$% 0.18
1.8 ! กG" (Shear Modulus)

&4
&3! ก$!ก +H 4!()! 0.4 /. 0.6 !&4
3! &#GEN$
&3!&4
ก+H
&/' 5ก
Ec
Gc = (1.6)
2 (1 + µ )
+&% µ =
!=
,7 ก$ /() µ = 1/6 5 Gc = 0.43Ec = 6, 493 f c′
1.9 + ! +A (Modular Ratio)

!&4!, n +2
! ! &4
&3! +1ก!&4
&3! ก$ n = Es/Ec
! Es = 2.04×106 ก.ก./7.&.2
! Ec = 15,100 fc′ ! n +#!ก
2.04 ×106 135
n = = (1.7)
15,100 f c′ f c′

!&4!, ()(กก*$! () ก' !
1.10 "%& Lก! 'ก (Creep and Shrinkage)

& ก+2ก+$%4! #$%.ก+7.% #'(+กกก(ก$5 . /+2+%
'6
#$%:4ก กก$&$Gก&
ก0('กก #'
+#! &$ก+$%
4! +%&+&+&%+:!57.% +23
&
3
ก กก! ! ก5'ก+2 +
+2+% ก#$% + !ก3&+2
% '+2+% ก() ()! 3

(Creep)
&+23
& ก$(
3%) (ก+$%4! 5&+0('ก #$%!
()!
ก (+)!%'ก! 0.5 fc′ ) ก+$%4!
ก$ +%&.#$% ()! +#$%
'ก# & +2+#! กก! !
ก()! +
! #$%&+ก.!&ก
ก +% ก# 4!+ก.&ก ! #$%(:
3#+&ก %ก+%& กก! !&+
1-6
1 ก ก
5
+กก4#$% 1.6 &
&*,#%5 ! ก+$%4! ก+ &+$ +% ก&4
3! Ec +2J= ก,)% ก' ก$ fc′ 7.% +%&.&+
Creep
Strain
Shrinkage
Nominal
True elastic
elastic strain
strain
t0
Time
1.6 ก+$% !ก t0 +2+#$%'ก+%&ก #'

=#$%&$:ก #! && (1)
!:
&+)! , ก & +$ : 7$+&,
:
&+%& & !*3 && (2)
!+)!& '
!'!7$+&, (3)
3 04& &)(ก!& (4) &)
&#*, ! () (5) 3#$%'ก (6) )! +'ก (7)
! (8)
!:!& )
! (9) ก3 (slump)
กก ,&! &!'+2+% 77+ &$!& ! 5ก1&ก ก
ก , Branson (!
&
#*O&&C (ก3 4” ก! &)
&#*, 40% !&
&) 3'ก 7 )
creep strain t 0.60
Ct = = Cu (1.8)
initial elastic strain 10 + t 0.60

(4 1.7 +&% t +'ก() Cu
&
#*O& (Branson '
(()!+H$% 2.35
'
0 &C !)! #$%
4! ! 1.3 /. 4.15) Jก+,ก ()
'
&)
&#*, 3'ก &
3
!
ก3 +,+71,& +$ & กF
'/3
,(ก() Jก+,#$%
'6 &) 3'ก : ก+'กก +1
5(4#$% 1.8 +&%+ t1 'ก/4ก+ก &$กJPQ$
ก##$ กJPQ &( !
&$ก+$%4! +4!
Ct = 0.78Cu %& 1 ( Ct = 0.90Cu %& 5 (
Cu
100 200 300 400 500 600

# $ ก,
1.7
&
#*O&&C
1-7
1 ก ก
ก*+, -
./".ก
ก/%
-#
-#*+, -
./".ก
t1 # $ ก
1.8 & กJPQ
ก(Shrinkage):
ก/4ก&! ก "!+2ก+$%&#$%5&!+ก$%ก'ก#3ก ก$#$%!&4!('+
&$&+%&. ! 5ก1&#%5 '. /. ก & !=+$ก#$%&$:!ก
&ก
46+
$&)
*$กก ,#%5 Branson
' (ก3 4” &กก! &)
&#*, 40% &

3 15 7&. ก! ก 7 ก!&&))
 t 
ε sh =   ( ε sh ) n (1.9)
 35 + t 

(4#$% 1.9 +&% t + () กก!&&) (ε sh )n +2&+$กก (Branson
'(() 800×10-6
'
0 +H$%!! +%&ก 415×10-6 /. &กก! 1,000×10-6)
!ก .ก&) H $:
!ก = 1.40 - 0.01H
' 40% ≤ H ≤ 80%
!ก = 3.00 - 0.03H

' 80% ≤ H ≤ 100%
ก+H ! % +&%/4ก. ก+

&+1ก#'(+กก+$%4! +%&ก&
'
ก() ! /4ก '+2! % #$% ก ,)+)ก(

εsh = 0.72(εsh )u εsh = 0.91(εsh )u
2กก " , εsh
(εsh )u
%& 3 - %& 1 (
100 200 300 400 500 600

ก# 01-$ ,
1.9 ก กก!&&)
1-8
1 ก ก
1.11 กก
ก$ก'
4 & ACI &/. ก$#$%&$ก' # ก ก+ก 420 ก.ก./7&.2 7.% กก'
!:
& กGก! ก$ก
!(6! +&กก+ก3 ()
:
&+%& +%(
กก& 7$+&,

3&&#$%()&ก&$+1กก!

:
&+%&3 ก' #$%()&$)5ก!
' (Superplasticizers)
+&, !7
7+)! +/ (Fly ash) กก+/3 (Blast-furnace slag) : 7ก ! 5ก1&
'ก$#$%&$
ก'
4 &ก
37.% ก
!'!7$+&, W/(C + P) ก
!
3&&+% &ก& '#$%&ก
&$
#*0&กก!(ก/.
!#$%+&
& *$ก#$% ACI ()4!(=3 ()5$
'ก' /. 850
กก./7&.2
!:
&#$%+&
& (ก$#$%&$3
&&#$% ก# ( + 1 !ก'
+H$%#$% ก
( f c′ + 280 )
f cr′ = (1.10)
0.90
(ก:
&ก$ก'
4 '+2 (&
((ก+ก 3&
!:
&+2+FE +%(5
!:
&#$%+&
&#$%
3 &$ก' &ก#$%
3 ก+ก) 7$+&,
:
&+%& ก:
& 3 0

3&&. &$&
'6&ก
1.12 ก

+1ก+
&#$%()(ก$+
&+1ก&ก&$กE +2+1ก+
4!(ก$ + #$% . (&
+1ก+&%+#$กก$ กก (+%&&
&/( 5+)!ก +1ก&$
4 ก!ก$!ก&1 $
ก' ก
4 ก!ก' ก$ & 10 +#!
+1ก+
&
'ก$#$%()#%5&$# +1กก&:+$ (Round Bar) +1ก (Deformed
Bar) +1ก (Wire) ก +1ก (Welded wire fabric) +1ก+
&#3ก) :&&C ASTM, JIS,
BS &ก. 3
&#$%
'6 +1ก+
&5ก!
1. &4
3! (Young’s modulus, Es )
2. ก' ก (Yield strength, fy )
3. ก' (Ultimate strength, fu )
4. )3 0+1ก (Steel grade designation)
5. +
:!F4,ก +1ก+
&
+1ก#'.+%+2ก+%& .+$% ! ก$ +1ก +25&
ASTM A616-76 (=3+1ก+
&
!(6!+2+1ก (DB) ก++1ก+
&+1ก +2+1กก&:
+$ (RB)
( #$% 1.4
1-9
1 ก ก
DEFORMATION
RIB
1.10 +1ก

)3 0+ก +1ก (ก $ +1กก&:+$ &$+
:!F4,ก 6 /. 25 &.&. :&
&ก. 20-2543 ()3 0 SR24 &$ก' ก 2,400 ก.ก./7&.2 /+2+1ก &$+
:!F4,ก 10 /. 40
&.&. &&ก. 24-2536 )3 0 SD30 SD40 SD50 7.% &$ก' ก 3,000 4,000 5,000 กก./7&.2
&'
1.3 )3 0 ก' +1ก+
&&C#$%()( +#F5#
ก ก ก L
PQRST 2 2
fy (ก.ก./B. ) fu (ก.ก./B. )
SR 24 2,400 3,900
SD 30 3,000 4,900
SD 40 4,000 5,700
SD 50 5,000 5,700
1.4 +1ก+

&&C#$%()( +#F5#
'! ก (..) T"Q (B.2) Qก (kg/m) % (B.)

RB6 0.28 0.222 1.89
RB9 0.64 0.499 2.83
DB12 1.13 0.888 3.77
DB16 2.01 1.58 5.03
DB20 2.84 2.23 5.97
DB25 4.91 3.85 7.86
DB28 6.16 4.83 8.80
DB32 8.04 6.31 10.06
1-10
2 ก ก ก
2
กก
ก
2.1 กก
ก
ก

ก!"
#ก$ก %&
'$( )" () ก)ก$&$ก*!+,)ก&ก- ,) 'ก$.' 'ก')ก
/001 2 ก
3", ก
4กก
- ก
%&ก4 # 5''$)$กก2
!"#$ $ "
() 6 #2 5''$)
4$7
3( 4 # $($กกก
'4
$$ )/(
%#"
"
' "8 ) ก $.4$ก3ก/() (,$)
%% ก &
' )&
,- /( ก" %&- ()/ก$
)
$
2 2ก ก ก/'/
#- /(
%" "
/ ก !$. / ()%&ก4 # )5''$) - !$
(3
)ก )กก
)
(กก"
ก43 $ก*266
' %
(' "ก$/(ก$
,( !$.
)
2.2 ก กก
ก%&ก'4 () 92"ก4(กก)&

"ก4( .#&ก'$(4".()
+ก 2 ก((,$)กก()' /(
,2 "ก4(%$ $-
ก:)"ก4(4() +ก--
"ก4(%$ $- ก:) "$ $/ 2$'(,$)"
;!-6
%&ก' <$ =$.'%(ก:) "ก4( ,.'ก ก$/2.
4$
/)-$77$3 .. 2522 ก:ก =$ 6 (.. 2527), ก:ก =$ 49 (..
2540) ,%ก "ก4( - "$77$ก3 2 $77$
2-1
2 ก ก ก

4$ +ก-- /)ก"ก4( (ก2 ก
# /)
(.
..)()"ก4( ก)ก$ก
8ก'
=$2 9
4$ก
8ก();
) - (.
.. 1007-34) 9
4$ก
8ก();ก4$ (.
.. 1008-38) ()
"ก4(-'4'ก Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary " American
Concrete Institute (ACI)

ก)" ก$กกก

ก')&(&" ACI
Committee 318 6 '$M$3 9ก ) 2 () "
$
3()2N - - ACI318-
89 -N .. 1989 6 ' ก$" .
.. 1008-38 'ก$.ก8' ACI 318-95 '# ACI 318-05
5''3$
2.3 ก กก
กก
2"$.ก 2ก$
(3'$("($(
" +ก "
$กก
(ก 2 /$#3
+
' / 2/" ((,$) ก-
)$( "ก$
,(
กก() ;) - (Working Stress Design, WSD) ; ก-$. )3 1900 # - )3
1960 /(ก$M ;ก4$ $)(Ultimate Strength Design, USD) 6 )-2 ;ก4$ (Strength
Design Method, SDM) /))$ -;) - ก$)&

4$"(7-;
ก4$ "/( ))ก6 '/(ก# / $
2=$.'ก# $.
;()')ก$"ก
'กก$) -$( ' 21 ก$
$

2.4 *" & (Working Stress Design Method)

;) -

'#&กก) ก('ก.4$ก3ก"!- / ก)
()3!
$ ก
+"

ก .4$ก3ก- /(ก .4$ก3ก
(.4$ก" $
) .4$ก3ก'/(ก %&)&$)
"
# 2))/( %(/
6 '#&ก
3 ก(". 2
#&ก-
*" &<=ก >?
f ≤ [ ) ) fallow ] (2.1)
2 f = )

ก4!/( -'ก
&ก$( f = Mc/I
4$
fallow = ) '4ก$(()9 + 68+" ก4$ $ $( f c′
4$ก2
" ) '3(ก fy
4$ 8ก

"* *" &%?
1. 2 'ก"'4ก$()&) $. ()&,).4$ก- ' /; ) '-ก$($/"
.4$ก) -(()$/ก!.4$ก '4/()4ก.4$ก'6 '!'ก$ก*!ก-
" ''กก')$ )2//(
2-2
2 ก ก ก
2.2ก($6 %'ก %/

4$7
'/
#
( /(/ )()ก4!

ก" )
3. ) ก/
$(
ก$)ก)2(('# ก4$ $4/
#&(,$)O )&/(
2 + 68+" fc′ #&ก- ) )
2.5 ก (Strength Design Method)

;ก4$ .4$ก3ก- '#&ก ".()$&!.4$ก ก (Overload factors) 2/(.4$ก"! ก(ก
$ .4$ก.'#&ก )ก ก
(Ultimate load)
2

'#&กก4(
$(
ก4$
$) (Ultimate strength) 2.4$ก$) ก4!" ก4$ $).'$)
$/

) )(
ก%=ก >?
ก4$ -กก ≥ ก4$ ก 2$.4$ก$) (2.2)
2 กก ก ( -ก4$ $ +) #&ก4!ก:
39" Pก()9
กก 2 /('กก +
()-.4$ก$)
2-;ก4$ ) ) ก4$ กก4$ ก ($2 ก =2 2
+( ก('ก.4$ก$)) //()$
(3( 'ก2$,).4$ก- '
,- Pก"

)$
ก)& ก-4 ก
กก ,).4$ก$)
) 2 -)กก4($(,$)) )
2.6 ก%#"

ก 'ก
$.(,$)ก) ) ( '
( 8/(()- ก !"
(Safety margin, M) ก$
M = S–Q > 0 (2.3)
2 S 2ก4$ "

Q 2 ก'ก.4$ก3ก ) /ก8 S Q $
/ ;ก4$ ''!/'กก4$ .4$ก3ก)กก$() ")&
$$;+
2
φS ≥ γQ (2.4)
() φ 2 $%ก(Strength reduction factor) γ 2 $%&!ก(Load factor) )ก4$
#&ก( ก8)$ กก.4$ก3ก ". $&!(ก4$ 2/" ก4$ $
(3
3!,กก

4$7"

$.
$&! .4$ก'/"
.4$ก3ก6 -('/ ก$
ACI /( "ก4((,$) $&! U
4$ก .4$ก$&! φ
4$ก(ก4$
ก.4$ก ก

4$
4
$(
%" %(/'#&ก )
U = 1.4D + 1.7L (2.5)
2 U = ก4$ ก (".ก$.4$ก ก /()
2-3
2 ก ก ก
D = .4$ก3ก ,)

,-
L = .4$ก3ก',)
,-
.4$ก3ก '/(ก .4$ก" $
.4$ก%$ ( $
(3&2. 6
#4!/(() )
)4'ก).4$ก" $
(3
.4$ก3ก''- ... 3 .. 2522
,%ก
$&! φ
4$ก(ก4$ ACI #&ก
( ($ .
- ก($(ก$ ( 2/ ( φ = 0.90
- ( ก φ = 0.90
- =2 ( φ = 0.85
- $(
ก ก) φ = 0.75
- $( +2 φ = 0.70
- ก(ก φ = 0.70
2.7 ก?ก"

?ก*%กC*D
ก'ก" ก4(2.9" $&!.4$ก" .4$ก ก.4$ก'
ก (2.5) .4$ก- 2'
ก4/(
4$ W ก4ก$.4$ก2 ACI ก4(
U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W) (2.6)
2 'ก$ก*!ก4/ 2 ;-ก4().4$ก

&
3(-
$. ' ก))
ก/( 33.33% ,);.4$ก- % - ()ก$
#/(()-

" .4$ก$) 2%
" $.
#ก!+) ก" ก(". 2.4$ก')/ //(. #&ก'! 2/
.4$ก'
ก (2.6) ก)
U = 1.05D + 1.275W (2.7)
ก'ก$.
4$
#ก!+.4$ก $.4$ก# 2

#), 2#&ก ก4 ( - )
2ก4 ) //('(.4$ก #&ก'!' .4$ก$) ($ $. ACI ก8)$ ก4(
U = 0.9D + 1.3W (2.8)
2 ($((" H " ก)" ()'#&ก( .4$ก' ($ $.

U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H (2.9)
2.4$ก 2.4$ก'(2$.

)( %" ($(("
U = 0.9D + 1.7H (2.10)
4$ ($" " F

& 3/(
ก (2.9) (2.10) '#&ก-)ก 1.7H #&ก ) 1.4F
2 'ก" ($' #&ก( 2.4$ก ()-$&! 1.4 " ($
(3!
$ )กก ' #&ก( .4$ก'()-$&! 1.7 2%"
T " ก3($ ก$
2 ก($2ก ) 3!,&''%
4$7 ก8'#&ก "/ก$.4$ก
U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.4T + 1.7L) (2.11)
2-4
2 ก ก ก
/)ก U = 1.4 (D + T) (2.12)
$&! 0.75 #&ก- 2ก' ' ก(.4$กก$)
$&!(ก4$ $&! .4$ก/(ก$. ($. ก 2 ก$ .
.. ก4(
4$
9 ACI 318-05 ' ($ .
C' 2.1 $&! .4$ก U 9 ACI 318-05
ก!3ก $&! .4$ก
2.9 U = 1.2D + 1.6L
.4$ก " / U = 1.4(D + F)
, O, 3!,&, U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
%(/ U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S

U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
C' 2.2 $&!(ก4$ φ 9 ACI 318-05

กEก =Eก
$($ ( 0.90
$($ $(
+-ก ก) 0.70
+2 0.65
ก =2ก( 0.75
กก($ก 0.65
2.8 %!G'C'"%

กก''!# "( )- 4 " 8ก
<$' ก(
( 2"./( #2 ( 2)$/(
"($. (" ก
8ก'#&กก4(()ก '4 8 68
4$

%$ $. - 68
4$2. )$. 10 68 ( 2)$/(
4$
ก ) $("
" 2.%$ ' +1.0 6.. -0.5 6.. 2"(ก4(
กก 30 6.. / ก 90 6..
4$ก9กก )" "(' +5.0 6.. -1.0
6. . "! ) $ ( 2 -5% " ก4 ( $ &! (ก4 $ φ $. ''#& ก-
#ก6 ( 2)$'ก$ 4ก4$ ( 'ก4!()-"(ก4(
2-5
2 ก ก ก
()ก 8ก
'#&กก4() 10 6.. ( 2ก 8ก#&กก4(
ACI Code
4$)3" กก
;% d ()'ก$ $(# &)+ก " 8ก$
( )

$ ($ %$

$ $( ( 2ก4(($ .
C' 2.3 ( 2)ก 8ก

ก
;% ( 2
(d, 6.) " ก (6.) " )3 (6.)
d ≤ 20 ±1.0 -1.0
d > 20 ±1.2 -1.2
()/4 # ( 2ก4()3/(/)ก

" )3)
3(
ก4( 2 'กก
;%)3
ก" ก$. ( 2( 2
" ก'$( 8ก)3ก$( 2$. (" "('' ก ($ $.ก$กก

'' 46 ''
4$7 *
4$$( ก
4$4 " 8ก)" "( " ก
8ก ( 22 ±5 6.. )ก )/ 2 6 ( 2' ±1.2 6..
2.9 ?ก
Cก
"ก4( ก)ก$.4$ก3ก
$9 ก'3)& Building Code " 2.'ก ก$/
"ก4('/('ก Uniform Building Code (UBC), International Building Code (IBC) ASCE
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-02)
4$ /)กก4(.4$ก
3ก'/ ก:ก =$ 6 ((&,%ก ) กก4(/($ $.' " ) 2 )ก$
' ($ $.ก'!' -'!7!ก

?ก
CกC' (Dead Loads)
.4$ก3ก 2.4$ก3ก)$2/ก ) /(ก.4$ก$
.4$ก$
(3
#&ก($. #ก$
- %$ $
(3&2. $
(33 $ O1 (
C' 2.4 ).4$ก" $
(3
?ก ก.ก./%.3
ก 2,320
ก
8ก 2,400
/ 500-1,200
8ก 7,850
?ก=J ก.ก./%.2
ก 2. & 14
ก 2. 6 ) 50
2-6
2 ก ก ก
8ก(,
$ ก
5
6 +"$($ 2.5 6.. 50
ก 2. &2. 100
2.&, ก 150
?กJ ก.ก./%.2
%$ 97 %=& 180
%$ 97 8%=& 360
%$ 98ก 7 6.. 120
%$ 98ก 9 6.. 160
?ก
Cก< (Live Loads) !G'<กก &
"ก4(
7' .4$ก' 2
(กกก()'3 .4$ก%
2. " /)(&/(ก:ก =$ 6 .4$ก3ก''".ก$$ก*!ก-
C' 2.5 .4$ก3ก' L0 "ก4( ASCE 7-02
?ก J* ?ก!L<
กKEก & ก.ก./%.2 ก.ก.
$ก$) 200

4$ก
8. (-$.ก 500 900

4$ก 250 900
(-$. 400 900
)
) 200 450
(-$. 400 450
(-$.ก 500 450
$/( ก 500
ก($ ก8

600

$ก 1,200
2-7
2 ก ก ก
ก?ก
Cก< (Reduction in Live Loads)
.4$ก3ก'/ ก
3((' ก(". 22.$.4$ก3ก"(7".ก

.4$ก3ก'# ก
3($.'( ' ก- $% ก 'ก (Live-load reduction factor)
ASCE 7 /(ก4($&!.".ก$ &( ก (Tributary area, AT) 6 '"))'ก2
/)$ 4
=2 &)+() +'! 2
(ก'-) '3( $ -($
& 2.1ก .4$ก
($ & 2.2"
(ก) ,)
( )

=C' 2.1 2.$.4$ก
ASCE 7 )-.4$ก'( L 'ก L0 'ก 2.5 กก + ".ก$2. AT $
.4$ก
 4.57 
L = L0  0.25 +  (2.13)
 K LL AT 
0ก + KLL ".ก$$ก*!"

ก
($ .

,)
,)ก/2.)2 KLL = 4

,)ก2.)2 KLL = 3
2-8
2 ก ก ก

32.)2 KLL = 2

,)"/2.)2 KLL = 2
+2 KLL = 1
% (Wind Loads)
($ ก(".' / 8)กก4$
2$(%2.%"3"4 ก($2
8 =)กก$

)ก !ก )ก (Gust) 9 ASCE ($'ก
82.94!/('ก
2
qz = 0.00483 K z K zt K d V 2 I (ก.ก./. ) (2.14)
2 V = 82.9 =)- 3 ) ก -$

& 10
Kz = $&!($
& "3"" 2.%4!'ก

4$ z < 4.57 , K z = 2.01(4.57 / z g ) 2 / α

4$ 4.57 ≤ z < zg , K z = 2.01( z / z g ) 2 / α
zg α ".ก$$ก*!,& (&/('ก 2.6

C' 2.6 $ก*!,&
#=%!CM กKE α zg (!%)
A &)+ก 2 7

7
& ก 21.3 5.0 457
B -3- - 2 7.0 366
C 2. R(
ก(" ก'$(ก') 9.5 274
D 2. ) /

ก(" 2..4 -)O5S 11.5 213
Kzt = $&!
4$ก 8 2$(%,& "
Kd = $&! ก$ 0.85
4$ก
) 0.90 # 0.95
4$กก
I = $&!
4$7" = 0.87
4$%
))-3*)4,
= 1.00
4$ก
= 1.15
4$%
))-3*)
&
;ก4!" ASCE ($

4$ $ก4!/('ก
p = q G C p − qi G C pi (2.15)
2 q = qz ($'ก
ก (2.14) 4!
& z 22.(%$ (
= qh ($($ , %$ ( %$ ("

ก กก (Gust response factor, G) '".ก$3!
$ -
+"

4$
)2()3' ก4!"$.
4$
7/
& )2()3'- ก$ 0.85
2-9
2 ก ก ก

ก (External pressure coefficient, Cp ) 2$(%
'4 ก(($ก
%$ ( ($%$ ( (" $ ($
( & 2.2
Cp = -0.7
qzGCp
qhGCp
Cp = -0.7
Cp = +0.8
Cp =
-0.5
qzGCp Cp = -0.5 h
z
Cp = +0.8
Cp = -0.7 qhGCp

=C' 2.2 ($%$
2.10 ก!O

+3ก$
'/($กก 2 $%ก
3(" .4$ก$) 6 '!()P*:
ก +
ก 2'-!" + =2
4$กก 2 2.
() 6 !/(' %2" กก! +($($.
" ""8 2 'ก&
.4$ก3กก ก$
ACI /(ก4(
$
;T 2-ก!ก
3(" + =22. ()
2 +' ก$%&!"
$
;T wuln2 2 wu 2.4$ก$))) ln 2
) %" $
4$ก +ก 2 =)"
- (ก$
4$ +
=2'/(()-
$
;T&!ก$ wuln/2 2.7
(
$
;T - ()ก$& 2.3

$
;T ACI ./('กก +
ก ()'! 2ก .4$ก' 2/ (
+ก2ก
3($(กP 6 '-/(,) 2/"($ .
1. - $. 2 - "./
2. - ) ก$()! ()- (ก$) ก$/ ก 20%
3. $.4$ก%
4
83ก-
4. .4$ก'/ ก 3 " .4$ก3ก
5. +$ก*! 6$(
2-10
2 ก ก ก
C' 2.7 + =2()-

$
;T" ACI
(ก) O%!%
ก
- )
- )/ 2 /)($. ก$ $ wuln2/11
- )/ 2 2. ()ก$ก$ $ wuln2/14
- wuln2/16
( ) O%!%
+"ก" $$$ก

- 2 2 - wuln2/9
- 2กก 2 - wuln2/10
+"" $$2 wuln2/11
+"" $3ก

4$
- 2.- )/ ก 3.00 . wuln2/12
- $

0
"
> 8 wuln2/12
+"" $$ 2. ()ก$ $

- 2 $ " wuln2/24
- 2 $

wuln2/16
() !PG
=2"" $$ก 1.15 wuln/2
=2"" $$2 wuln/2
2-11
2 ก ก ก
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
16 14 10 11 16 11 11
Exterior
face
1st interior
support
(a) Continuous beam with more than 2 spans
1 1 1 1 1 1
16 14 9 9 14 16
(b) Continuous beam with 2 spans
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
12 14 12 12 16 12 12
(c) Slab with span not exceeding 3 m and

column/ beam stiffness ratio > 8
=C' 2.3 (a) 2 กก

- (b) 2
- (c) 2.- )/ ก 3
2-12
3 ก

ก ก
3
ก ก
ก
3.1
กกก
ก ก ก !" ACI #
ก$%&ก'(
)*+ กก, ก- ( #ก

ก.'/#' ,(+!
ก0!กก ,", ( 1,+ก-( #
'
ก1,2#,+3-"4ก

,5 ก( +3 +637
ก58ก(ก'2ก#+0!%ก

'0ก#,,+8' "ก+0(ก'2ก#,ก+
(
'#
, +! ก ( ก
(Ultimate Strength Design, USD) ก+ #
1 ( ก0! ' "+' ก ,ก
( ( ก'2ก' " กก+0.ก .63 " 5!(
56, กก58ก+0.ก.6,+!'ก6ก
37
ก58ก
ก' "ก
(+5 1,ก6ก
+
(.2
), (
1. ,ก
ก ' "
, ก ' ก 1,' "!, "ก
ก
3 3
2. ,ก
&

+กก'
3. 1,.-,25ก'2กก, Es = 2.04×106 ก.ก./ .2
ก6#,+กก.6
,, Es
4.
,ก .'+กก(ก
5. ก,! ก
+# ,-"+ก 3 10% 5ก , ก
ก' ก

' %3,
6. 6.+2,
,ก' "2,5ก
0.ก2
'ก 0.003
3-1
3 ก

ก ก
3.2 ก ก

ก
!"ก,,(
ก
''(ก,,!
ก,!5ก
(
"กก
,ก ,(+! กก ,! ก6 5, ",.' " 3.1ก ก +0.ก
6,5
,,.' " 3.15
As
(ก)
b
εc fc
h d
εs
As fs
εct fct
(5) ()

! 3.1 37
ก5ก
ก(ก'2ก
ก
-"(ก'2ก 5,ก +,37
ก
ก ,' "ก ,5!(+กก
(ก+
+กก' 1,'(กก
' ",, ก+ ,'ก
1,.
-,25ก กก,(ก+!กก,.' " 3.1
As
(ก)
εc fc εc fc
εs εs
fs fs
() ()

! 3.2 37
ก5ก
กก ,ก
ก
3-2
3 ก

ก ก

(ก'2ก3 "5!(+0!ก,!5ก
+ก ,ก
ก 6
'
"+กก'
,. 3.2ก ก

,' "ก ,ก
ก+#0,!#, ก
# ,(ก+!,!'(,,
.' " 3.25 -"(ก3 "5!( ก,ก
,!ก+3 "5!( +0!%ก

กก+5,ก
+ "#
,.' " 3.2 ,ก' "2,ก
-
f c = f c′ -ก,5ก
,ก
ก' "2, 6. +2,
- ε c = ε cu = 0.003 ก
(-" ,ก(-"+2,ก ε s ≥ ε y ,!ก + f s = f y -กก
5ก
3.3 ก"#

ก3-()ก6กก,,-
ก,,
' ≥ ก,,' "
ก (3.1ก)
- φ Mn ≥ Mu (3.15)
-" Mu -1
8-"+ก(ก.63 ", Mn -ก1
8' "6#,''7AB (Nominal moment
capacity) φ -
.6,กก,, ACI ก,'ก 0.90
ก 6ก 1

8 ,, Mn ( + 6+ก. ' " ก , 5!(
, - ,
ก
C ,!ก T .6,'(
-"+ก,ก
ก
ก+#
,.' " 3.3 'ก652ก
b fc′
εcu = 0.003
C = α1 fc′ b c
c
ก
d
As
T = As fy
εs ≥ εy

! 3.3
,ก
กก,, 6. +2,

fc′ 0.85 fc′

b
a/2
c a C = 0.85 fc′ a b
d – a/2
As T = A s fy
T

! 3.4 กก+
,
3-3
3 ก

ก ก
3-"ก6%
,5!(
) ACI +!กก+. " "' '
ก
+ 'ก 0.85 f c′ ' "+ก& ,,50!!ก a = β1 c ,.' " 3.4
β1 = 0.85 ก
f c′ ≤ 280 ก.ก./ .2 ,' 0.05 '2ก$ 70 ก.ก./ .2 5 fc′ 3 "+ก
2
280 ก.ก./ . 5 β1
#ก 0.65
β1
0.85
0.65
0 fc′
280 560

! 3.5
.6 β1 ' "ก,ก
f c′
$
ก,, Mn 0#,+ก " "' '+ก.' " 3.4 #,, (
,+กก
: C = 0.85 f c′ b a (3.2)
,!+กก : T = As fy (3.3)
+ก,25 C = T +#,

0.85 f c′ a b = As f y
As f y ρ fy d
a = = (3.4)
0.85 f c′ 0.85 f c′
-" ρ = As/bd -

ก ,! ก
'1
85
,+'ก
 a
M n = (C or T )  d −  (3.5)
 2
' a +กก (3.4) ก (3.5) +#,

 ρ fy 
M n = ρ f y b d 2 1 −  (3.6)
 1.7 f c′ 
ก (Flexural resistance factor) Rn #,1,กก (3.6) , bd2

Mn  ρ fy   1 
Rn = = ρ f y 1 −  = ρ f y 1 − ρ m  (3.7)
bd 2
 1.7 f c′   2 
-" m = f y / 0.85 f c′ -

ก5ก
ก
กก
3 +6 ρ -
ก Mu ' "
ก3-"(ก'2ก -"6
M n = M u / φ +#, Rn -"กกก (3.7) +#,
0.85 f c′  2 Rn  1 2 m Rn 
ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 1 − 1 −  (3.8)
fy  0.85 f c′  m  fy 

3-4
3 ก

ก ก
ก6ก1
8 (3.6)
ก (3.8) +ก 8ก
,
ก,, #ก
ก6,ก
(.2
)56ก ,ก
- ,ก
0!
ε cu = 0.003 ก #,0!-+2,ก#- f s = f y
% ( ก Under-reinforcement - UnderRC 3ก ก 'ก+กก
กก+กก
'ก กก %
' "3!8"-1+#3'
'' ',
0 ก กก #+ ก OverRC !" ก
+
ก1+3 '
'' ', !"
ก UnderRC ก 8-ก+!
3 +6#, UnderRC - OverRC
!"'#,1,3 +6% ,,2
3.4 %&'&
( ) (Balanced Strain Condition)
% ,,2ก-56' " ,ก
εcu 0! 0.003 ก,!ก0!+2,ก ε y = f y / Es 3,
,.' " 3.6 +ก38&%. ,+#,
c 0.003
=
d −c f y / Es
' Es = 2.04 × 106 ก.ก./ .2 +#,

 6,120 
c =   d (3.9)
 6,120 + f
 y 
0.85 fc′
b
εcu = 0.003
a/2
c a C = 0.85 fc′ a b
d – a/2
As T = As fy
εy = fy /Es

! 3.6
,ก
ก,,' "%,2
ก, ρb
ก ' "%,2 ' 6ก Asb = ρb bd ก,25
C = T +#,
0.85 f c′ a b = f y ρb b d
0.85 f c′  a  0.85 f c′  c 
ρb =   = β1  
fy  d  fy d 
'+กก (3.9) +#,

0.85 f c′  6,120 
ρb = β1   (3.10)
fy  6,120 + f
 y 

ก ' "ก
' "%,2+ UnderRC 0 กกกก+ OverRC
,(ก
,+!#ก ρb ' "%,2
3-5
3 ก

ก ก
3-"' "++ก
+ (Ductile mode) ACI #,+ก, 65ก #
กก 75% 5 6% ,,2
ρ max = 0.75 ρb (3.11)
กก
ก ' "6#,
#ก ก' "2, ( ρ ≤ 0.75 ρb &.ก -ก

ก ' " 5&-" #-
ρ = 0.5( ρ max ) = 0.375 ρb (3.12)
3.5 :& ก; ( )

ก6 1
8,,' "ก' ก5,
,' "0.กก, 5,*ก' "
กก '
6ก ' "
ก' "6ก ก ,!+ ก1,.
กก5ก
f r = 2.0 f c′ ,ก+!0.ก%' "ก

#ก ,ก
ก"-ก ##,' +
(ก1,ก5
,ก
+0!+2,' "ก
"
ก Mcr !"0ก ' " ก # -"0!+2,
' "ก

ก
,+ "ก
ก,ก Mn ' "กก Mcr ก+'ก ,ก

ก'#, 3-"4ก%
,ก ACI ก, 6ก 2,
'ก,,'ก
0.8 f c′
As ,min = bw d (3.13)
fy
#ก 14 bw d / f y -
ก ' "2, ρmin = 0.8 f c′ / f y ≥ 14 / f y 1,ก5ก+
กก
ก.ก 300 ก.ก./ .2
' "2,'(+'ก' " f c′ = 306 ก.ก./ .2 ,
ρ min =
14
-" f c′ < 306 ก.ก./ .2 (3.14ก)
fy
0.8 f c′
ρ min = -" f c′ ≥ 306 ก.ก./ .2 (3.145)
fy
ก6
, " "&-&ก b = bw
,.
T ' "Cก,! As ,min
' "ก (3.15ก) (3.155)
1.6 f c′
As ,min = bw d (3.15ก)
fy
0.8 f c′ 14
As ,min = bd ≥ bd (3.155)
fy fy
-" bw b -ก5Cก

,
3.6 ก&= ;

ก
+
,3-",.
, ก1
8,, Mn 3 3ก
'1
8%ก' "ก'
Mu - φMn ≥ Mu 5(
, (
1. 61
8' "ก'+ก%ก Mu
M u = 1.4M D + 1.7 M L
3-6
3 ก

ก ก
2. 6ก1
8,, Mn 5
, :
a.
+
ก ρ min ≤ ρ ≤ ρ max
b. 6 a = As f y / (0.85 f c′ b)
c. 6ก1
8,, M n = As f y (d − a / 2)
3.
+ก1
8,,5
, φMn ≥ Mu
& (:
! 3.1 &'#; ก
!(& : ก >?ก
-" 2.5
,,.' " 3.7 (ก'2ก' "(ก
1.6
/
(ก
'2ก+ 1.0
/
ก, fc′ = 280 ก.ก./ .2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./ .2
+(ก'2ก
#,1,,%-#?
20 cm
4 cm
3DB20
36 cm
2.3 m

! 3.7 -"
' " 3.1
&@

1. &A"#%( ก
!ก'
wu = 1.4(1.6) + 1.7(1.0) = 3.94
/
M u = wu L2 / 2 = 3.94 × 2.32 / 2 = 10.42

-
2. &= :&ก

14 14
ρ min = = = 0.0035
f y 4, 000
 0.85 f c′   6,120 
ρ max = 0.75ρb = 0.75   β1  
 f
 y   6,120 + f y 
 0.85 × 280   6,120 

ρ max = 0.75   (0.85)   = 0.0229
 4, 000   6,120 + 4, 000 
ρ min ρ max 0,.#,+ก

' " ก.5
3DB20: As = 3(3.14) = 9.42 .2
As 9.42
ρ= = = 0.0131
b d 20 × 36
3-7
3 ก

ก ก
( ρ min = 0.0035) < ( ρ = 0.0131) < ( ρ max = 0.0229) OK
3. &Aก"#
As f y 9.42 × 4, 000
a= = = 7.916 .
0.85 f c′ b 0.85 × 280 × 20
 a  7.916 
M n = As f y  d −  = 9.42(4, 000)  36 −  = 1, 207,343 ก.ก.- .
 2  2 
4. &= ก"#

φ M n = (0.90)1, 207,343 /1.0 × 105 = 10.87
-
> M u = 10.42
-
∴ ;"#B;
& (:
! 3.2 &'#; ก
!(& : ก >?B:ก
6ก1
8,, Mn 5
, b = 30 . d = 44 . As = 34.36 .2(7DB25) ก, f c′ = 210 ก.ก./
.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./ .2
&@

1. &= :&ก
14 14
ρ min = = = 0.0035
f y 4, 000
0.85 × 210  6,120 

ρb = (0.85)   = 0.0229
4, 000  6,120 + 4, 000 
As 34.36
ρ= = = 0.0260 > ρb OverRC
b d 30 × 44
,(ก ,!#0!+2,ก56ก ,ก

3 +6,!ก 1,3 +6+ก
&%. ,
2. &A>:>ก '>':&(>?ก
εcu = 0.003
+กกB ":
c c 0.003
=
d d 0.003 + ε s
.6'(5, Es +,

f s = 6,120(d − c ) / c
εs

! 3.8 &%. ,
+ก,25 T = C : As f s = 0.85 f c′ a b
'

$ fs ก+#,
(34.36)(6,120)(44 – c)/c = 0.85(210)(0.85)c(30)
4551.75c2 + 210,283c – 9,252,461 = 0
c2 + 46.2c – 2,033 = 0
3-8
3 ก

ก ก
กกก#, c = 27.56 . #, a = 23.43 .

fs = 6,120(44 – 27.56)/27.56 = 3,651 ก.ก./ .2 < [fy = 4,000 ก.ก./ .2] OK
3. &Aก"#
 a  23.43 
Mn = As f s  d −  = 34.36(3, 651)  44 − 
 2  2 
= 4,050,100 ก.ก.- . = 40.5

-

3.7 ก ก>;

!
!(>
!
(ก>?
กก
, " ",,1, 3 ก,!( E*.' "ก3 +6 b, d As +ก
1
8,, ' "
ก
, Mu 26
5,2 fc′ fy 5(
กก '- -ก
6ก ก+,5, --ก5,ก6 6ก' "
ก
ก ก
ก กก

1) -ก
ก ρ ' ". ρ min < ρ < ρ max 1,ก+.' " 0.60ρmax -0ก1,
&-",%กก' " 0.50ρmax
2) 6 ' F
'1
8,, Rn +ก
ก ' "-ก
 ρ fy 
Rn = ρ f y 1 − 
 1.7 f c′ 
3) 3 +65,
,' "
ก+ก b d 2
=
Mn
Rn
M
= u
φ Rn
ก ก
ก ก
ก!ก
1) -ก5,' "- b d !"+ $ + "+ก-ก!ก'(, h 6 d 1,ก
2ก
ก
2) 6 ' F
'1
8,, Rn ' "
ก+ก
Mn Mu
Rn = =
bd 2
φ bd2
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
3) 6
ก +ก ρ=
fy 
 1 − 1 − 
0.85 f c′ 
4)
+ ρ min < ρ < ρ max -#?
5) -กก
+ก5
,3-"+ φ M n ≥ Mu
& (:
! 3.3 ก>; ก
!(&E! ;: b >' h

,0.กก, ก b = 30 . h = 50 . 3-"1
8 Mu = 20
-
f c′ =
2 2
240 ก.ก./ . fy = 4,000 ก.ก./ .
&@

3-9
3 ก

ก ก
1. =A:=ก :& ก ρ

+ก
' " ก.5 ρmax = 0.0197
ρmin = 14/4,000 = 0.0035
2. :& ก ρ

!; ก
2
!ก ' & d = 50 – 6 = 44 .
Mu 20 ×105
Rn = = = 38.26 ก.ก./ .2
φ bd 2
0.9 × 30 × 442
0.85 f c′  2 Rn  0.85 × 240  2 × 38.26 

ρ =  1 − 1 −  = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0106
fy  0.85 f c′  4, 000  0.85 × 240 
ρ min < ρ = 0.0106 < ρ max OK
3. &A As
!; ก>'E กF;ก
As = ρ b d = 0.0106(30)(44) = 13.99 .2
E กก 3DB25 (As = 14.73 G.2)
4. &= ก ก>
T = As fy = (14.73)(4.0) = 58.92

T 58.92
a= = = 9.63 .
0.85 f c′ b 0.85(0.24)(30)
 a
Mn = T  d −  = 58.92 ( 44 − 9.63 / 2 ) /100
 2
= 23.1
-
> [ Mu/φ = 20/0.9 = 22.2
-
] OK
30 cm
εcu = 0.003
9.63 cm C = 58.92 ton

44 cm
50 cm
3DB25
T = 58.92 ton
εs

! 3.9
,
' " 3.3
& (:
! 3.4 ก>; ก
!(&E! B:;: b >' h
+ก
,3-"1
8 Mu = 50
-
fc′ = 280 ก.ก./ .2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./ .2
&@

1. =A:=ก :& ก ρ
+ก
' " ก.5 ρmax = 0.0229
3-10
3 ก

ก ก
ρmin = 14/4,000 = 0.0035
2. ก

ก ρ min < ρ = 0.0220 < ρ max
fy 4, 000
m= = = 16.81
0.85 f c′ 0.85(280)
1  1  2
Rn = ρ f y (1 − ρ m) = 0.0220(4, 000) 1 − ( 0.0220 )(16.81)  = 71.73 ก.ก./.
2  2 
Mn
ก = M u / φ = 50 / 0.9 = 55.56 -
Mn 55.56 × 105 3
bd2
ก = = = 77, 457 .
Rn 71.73

b = 40 .
d = 77, 457 / 40 = 44.00 . ก
d = 44 .
3. As ก กก

Mn 55.56 × 105 2
Rn
ก = 2
= 2
= 71.75 ก.ก./.
bd 40(44)
1 2mRn  1  2 (16.81)( 71.75 ) 

ρ = 1 − 1 − = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0220

m fy   
 16.81  4, 000

2
As = ρ b d = 0.0220(40)(44) = 38.72 .

ก 2 ก 8 DB25 (As = 39.27 .2)
40 cm
εcu = 0.003
16.5 cm C = 157.1 ton

44 cm
50 cm
8DB25 T = 157.1 ton

εs
!" 3.10
! " #$% 3.4
4. #
$ก ก$$
T = As fy = (39.27)(4.0) = 157.1
T 157.1
a= = = 16.5 .
0.85 f c′ b 0.85(0.28)(40)
 a
M n = T  d −  = 157.1( 44 − 16.5 / 2 ) /100 = 56.2 - > Mn
ก OK
 2
3-11
3 ก

ก ก
3.8 ก

&ก ' ก
#"'( (
ก กก , '( '#'ก, ก $ #*
+,-
ก%#$'(
(ก)
ก กกก
+
()
()
ก!"ก

!" 3.11 & %#$#
& %#$#"! ก'-%&'% #.+ 3.11ก '-0.1 2.+ 3.113 ก&
"1 2"#ก %#&# $ # %#$'( กก ก3(%#% 3& (
ก%
.+ 3.11&
ก43& $.+ 3.12 ก1 2" %#&# $ # %#$'('ก ' ก
#ก3(
-#".+ 3.12ก (
ก".+ 3.12&
(ก)
กก
- () ##
()
ก!"ก

!" 3.12 & $
3-12
3 ก

ก ก
1$#+'
#& &ก ก+,& %+ $%#& 0 $
! ก"5ก ก'1

6%#'-0.1 2'ก '% #.+ 3.13 ก ก
%"#4"'(&ก""#4
5"'ก% ก %#&
!" 3.13 & %

! &7ก&-.
ก'""

ก#% & .+'""ก 1ก%'%$% '
#ก"#4
กก ' ก
# ก'( 1$ ก%#& '% #ก% %#%#1ก% #ก"
3.9 *+# ก ก$$ ",$

ก

ACI ก! &% &# (ก
$53
& '8 $#+,%#3%#&# $ #' 3.1 (
6

&# (ก
$ก#%
&! #4$'% # #" &% กก+% 1$#+ (
ก
&% 3.1 +,&%
ก ก! &# (ก3&
3.1 &# (ก
$538 $#'&
-ก .
/0, h
0. * 0.
* .
+2 0. L / 20 L / 24 L / 28 L / 10
L / 16 L / 18.5 L / 21 L/8
./ : &%
! "&ก ! ก+ก wc = 2,320 ก.ก./".. 'กก SD40 ! "ก4
&#+"'ก
&% :
1) ! "&ก #" %#$! ก wc $.%%# 1,400 – 1,900 ก.ก./"..
&.4&%
#$ (1.65 –
0.0003wc) ' %
%
$ก#% 1.09
2
2) ! " fy ก ก 4,000 ก.ก./.
&.4
#$ (0.4 + fy/6,667)
3-13
3 ก

ก ก

ก ก
$5
&ก $%#% #% -#&ก 6(ก+,! +,8
ก'$($##% ก
'&ก , 8+:กก กก%ก, 8+:กก $ก! 3ก#% ก;
'
" & 8$5

"38&ก 6'1 8$ก (ก กก $ ACI
ก! $5
&ก 3.2 8&# #ก%
$5
&ก 4 .
! "$% #% ก ACI ก!
$%#%
$5#% ก% ก"&%
กก#% 3
-% <.$2ก ก db, 2.5 . ' 1.33 % 33 ##1 5 '$%#% #%

&% กก#% #% 2.5 . ' 1.33 % 33 ##1 5 '.+ 3.14 1$ก&
6.ก%5
1$ก+ก(ก% #6( %+ก ก'""8"'=
3.2 $5
&ก
$5
$5

$5
(.)
(ก) &ก %$.%"86 # 7.5
(3) &ก %"80 8 ก <0 $ก:

ก DB20 '7%ก#% 5
ก DB16 '

$ก#% 4
(&) &ก %-80 8 ก <0 $ก:
8, -, & $%$ 2
& , 4
"ก0 ก

'()กก
:
- 1.33 '
#
4 %. - 2.5 %.

'()กก
:
- #"ก! db
- 2.5 %.
- 1.33 '
#
!" 3.14 $%
$5#% ก&
3-14
3 ก

ก ก
ก d
&&# (ก ก-#&ก
"'6(<.$26%#3ก"'( %#
3ก ก'"" $%.
+ 4ก (ก

&% &# (ก d 1$+ 4&
! "
& ก( :
d ≅ h–4 .($5
) – 1 .(ก+ก) – 1 .(&((3 DB20)
d ≅ h – 6 .
! "
& ก : d ≅ h – 9 .
ก + 4&% d 3($.%ก"583-.

ก'""8
ก"0 8&# +, %ก438(
$5
'ก
$ก#% & ก&&% d % + &
! "
8 :
d ≅ h–2 .($5
) – 0.5 .(&((3 DB10)
d ≅ h – 2.5 .
ก

กก! 1 2 3
3( ก " &% bd2 8

+ @ 0 8ก " 1 2 &
1$#+(&# (ก กก#% &# ก#
% ก#
× (ก : 20 × 40 ., 20 × 50 ., 30 × 50 ., 30 × 60 ., 40
×70 ., 40 × 80 . ก$ ก&# ! ก&# (ก& (
& '"&# ก#
กก#% &# (ก
&# ก#
&
$53(ก"3 '! #ก

%
$ก#% 20 . 'ก

$%
$5
' 3.3
3.3 &# ก#
&
$5 (.)
3 ! #ก 1 8! "
3ก 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ' %

DB12 16.9 20.6 24.3 28.0 31.7 35.4 39.1 3.7
DB16 17.3 21.4 25.5 29.6 33.7 37.8 41.9 4.1
DB20 17.7 22.2 26.7 31.2 35.7 40.2 44.7 4.5
DB25 18.2 23.2 28.2 33.2 38.2 43.2 48.2 5.0
DB28 18.8 24.4 30.0 35.6 41.2 46.8 52.4 5.6
DB32 19.2 26.0 32.4 38.8 45.2 51.6 58.0 6.4
AB C D A = 4 . 5
ก-#&ก 6(ก+ก
B = 9 . ก+ก
C = 1.9 .
D = %#% #% ก = db 2.5 .
3-15
3 ก

ก ก
. 3.5 ก

$--
+$ 'ก+ 4ก1$
#@ก! & +,& %#$#%#
& $ # 12 "! ก 2 / '! ก& 1.2 / (%#! ก& ) 1$% #"ก 1ก%
'ก%

%#ก ρ %!
กก 1ก%'% กก+ ก! fc′ = 280 ก.ก./.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./
.2
3
1. ก

ก ρ : 8
ก 1ก%'%% กก+ก ρ + 4&((3&% ก5
0.75ρb = 0.0229 ρ = 0.0114
2. +# Rn ก ( ρ ก )

fy 4.0
m = = = 16.81
0.85 f c′ 0.85(0.28)
1
Rn = ρ f y (1 − ρ m)
2
1
= 0.0114 × 4, 000 × (1 − × 0.0114 × 16.81) = 41.2 ก.ก./.2
2
3. +# 4 5". Mu = 1.4MD + 1.7ML
2(12)2
1 2 ก! ก"5ก ML = = 36 -
8
(1.2 + 0.8)(12) 2
+ 4! ก& 0.8 / MD = = 36 -
8
Mu = 1.4(36)+1.7(36) = 111.6 -

Mu 111.6
Mn
ก = = 124 -
φ 0.90
4. +# bd2 ก # ก Rn
M n 124(100, 000)
bd2
ก = = = 300,971 .3
Rn 41.2
5. ก 0* 0 ก ก b +# -ก"

36ก d 40. "7
b ก d ก
30 99.5
40 86.2
45 81.3 ←
50 77.1
ก
& ก#
45 . !

& (ก$.%#% 1.5 ' 2 % 3&# ก#

&! #4&# (ก1$5
ก6.ก$.% 1
h = d + 4($5
) + 0.9(ก+ก) + <ก
(~ 1.25)
3-16
3 ก

ก ก
= d + 6.15 . = 81.3 + 6.15 = 87.45 . ก 90 .

6. #
$ 2 ก "$ Mu กก

! ก& = (0.45)(0.90)(2.4) = 0.972 /
(1.2 + 0.972)(12) 2
+"'ก
MD = = 39.1 -
8
+"'ก
M u = 1.4(39.1) + 1.7(36) = 115.9 -
Mu 115.9
+"'ก
Mn = = = 128.8 -
φ 0.90
&! #4&% d ก&# (ก h

&% 3 d = h − (≈ 6 .) ! " 1 3ก = 90-6 = 84 . &# (ก83($5
$&&# (ก+@-+$+

Mn 128.8(100, 000) 2

ก Rn = 2
= 2
= 40.6 ก.ก./.
bd 45(84)
ก&% Rn = 41.2 ก.ก./.2 ! " ρ = 0.0114 ! " Rn = 40.6 ก.ก./.
2
 40.6 
+ 4 ρ = 0.0114   = 0.0112
 41.2 
2
+ 4ก As = ρ bd = 0.0112(45)(84) = 42.46 .
ก 4DB32+2DB28 (As = 44.48 .2) 6

3DB32+3DB28 (As = 42.6 .2) '
#%
As กก#% %
6$#'
# ก"'ก
'6

7DB28 % 6(
#".#%
4DB32+2DB28 6.ก(3&# ก#
45 .
%
45 − 2(3.8) − 2(0.9) − 4(3.2) − 2(2.8)

%#% =$#%
=
5
= 3.44 . > 3.2 . OK
ก&# ก#
ก
#$ $5

(7.6 .) ก+ก RB9
(1.8 .)
ก 4DB32 (12.8 .) ' 2DB28 (5.6 .) -
6.ก
#$! #%#% 5 %#% ก
6

+,$%#% 1$+ 4 (
7%ก#%
-% <.$2ก 3
7%5& DB32 3.3

&# ก#

$53 6DB32 % ก" 45.2 .
ก &! #4%#% ก% #+,ก + 4 1$5
ก+ก RB9 6.ก$% 853ก
ACI ก!

-% <.$2ก #3ก+ก%
$ก#% 4 % 3
-% <.$2ก ก+ก ! "
ก+ก 9 .. 'กก#% 3.3
ก5 A 8#
#%
-% <.$2ก 3ก5-
'# "3+ก(..+
3.3) 1$
3.3
&# ก#

$5
ก & min b = 18.8 + 4(6.4) = 44.4 .
&% 18.8 . ก%3 2DB28 ' 6.4 . ! "' %
83 DB32
7. #
$ก *. 8 + ก ก$$ * d = 84 .
3-17
3 ก

ก ก
C = 0.85 f c′ b a = 0.85(0.28)(45)a = 10.71a
T = As f y = 44.48(4.0) = 177.9
177.9
a= = 16.6 .
10.71
 a
M n = As f y  d −  = 177.9(84 − 8.3) /100 = 134.7 -
 2
[φ M n = 0.90(134.7) = 121.2 - ] > [ M u = 115.9 - ] OK
2DB32
RB9 stirrup
90 cm
84 cm
4DB32
2DB28
45 cm
!" 3.15 ก ก'""! " #$% 3.5
3.10
ก$0-ก$0

ก"'('ก"'$ก#% & ก&.% (Doubly reinforced beam) (
ก4
! +,&# (ก3& 6.ก! ก &% 688&ก "'
(
ก3
%#$"'
& (

ก"'
ก 3 3
ก 1ก%'% กก+' +,ก
$ ก# ก"'(&# ก#
3& ก ก%#$'=83(!

ก"'=
+ 4 ก
.+ 3.16 '
& $--
(ก"' As′ # $.%$ d ′ ก-#"'(
ก4&-#
" (ก! "' กก"' Cs′ ก3(
"'ก+ ก
' ก&ก Cc ก!
1 2 Mn (
ก%#& '&.%&#"#% &ก -ก"'(
'ก"'-ก"'(:
b 0.85 fc′
d’ εcu = 0.003
C’s
ε s′ a
c Cc
A’s
d
h
As
T
εs
!" 3.16
ก&.%
3-18
3 ก

ก ก
 a
M n = M n1 + M n 2 = Cc  d −  + Cs′ ( d − d ′ ) (3.16)
 2
 a
M n = 0.85 f c′ b a  d −  + As′ f s′( d − d ′ ) (3.17)
 2
f s′ &%#$'ก3(ก"'( &% 6(5& ก%ก

(
! ก #"ก& ก
"'( As ($.%$ d (1$+ก '
#ก"'(
$ก#% + 4ก0 #5%#$'
ก"'((ก6(5& ก fs = fy '( T ก กก"'( 6.ก'"%ก+,%#8
5ก"
' ก ก&ก 'ก"'
T = T1 + T2 = Cc + Cs′ (3.18)
'&%

#% As f y = 0.85 f c′ b a + As′ f s′ (3.19)
'"%ก"'(ก+, As = As1 + As2 8'$ก'(+&#"&.%ก"'&ก 'ก"'
T1 = C : As1 f y = 0.85 f c′ba (3.20)
T2 = Cs′ : As 2 f y = As′ f s′ (3.21)
กก (3.21)

#% 6
ก"'& ก+ 4ก"' As′ % ก" As2 (+,6 ก 42
ก3( กก"'$.%ก
-#"'3&ก
#" %#$&# &$-#"% ก"
0.003 ( กก#% %#$&# &$5& ก3ก&% + 4 0.002 $% ก ก &! #4ก! 3

ก&.%
#"%#$'ก"'
3.11 ก #
$ .0 ก$0
ก &! #4%#$'ก"' f s′ 8 4 ก&# &$ ε s′ 1$
กB3 $&
$ .+ 3.15
1$ก"'6(5& ก ε s′ &% กก#% % ก" ε y = f y / Es
 d′ 
ε s′ = 0.003  1 −  ≥ ε y (3.22)
 c
'&% c กก (3.19)
 0.85 f c′ β1 d ′  fy
0.003 1 −  ≥ (3.23)
 ( ρ − ρ ′) f y d  Es

ก"'6(5& ก

0.85 β1 f c′ d ′  6,120 
ρ − ρ′ ≥   (3.24)
fy d  6,120 − f y 

ก (3.24) +,3ก #"#% ก"'6(5& ก% %#%#$'ก"
'&! #4
ก
 0.85β1 f c′ d ′ 
f s′ = 6,120 1 −  ≤ fy (3.25)
 ( ρ − ρ ′) f y d 

! "ก"'(
6(5& ก8
+, UnderRC
ก$# %#ก
ก5& 0.75ρb ! "
ก&.% %#ก ก5&% % ก"
3-19
3 ก

ก ก
f s′
ρ max = 0.75 ρb + ρ ′ (3.26)
fy
ρb &&% %#ก0 #5! "& ก$#"'( 6ก"'(
ก3( กก %#$&ก "'

ก4ก"'%& ก &# (ก3"ก%#$'
&! #4 ก%#$' f s′
ก&# &$ ε s′ ก"' (% ก"

As f y − As′ f s′
a = (3.27)
0.85 f c′ b
'ก! "1 2 กก (3.17) ก4+,

 a
Mn = (A s f y − As′ f s′)  d −  + As′ f s′ (d − d ′)
 2
(3.28)
( As − As′ ) f y  d −
a
ก"'& ก Mn =  + As′ f y (d − d ′) (3.29)
 2
. 3.6 5 0

ก! : ก$0 ก
&! #41 2
3& &ก ก&.%&% d = 50 . b = 40 . d ′ = 6 . ก" 2DB20( As′ =
2 2 2
6.28 . ) 'ก% 8DB25( As = 39.27 . ) ก! f c′ = 240 ก.ก./. , fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.
2
3
1. #
$ก$0 ก
As − As′ = As1 = 39.27 − 6.28 = 32.99 .2
39.27 6.28
ρ − ρ′ = − = 0.0196 − 0.0031 = 0.0165
40 × 50 40 × 50
#"#% ก"'& ก% :

0.85β1 f c′d ′  6,120 
ρ − ρ′ ≥  
fyd  6,120 − f y 
0.85 × 0.85 × 240 × 6  6,120 

≥  
4, 000 × 50  6,120 − 4, 000 
≥ 0.0150
2
&% ρ − ρ ′ = 0.0165 > 0.0150 ก"'& ก f s′ = f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./.
2. #
$" ก$0-
ก0 #5 :
0.85 f c′  6,120  0.85 × 240  6,120 
ρb = β1   = 0.85   = 0.0262
fy  6,120 + f 4, 000  6,120 + 4, 000 
 y 
3-20
3 ก

ก ก

ก ก
f s′ 4,000
ρ max = 0.75ρb + ρ ′ = 0.75(0.0262) + 0.0031
fy 4,000
= 0.0228 > [ ρ = 0.0196] OK
3. ก

ก
ก ก :
( As − As′ ) f y 32.99 × 4, 000
a= = = 16.17 !.
0.85 f c′ b 0.85 × 240 × 40
 a
ก" # $ M n = ( As − As′ ) f y  d −  + As′ f y (d − d ′)
 2
= 39.27 × 4, 000 × (50 − 16.17 / 2) + 6.28 × 4, 000 × (50 − 6)
= 6, 633, 030 ก.ก.-!. = 66.33 -

3.7
ก : ก
!
" ก
2
"!&" 3.6 #
ก*
ก 2DB25 ( As′ = 9.82 !. ) ,
ก 6DB25 ( As =
2 2 2
29.45 !. ) ก" f c′ = 240 ก.ก./!. fy = 4,000 ก.ก./!.
#
1. & ก
!
ก
2
As − As′ = As1 = 29.45 − 9.82 = 19.63 !.
29.45 9.82
ρ − ρ′ = − = 0.0147 − 0.0049 = 0.0098
40 × 50 40 × 50
- ρ − ρ ′ = 0.0098 < 0.0150 &

ก .ก f s′ < f y
: As f y = 0.85 f c′ b a + As′ f s′
/ , f s′ = Es ε s′ = 6,120 (c − d ′) / c -,.0

(29.45)(4, 000) = 0.85(240)(40)(0.85)c + (9.82)(6,120)(c − 6) / c
c 2 − 8.32c − 52.0 = 0
ก0กก" .0 c = 12.49 !. .0 a = 10.61 !.

f s′ = 6,120 (12.49 − 6) /12.49 = 3,180 ก.ก./!.2
2. & ( ก
!)
f s′ 3,180
ρ max = 0.75ρb + ρ ′ = 0.75(0.0262) + 0.0049
fy 4, 000
= 0.0235 > [ ρ = 0.0147 ] OK
3-21
3 ก

ก ก
3. ก

 a
ก" # $ M n = ( As f y − As′ f s′)  d −  + As′ f s′(d − d ′)
 2
= (29.45 × 4, 000 − 9.82 × 3,180)(50 − 10.61/ 2) + 9.82 × 3,180 × (50 − 6)
= 5, 243,368 ก.ก.-!. = 52.43 -
3.12 กก! ก ก

ก,กก0
ก2-,-กก3-2ก 0กก" 3#40
ก
. !-".0#กก" # $ 0กก ก" 0
ก40
กก
0 -ก -40
ก 0ก
-, ก
ก,
ก As ,
ก
As′ 3ก&ก -,40.0 2 ก
 a
M n = M n1 + M n 2 = Cc  d −  + Cs′ ( d − d ′ ) (3.16)
 2
T = T1 + T2 = Cc + Cs′ (3.18)
ก
ก ก

ก

(1) "ก" # $ Mn1 0
ก #40ก".0 0 b , d #40

ก ρ1 = ρmax = 0.75 ρb
 ρ max f y 
M n1 = ρ max f y b d 2  1 −  = Rn,max b d
2
 1.7 f ′
c 
 1  fy
Rn ,max = ρ max f y  1 − ρmax m  , m = 52.0-ก ก.5 78ก
 2  0.85 f c′
ก9" As = ρ max b d
 a
M n1 = As f y  d − 
 2
As f y
a=
0.85 f c′ b
(2) "ก" # $ 0ก3 !-, #

ก -
ก
Mu
M n 2 = M n − M n1 = − M n1
φ
(3) "
ก 0ก3 As2
M n 2 = T2 (d − d ′) = As 2 f y (d − d ′)
M n2
As 2 =
f y (d − d ′)
(4) "
ก &
As = As1 + As2
(5) -กก

ก :
3-22
3 ก

ก ก
As1 f y
a= , c = a / β1
0.85 f c′ b
 d′ 
f s′ = 6,120  1 −  ≤ f y
 c 
(6)
ก :
As 2 f y = As′ f s′

3.8 กก
ก2! ก,98 ก d = 54 !. d ′ = 6 !. # $
, Mu = 90 - ก" fc′ = 280 ก.ก./!.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./!.2
# 0 b = 40 !.
1. 3-ก" ก00
ก

กก ρ1 = ρ max = 0.75 ρb = 0.0229 (-ก ก.5)
2
3&
ก As1 = ρ1 b d = 0.0229(40)(54) = 49.46 !.
As1 f y 49.46 × 4.0

a= = = 20.78 !.
0.85 f c′ b 0.85 × 0.28 × 40
, c = a / β1 = 20.78 / 0.85 = 24.45 !.
 a  20.78 
M n1 = As f y  d −  = 49.46(4.0)  54 − 
 2   2 
= 8,628 -!. = 86.28 -

 0.0229 × 4.0 
402 M n1 = 0.0229 × 4.0 × 0.4 × 542 1 −  = 86.28 -
 1.7 × 0.28 
-ก Mn 0ก = Mu/φ = 90/0.9 = 100 - กก0#.

ก &
-"* 0
ก 30.0ก" 0ก
2. # $ 0ก3 !-, #
ก -
ก
Mn2 = Mn – Mn1 = 100 – 86.28 = 13.72 -
3.
ก 0ก3
M n2 13.72 ×105 2
As 2 = = = 7.15 !.
f y (d − d ′) 4, 000(54 − 6)
4.
ก &
2
As = As1 + As2 = 49.46 + 7.15 = 56.61 !.
12 ก
!) 5DB32+3DB28 (As = 40.21 + 18.47 = 58.68 3 .2)
5. 3-
ก
 6  2 2
f s′ = 6,120 1 −  = 4, 618 ก.ก./!. > [ fy = 4,000 ก.ก./!. ]
 24.45 
&
ก ก f s′ = f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./!.2
3-23
3 ก

ก ก
6.
ก As′ = As 2 = 7.15 !.2
12 ก 2DB25 (As = 9.82 3 .2)
40 cm
d’
2DB25
60 cm d
3DB28
5DB32
( 3.17 0
ก2 3.8
7. & ก

4

ก d’ = 4 !.(,,0) + 1 !.(
ก ก) + 1.25 !. ( DB25) = 6.25 !.
40.21(4 + 1 + 1.6) + 18.47(4 + 1 + 3.2 + 2.5 + 1.4)

,,=2$>
ก =
40.21 + 18.47
= 8.33 !.
ก d = 60 !.( ก h) – 8.33 !.(,,=2$>

ก ) = 51.7 !.
58.68 9.82
ρ − ρ′ = − = 0.0283 − 0.0047 = 0.0236
40 × 51.7 40 × 51.7
0.85β1 f c′d ′  6,120  0.85 × 0.85 × 280 × 6.3  6,120 

  =   = 0.0177
fyd  6,120 − f y  4, 000 × 51.9  6,120 − 4, 000 
2
ρ − ρ ′ = 0.0236 > 0.0177 &
ก ก f s′ = f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./!.
-
ก ก
f s′
ρ max = 0.75ρb + ρ ′ = 0.0229 + 0.0047
fy
= 0.0276 ≈ [ ρ = 0.0283] OK
ก
ก ก :
( As − As′ ) f y 48.86 × 4, 000
a= = = 20.5 !.
0.85 f c′ b 0.85 × 280 × 40
ก" # $ :
 a
Mn = ( As − As′ ) f y  d −  + As′ f y (d − d ′)
 2
= 48.86 × 4, 000 × (51.7 − 20.53 / 2) + 9.82 × 4, 000 × (51.7 − 6.25)
= 9,886 ก.ก.-!. = 98.9 - ≈ Mn 0ก 100 - OK
3-24
3 ก

ก ก
(56 3
3.1 " 0 2 03-ก -,ก&#ก ก ก
ก
ก
30 cm
ก":
f c′ = 280 ก.ก./!.2 " ก (a) As = 60 !.2
f c′ = 350 ก.ก./!.2 " ก (b) As = 30 !.2
60 cm
f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./!.2
As
3.2 "ก" # $0 2

ก" :
f c′ = 210 ก.ก./!.2 " ก (a)
34 cm
f c′ = 240 ก.ก./!.2 " ก (b)
f c′ = 280 ก.ก./!.2 " ก (c)
3DB20
f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./!.2
20 cm
3.3 "&" กก8 7 2> .0

ก": f c′ = 240 ก.ก./!.2 , f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./!.2
34 cm
3DB20 8.0 m
20 cm
3.4 ก3&3 &" กก- 400 ก.ก./ . ,&" กก7ก 200 ก.ก./ .
3&>2ก #4 3 ก" f c′ = 240 ก.ก./!.2 , f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./!.2
3.5 ก4 2 #ก" f c′ = 240 ก.ก./!.2, f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./!.2 , ρ = 0.5ρ
wL = 1.5 t/m
wD = 0.8 t/m (&" ก)
6.0 m
(a)
3-25
3 ก

ก ก
PL = 4 ton PL = 2 ton PL = 2 ton
6.0 m
(b) 1.5 m 3.0 m 1.5 m

(c)
3.6 -0 2*. 0ก" ACI "

กก ,0.
ก" f c′ = 280 ก.ก./!.2 , f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./!.2
44 cm 54 cm
3DB20 3DB25
30 cm 40 cm
3.7 "
ก f s′ 0 2 ,"ก" # $0 0 ก"
2 2
f c′ = 240 ก.ก./!. , f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./!. , d ′ = 6 !.
2DB16 2DB20
44 cm 54 cm
3DB20 3DB25
30 cm 40 cm
3.8 "ก" # $, 0 ?@ 3.2 2DB16 *
ก
3.9 ก0?@ 3.3 >0ก3 2DB16 *
ก
3.10 ก3 # $-ก&" กก- 50 - ,# $-ก&" กก 25 -
# ก>2ก-"ก 2 d = 66 !. 0 ก" f c′ = 350 ก.ก./!.2, f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./!.2, b = 40 !. ,
d ′ = 6 !.
3-26
4 ก
ก T
4
กก
T
4.1
ก
ก กก
!
ก "#$%
!ก ก #& #' ก"()% ' ก* *
) *$

!ก+#$ก T $ #$ L "!() 4.1
L section T section

4.1
T !$(
ก# ก! "' +#ก+!%

T #!$ ( Isolated T-beam )# ก

T *$"(, !ก **-.
ก
") )*//

b b
N.A.
d d
bw

4.2
()* *" * !ก ( ก
!() 4.2 *)( ()ก ") )*,* #$
() $ก"$(()
ก
*" * !ก #$( ก !ก ก#&" * # 0 ") )*.
4-1
4 ก
ก T
*)ก"$()' ก 1ก !() 4.3 ()ก T (' !

,ก ' 0ก'

ก .# ก
") )*
N.A.

4.3
T !

4.2 ก

!ก
2&)*1ก ก
* ก!ก0() $ก!() 4.4 ()ก&!1ก
(Flange)/ # กก&! +ก"*! (Web) !1ก 0. #6() # ก
#& !() 4.5ก
bE bE
t
FLANGE SLAB
h
WEB
s0 = clear span
bw bw
s = span

4.4 T ()ก# กก $ก
) *"$ก!ก ' 0 #&*ก ก' *ก
$"(,/ bE 2&)#$* () *
ก
*ก
$"(,/ #$&ก .
ก $$ $ , *ก
, ""$
* 1ก $ * &ก $% *
0.85 fc′
b bE
0.85 fc′
(ก) ก ก$# # () ก ก$# ((

4.5 ก ก$# !1ก * *#
4-2
4 ก
ก T
ACI .
ก' *ก
$"( ,/ 1 ก &ก $$ 8 *!() 4.4 $ L $$% *
"' T 8.
"
T #$%&'()*"+,
-,)*,.$ ก :
1) bE ≤ L / 4 : 1ก
ก
.*ก&)!")% *
2) bE ≤ bw + 16t : "()' * !%
1ก .
.*ก( *
3) bE ≤ s0 : *ก
1ก
.*ก$$ $
"
L ")". T :
1) bE ≤ bw + L / 12
2) bE ≤ bw + 6t
3) bE ≤ bw + s0 / 2
"
T ,.$ :
1) bE ≤ 4 bw
2) t ≥ bw / 2
4.3 ก0,1..

$
T
!ก ' 0ก' T ' ก"$(*/ ()
#$
T ") )*//
,* )# กก ก$# Whitney " * !%
.
ก
().*
") )*//
ก ' 0ก' #&.
2 ก0
ก 1 : a ≤ t (() 4.6ก) ก ' 0#$*ก ") )*//
ก
bE * &ก d
# ก"*6 C = T #$.

0.85 f c′ bE a = As f y (4.1)
0.85 f c′ bE t
() +ก&
.*ก As ≤
fy
As f y
#" a # ก a= ≤t 2&)
.*. *ก#+ $ก0() 2
0.85 f c′bE
ก 2 : a > t (() 4.6) ()#$ T !ก ' 0#&()ก 2 "

A1 C1 $1ก A2 C2
 a  t
ก' **- M n = C1  d −  + C2  d −  (4.2)
 2  2
*) C1 = 0.85 f c′ bw a $ C2 = 0.85 f c′( bE − bw ) t

T − C2
$# ก T = C1 + C2 a= (4.3)
0.85 f c′ bw
4-3
4 ก
ก T
ก0() 2 *ก "ก&.

"' !ก )# ก* *ก
$"(,/ ()#$.

bE
ε cu = 0.003 0.85 fc′
t c a≤t C
Moment arm
N.A.
d-a/2
d
As
T = As fy
εs > εy
bw (ก) a ≤ t
bE
ε cu = 0.003 0.85 fc′
A2 / 2 A2 / 2 C2
A1 t c a>t C1
Moment arm
Moment arm
d-a/2
d-t/2
N.A.
d
As
εs > ε y
T = C1 + C2 = As fy
bw
() a > t

4.6 ก'
( !
ก
$+ 4.1 #' 0ก' Mn T *)1ก "&)!() 4.7 *%
8 *$$ $ 4 * ก' ก fc′ = 240 ก.ก./2*.2 +ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./
2*.2
bE
12 cm
63.5 cm
As = 40.52 cm2
30 cm

4.7
"' () 4.1

1. # 0 *ก
$"(,/ 2&)
()"6
L/4 = 800/4 = 200 2*. ← 3
4-4
4 ก
ก T
bw + 16t = 30 + 16(12) = 222 2*.
$$$ = 400 2*.

.* bE = 200 &.
2. # 0 a "**6!
a≤ t
T = f y As = 4.0(40.52) = 162
T 162
a= = = 3.97 2*. < 12 2*. OK
0.85 f c′ bE 0.85 × 0.24 × 200
3. # 0 ก'

( **-
M n = T (d − a / 2) = 162(63.5 − 3.97 / 2) = 9,965 -2*. = 99.7 -*
2
$+ 4.2 #' 0ก' T ) ก' !ก f c′ = 240 ก.ก./2*.
2
+ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2*.
80 cm 0.85f’c
εcu=0.003
20 cm A2/2 A2/2 a C2
A1
C1
N.A.
91 cm
As=85cm2
T
εs > εy
40 cm

4.8
"' () 4.2

1. # 0 *ก
$"(,/
bE ≤ 4bw = 4(40) = 160 2*. .*%4+ bE = 80 &.
t ≥ bw 2 = 40 / 2 = 20 2*. OK
2. # 0 a "**6!
a ≤ t
T = f y As = 4.0(85) = 340
T 340
a= = = 20.8 2*. > 20 2*. NG
0.85 f c′bE 0.85 × 0.24 × 80

ก()กก""
C = 0.85(0.24)(40)a + 0.85(0.24)(80-40)(20) = T = 340
8.16a + 163.2 = 340
a = 21.7 2*.
C1 = 8.16(21.7) = 177 , C2 = 163
4-5
4 ก
ก T
3. # 0 ก'

( **-
 21.7   20 
M n = 177  91 −  + 163  91 −  = 27,390 -2*. = 274 -*
 2   2 
4.4 ,"5ก,ก3.$3.$%"%". T

ก ก
ก 1 : a ≤ t (() 4.6ก) ก ' 0#$*ก ") )*//
ก
bE &ก d
bw
* 0 +ก"*()" $"*6 #$( ก ρb = ρb (4.4)
bE
0.85β1 f c′  6,120 
*) ρb =   " +ก"*()" $"*6
") )*//

fy  6,120 + f y 
ก 2 : a > t (() 4.6) ()#$ T !ก ' 0#&()ก 2 "

A1 C1 $1ก A2 C2 = 0.85 f c′( bE − bw ) t ())*&* #&
** 0 +ก"* Asf
)**&* )ก C2
0.85 f c′ ( bE − bW ) t
Asf = (4.5)
fy
bw
+ก"*()" $"*6 #$( ก ρb =
bE
( ρb + ρ f ) (4.6)
t
*) ρ f = 0.85 f c′ ( bE − bw ) " +ก"*()
ก )!
"*6 ก!1ก
f y bw d
As
+ก"** ก()"6()*!
ρ= ≤ 0.75ρb (4.7)
bE d

ก
"' T ()1ก !
$% ()**- ! )2&)1ก !
&
* 0 +ก"*
()"6()*!

0.8 f c′ 14
As ,min = bw d , $ ≥ bw d (4.8)
fy fy
"' T (-*% ) ()*1ก &

1.6 f c′
As ,min = bw d (4.9)
fy
$+ 4.3 #' 0 -2+- +ก* ก"6 $

()"6()*!

T !() 4.8 ! ()
2 2
4.2 ก' f c′ = 240 ก.ก./2*. $ f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./2*.
# กก #"! () 4.2 a > t ก0() 2

1. 6+ ,"5ก,.3
0.85β1 f c′  6,120  0.85 × 0.85 × 240  6,120 

ρb =   =   = 0.0262
fy  6,120 + f y  4, 000  6,120 + 4, 000 
4-6
4 ก
ก T
t 0.85 × 240 × (80 − 40) × 20

ρ f = 0.85 f c′ ( bE − bw ) = = 0.0112
f y bw d 4, 000 × 40 × 91
bw
ρb =
bE
( ρb + ρ f ) = 80
40
( 0.0262 + 0.0112 ) = 0.0187
2. (76
6,"5ก,ก3.
2
max As = 0.75ρb bE d = 0.75 × 0.0187 × 80 × 91 = 102 2*.
3. (76
6,"5ก$3.
0.8 f c′ bw d 0.8 240(40)(91) 2

= = 11.3 2*.
fy 4,000
14 14 2
bw d = (40)(91) = 12.7 2*. ← 3
fy 4, 000
2
As,min = 12.7 &.
4.5
T +,)
!ก0 )!() 4.9ก $/ ***-2&)#$*( ก $ !() 4.9 **-ก#$
ก&ก % (
A-A) $**- 0 (
B-B)
()ก % 1ก
#$"()!() 4.10ก 4.10 .
ก &*

().*ก") )*//
* 4.10ก *
! ก0ก"$(#$ * ! (' !
.
()
T ! 4.10 !0$() 0#6 0
(
#$ 2&)
") )*//
()ก
( ก !() 4.10 !ก ' 0ก#$
") )*//

A B
A B
(ก)
T
+ + +
()

4.9 ) T
4-7
4 ก
ก T
bE As
As
bw
(ก) A-A ("#$% () A-A ("#$% () B-B
&
&
T) ((&)
'%(%))

4.10
**-ก $
$+ 4.4 : ก ,"1ก0,1 ก

T
T !$*$$ $ /" 5.6 * *
!() 4.11 ก' f c′ = 240 ก.ก./2*.2 $
f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./2*.2 #' 0ก' **- !%()**-ก
3.0 m 3.5 m
t = 13 cm h = 50cm
2.7 m 30 cm 3.2 m
(ก) T + ,&&"#(,(-#%)ก
5.6 m
() .)
T
d = 42 cm h = 50 cm
6DB20
() ' (/ก$%ก(.

30 cm

4.11 T "' () 4.4 $ 4.5

1. (76 ก
&',
-+$3.
L / 4 = 560/4 = 140 2*. ← 3
bw + 16t = 30 + 16(13) = 238 2*.
$$$ = 270/2 + 30 + 320/2 = 325 2*.

.* bE = 140 &.
4-8
4 ก
ก T
2. (76+ a 0.$3%" a≤ t
T = f y As = 4.0 × 6 × 3.14 = 75.36

T 75.36
a= = = 2.64 2*. < 13 2*. OK
′
0.85 f c bE 0.85 × 0.24 ×140
3. 7 + As ≥ As,min ")9+? )# ก1ก ,

0.8 f c′
As,min = bw d , $ ≥ 14 bw d
fy fy
=
0.8 240
× 30 × 42, $ ≥ 14 × 30 × 42
4, 000 4, 000
2
= 3.90 ≥ 4.41 2*.
)# ก +ก"*(!) %

As = 6(3.14) = 18.84 2*.2 * กก 4.41 2*.2 As > As,min
4. 7
6,"5ก,ก3.
# ก () 4.3 ก.5 .
ρb = 0.0262
bw 30
ρb = ρb = × 0.0262 = 0.0056
bE 140
2
max As = 0.75 ρb bE d = 0.75 × 0.0056 × 140 × 42 = 24.70 2*. As < As,max
ก 6*ก & (Tension-controlled failure) +ก&&#6 ก fs = fy
5. (76ก0,1..
Mn = T (d − a / 2) = 75.36(42 − 2.64 / 2)
= 3,066 -2*. = 30.7 -*
$+ 4.5 : ก ,"1ก0,1

T
' 0ก' **- T !() 4.11 *ก # +ก"***- !() 4.12 ก'
2 2
f c′ = 240 ก.ก./2*. $ f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./2*.
8DB20
d = 46 cm h = 50 cm
30 cm

4.12
T **-

1. (76 ก b )# ก()
b = 30 &.
4-9
4 ก
ก T
2. 6+ a :
As f y 8 × 3.14 × 4.0
a= = = 16.4 2*.
0.85 f c′ bw 0.85 × 0.24 × 30
3. 7 + As ≥ As,min ")9+? )# ก )()*1ก & ,

0.8 f c′
As,min = bw d , $ ≥ 14 bw d
fy fy
=
0.8 240
× 30 × 46, $ ≥ 14 × 30 × 46
4, 000 4, 000
2
= 4.28 ≥ 4.83 2*.
)# ก +ก"*(!) %

As = 8(3.14) = 25.12 2*.2 * กก 4.83 2*.2 As > As,min
4. 7
6,"5ก,ก3.
# ก () 4.3 ก.5 .
ρb = 0.0262
As ,max = 0.75 ρb bw d = 0.75 × 0.0262 × 30 × 46 = 27.12 2*.2 As < As,max
ก 6*ก & (Tension-controlled failure) +ก&&#6 ก fs = fy
5. (76ก0,1..
Mn = T (d − a / 2) = 25.12(4.0)(46 − 16.4 / 2)
= 3,798 -2*. = 38.0 -*
4.6 กก". T 0.$ ก

ก
' ก(6ก()ก$(' 1ก (#$(' !
1ก !() 4.13 )=กก # กก
!1ก #&
*ก "* +ก( ()
1ก())ก* 1ก )ก* # ก ()&
# ก/ $*% ( ก"1ก())ก* * > ACI .
ก' !
$$ +ก"*

.*ก
( * 1ก 50 2*. $
!%
+ก"*( %& +ก"* !
!'
0$(ก
w
w
x
x Vu
Mu

4.13 ก "* +ก ! T
4-10
4 ก
ก T
1 :

M u = 1.4M D + 1.7 M L
M n = M u / φ ; φ = 0.90
2 : ก !" bE

3 : # $% &' (a > t) (# ( "#" (a ≤ t )
As f y
a = ≤ t
0.85 f c′ bE
4.1 : a≤t ก%$$(#( ( "#"

fy Mn 1 2 m Rn 
m = , Rn = ,
ρ = 1 − 1 −



0.85 f c′ bE d 2
m fy 
กก As = ρ bE d
4.2 : a > t %$)%& 2 )

 a  t
M n = 0.85 f c′A1  d −  + 0.85 f c′A2  d − 
 2  2
) 4.6 : ก ก%$$(*ก + ' T

ก !"ก#! $%ก ก &ก 50 -

$%ก ก &ก 100 - ก!''( f c′ = 240 ก.ก./*.2, fy = 4,000 ก.ก./*.2 (,
-(' 4.2
4.3)
!
1. ก $ ก
M u = 1.4(50) + 1.7(100) = 240 -
Mu 240
'ก# Mn = = = 266.7 -
φ 0.9
2. ) ) a กก) t (#,)? -+( a = t

C = 0.85 f c′ bE t = 0.85(0.24)(80)(20) = 326.4
M n = C (d − t / 2) = 326.4(91 − 20 / 2) /100 = 264.4 -
กก $% กกก' 264.4 - ! ' a กก' t
3. (*ก As %$)# $%& ) ( A1 % A2 )
 a
M n = 0.85 f c′ A1  d −  + 0.85 f c′ A2 (d − t / 2)
 2
 a 20
266.7(100) = 0.85(0.24)(40a)  91 −  + 0.85(0.24)(40)(20)(91 − )
 2 2
4-11
4 ก
ก T
4.08a 2 − 742.5a + 13448 = 0 ; a = 20.4 *.
C1 = 0.85(0.24)(40)(20.4) = 166.5
C2 = 0.85(0.24)(80 – 40)(20) = 163.2
2
As = (166.5 + 163.2)/4.0 = 82.4 *.
#ก(*ก 12DB32 ( As = 96.48 ..2 )

4. $ (*ก -% ก - *".!( ก(' 4.3
2 2 2
As,min = 12.7 *. < As = 96.48 *. < As,max = 102 *. OK
) 4.7 ก ก !-(' 4.1 $%

( Mu = 100 - ก!
2 2
f c′ = 240 ก.ก./*. , f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./*.
!
1. ก $# a=t
C = 0.85(0.24)(200)(12) = 489.6
Mn = C(d – t/2) = 489.6(63.5 – 12/2)/100 = 281.5 -
'ก# Mn = Mu/φ = 100/0.9 = 111 -

กก !!ก(ก'ก !! a = t ! ' a < t
2. ก%$$ (#ก$ ( "#" :
Mn 111×105
Rn = = = 13.76 ก.ก./*.2
bE d 2 (200)(63.5) 2
fy 4.0
m= = = 19.6
0.85 f c′ 0.85(0.24)
1 2mRn  1  2(19.6)(13.76) 
ρ= 1 − 1 − =  1 − 1 −  = 0.00356
m  fy 
 19.6  4, 000 
2
กก As = ρ bE d = 0.00356(200)(63.5) = 45.2 *.
#ก+2(*ก 6DB28 + 2DB25 (As = 46.78 ..2)

3. $ก $( :
C = 0.85f’c bE a = 0.85(0.24)(200)a = 40.8a
T = As fy = 46.78(4.0) = 187.12
a = 187.12/40.8 = 4.59 *.
#$% = 63.5 – 0.5(4.59) = 61.2 *.
Mn = 187.12(61.2)/100 = 114.5 -
4-12
4 ก
ก T
[φ M n = 0.90(114.5) = 103.0 -] > [ Mu = 100 -] OK
) 4.8 : ก%$$ ' T 3 +$$#

ก!!01
ก !( !(
'2 !(ก!-, 4.14 3'
45
9.6 &ก
(
'3''
' 2.7 ก ! "ก 1.5 ก
ก กก # ( 5 30 *. , 2.0 ก 1,440 ก.ก./. ก !
ก 3'## AB , L &!'( ก 2.5 /.3 ก! fc′ = 240 ก.ก./*.2
fy = 4,000
ก.ก./*.2
9.6 m
2.7 m 2.7 m 2.7 m

t ก

L
bw
2.7 m 2.7 m 2.7 m
' 4.14 กก # -(' 4.8

!
กก
:
ก! = (1.5)(2.5) = 3.75 /.2
ก ก(& 15 *.) = (0.15)(2.4) = 0.36 /.2
ก &ก ก = 0.10 /.2
4-13
4 ก
ก T
ก &ก
( wu = 1.4 (3.75 + 0.36) + 1.7 (0.10) = 5.924 /.2
ก 2.2 $% &! # '3' (.'ก 3.0
1 1
Mu = wu ln2 = (5.924)(2.7) 2 = 3.60 - / ก 1
12 12
ก $%ก M n = 3.60 = 4.00 - / ก 1

0.90
"ก
45 d = 15 *. – (2 *. ก&) – (1/2 ก DB12) = 12.4 *.
4.0 × 105
Rn =
Mn
2
= = 26.0 ก.ก./*.2
bd (100)(12.4)2
fy 4.0
m= = = 19.6
0.85 f c′ 0.85(0.24)
1 2mRn  1  2(19.6)(26.0) 
ρ= 1 − 1 − = 1 − 1 −  = 0.00698

m fy  19.6  4, 000 

As = ρ b d = 0.00698 × 100 × 12.4 = 8.65 *.2 / 1

#ก(*ก DB12 () 10 .. (DB12@0.10 .) As = 11.30 ..2/.
$ก :
As f y 11.30 × 4, 000
"ก ก : a= = = 2.22 *.
0.85 f c′ b 0.85 × 240 × 100
ก $% : M n = (11.30)(4, 000)(12.4 − 2.22 / 2) /105 = 5.10
= 5.10 - > ก 4.0 - OK
' ก ρ = 11.30 /(100 ×12.4) = 0.0091 *.

ก ก.5 [ ρmin = 0.0035] ≤ ρ = 0.0091 ≤ [ ρ max = 0.0197 ] OK
- ก9
!(ก $% ก + M u = wu lu2 /16 ก DB12 @ 0.15 .
ก&:, = 0.0018(100)(15) = 2.7 *.2

(
'ก&! = 5(15) = 75 *.
-3 ก RB9 @ 0.20 *. (As = 3.18 *.2) -!(&:,
กก
:
ก "ก ก.3, h = ln /18 = 960 /18.5 = 51.89 *.
-3 "ก h = 60 *., d = 54 *.
bw = 30 *.
ก &ก AB , L:
ก &ก
( = 5.924(2.7/2) = 8.00 /.
ก = (0.60-0.15)(0.30)(2.4) = 0.324 /.
4-14
4 ก
ก T
ก5 = 1.44 /.

ก
( ! wu = 8.00 + 1.4 (0.324 + 1.44) = 10.47 /.
$% ก3' ( &! .''
1 1
Mu = wu ln2 = (10.47)(9.6) 2 = 87.72 -
11 11
87.72
ก $%ก Mn = = 97.47 -
0.90
ก
45 #, L
bE ≤ bw + L /12 = 30 + 960 /12 = 110 *. ($-)
bE ≤ bw + 6t = 30 + 6(15) = 120 *.

bE ≤ bw + (1/ 2)Spacing = 30 + 270 / 2 = 215 *.
'' a กก'' t .'$!(&- a = t
C = 0.85 f c′ bE t = 0.85(0.24)(110)(15) = 336.6
M n = C (d − t / 2) = 336.6(54 − 15 / 2) /100
= 156.5 - > ก 97.47 -
กก$!(-3 ! (55$!(&- (d − a / 2) ≈ 0.9d
As =
Mn
=
97.47(100)
= 50.14 *.2
0.9d f y 0.9(54)(4.0)
#ก+2(*ก 4DB28+4DB32 (As = 56.8 ..2)

As f y 56.8 × 4, 000
$( : a= = = 10.13 *.
0.85 f c′ bE 0.85 × 240 × 110
#$% = 54 – 10.13/2 = 48.94 *. = 0.91d -ก (ก

. OK
M n = As f y (d − a / 2) = 56.8(4.0)(48.94) /100 = 111.2
= 111.2 - > ก 97.47 - OK
$ (*ก ก -

0.85β1 f c′  6,120  0.85 × 0.85 × 240  6,120 
ρb =   =   = 0.0262
fy  6,120 + f y  4, 000  6,120 + 4, 000 
bw 30
ρb = ρb = 0.0262 = 0.00715
bE 110
max As = 0.75ρb bE d = 0.75 × 0.00715 × 110 × 54 = 31.85 *.2 NG
ก-3กก'ก&!!' ก !.'( #!!2 h = 90 *., d

= 82 *. -3
(
&-3#" 2 8 *. ก!'
-3 ก 2 3
bw = 30 *.
4-15
4 ก
ก T
ก ก = (0.90-0.15)(0.30)(2.4) = 0.54 /.

ก
( ! wu = 8.00 + 1.4 (0.54 + 1.44) = 10.77 /.
1 (10.77)(9.6) 2
ก $%ก Mn = = 100.3 -
11 0.90
100.26 × 105
Rn =
Mn
2
= = 13.56 ก.ก./*.2
bE d (110)(82) 2
fy 4.0
m= = = 19.6
0.85 f c′ 0.85(0.24)
1 2mRn  1  2(19.6)(13.56) 
ρ= 1 − 1 − = 1− 1−
m  fy  19.6  4, 000

  
= 0.0035
2
กก As = ρ bE d = 0.0035(110)(82) = 31.67 *.
#ก+2(*ก 7DB25 (As = 34.36 ..2)

$( :
As f y 34.36 × 4, 000
"ก ก a= = = 6.13 *.
0.85 f c′ bE 0.85 × 240 ×110
#$% d − a / 2 = 82 − 6.13 / 2 = 78.94 *. = 0.96d
M n = As f y (d − a / 2) = 34.36(4.0)(78.94) /100
= 108.5 - > ก 100.3 - OK
$ (*ก ก -

max As = 0.75ρb bE d = 0.75 × 0.00715 × 110 × 82 = 48.37
2 2
= 48.37 *. > -3 34.36 *. OK
45( $ 4
ก !& fy = 4,000 ก.ก./*.2
f c′ = 240 ก.ก./*.
2
4.1 ก , T ก !" ก &ก 5' 3'!( 6
$%
( ! Mu = 60 - #!!;,กก!- bf = 60 *. bw = 30 *. t =
12 *.
d = 54 *.
4.2 ก
ก
ก !( , T #ก
(
' 3
3'( 10
15 *. ;,ก '2 !(ก *"ก bw = 40 *.
"ก !!ก5
# h = 80 *. ' d = 72 *. กก ก# ก &ก 250
ก.ก./.
ก &ก 1,000 ก.ก./.
4-16
4 ก
ก T
4.3 ', T -3-

#! ก #!!;,กก!- bf = 120 *. bw = 30 *. t = 15
*.
d = 54 *. $!(-3 ก""#ก&! ACI (- ก $%
#! ;3'( 10 กก ก ก &กก 700 กก./.

ก &ก 5'.!'.'?
4.4 (a)ก $% Mn #!-,# ' (b) กก&! As
(- 3'( 10
12 *. d = 80 *.
90 *.
4DB25
4DB28
30 *.
2.5
4.5 (a) ก ก -,# ' $%ก ก &ก 9 - $%ก
ก &ก 12 - (b) ก !"ก&!(-
120 *. 10 *.
62 *.
As
40 *.
4.6 (a) ก $% Mn #!, T !-,# ' ;!-ก;"
(
16 *. ก5
(b) กก-.!ก $% Mn .!ก# (a)
100 *. 8 *.
42 *.
As
25 *.
4-17
4 ก
ก T
4.7 . &! '!-,# 'Eก (55 T
80 *. 8 *. 80 *. 8 *.
44 *. 64 *.
3 DB 28 5 DB 28
30 *. 40 *.
4.8 ก#!-# 4.7 2.F ACI .'?

4.9 ก $%#!-# 4.7
4.10 ก !, T
!(!!-,# ' ก &ก 500 ก.ก./.
4-18
5 ก
ก
5
กก

5.1
กกก
ก (Working stress design, WSD) ก ! "
กก# .$. 1963 % ก&%!$'!()*+((,

# 1971

ACI * กก ก- ก % !. ก ก Alternate design
method (ก%!")*+((, ACI318-99 ' Appendix A -ก.'!( '(ก

/-ก
ก ..!. 1007-34
0(%)1กก-ก!,ก! "ก 2*( (-ก!,ก)
! "! "ก 2*ก
%ก 'ก 2 (-ก! " ,
/2 . (1)

%!ก% (2) 3ก !ก
%ก
(3) 3
ก%%(กก%! (11! " 5.1) (4) ก-*ก
'
)1ก-&%). ก (5) * "%ก %ก
160 ' ก."')
ก 2*%,!
5.2

ก3."7 (%'(กกก-! "ก 2*026%-ก
!,ก
"-กก.%ก

ก

! "3 ก,, f c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.45 f c′
(&... , 2522 ก- 0.375 f c′ )
&.! %/ก:

8.ก
, vc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.29 f c′
8.ก! ",ก

กก . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.32 f c′
5-1
5 ก
ก
.
:
8.ก
, vc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.32 f c′
&.!%/ก:
 2 
8.ก
, vc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.27  1 +  f c′
 βc 
." βc .

2&.! "ก%!-(,.9 ก

vc
'ก . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.53 f c′
ก!&.! " - ก . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 f c′

ก fs
2
(ก) ก SR24 ก-ก 2,400 กก./:.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,200 ก.ก./:.
2
(2) ก SD30 ก-ก 3,000 กก./:.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 ก.ก./:.
2
() ก SD40 ก-ก 4,000 กก./:.2 .กก . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,700 ก.ก./:.
5.3 !"
#$" (Modular Ratio)
'ก!! " 1 &02% 2ก (%
! "
"-ก
ก
2ก
& ก%6!(( =1! " 1.4) 1.,
2ก 2! "ก-(% "'ก
..!. ก- Es = 2, 040, 000 ก.ก./:.2
1.,2ก
(%2*ก-ก%ก- Ec = 4, 270 wc1.5 f c′ ! " wc .-กก
% 1.45 )* 2.48

/.3 . Ec = 15,100 f c′ -ก
-กก

1 n = Es / Ec (
2(-
! "ก ! ",

'ก 6 n -
ก
(!ก2ก
-กก
! " ก-!ก' กก-6%%ก
! 5.1
1! "!9

2
f c′ (ก.ก./:. ) n
150 11
180 10
210 9
240 8.5
5.4 ก$
2!
"3$454
(ก,
/! "&0%%
26%-ก!,ก ก
ก%(
2(* ก?6% " ก 1! " 5.1
5-2
5 ก
ก
εc f c = Ecε c
kd/3
kd C
d
N.A.
jd
As
T = As f s
εs
f s = Es ε s
b
(a)
(b) กก%( (c) กก%(
#6 5.1 กก%( %

" "3.3
(ก1กก%( (% ก?6% " ก2*
%%(กก%! :*"1! "%%
kd (ก3 ! "ก 2*(%3
ก
ก92@,
ก ".
ก
(. ก%! 1 )(%! ก f c = Ecε c กก%(2 (* 1 "
ก &02
(%ก%!-! "$10)2 ".! " kd/3 (ก3
1
(กก
: C= fc b k d (5.1)
2
*(% 8&%ก ! "(,$10ก&.! "ก As !ก f s = Es ε s
*(กก : T = As f s (5.2)
(ก,2 ก- C = T (%'

1
f c b k d = As f s
2
2 As f s f
k= = 2ρ s (5.3)
fc b d fc
." ρ = As / bd .
ก * C %* T 1! "!-ก ก-
!
0
2

k
%%2
0 jd = d − kd / 3 → j = 1− (5.4)
3
1
ก-
0 M = As f s jd = f c b kd jd = R bd 2 (5.5)
2
1
." R .
16
! !ก R= fc k j (5.6)
2
5.5 6 73$8ก3" "

9$ (Balanced Reinforcement)
! " 6 ก, ."-ก!,ก! "ก 2*(% !ก! "!ก
%ก
) 6ก ก, ก Under reinforcement (Under RC) ก
(%ก กก
:*" ก-ก:*"."กก(%.
ก)* 12% !-(ก
' %(,."(กก ก-
5-3
5 ก
ก
& "2* Hardening กก(* Under RC !กก)ก กก,
ก Over reinforcement (Over RC) ก
(%ก 2*! "ก
:*" ก-ก ก! (Crushing) (%
ก 2*ก%!:*"(%
ก (*7%! " ก "
ก 6ก , (-! "(%
!
-ก%! . k ก :*"(%'(ก
ก& (6กก%( 1! " 5.1(b) (กกA2 "(%'
εc
εc kd
=
ε s d − kd
kd
d !
กA2@,
f c / Ec n f c k
= =
f s / Es fs 1− k
εs
1
กก k (%' k=
f
(5.7)
1+ s
n fc
:*"1
! "กกก&."ก %ก
'
! "

ก
ก %0%
(
ก
ก :*"ก6 (%12
% 6ก k
(%'ก! f s / f c (กก (5.3) ก (5.7)
1
→ k = 2n ρ + ( n ρ ) − n ρ
2
k= (5.8)
k
1+
2n ρ
)! k (กก (5.7) ก (5.3) (%' 6ก , ρb (%!ก
k 1
ρb = = (5.9)
 2 fs   2 f s  fs 
    1 + 
 fc  f
 c  n fc 

ก ก! ", max ρ = 0.75ρb (5.10)

ก ! ", min ρ = 14 / f y (5.11)
! 5.1 (& (6ก- M 2

" "1! " 5.2 ก- f c′ = 350 ก.ก./:.2 fy = 4,000
ก.ก./:.2 b = 35 :. d = 54.6 :. %ก 4DB32

-6
-ก%!
Es 2, 040, 000
n= = =7
Ec 15,100 350
As 32.17
ρ= = = 0.01683
b d 35 × 54.6
5-4
5 ก
ก
35 cm
εc fc
kd/3
kd C
54.6 cm
As = 32.17 cm2
εs T
(a)
(b) กก%( %
#6 5.2 ก "2

! " 5.1
(กก (5.8) k = 2n ρ + ( n ρ ) − n ρ
2
2 × 7 × 0.01683 + ( 7 × 0.01683) − 7 × 0.01683 = 0.3817

2
=
%%3 )*ก%! k d = 0.3817 × 54.6 = 20.84 :.

%%2
0 j d = 54.6 − 20.84 / 3 = 47.65 :.
1 1

0
!ก
Mc = f c b kd jd = × 0.45 × 350 × 35 × 20.84 × 47.65
2 2
= 2, 737, 028 ก.ก.-:. = 27.37

-

0
!ก M s = As f s jd = 32.17 × 1, 700 × 47.65
= 2, 605,931 ก.ก.-:. = 26.06

-
9
ก! "
0
!ก
, ก ก Under RC (
((ก
ก-6 6ก ,'ก
1
ρb =
 2 ×1, 700   1, 700 
  1 + 
 0.45 × 350  7 × 0.45 × 350 
= 0.01822 > [ ρ = 0.01683 ] Under RC
5.6 กก!

3" 3A3$8ก

B
กก

0
1 %! "(%)1กก- 31ก(%.ก2
% 6ก :*"ก

-ก%! (%."'(ก! "
ก ."(ก2
ก%*ก2
(%)1ก(-! " 10 :.
( 5 :.) %&.! "ก (%'

2%(-! "( กกก 2
!ก-ก,! "-ก%
!=ก
5-5
5 ก
ก
กก

(1) ก-
-ก%! ! "
ก :*"ก! "7%,! "ก %ก
)*! "
-6&
0 .
1 k 1
k=
f
, j = 1− , % R= fc k j
3 2
1+ s
n fc
! 5.2 &

0 k, j % R -! "
=
fc fs = 1,200 กก./:.2 fs = 1,500 กก./:.2 fs = 1,700 กก./:.2
n
กก./:.2 k j k j k j
45 12 0.310 0.897 0.265 0.912 0.241 0.920
50 12 0.333 0.889 0.286 0.905 0.261 0.913
55 11 0.335 0.888 0.287 0.904 0.262 0.913
60 11 0.355 0.882 0.306 0.898 0.280 0.907
65 10 0.351 0.883 0.302 0.899 0.277 0.908
- ." fs ก2* k (% !-&.! "ก

2ก
- j %6 0.9 :*"(-'กก%6.

'
(2) .ก2ก-
0ก
& &-
0! "ก%!-
M = Mc = R b d 2
- *ก
'ก! " ACI ก-
! " ก.3
- *ก% ! 3 d -6ก*ก%%ก
, กก%ก
- กก-%6*"*"2*ก&."
(3) .ก 6ก ก-

0ก !ก
0! "ก%!-
M
M = M s = As f s jd % As =
f s jd
- .ก2%(-ก &.! "'ก! "

ก
-
(ก! ",
! " ก.4
- )(ก '& ."& "

d
(4) ."ก(

(
ก
- ก-
0 ก&! "(%
0! "ก%!-.'
- 6ก ! " Under RC . Over RC
! 5.2 & (6 b, d % As -

&."
0 M = 20
-
f c′ = 240 ก.ก./
:.2 % fy = 4,000 กก./:.2 (%' fc = 0.45(240) = 108 ก.ก./:.2 % fs = 1,700 ก.ก./:.2
5-6
5 ก
ก

1. 7A 3!Cกก
Es 2, 040, 000
n= = = 8.5
Ec 15,100 240
1 1
k= = = 0.351
fs 1, 700
1+ 1+
n fc 8.5 ×108
k 0.351
j = 1− = 1− = 0.883
3 3
R=
1 1
f c k j = × 108 × 0.351× 0.883 = 16.74 ก.ก./:.2
2 2
2. 3$5ก2

M = Mc = R b d 2
20 × 105 = 16.74 b d 2 → b d 2 = 119, 474 :.3

.ก b = 30 :. d = 119, 474 / 30 = 63.1 :.
.ก
2 30 × 70 :. d = 70 – 4 – RB9 – DB20/2 = 64 :.
3. 3$5ก6 73$8ก3" M = M s = As f s jd
20 × 105
As =
M
= = 20.82 :.2
f s jd 1, 700 × 0.883 × 64
ก 4 DB28 (As=24.63 :.2) ก! ", = 30.0 :. OK
4. !D"!
1 1

0
!ก
Mc = f c b kd jd = × 108 × 30 × 0.351× 64 × 0.883 × 64
2 2
= 2, 056,567 ก.ก.-:. = 20.57

-
936E Over RC

0
!ก M s = As f s jd = 24.63 ×1, 700 × 0.883 × 64
= 2,366, 214 ก.ก.-:. = 23.66

-

(%'กก (%ก ก-ก
กก Over RC กก
."(ก' กAก,! "( ก(%$%ก60231ก.
3."&.! "ก
%'
ก
กก'2(!-'& "*ก 80 :. d = 74 :.
5. !D"!
F 2
1 1

0
!ก
Mc = f c b kd jd = × 108 × 30 × 0.351 × 74 × 0.883 × 74
2 2
= 2, 749, 453 ก.ก.-:. = 27.50

-

0
!ก M s = As f s jd = 24.63 ×1, 700 × 0.883 × 74
= 2, 735,935 ก.ก.-:. = 27.36

-
936E Under RC
5-7
5 ก
ก
5.7 3" 3$8ก

B$H3$8ก
. ก ก*" ก1 (Doubly reinforced beam) :*"(%ก6 ! "
กก-
0& "2*
')& "&.! "ก
' 1! " 5.3
" "3.3:*" ก As′ 1! "%%
d ′ (ก3 :*"ก6 .3 (* ก- (กก Cs′ ก 2*! "
ก.'(ก(กก
Cc ก-
!
0 M (*'(ก. 1%
ก
-ก* %ก-ก*
d′ f c = Ec ε c
εc
ε s′ kd/3
kd /3 Cs′ = As′ f s′
As′ Cc
kd
d
N.A.
jd
As
εs T = T1 + T2 = As1 f s + As 2 f s
b
#6 5.3

ก1
ก-
0 M = M 1 + M 2 = Cc jd + Cs′ (d − d ′) = T1 jd + T2 (d − d ′) (5.12)

0
ก(ก1 %ก
%ก*
1
ก-
0 M1 = M c = f c b kd jd = As1 f s jd (5.13)
2
." Mc .ก-
02ก
'& &! "(%
0! "ก%!- M !! "(%& "&.! "ก
(%ก
ก2!-! "! (*
& " 6ก*2*&."ก?,2
ก-
0& "
M 2 = M − M c = As 2 f s (d − d ′) = As′ f s′(d − d ′) (5.14)
Mc M − Mc
6ก * As = As1 + As 2 = + (5.15)
f s jd f s ( d − d ′ )
M − Mc
6ก As′ = (5.16)
f s′( d − d ′ )
5.8 ก!D"3$8ก
ก-6 6ก

ก (5.16)
! f s′ ! "ก 2*ก
ก (กก& (6 "2กก%( 12(%'
εc
d’
ก*
ก
kd ε s d − kd
=
ε’s ε s′ kd − d ′
d !
กA2@,
f s / Es f 1− k
= s =
f s′ / Es f s′ k − d ′ / d
εs
5-8
5 ก
ก
 k − d′/ d 
ก f s′ = f s   (5.17a)
 1− k 
ก
ก
กก-6(%'

 k − d′/ d 
ก f s′ = n f c   (5.17b)
 k 
'ก
ก6 ก1 ACI 'ก-
1% ! 3 2 Es / Ec ! !-
ก & " 2 !2! "-6'
ก (5.17)
 k − d′/ d   k − d′/ d 

/ ACI f s′ = 2 f s   = 2n f c   (5.18)
 1− k   k 
ก (5.18) (%)1กก

(ก ก ก! ".'
&.! "ก (%-6'! f s′ ก As′ f s′ = As 2 f s (%'
 k − d′/ d  As 2  1 − k 
2 As′ f s   = As 2 f s → As′ =   (5.19)
 1− k  2  k − d′/ d 
ก-6 k .
-ก%! &."ก %0%ก
!-'ก& (6,2
%(กก
%ก %*(กก*
! (Cc + Cs′ ) = *! (T = T1 + T2 )
1
f c b kd + As′ f s′ = As f s
2
! fs (กก (5.7) % f s′ (กก (5.18) %ก- ρ = As / bd % ρ ′ = As′ / bd (%'
 d′ 
k = 2n  ρ + 2 ρ ′  + n 2 ( ρ + 2 ρ ′ ) − n ( ρ + 2 ρ ′ )
2
(5.20)
 d 
! 5.3 (-6

0
!2ก
ก1 d = 50 :. b = 40 :. d ′ = 6 :. ก
2 2 2 2
2DB20 ( As′ = 6.28 :. ) %ก 8DB25 (As = 39.27 :. ) ก- f c′ = 240 ก.ก./:. , fy = 4,000 ก.ก./:.
f c = 0.45 f c′ = 0.45 × 240 = 108 ก.ก./:.2 % f s = 1, 700 ก.ก./:.2

Es 2, 040, 000
n= = = 8.5 % d ′ / d = 6 / 50 = 0.12
Ec 15,100 240
As 39.27 As′ 6.28

ρ= = = 0.0196 % ρ′ = = = 0.0031
bd 40 × 50 bd 40 × 50
!ก (5.20) (%' k = 0.408 . kd = 20.4 :. % j = 1-0.408/3 = 0.864
1− k   1 − 0.408 
ก* fs = n f c   = 8.5 × 108 ×   = 1,332
 k   0.408 
2 2
= 1,332 ก.ก./:. < 1,700 ก.ก./:. OK
 k − d′/ d   0.408 − 0.12 

ก f s′ = 2n f c   = 2 × 8.5 × 108 ×   = 1, 296
 k   0.408 
2 2
= 1,296 ก.ก./:. < 1,700 กก./:. OK
5-9
5 ก
ก
(%26%! "ก
)*ก-! ". 108 ก.ก./:.2 ก*%ก
')*ก-! ". 1,700 ก.ก./:.2 ก-
0:*")-6'
1 1
ก-
0(กก
M1 = M c = f c k j bd 2 = ×108 × 0.408 × 0.864 × 40 × 502
2 2
= 1,903,565 ก.ก -: . .

ก* As1 =
M1
=
1,903,565
= 33.08 :.2
f s jd 1,332 × 0.864 × 50
ก* As 2 = As − As1 = 39.27 − 33.08 = 6.19 :.2

ก-
0 ก1 M 2 = As 2 f s ( d − d ′ ) = 6.19 × 1,332 × (50 − 6) = 362, 784 ก.ก.-:.
ก-
0! M1 + M2 = 1,903,565 + 362,784
= 2,266,349 ก.ก.-:. = 22.66

-

5.9 กกก!3" 3$8ก#

ก%กก
ก1(% "(กก& (61ก
กก-& "ก
.' :*"(!-'ก ! ก-
0! "
กกก-2
ก "! "ก*ก! ",
! " (ก
(กก(%.ก 6ก! "%2ก* As %ก
As′ &."ก ก,! "(%' 2 ก.
1
Cc + Cs′ = T → f c b kd + As′ f s′ = As f s (5.21)
2
% M = M 1 + M 2 = Cc jd + Cs′ (d − d ′) = T1 jd + T2 (d − d ′) (5.22)
กกก

ก
1. -6ก-
0 M1 2
ก " 2! "ก-' b % d
1
M1 = M c = f c b kd jd
2
2. -6ก-
0! "
ก& "
:*"(%ก-ก*
M 2 = M − M1
3. -6ก*! "

ก As = As1 + As2
M1 M2
As1 = , As 2 =
f s jd f s (d − d ′)
4. -6 6ก

As 2  1 − k 
As′ =  
2  k − d′/ d 
5.
(ก*%ก
6.
(ก-
02
! "ก
5-10
5 ก
ก

5.4 กก
ก ก ก d = 54 . d ′ = 6 . !"
#
$%& Mw = 30
!-
ก' fc = 126 ก.ก./.2 fs = 1,700 ก.ก./.2

$& b = 40 ., n = 8, k = 0.372, j = 0.876 R = 20.53 ก.ก./.2
1. กก
ก

M 1 = M c = Rbd 2 = 20.53 × 40 × 542 /105 = 23.95
= 23.95
!-
< 30
!-
ก!"
2. #$%
ก !"&
23.95 × 105
As1 =
M1
= = 29.78 .2
f s jd 1, 700 × 0.876 × 54
M − M1 (30 − 23.95) × 105

As 2 = = = 7.41 .2
f s (d − d ′) 1, 700 × (54 − 6)
*+, ก! As = 29.78 + 7.41 = 37.19 .2 $ก'ก 8DB25 (As = 39.27 (.2)
3. #$%
ก !"
As 2  1 − k  7.41  1 − 0.372 
As′ =  =   = 8.92 .2
2  k − d′/ d  2  0.372 − 6 / 54 
$ก'ก 2DB25 (As = 9.82 (.2)
5.10 กก"!!#-. T $ L

!-&ก-&$ 4 &
!
! T +
! L .ก* *+, ก
!!ก&/&+0ก
*+$& ก'!!"
#-&ก/, !ก$%&ก!*+,
"1$%&*+,ก
.+, 1ก!'& .0ก
-$
! ก* 23&
! 2 2กก'3ก& bE -&ก-&&$ 4 $ก
* 23ก'!!"
# 21ก.ก3

'ก + (1) ก 1$0ก *+, ก
!
!2. 1'$&ก'3+ก!&
!ก
(2) ก 1
'ก0ก *+, ก
!
!2.
! T 2 ก'3
ก
ก!ก-
ก 1 ก
ก kd ≤ t : '3+ก!&
!*+, 1+&ก& bE ก d
1
2ก/ C = T 2-& f c bE kd = As f s (5.23)
2
f c bE t
2ก+-/ kd ≤ t *+, ก
&-ก As ≤ (5.24)
2 fs
2 As f s
+
21 kd "1
2ก kd = ≤t (5.25)
f c bE
4&-& kd กก t ก2.

ก3 2
εc kd k
2กกก21 1 = =
ε s d − kd 1 − k
5-11
5 ก
ก
bE
εc
1
kd C= f c b kd
t N.A. 2
d
jd
As
T = Asfs
εs
bW
-.
5.4 $&
!
! + kd ≤ t
+ ε c = f c / Ec , ε s = f s / Es n = Es / Ec 2-&
'ก k=
f
(5.26)
1+ s
n fc
2+ก!/&
! 1+&ก
ก'!!"
#ก!
1
"
#
&"1ก
Mc = f c bE kd jd (5.27)
2
"
#
&"1ก M s = As f s jd (5.28)
$กก2ก'$&"
#!, ก'!ก! $ก
2ก'!/&
!"
# $&ก'!&1
กก2.
! $ก3 1 ,ก'321ก 2 ก !!,+
2*.ก3 2 &ก
2$%&5**+, 0ก +$& kd = t 4+*+, ก
+.ก+6!1ก-&
ก 2 ก
กก kd > t : 2*+, !!ก.+ A1 A2
 t
ก'!!"
#2ก!!, M = C1 jd + C2  d −  (5.29)
 3 
bE
εc fc
t C2
A2/2 A2/2 kd C1
A1 kd − t
N.A. d fc
kd
jd d - t/3
As
T = Asfs
εs
bW
-.
5.5 $&
!
! + kd > t
+ C1 = 1 fc bw kd C2 =  2kd − t  f c ( bE − bw ) t 2 C1 C2 2

k 1!-& !!,2ก
2  kd 
T = C1 + C2 2-&
1  2kd − t 
As f s = f c bw kd +   f c ( bE − bw ) t
2  2kd 
5-12
5 ก
ก
1
As f s − f c ( bE − bw ) t 2 A f − f b − b t
T − C2 2 c ( E w)
kd = = = s s (5.30)
1 1 f c bw
f c bw f c bw
2 2

5.5 2'3ก'!!! Mn /
! T +0ก./*+,!$ 4.6 %
1 8
1 4
ก'1/ก
fc′ = 240 ก.ก./.2 fc = 108 ก.ก./.2 /
2
ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./. fs = 1,700 ก.ก./.2
bE
12 cm
63.5 cm
As = 40.52 cm2
30 cm
-.
5.6 &
!'!
!1 5.5

1. #ก.1 2#(&.3#

L/4 = 800/4 = 200 . ← #!#

bw + 16t = 30 + 16(12) = 222 .
1 = 400 .

% bE = 200 (.
2. # kd 4 kd ≤ t
2 As f s 2 × 40.52 ×1, 700
21 kd "1

2ก kd = = = 6.38 . < 12 . OK
f c bE 108 × 200
ก'!!"
# M = T ( d − kd / 3) = 40.52 × 1, 700 ( 63.5 − 6.38 / 3)
= 4, 227, 641 กก.-. = 42.28

!-

2

5.6 2'3ก'!!!/
! T 1 ก'1$ก
f c′ = 240 ก.ก./. fc
2 2
= 108 ก.ก./. /ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./. fs = 1,700 ก.ก./.2

1. #ก.1 2#
bE ≤ 4bw = 4(40) = 160 . !!,$%& bE = 80 .
t ≥ bw 2 = 40 / 2 = 20 . OK
5-13
5 ก
ก
80 cm
A2/2 A2/2 20 cm
A1
N.A.
91 cm
As = 85 cm2
40 cm
-.
5.7 &
!'!
!1 5.6
2. # kd 4 kd ≤ t
2 As f s 2 × 85 ×1, 700

21 kd "1
2ก kd = = = 31.48 . > 20 . .3ก

2 : kd > t
f c bE 108 × 80
!!,
&1ก*+, ! !/ก
ก.
1 1
C1 = f c bw kd = ×108 × 40 × kd = 2,160 kd ก.ก.
2 2
1 1
C2 = f c (bE − bw )t = × 108 × (80 − 40) × 20 = 43, 200 ก.ก.
2 2
T = As f s = 85 × 1, 700 = 144,500 ก.ก.

2ก C1 + C2 = T 2-& 2,160 kd + 43, 200 = 144,500 → kd = 46.90 .
C1 = 2,160 × 46.90 = 101,304 ก.ก.
3. ก 45
 46.90   20 
M = 101,304  91 −  + 43, 200  91 − 
 3   3 
= 11, 278,145
!-. = 113
!-

กก T! " #$

%
1 : * 23ก& bE
%
2 :
$& kd = t *+&
! ก'!"
#* 1*+-
1
C= f c bE t M = C (d − t / 3)
2
%
3.1 : 4&ก'!"
# * 1* kd ≤ t ก+&
! 1+&
ก& bE
1 M
k=
f
*+, ก
&ก As =
f s jd
1+ s
n fc
5-14
5 ก
ก
%
3.2 : 4&ก'!"
#-* 1* kd > t $&*+, ! !. 2
 t 1 1  t
M = C1 jd + C2  d −  = f c bw kd jd + f c (bE − bw ) t  d − 
 3  2 2  3 
- j = 1 - k/3 &ก&กก'! k
- '3! C1 2ก k -&
- '3*+, ก 2ก As f s = C1 + C2

5.7 * 23 3ก !
&ก/&
! *+!"
# 100
!-
ก'
1 f c′ = 240 ก.ก./.2 fc = 108 ก.ก./.2, fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.2 fs = 1,700 ก.ก./.2 ($
!1
5.6)

1. # kd กก t $64 kd = t
1 1
C= f c bE t = × 0.108 × 80 × 20 = 86.4
!
2 2
M = C (d − t / 3) = 86.4(91 − 20 / 3) /100 = 72.9

!-

+2กก'!"
#
&ก 100
!-
กก 72.9
!-
!!, kd
&กก t
2. #. ก As 4"!$%
!".3 (A1 "1 A2)
 t 1 1  t
M = C1 jd + C2  d −  = f c bw kd jd + f c (bE − bw ) t  d − 
 3  2 2  3 
1 1  kd 
C1 jd = f c bw kd (d − kd / 3) = × 108 × 40 × kd ×  91 − 
2 2  3 
= 196,560 kd − 720 ( kd )
2
 t 1  t 1
C2  d −  = f c (bE − bw ) t  d −  = × 108 × (80 − 40) × 20 × (91 − 20 / 3)
 3 2  3 2
= 3, 643, 200 ก.ก.-.

100 ×105 = 196,560 kd − 720 (kd ) 2 + 3, 643, 200
720 ( kd ) − 196,560 kd + 6,356,800 → kd = 37.5

2
.
1 1
C1 = f c bw kd = × 108 × 40 × 37.5 /1,000 = 81.0
!
2 2
1 1
C2 = f c (bE − bw ) t = × 108 × (80 − 40) × 20 /1, 000 = 43.2
!
2 2
As = (81.0 + 43.2) /1.7 = 73.1 .2
5-15
6

6

6.1

6.1 M A-A ก! " " ก #"ก
! $ % $&ก!$ " กก ! '( )ก!กก *#"+ )
,$ ! ! -#" ! v '" . " ก -#" V & )" ก
!(ก ! ก#"/กก -#" * " (Pure shear) 6.2 0% )
% 0% ก -#" $ก " 45° ก!กก
A A
V
A A
6.1 -#" $

v
ft(max) = v
v v
v
45o
v v
6.2 / '" -#" * "

. ก!! ก/ก" "! + ก!!ก -#" ! $+ ก!!ก % "ก
"
6-1
6

6.2 !"#

. ก1" 6.1 $ ก, #." ก$ก*#. 2 '" ก$
3,กก -#" ก
VQ
v= (6.1)
Ib
#" v = -#" ก 6.3

V = -#" ก
Q = '" *#. 0% '" -#" 1 ( 6.3)
I = "! "
'"
b = ก
Top: τ = 0
A
y
Bottom: τ = 0
Pure shear section Q= Ay Shear stress distribution
6.3 กก'" -#"

-#" v )กก (6.1) + -#" ! "ก #" ก
-#" " . -กก " ก !( "#"!(ก!กกกก
4'" ก$ ก4 -#" * " 0% ก(
. $กก,(
6.2) #" % ก, 45° ก -#"
6.3 !% (Combined Stress Formula)

/ ,5"กก ! , #." % ft $ -#" v % ก,
(ก ก$'" " 6.5 ก
2
1 1 
f t (max) = ft +  f t  + v 2 (6.2)
2 2 
v
!3 '" α max )ก tan 2α max = (6.3)
ft / 2
6-2
6

ν αmax
ft (max)
ν
ft ft ft
ν ν
ν ν
6.4 ก % ก,
ก$'" "
Shear stress, v
Vertical plane
( ft , v )
2αmax
O Normal stress, f
Horizontal plane
(0,v)
Principal stress, ft(max)
6.5 ก % ก,

ก$'" "
% $ก ft (max) , α max กก '" ' " ",ก ft #" v
ก#" % ft / -#" " $ก#" -#" v /
% "$,'" ก$ก 45° กก #" ก" ก"" " ก % % $ก
$ .% ก* 6ก"" 6.6 " )"
6.6 ,'" " ก!

6.4 กก:; <%!=% >ก

" ก0% ก$ % ก!กก'%. #" % ก! ก$ % " ก0% . ก,ก .
% "ก!ก % , ก, ก-#" , ก!, #"กก'" $ . $!3
'" "ก'%. ก $ก (Principal stress) $
#"ก ก ) $$ก8('" "
6.7
6-3
6

Web-shear crack Flexural crack
(ก) Web-shear cracking
Flexural-shear crack Flexural crack
() Flexure-shear cracking
6.7
!"ก
"" !ก!'%. )กก Web-shear crack 6.7ก /""
!ก$ '" "กกก Flexural-shear crack 6.7' Web-shear crack ก!'%.
!( -#" ก$ "ก)"ก!'%. ก$,ก$ (Inflection point) " #"
Flexural-shear crack + *)) + "" "ก"! กก
-#" " ก!$&ก 6.8 ก!'%. กก$)ก ") .
1) -#" '" " ก)ก Vcz
2) ก$&" ก '" $ Va 1ก" $$ก 1!" ก
$ '" "
3) '" $&ก!$ก" -#" Vd
4) 1$'" $%ก
5) -#" '" $&ก! -#" Vs ก$&ก$"ก
Va = aggregate interlock (interface shear)
C
Vcz = shear
resistance
Arm
T
Vd = dowel force
6.8 ก$)ก -#" " ก!$&ก
6-4
6

6.5 ก :;<%!=% >ก

กก"ก$ -#" " ก)!$&ก -#" ก )1$ 6.9
Vn ρ Vn d
)* 6 = 0.50 + 176 ≤ 0.93 ก.ก./0.2 (6.4)
b d f c′ Mn f c′
. : 1963 ACI Code "* 6'" ก (6.4) + ก$ -#" '" )!$&ก
-#" . % ! Vc + ก$ '" " ก ก$
ก '" " bw b )
 ρ V d
Vc =  0.50 f c′ + 176 w u  bw d ≤ 0.93 f c′ bw d (6.5)
 Mu 
0% ก&#"$" ACI $ ...

2 ก
-#" $ Vu $ $ Mu
+ Vn= Vu/φ $ Mn= Mu/φ ก $&ก " *" Vu/Mu ก Vn/Mn "(
;ก"$ก$ φ '" -#" $ ก " !$&ก ρw = As/(bwd)
'" ACI 0% bw
+ ก '" " T + ก '" :ก
1.50
Vn
b d fc′
1.25
ก.ก./.2
1.00 0.93
0.75
0.50 Vn Vn d
= 0.50 + 176 ρ ≤ 0.93 ก.ก./.2
b d fc′ M n fc′
0.25
Inverse scale
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.02 0.05 ∞

ρ Vn d
70
M n fc′
6.9 ก$ -#" '" " ก)!$&ก

ก (6.5) ก""ก
"*!"#" ! ก (
#"$)$ก* ρw, Vu $ Mu ) $"
" ( Vc +
5 . ACI
% "
ก#"
Vc = 0.53 f c′ bw d (6.6)
" " " ก :

 N 
Vc = 0.53 1 + 0.0071 u
  f c′ bw d (6.7)
 Ag 
6-5
6

" " % ก :

 N 
Vc = 0.53 1 + 0.029 u
  f c′ bw d (6.8)
 Ag 
#" Nu #" $ ก (+ $#"+ % ) (ก.ก.)

Ag #"*#. . '" (bwh) (0.2)
6.6 ก :;!=% >ก-ACI Code

)$ก!$&ก -#"
$&ก$"ก. (Vertical stirrup) + '%. กก$
" ก 6.10a $&ก
+ ' $&ก" 6-12 ..$ก
+ $"ก= 6.10b
* "$&ก!$&ก " " $&ก " ",. "*#"%$&ก$"ก"
" ก
(ก)
()
6.10 ก

$&ก$"ก. *#" -#"
ก$ -#" . '" ก!$&ก -#" Vn ก" ก Vc % $"ก กก!
$&ก -#" Vs :
Vn = Vc + Vs (6.9)
ก'" Vs "/ก*> '%. )ก! + #" /ก (Truss analogy) ,!"
" !3 45° 'ก$&ก " /% 1! "$*1 $&ก -#" N " 6.11
'" Vs 0% /ก$" $&ก -#" ก1$ ! '" % ก!'%. $&ก
-#" .
Vs = N Av f y sin α (6.10)
0% Av #"*#. $&ก -#" $ s 0% + $&ก -#" $ fy #" ก'" $&ก
-#"
6-6
6

กก(!! N s = d (cot 45° + cot α ) = d (1 + cot α )
d (1 + cot α )
N $ ก (6.10) Vs = Av f y sin α (6.11)
s
45o α
s s s s
Ns
6.11 ก$ -#" Vs ก$&ก -#"
ก($&ก$"ก . $&ก -#" " ! α = 90° ก$ -#" )ก
Av f y d
Vs = (6.12)
s
*#. Av ก*#. $&ก$"ก ! #" ก$!!$&ก,ก ! /ก-#" '
$&ก$"กก 2 '" *#. $&ก$"ก
Av = 2Ab Av = 4Ab
Ab =
กก 1
6.12 *#. $&ก! -#"
6.7 :Dก:=%E >ก

ก

!('" $&ก -#" " )ก#" " ก! )*#" ก!กก'" $&ก#"/% ก$ -#" !!
ACI Code " ก!($&ก -#" ",ก
bw s b s
min Av = 0.2 f c′ ≥ 3.5 w (6.13)
fy fy
#" bw #"ก " $ s #" $&ก$"ก !($&ก! -#" ", . "
#" Vu
ก! φ Vc / 2 ก ก('"
6-7
6

• *#. $2 ก

• *#. " ก (Floor joist construction)
• 0% $%ก)ก! 25 0., 2.5 :ก T, #" % % '" ก ",
$#"กกก
/ 0.2 f c′ = 3.5 ) f c′ = 306 ก.ก./0.2 #"#" f c′ < 306 ก.ก./0.2 min Av = 3.5bw s / f y , $#"
f c′ ≥ 306 ก.ก./0.2 min Av = 0.2 fc′(bw s / f y ) ,
A!! . *! *#. , 2 ก, #" #. *#"*!ก$ -#" '" " " ก
$&ก
$"ก")!6!4* )$%ก*" #" ก*#. "$%ก " )* *"ก!ก%
ก$&ก$"ก
)ก$#"ก$&ก$"ก+ RB9 #" DB10 + $"ก= (" ' Av = 2Ab) ) Av
)ก"ก $ $ ก""ก ก$#"ก$&ก! -#" % กกก
$"ก
ก('" !($&ก ", #" ก (6.13) )ก ก
, smax #"
Av f y Av f y
smax = ≤ (6.14)
0.2 f c′ bw 3.5 bw
ก
ก
*#"B" ก ก!! shear-compression 0% " ก/ก" * $ "!(!กC '"
" ACI ก Vs " )ก! 2.1 f c′ bw d /ก! " *!' *#" Vs = Vu / φ − Vc
"$ )ก! 'ก

ก กก
"กก smax (กก (6.14) $ ACI ก $&ก$"กก, smax = d/2 $) "
ก 60 0. $#" Vs ก! 1.1 fc′ bw d $ smax .$ % % .
• #" Vs ≤ 1.1 f c′ bw d

smax = d / 2 ≤ 60 0.
• #" 1.1 f c′ bw d < Vs ≤ 2.1 f c′ bw d

smax = d / 4 ≤ 30 0.
• #" Vs > 2.1 f c′ bw d *!'
6.8 =กG!ก

)0% . ก1 6.13ก "กกก-#" ก!'%. !(," " ,(
45o . ก,ก"4 d ก1!" /ก/$ " % )1$"ก -#"
. ACI % ก
-#" Vu d ก," + !กC
ก (""ก
1 4! -#" % $ก8( 6.13'
6-8
6

(ก) กกกก
!"
d d
d d
() #$%&'

6.13 -#" $ Vu
ก""ก
'"ก ก$
)) ,กก( 6.14 ก("# 0% !กC -#" ก )
d d
()&ก*
Vu
Vu Vu
(ก) "(+,(ก)-' () .)--"
()&ก*
Vu
Vu
d
()&ก*
(') " ,(กก3 ,
(") "'(+0)1')2' 4.)!ก '(+
6.14 !กC""กก-#" 5
6-9
6

ก

!"ก #
"ก! . ก,ก $ . ก,ก/ก,!+ . ก1 . ก,ก 0% )ก
$ $ 1$ $".
. ก . "1&
6.15ก 0% -#" $
ก, #""1%
6.15' 0% -#" ก$
ก, -#" "#
(
shear force envelope 6.15
-#" ก$
#" ก . ก%
#"
wLu L
Vu ,midspan = (6.15)
8
LL full span
DL full span
Max. shear @ ends wu L

(ก) ,(ก"' 3,(ก5-'" Vu =
2
w Lu L
Vu =
LL half span 8
DL full span
Max. shear @ midspan

() ,(ก"' 5-'3,(ก"2' 5-'"
wu L
Vu =
2
w Lu L
Vu =
(") Shear force envelop 8
6.15 . ก*#"""ก -#"
6.9 :#กกI
ก""ก *#" -#" *#"ก$ -#" * *"*#" -#" $ ก!'%. #"
φ Vn ≥ Vu (6.16)
#"($ก$ φ ก-#" #" 0.85 '. " .

1. *!( !กC$ ( -#" $ Vu ก!
d ก1!'" ," #"
*!(ก shear force envelope (ก$ -#" Vn " ก#"
Vn = Vu / φ (6.17)
2. (ก$ -#" " ก D

" #"
Vc = 0.53 f c′ bw d (6.18)
6-10
6

3. ก

กกกก
Vs = Vn − Vc (6.19)
4. ก
ก ! " "?
Vs ≤ 2.1 f c′ bw d (6.20)
5. กกก ( Av ) # !$!
s
ก
Av f y d
s = (6.21)
Vs
6. !$!
กกกก%ก% &
$
Av f y Av f y
smax = ≤ (6.14)
0.2 f c′ bw 3.5 bw
7. !$!
กกก Vs
• Vs ≤ 1.1 f c′ bw d ''( smax = d / 2 ≤ 60 ).
• 1.1 f c′ bw d < Vs ≤ 2.1 f c′ bw d ''( smax = d / 4 ≤ 30 ).
2

6.1 ก&กก &
'(
$
&
'+ 6.16 ก
ก f c′ = 280 ก.ก./).
'(กก DB10 ก
ก% ก 4,000 ก.ก./).2
PL = 5 tons PL = 5 tons
PD = 2 tons PD = 2 tons
d = 53 cm
wL = 3 t/m
A wD = 2 t/m
A
40 cm
2.5 m 4.0 m 2.5 m Section A-A

6.16 (
$&! $
6.1

1.
. ก&/! $ wu = 1.4(2) + 1.7(3) = 7.9 /
. ก! $ Pu = 1.4(2) + 1.7(5) = 11.3
$&/0+%&

&
'+ 6.17
%ก

ก
30 ). &
!$! d ก/%

Vu/φ !$! d = (46.85 – 7.9(0.15 + 0.53))/0.85 = 48.80
6-11
6

46.85 ton V
u wu = 7.9 t/m
27.1 ton
15.8 ton
4m 2.5 m
2.5 m
-15.8 ton
-27.1 ton
-46.85 ton

6.17 &/0+%&
$
6.1
2. กก
Vc
Vc = 0.53 f c′ bw d = 0.53 280 × 40 × 53 /1, 000 = 18.80
3. ก
ก กกก Vs
Vs = Vu / φ − Vc = 48.80 − 18.80 = 30.00
4. ก Vs !ก
"#$ $!
%$&
& '!?
Vs ,max = 2.1 f c′ bw d = 2.1 280 × 40 × 53 /1,000 = 74.50

ก Vs
ก!$! d = 30.00 "ก% Vs, max = 74.50
$($!
%$&
&
1.1 f c′ bw d = 1.1 280 × 40 × 53 /1, 000 = 39.02 > Vs

ก Vs < 1.1 f c′ bw d
. smax = d/2 = 53/2 = 26.5 ). < 60 ). smax = 26 )!.
5. กก
ก

'(ก DB10 ก1(
) Av = 2(0.785) = 1.57 ).2 ก
ก 2
fy = 4,000 ก.ก./).
!$!
กก
ก !$! d ก/%

Av f y d 1.57 × 4.0 × 53
s = = = 11 ).
Vs 30.00
$(ก+,กก DB10 @ 0.11 !. !$! d ก/%

6. กก!ก
"#$ ! !ก" ! -
"#$
Av f y 1.57 × 4, 000
smax = = = 47 ).
0.2 f c′ bw 0.2 280 × 40
Av f y 1.57 × 4, 000
&!
"ก% smax = = = 45 ). smax = 45 )!.
3.5 bw 3.5 × 40
6-12
6

$( DB10 @ 0.11 !.

ก'+,'$ &
45
#%!$! 5. &
ก!

$+
กก!$! d ก/%

6. ก--กก" - x > 2.5 ! Vu/φ = 15.8/0.85 = 18.6

กก

ก Vu/φ = 18.6 $กก
ก Vc = 18.8
.'(%ก
$ smax d/2 = 53/2 = 26.5 ).
ก+,กก DB10@0.25
DB10@0.11m DB10@0.25m DB10@0.11m
2.5 m 3.7 m 2.5 m

6.18 ก
กก &
$
6.1

6.2 (
$'+ 6.19
. ก
2 / (. ก
) &!. ก 2.5 /
'ก&กก . ก
ก fc′ = 250 ก.ก./).2 ก
ก% ก 4,000 ก.ก./).2
DL = 2 t/m
LL = 2.5 t/m
d = 64 cm
L = 10 m
30 cm

6.19 (
$&! $
6.2

1. shear force envelope " -ก--ก
. ก! $ .
wu = 1.4(2) + 1.7(2.5) = 7.05 /
. ก! $ wLu = 1.7(2.5) = 4.25 /
&
! $ $ wuL/2 = 7.05(10)/2 = 35.25
&
! $ก
(
wLuL/8 = 4.25(10)/8 = 5.31

ก . ก
&!
$+
%
ก
40 ). %ก6$+!$! d
= 64 ). ก/%
&
ก
Vu/φ !$! d = 41.47 – (0.84/5)(41.47 – 6.25) = 35.55
6-13
6

35.25/0.85 = 41.47 ton
5.31/0.85 = 6.25 ton

6.20 shear force envelope Vu/φ
2. กก
Vc
Vc = 0.53 f c′ bw d = 0.53 250 × 30 × 64 /1, 000 = 16.09
$&
%ก6&!ก
ก
' shear force envelope # .ก% Vc 5. Vs

กกก($ &

(

&"
ก Vs ก$

'กก'%
$
&
'+ 6.21
84 cm Critical section
41.47 t
35.55 t
Required Vs
16.09 t
Vu /φ
Vc 8.05 t
0.5Vc 6.25 t
Support Midspan

6.21 &/0+%&
' ('กก&
3. ก
ก กกก Vs
Vs = Vu / φ − Vc = 35.55 − 16.09 = 19.46
4. ก Vs !ก
"#$ $!
%$&
& '!?
Vs ,max = 2.1 f c′ bw d = 2.1 250 × 30 × 64 /1, 000 = 63.75

ก Vs
ก!$! d = 19.46 "ก% Vs, max = 63.75
$($!
%$&
&
1.1 f c′ bw d = 1.1 250 × 30 × 64 /1, 000 = 33.39 > Vs

ก Vs < 1.1 f c′ bw d
. smax = d/2 = 64/2 = 32 ). < 60 ). smax = 32 )!.
5. กก
ก
6-14
6

'(ก RB9 ก1(
) Av = 2(0.636) = 1.27 ).2 ก
ก 2
fy = 2,400 ก.ก./).
!$!
กก
ก !$! d ก/%

Av f y d 1.27 × 2.4 × 64
s = = = 10.02 ).
Vs 19.46
$(ก+,กก RB9 @ 0.10 !. !$! d ก/%

6. กก!ก
"#$ ก !ก" ! -
"#$
Av f y 1.27 × 2, 400
smax = = = 32 ).
0.2 f c′ bw 0.2 250 × 30
Av f y 1.27 × 2, 400
&!
"ก% smax = = = 29 ). smax = 29 )!.
3.5 bw 3.5 × 30
$( RB9 @ 0.10 !.

ก'+,'$ &
45
#%!$! 5.7 15 ). &
ก!
$+

กก!$! d ก/%

7. Vu/φ
+,กก RB9 @ 0.15 !.
Vu Av f y d 1.27 × 2.4 × 64
= + Vc = + 16.09 = 29.1
φ s 15
#%&
Vu/φ = 29.1 8$#%ก+ 6.18 '(ก9$$
41.47 − 29.1
x = × 500 = 176 ). ก

41.47 − 6.25
%ก
(
)5
&
$ #%!$!
กก"45
smax = 29 ).
Vu Av f y d 1.27 × 2.4 × 64
= + Vc = + 16.09 = 22.8
φ s 29
41.47 − 22.8
x = × 500 = 265 ). ก

41.47 − 6.25
8. $กก!
!
8$
!$!" #%8$!$!ก&!!$!%
(ก'ก
&ก%!$! 1 ). ก/%
&!$!'(%
!$!
!
ก"45
!$!"
8$ก%"ก$
.
RB9 @ 0.11 !. : 20 + 1 + 16@10 = 181 )!. > 176 )!. OK
RB9 @ 0.15 !. : 181 + 6@15 = 271 )!. > 265 )!. OK
RB9 @ 0.29 !. : 271 + 7@29 = 474 )!.
6-15
6

s = 15 cm @ s = 29 cm @
x = 176 cm x = 265 cm
RB9@0.10 RB9@0.15 RB9@0.29
20 cm 16@11 cm 6@15 cm 7@29 cm

1 cm
500 cm
Support Midspan

6.22 ก'กก' $
6.2
6.10 ก ก--$ - 1$

+,
ก8$%:$&
'(
&
!$ก %:ก
%กก
ก Vc
)5

ก
bw &!5ก d
 ρ Vd
Vc =  0.265 f c′ + 91.4 w bw d ≤ 0.464 f c′ bw d (6.22)
 M 
&! +&
$ Vc = 0.29 f c′ bw d (6.23)
กกก
"#$
#'ก &
ก%ก &
ก
.
$'

V = Vc + Vs (6.24)
Vc ก

ก$' &! Vs ก
กก &
'ก
กก .
ก
&
$+'&%
Vs !ก
Av f v d
Vs = (6.25)
s
Av # .
กก'&%
fv $&
5
$''ก &
)5
!7"
ก
$&
5
$''ก% &! s !$!
กก
!ก
"#$
!+ !
"ก% 1.32 f c′ bw d 4ก%
#%
กก!ก
"#$
smax ก%ก &
$! ก %:ก
min Av = 3.5 bw d / fy
Av f y
smax = (6.26)
3.5 bw
&!!$!
กกก smax = d/2 &!"$ก 60 ). &! V ก% 0.795 f c′ bw d ' smax .

5
5

.
• V ≤ 0.795 f c′ bw d ''( smax = d / 2 ≤ 60 ).
6-16
6

• 0.795 f c′ bw d < V ≤ 1.32 f c′ bw d ''( smax = d / 4 ≤ 30 ).
• V > 1.32 f c′ bw d '#%

ก ก
ก

1. #% %ก6&!&
V 8$ก%!'(!$! d ก/%

#%ก
shear force envelope
2. ก
ก ';!'(+$
$
Vc = 0.29 f c′ bw d
3. ก

กกกก
Vs = V − Vc
4. ก
ก ! " "?
V ≤ 1.32 f c′ bw d
5. กกก ( Av ) # !$!
s
ก
Av f v d
s =
Vs
6. !$!
กกกก%ก% &
$
Av f y
smax =
3.5 bw
7. !$!
กกก V
• V ≤ 0.795 f c′ bw d ''( smax = d / 2 ≤ 60 ).
• 0.795 f c′ bw d < V ≤ 1.32 f c′ bw d ''( smax = d / 4 ≤ 30 ).

6.3 ก&กก &
8$%:$&
'(
'(
$
&
'+ 6.16 ก
ก fc′ = 280 ก.ก./).2 '(กก DB10 ก

ก% ก 4,000 ก.ก./).2

1.
$ก2 $&/0+%&

&
'+ 6.23
%ก

ก
30 ). &
!$! d ก/%

&
V !$! d = 29.5 – 5(0.15 + 0.53) = 26.10
2. กก
Vc
Vc = 0.29 f c′ bw d = 0.29 280 × 40 × 53 /1, 000 = 10.29
6-17
6

29.5 ton V wu = 5 t/m
17 ton
10 ton
4m 2.5 m
2.5 m
-10 ton
-17 ton
-29.5 ton

6.23 &/0+%&
$
6.3
3. ก
ก กกก Vs
Vs = V − Vc = 26.10 − 10.29 = 15.81
4. ก V !ก
"#$ $!
%$&
& '!?
Vmax = 1.32 f c′ bw d = 1.32 280 × 40 × 53 /1, 000 = 46.8

ก V
ก!$! d = 26.10 "ก% Vmax = 46.8
$($!
%$&
&
0.795 f c′ bw d = 0.795 280 × 40 × 53 /1, 000 = 28.2 > V

ก V < 0.795 f c′ bw d
. smax = d/2 = 53/2 = 26.5 ). < 60 ). smax = 26 )!.
5. กก
ก

'(ก DB10 ก1(
) Av = 2(0.785) = 1.57 ).2 $&
$' 2
fs = 1,700 ก.ก./).
!$!
กก
ก !$! d ก/%

Av f s d 1.57 × 1.7 × 53
s = = = 8.95 ).
Vs 15.81
$(ก+,กก DB10 @ 0.08 !. !$! d ก/%

6. กก!ก
"#$ ! !ก" ! -
"#$
Av f y 1.57 × 4, 000
smax = = = 45 ). smax = 45 )!.
3.5 bw 3.5 × 40
$( DB10 @ 0.08 !.

ก'+,'$ &
45
#%!$! 5. &
ก!

$+
กก!$! d ก/%

7. ก--กก" - x > 2.5 ! V = 10
6-18
6

กก

ก V = 10 $กก
ก Vc = 10.29
.'(%ก$
smax d/2 = 53/2 = 26.5 ).
ก+,กก DB10@0.25
DB10@0.08m DB10@0.25m DB10@0.08m
2.5 m 3.7 m 2.5 m

6.24 ก
กก &
$
6.3

6.4 ก&ก &
8$%:$&
'(
(
$' $
6.2
. ก

2 / (. ก
) &!. ก 2.5 / 'ก&กก8$%:$&
'(
ก
ก 250 ก.ก./).2 ก

ก% ก 4,000 ก.ก./).2

1. shear force envelope " -ก--ก
. กก .
w = 2 + 2.5 = 4.5 /
. กก wL = 2.5 /
&
$ wL/2 = 4.5(10)/2 = 22.5
&
ก
(
wLL/8 = 2.5(10)/8 = 3.13

ก . ก
&!
$+
%
ก
40 ). %ก6$+!$! d
= 64 ). ก/%
&
ก
V !$! d = 22.5 – (0.84/5)(22.5 – 3.13) = 19.25
2. กก
Vc
Vc = 0.29 f c′ bw d = 0.29 250 × 30 × 64 /1, 000 = 8.80
3. ก
ก กกก Vs
Vs = V − Vc = 19.25 − 8.80 = 10.45
4. ก V !ก
"#$ $!
%$&
& '!?
Vmax = 1.32 f c′ bw d = 1.32 250 × 30 × 64 /1, 000 = 40.07

ก V !$! d = 19.25 "ก% Vmax = 40.07
6-19
6

$($!
%$&
&
0.795 f c′ bw d = 0.795 250 × 30 × 64 /1, 000 = 24.14 > V

ก V < 0.795 f c′ bw d
. smax = d/2 = 64/2 = 32 ). < 60 ). smax = 32 )!.
5. กก
ก

'(ก RB9 ก1(
) Av = 2(0.636) = 1.27 ).2 ก
ก 2
fy = 2,400 ก.ก./).
!$!
กก
ก !$! d ก/%

Av f v d 1.27 × 1.2 × 64
s = = = 9.33 ).
Vs 10.45
$(ก+,กก RB9 @ 0.09 !. !$! d ก/%

6. กก!ก
"#$ ก !ก" ! -
"#$
Av f y 1.27 × 2, 400
smax = = = 29 ). smax = 29 )!.
3.5 bw 3.5 × 30
$( RB9 @ 0.09 !.

ก'+,'$ &
45
#%!$! 5.7 15 ). &
ก!
$+

กก!$! d ก/%

7. V
+,กก RB9 @ 0.15 !.
Av f v d 1.27 × 1.2 × 64
V = + Vc = + 8.80 = 15.3
s 15
#%&
V = 15.3 #%8$'(ก9$$
22.5 − 15.3
x = × 500 = 186 ). ก

22.5 − 3.13
%ก
(
)5
&
$ #%!$!
กก"45
smax = 29 ).
Av f v d 1.27 × 1.2 × 64
V = + Vc = + 8.80 = 12.2
s 29
22.5 − 12.2
x = × 500 = 266 ). ก

22.5 − 3.13
8. $กก!
!
8$
!$!" #%8$!$!ก&!!$!%
(ก'ก
&ก%!$! 1 ). ก/%
&!$!'(%
!$!
!
ก"45
!$!"
8$ก%"ก$
.
RB9 @ 0.09 !. : 20 + 1 + 19@9 = 192 )!. > 186 )!. OK
RB9 @ 0.15 !. : 192 + 5@15 = 267 )!. > 266 )!. OK
RB9 @ 0.29 !. : 267 + 8@29 = 499 )!.
6-20
6

s = 15 cm @ s = 29 cm @
x = 186 cm x = 266 cm
RB9@0.09 RB9@0.15 RB9@0.29
19@11 cm 5@15 cm 8@29 cm

20 cm 1 cm
500 cm
Support Midspan
6.25 ก

ก ก 6.4
6.11 ก กก

กกก !ก"#" " !ก" "ก $% &$ ก'กก
( '( ACI ก$ !ก# &$ ก % ! '%
)%" (ก) ), Ln ((-' 6.26ก) " !ก h " %ก 4 #
()) -. &$ กก$ '/ " !ก ก(-'( 6.26))
Ln
(ก) ก
Ln / h ≤ 4
x
h
() ก
x < 2 h
6.26 # 0)ก1-. !ก
6-21
6

12-ก") !ก, 6.27 #"3กก-)!& ก1#

&$ ก0' %0""ก-"
กก-%) 45)!& ก!ก % 1#% ก
ก%ก ,%&
ก-" -
Compressive
struts
6.27 ก 0กก &$ ก) !ก

กก
ก
0 %-ก2$$ .6# Vu - d ก(-' #ก 6#
". 45o ก.) !ก 6# , ก$% %-ก2))%ก %'"กก 0 %
% x ก(-'! %-ก2, Ln #, (,') a #, 6#
#ก(-'! &$ กก$ '
w P P
Critical
h section
Ln x Ln
x = 0.15Ln a
x = 0.5a
(ก) ก () กก

6.28 %-ก2$ก6#
&$ ก( : x = 0.15Ln (6.27ก)
&$ กก$ ' : x = 0.50a (6.27))
6-22
6

8! x 0%%"0"ก- " !ก-9-( d

ก
")%ก$ ACI φ Vn ≥ Vu (6.28)
3 Vn = Vc + Vs (6.29)
6# Vu %"0"ก-
Vu ≤ φ (2.65 f c′ bw d ) (6.30ก)
# Vn ≤ 2.65 f c′ bw d (6.30))
"-6 & %1-") %

ก
Vc กก :
 M  V d
Vc =  3.5 − 2.5 u   0.50 f c′ + 176 ρ w u  bw d (6.31)
 Vu d  Mu 
3 Vc $ .0%%0"ก- 1.6 fc′ bw d ) (3.5 − 2.5M u / Vu d ) %"0"ก- 2.5 0" %ก 1.0
Mu Vu %-ก2 #,%
Vc = 0.53 f c′ bw d (6.32)
ก Vs ก ก "ก8!%ก&

ก&
ก กก$ %ก
 A  1 + Ln / d  Avh  11 − Ln / d  
Vs =  v  +   f y d (6.33)
 sv  12  svh  12 
"# Av = 1#&

ก6# -" sv & % )
Avh = 1#&
ก6# " svh &% )
! ก
Av " Avh :
min Av = 0.0025 bw sv (6.34)
d
3"0" %ก sv ≤ ≤ 30 8".
5
min Avh = 0.0015 bw svh (6.35)
d
3"0" %ก svh ≤ ≤ 30 8".
5
กกก ก
12-ก") !กก ""88% %-0%,-% $กก#&% ,%ก
$ . &
6.29 กก !ก$ , " !ก Ln/h ≈ 1.0 กก
1) 3"" 0""ก "ก ก ก$ 3"" #
M n = As f y (moment arm jd ) (6.36)
6-23
6

0.72h C
h
2h/3
Ln
6.29 กก !ก
-".
ก-" As 1#ก#
Mn 0.8 f c′ 14 b d
As = ≥ bd ≥ (6.37)
f y jd fy fy
) 3"" jd & ". 0.6h $ Ln/h = 1.0 ก 0.8h $ Ln/h = 2.0
ก!ก
/ h/4 ! h/5 ) ก%1#& !
6.5 ก

ก6# $ , &$ กก$') &$ ก,% 60
' ,ก% 3.6 " 6.25 ก% 35 8" " !ก-9-( d = 90 8". ,% f c′ =
2
280 ก.ก./8". fy = 4,000 ก.ก./8".2
60 ton 60 ton
1.20 m 1.20 m
d = 90 cm
h = 100 cm
As
35 cm
40 cm 3.6 m 40 cm
6.30 ) 6.5

1. 1-. !ก#0"$ & Ln/h = 360/100 = 3.6 ≤ 4.0 ก
6-24
6

2. %-ก2$ &$ กก$ '", 6# a = 1.20 "
0.50a = 0.5(120) = 60 8". < [d = 90 8".]
!"ก# 0.60 $. %ก&' %(

3. ก$ 6# ) 30""
ก6# %ก-ก2 &$ กก$ ' #
1.7LL = 1.7(60) = 102
0"- &$ ก8! %"#ก &$ กก$ ' 3,%-9 %-ก2
Mu 102(60)
= = 0.67
Vu d 102(90)
.$ !ก# 3.5 - 2.5 M u = 3.5 - 2.5(0.67) = 1.83 < 2.5 OK

Vu d
 V d
vc = 1.83 0.50 f c′ + 176 ρ w u 
 Mu 
4(10.18)
ρw = = 0.0129
35(90)
 176 ( 0.0129 ) 
vc = 1.83 0.50 280 + 
 0.67 
= 1.83[8.37 + 3.39] = 21.5 ก.ก /8" . .2 ($

)$ก vc = 1.6 f c′ = 1.6 280 = 26.77 ก.ก./8".2 > 21.5 ก.ก./8".2 OK
ก$ 6# ) ก Vc = vc bw d = 26.77(35)(90)/1,000 = 84.33

4. ก$ 6# %-ก2
φ (2.65 f c′ bw d ) = 0.85 × 2.65 280 × 35 × 90 /1, 000 = 118.7
= 118.7 > [Vu = 102 ] OK
5. ก-"
ก6#
Vn %ก = 102/0.85 = 120 > [Vc = 84.33 ]
& %ก

ก-"6# -
Vs = Vn – Vc = 120 – 84.33 = 35.67
Ln/d = 4 , b = 35 8". fy = 4,000 ก.ก /8" . .2 "ก (6.33) 0%

Av  5  Avh  7  Vs 35.67
 +   = = = 0.0991
sv  12  svh  12  fy d 4.0 × 90
min Av = 0.0025 bw sv max sv = d/5 = 18 < 30 8".
min Avh = 0.0015 bw svh max svh = d/5 = 18 < 30 8".
6-25
6

,% DB10 % "ก 15 8".

2
min Avh = 0.0015(35)(15) = 0.788 8".
2 2
"% Avh = 2(0.785) = 1.57 8". > 0.788 8". OK
Av  5  1.57  7 
 +   = 0.0991
sv  12  15  12 
Av 12
= ( 0.0991 − 0.0659 ) = 0.0611
sv 5
2
$
ก ก& DB10: Av = 2(0.785) = 1.57 8".
%ก sv = 1.57/0.0611 = 25.7 8". > [d/5 = 18 8".] Use sv = 15 )$.
2 2
min Av = 0.0025(35)(15) = 1.31 8". < [Av = 1.57 8". ] OK
Horizontal bars
DB10 @ 0.15 m
Vertical bars
DB10 @ 0.15 m
40 cm 3.6 m 40 cm
6.31 ( กก !ก) 6.5
6.12 +, -

"% ก0"ก% )%)
ก% %ก-ก6# %กก6#
0 %ก! %ก -"ก)!& "# "" !ก"ก)!&
ก.8!%ก-)!& ก-ก0 (-%%0""ก-"
ก( %
กก0)
ก6# 1#%0"""(, a/d < 1.0) ,% -)
6# ก1-.ก6# 8!"" ก. &
1. ) ก ก
2. ),-& ก $
6.32ก
3. ),%# ก"ก 6.32)
6-26
6

Vu
Nuc
Assumed crack
Assumed crack
and shear plane
Bars welded to angle
Vu
(ก) %&
'"((ก () !"#$
6.32 ก,% -)6#

%%ก-"
ก6# 0"0%"'"ก6# , ก-กก
(Shrinkage) 0ก
""#%ก-)!& (0"ก') %"ก 0ก1#6# ก
ก""'-ก-%)!& ก &
ก-"( %1#% ก # "%
V
V
a Section a-a
with
exaggerated
roughness
Reinforcement
a in which
tension is
induced
V V
(ก) ()
6.33 -)6#
1-.
ก 6.33ก ก6# ก$ V $%ก- --" a-a #ก
% a-a "ก"")')ก # 0ก $%ก-กก 6.33) 8!"# กก # 0ก
=> #8!%%5ก8!$%
ก-"! ก
ก-)!& "ก ก.ก"-9-?
6-27
6

""'-กก"ก1$%
กก ก% 6# ก & ACI !ก$ %
Vn = Avf f y µ (6.38)
"# Avf 1# &

ก-"( % "'" 90° µ "-9-? '"%
%
ก$"'"ก%6# $%ก-!
ก 6.34 ก$ 6# Vn
Vn = Avf f y ( µ sin α f + cos α f ) (6.39)
"# α f "'"
ก-" 6#
T sin αf
%$)
ก*
T cos αf
T
1ก(
+ ก
/)() *

ก* /
'ก
&*
'ก
&*,$

+
&% ,
C = T sin αf µC Avf

ก* αf
T
#)%% ./$
%$)
0 ก
6.34
ก6# "#-@
ก$"'"ก 6#
ก$ 6# Vn = Vu / φ 8!$%"ก (6.38) ก
Vu
%ก) Avf = (6.40)
φ fy µ
"# α f %ก 90° ก"ก (6.39) 0%

Vu
%ก) Avf = (6.41)
φ f y ( µ sin α f + cos α f )
fy %0"ก- 4,000 ก.ก./8".2 . ก$ φ ก 0.85 $6# "ก (6.40) (6.41)
#"$%&! $ µ " ' (:
1) ก ,-& ก µ = 1.4λ
2) กก ก)

%3$(-,#"%)')". 1/4”
(- ก% µ = 1.0λ
3) กก ก)

%8!0"0%ก$%(-
(- ก% µ = 0.6λ
4) กก
ก3
ก! µ = 0.7λ
6-28
6

"#. λ ก 1.0 $ ก &$ กก- 0.85 $ ก Sand-lightweight 0.75 $
ก All-lightweight ก$ 6# 0"ก- 0.2 fc′ # 56.3 ก.ก./8".2 8!""
max Vn = vn Ac = 0.2 f c′ Ac ≤ 56.3 Ac (6.42)
"# Ac 1#& % ก% ก6# (.8".)

#ก
ก Avf ( %ก"ก (6.40) (6.41) 11$$%ก- &
%"!A -@)%%-"
ก1-"-" 1#%0% "$""%
ก-"
6# %กก%" 6# %ก!&11%ก-ก$ ก&%
)%
6.6 6.35 ') $

B-ก-- -# 28 # 5
ก-กก (Shrinkage) ) $
% ""ก% 30 8" " !ก 50 8". ,%
2 2
f c′ = 240 ก.ก./8". fy = 4,000 ก.ก./8".
Ld
50 cm 1.7
260 mm 3DB20
Assumed crack
5 ton
30 cm
28 ton
6.35 ' $

6.6

1. -$$(1+, ""'-""' '%"%
ก6ก 150 ".". × 150 ".". 6.35 %$"'" 60o ก
" 260 ".". "" 300 ".". & ,%
2
Acv = 300 ".". × 300 ".". = 90,000 ".".
2. 23,!4ก" ก 1-. % 6.36 $ .ก)& 6ก
6#
5 ton
28 ton
o
60
6.36 % 6.6

&6ก % = 28cos60o – 5sin60o = 9.67 ()
6-29
6

6# % = 28sin60o + 5cos60o = 26.8

0ก
"
ก (#"กก""'-
6# Vu = B-ก-- - = 28
&6ก Nu = B-ก-- = 5 (!)
""'- αf = 90o ก"ก (6.38), Vn = Avf f y µ :
Vu 28 2
Avf = = = 5.88 8".
φ fyµ 0.85 × 4.0 × 1.4
"# µ = 1.4λ %( ก #&ก λ = 1.0 # ก ก &$ กก-
!ก( %3
ก-" :
Nu 5 2
An = = = 1.47 8".
φ fy 0.85 × 4.0
1#&
ก%ก& " = Avf + An = 5.88 + 1.47 = 7.35 8".2
56"!4ก 3DB20 (As=9.42 )$.2) & "-$$(%1ก
Ld
1.7
20
3D B
Assumed crack
5 ton
28 ton
6.37 ( กก 6.6
6.7 ก

ก-"%ก-.ก) $
ก% 35 8". !ก 70 8". (
ก) 10 8". 6# Vn ก 48 8! ( กก -" #ก
"# ก ( ก'./"- 0.3 )6# ,%
ก-" fy = 4,000 กก./8".2

1. ก$ $ %8!""'-%%ก กC. %' 8!"'"% 6.38ก
". 15° %ก-)!& (- ) -.))( ก8! 10 8". &
ก
6กก,%5"'" "ก%
2. 1-.
ก-"6# Avf %ก30 Nu Vu 6.38ก กกก
) &6กก%"# θ ก""'- # 0",@ "% ก. & " ก
กก
-B--"กก""'-% Vu ก$ -@) ก% & 3,%"ก (6.40)
6-30
6

Vu 48 2

ก
Avf = = = 10.1 .
φ fy µ 0.85(4.0)1.4
Possible crack
Ash
θ
Avf + An
15o
Nuc Nuc
Main longitudinal
reinforcement
Vu Vu
(ก) กกก ( )

ก !"#
$% &
'% # Ash $% ก&
'% #
6.38 #
'% # #()ก**+*
ก
#
3. $ + ก $ An $% ,
& ก
!
- # $% . / 0 ( ) -

1.ก *
Vu Nuc "
'กก* 0 2(##
() Nuc 3* (##

ก
An =
N uc
=
0.3(48)
= 4.24 .2
φ fy 0.85(4.0)
# Nuc &2ก() 0.3

Vu !
&2ก4.5#-กก1-กก.#. !
&
!
Nuc
"
0&2ก ก, ก ก**
Nuc 03ก 0.2Vu 2+ φ ก* 0.85 3*
'% #&2ก$+3*ก3#+

*# 0.90 3*
!
ก#&2กก3# , ACI
3*2)
(#&#ก+1ก#ก*
!
Nuc ACI ก3# (() φ = 0.85
4. ก"
$% * *%"
# (2. 6.38ก) ก*
2
As = Avf + An = 10.1 + 4.24 = 14.3 .
() 5DB20 (As = 15.7 .2) ก

(#2. 6.39
34 15° ก*## # )% ก*ก'ก ##!
ก.* 0.(##$% .7

ก#กก
5. ก
* ## #2. 6.38 &
ก !"#(กก**+4!
ก*
'% #
#ก"#4 ก#"#0
!
Nuc % 0 ก (### #ก
!
ก (#ก*
'% #
#ก ก4

'% #ก&ก3#** .5#
'% #กก3
*
!
(#
กก
#"#
ก
ก. ก*
'% # #(##
Ash (2. 6.38 ) %
As f y
Ash = =
14.3(4.0)
= 10.2 .2
µ fy 1.4(4.0)
()ก. ก 4DB20 (Ash = 4(3.14) =12.56 .2)
6. กก$, $% . /$% .7

ก#กก(##*
ก 25%

.8ก4
* กก4$#"&2ก*
9 ก#(.5# Ach (### # Acv (##

#"#
6-31
6

Vu 48
Acb = Acv = = = 1.5 2
8 f y 8(4.0)
() 2DB12 2DB10 .5#ก. ก

# #-4
ก ก**.5#
2. 6.39
4DB20
U stirrup @10cm
2DB12
70 cm
2DB10 ก
ก
U stirrup
15o
Nuc
60 cm
3DB20
Vu
2DB20
6.39 -ก ก**

6.7
6.13
2)
.5#4
*%# กก-
#()$%
*# 3
2. 6.40 .5#ก0
ก**2)
.5##%#, () ก3# 3*#0.กก*ก'% #
0 ก% a/d # ก#!
():;<
#!กกก:;<ก **
# กก#"#2)

ก
ก#!ก0.

3#+

ก3
#
"
#"#%
ก##3 "
ก ก% ##%
ก%* ก ก
.#.

4+/2!
3(
(### # !"# (Nuc (#2. 6.40)
Vu
a
As = ρbd
Nuc
h
d Ah
6.40 2)

% )
%#
, .กกก3*2)
(# .ก * ก9 #$ -#ก

2)

2.
6.41ก % $+=,
# 4 ก

.5#
2. 6.41 !
(#ก+
ก-*
.5#
#.% -# ก!ก# ก#0.
ก:ก 3#
(#2. 6.41 % -# ก!ก
$
$ ก* 0. (2. 6.41
) !
# 2
-
3#*
&
#*
&ก !"#0 2)
&3

กก &0ก #*
ก*
ก !"##
% ก
6-32
6

V V
N N
Potential
failure
surface
(ก) ()
V V
N N
Too shallow Deep enough

an outer face crack into column
() ()
6.41 2.**ก*
2)
% .7#2)
&2ก .5##%" ก*
*
"
'% # Vu (##

!
Nuc (##* ก0ก(#ก*
()#
#*

(#2. 6.42 .+ก An
ก$% ##

! Nuc %
N uc
An = (6.43)
φ fy
av Vu
Nuc
T = φ Asc fy
Shear
jd plane
h
d
Compression
strut
6.42 ก0กก*

-# #
(#.7#2)
6-33
6

ก$%"#ก ก#% Af $% ##,#1 Mu = Vu av + Nuc(h – d) ก*
Vu av + N uc (h − d )
Af = (6.44)
φ f y jd
Nuc (#ก ก**0# ก 0.20Vu #,#1 jd (), .+ก* 0.85d
ก#% .+ก$% ##
'% # #%
Vu
Avf = (6.40)
φ fy µ
.+ก Asc
กก*

! 3#+0 , % กกก
2
Asc ≥ Avf + An (6.45)
3
% Asc ≥ Af + An (6.46)
Asc f′
% ρ = ≥ 0.04 c
bd fy
กก Ah : # กกก Asc (#2. 6.43

3.5#
ก. ก(### #$ -##* ก$%
.7
ก#ก*ก
!

ก. ก#"
$%"#0# ก
Ah ≥ 0.5( Asc − An ) (6.47)
Vu av
bearing plate
Asc
Nuc
Min. anchor bar

d/2 2
d
3
h d
Ah
Framing bar to secure

stirrup or ties
6.43 # กก(#.7#2)
6.8
ก**2)
!
%# กกก
35 .
*#"3#ก
14 # #"3#ก 23 # 4
(ก 4
*
#ก

3(&
ก (### # )

.#-
ก* 2.5 . () fc′ = 350 ก.ก./.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.2
6-34
6

1.
'% #. : Vn = 1.4 VD + 1.7VL = 1.4 (14) + 1.7(23) = 58.7 #
2. .+ #
2)
)
ก'% # a !"#ก*

ก
ก(#ก*
4
*
ACI ก3# ก3
*
ก .5# 0.85 f c′ A1 () φ = 0.70
Vn = φ ( 0.85 f c′) A1 = φ ( 0.85 f c′) b L
58.7 × 1, 000
-#*
ก L= = 8.05 .
0.70 × 0.85 × 350 × 35
!ก#$ก% 10 &!. ก ()

.#ก*-
2.5 $% .7
ก#0(
#ก#)##ก "#ก#0. 2.5 .
#"#)
ก'% #ก*
1
a = 5.0 + (ก
-#*
ก ) = 5.0 + 5.0 = 10 .
2
3. $+!ก
2)
กก3
ก4 Vn กก (6.42)
max Vn ≤ 0.2 f c′ bw d ≤ 56.3 bw d

2
#%
ก 0.2 f c′ = 70 ก.ก./. max vn = 56.3 ก.ก./.2
Vu 58.7 × 1, 000
min d = = = 35 .
φ b(max vn ) 0.85 × 35 × 56.3
&!ก"
h = 40 . d ≈ 36 . (4 4 .)
a 10
= = 0.28 < 1.0
d 36
4. $+ก*

'% # # Avf
Vn 58.7 2
Avf = = = 12.3 .
φ fy µ 0.85 ( 4.0 )1.4
() µ = 1.4 3* #ก .5##%" ก#

5. $+ก*
!
ก As ก3#+ Af
ก3*ก
Mu = Vua + Nuc(h - d) = Vua = 58.7(10)/100 = 5.87 #-
Mu 5.87 (100, 000 ) 2

ก
Rn = = = 15.22 ก.ก./.
φ bd 2 0.85 ( 35 )( 36 )
2
φ = 0.85 ACI ก* 3: 0

ก
ρ = 0.0039
f c′  0.35 
min ρ = 0.04 = 0.04   = 0.0035
fy  4.0 
2

ก
Af = 0.0039(35)(36) = 4.9 .
กก As
ก.5#ก4
ก (6.45) (6.46)
#"
6-35
6

2 2 2
As = Avf + An (=2#1(#
#)" = (12.3) = 8.2 .
3 3
2
% As = Af + An = 4.9 . 3DB20 (As = 9.42 &!2)
6. ก**ก. ก.@
2

ก
Ah = 0.5(As - An) = 0.5(9.42) = 4.71 .
(#ก ก**#"#
a/d = 0.28 3( Af 0-ก*ก ก**() 3DB10 . ก.@ [Ah = 2(3)(0.79) =
4.7 2] !
"

2(#)

(#
!ก.A-
7. ก** "#4 ก2. 6.44 !ก"

-
%
h = 36 + 2.5 (4) + 0.8 (=ก#) = 39.3 . 40 &!.
DB20 a = 10 cm
กก 10 cm = 35 – 5 – 0.8
= 29.2 .
3DB20 (ก
7)
20 cm
40 cm
ก DB10 @ 7.5 .
18 cm
6.44 ก ก**2)

(#
6.8
6.9
ก**2)
*#"3#ก
7 # 11 #3 *
.<ก(##
2
ก-
# 35 ก* 25 .
(##* 4.5 #ก%*ก () fc′ = 350 ก.ก./.2 fy = 4,000
ก.ก./.2

1. 'ก() Vu = 1.4(7) + 1.7(11) = 28.5 #
Nuc = 1.7(4.5) = 7.65 #
ACI ก3# 0 Nuc &2ก .5##"3#กก % ก ก%*, ก % 4+/2 .#
Nuc 7.65
= = 0.268 > 0.20 min OK
Vu 28.5
6-36
6

2. !)*ก+,-
max Vn = 0.2 f c′bw d ≤ 56.3 bw d
2
#%
ก 0.2 f c′ = 70 ก.ก./. กก 56.3 กก./.2 → 56.3 ก.ก./&!.2
Vu 28.5 (1000 )
min d = = = 17 .
φ bw ( 56.3) 0.85 ( 35 )( 56.3)
#%
ก# *
ก
ก d (Cก (.5#0.0 ก$#"3#ก*#2)

ก- 25 .)
3. !)*ก+$ก%%
Mu = Vu a + Nuc(h - d)
= 28.5(25) + 7.65(5) = 751 #-.
.+ (h - d) 0 5 .

f c′  0.35 
() ก# 4 min ρ = 0.04 = 0.04   = 0.0035
fy  4.0 
2
!
0 # 4 Rn = 13.67 ก.ก./.
Mu 751(1000)

กก4
d= = = 43 .
φ Rn b 0.85(13.67)(35)
2
3* กก4 !
ก* 0.75ρb ก4 Rn = 88.36 ก.ก./. ,
751 (1000)

ก# 4 d= = 17 .
0.85(88.36)(35)
4. )ก !)*ก #%

กก<
ACI 3*2)
()0 % a/d 0ก# 1.0 #"#
min d = a = 25 .

()2)
!กก.5# 40 . "
3( d ≈ 36 .
5. ,/0)1ก$-2% Avf
Vu 28.5

ก Avf = = = 5.99 .2
φ fy µ 0.85(4.0)(1.4)
6. ,/0)1ก2!$%% Af
Mu 751 (1000)

ก Rn = = = 19.48 กก./.2
φ bd 2
0.85(35)(36) 2

ก ρ = 0.005 (ก* 3)

ก Af = 0.005(35)(36) = 6.35 2
7. ,/0)1ก2! An ,!!$%*!ก

N uc 7.65

ก An = = = 2.25 .2
φ f y 0.85(4.0)
6-37
6

8. )1ก$%*)ก As
กกก

ก As = Af + An = 6.35 + 2.25 = 8.6 .2
2 2
%
ก As = Avf + An = ( 5.99 ) + 2.25 = 6.5 .2
3 3

#"#
ก% 8.6 .2 → )1ก2!)ก 3DB20 (As = 9.42 &!.2)
9. +%'!%
4(-#ก*
ก # 2.5 . &2ก)% ก*ก*
!
ก !ก"
%
h = -#ก*
ก + =ก# + !ก.A-(d)
= 2.5 + 1.0 + 36 = 39.5 . → !)*ก#2 40 &!.

Vu

-#*
ก =
φ 0.85 f c′ (ก
)
28.5
= = 3.91 . → !#$ก% 10 &!.
0.70(0.85)(0.35)(35)
1

2)
= 5+ -#*
ก + )
#*
'% # a = 5 + 5 + 25 = 35 &!.
2
!ก
-# ก2)
= (1/2) !ก"
= 20 &!.
5 cm
25 cm
DB20
"#$%ก
DB25 3DB20

20 cm
40 cm
ก DB10 @ 8 .
35 cm
6.45 ก ก**2)

(#
6.9
10. ,/0!0)1ก)ก

ก Ah = 0.5(As - An) = 0.5(8.6 – 2.25) = 3.2 2
3DB10 )1ก)ก3% Ah =3(2)(0.78)=4.68 &!2
6-38
6

.5# (2/3)(36)/3 = 8 .
45$ 6
6.1 #)
)
กก
ln = 6.7 .
*#"3#ก*4ก-
wD = 1.6 #/. #"3#ก
wL = 1.2 #/.
3#+
'% #.# ก: Vu ก** #
ก. ก, ()
ก SR24 (fy = 2,400 ก.ก./.2) % SD40 (fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.2) ก3# : bw = 30 . d = 43 . fc′ =
280 ก.ก./.2
6.2 #%#
*#"3#ก*4กก3.5#4 10 # ก3 1 ก4
* &# #% 30
.× 50 . !ก.A- d = 43 .
ก**ก. ก
ก ก3# fc′ = 210 ก.ก./.2
fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.2
6.3 )
#ก
# #%
)
กก
ln = 5.7
*#"3#ก*4ก- wL = 2.6 #/
. #"3#ก
wD = 3.2 #/. 0#"3#ก#
ก**# $%
*ก
'% # 4
#ก
bw = 40 . ก3# fc′ = 240 ก.ก./.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.2
6.4 # #%

)
)
ก# ln = 5.7 .
*#"3#ก*4ก
wD = 4 #/. #"3#ก*4ก wL =
1.2 #/. #"3#ก
ก3.5#4 PD = 7 # #"3#ก PL = 10 # ก3ก
)
#
ก** #
# ก. ก ก3# fc′ = 280 กก./.2 fy = 4,000 กก./.2
6.5
ก**ก. ก3*#-#/2
'% #
2.

ก3# : bw = 30 . d = 53 . Vu1 = 30
# Vu2 = 24 # Vu3 = 20 # fc′ = 280 ก.ก./.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.2
Vu1 Beam CL
Vu2
Vu3
φ Vc
1.5 m
3m
6.6 3*##!

# #%

(#2.

, ก3# -#/2
'% #. Vu (
$+

ก. ก DB10 ก3# : bw = 30 . d = 53 . ก
4
* 30 . !
)
# = 2.7
. Vu 4
* = 24 # Vu ก
)
# = 8 # fc′ = 240 ก.ก./.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.2
6-39
6

d = 53 cm
30 cm
2.85 m
24 t
CL of span
Vu
8t
6.7 3*#)

(#2.

)
#กก
4
* 9.7 #"3#ก*4ก
**-
3.2 #/. (#"3#ก#) #"3#ก 5 #/.
ก**ก. ก$%
*
'% #(## ก3# :
f c′ = 240 กก./.2 fy = 4,000 กก./.2
d = 62 cm
40 cm
6.8 #

(#2.

*#"3#ก*4ก
5 #/. (#"3#ก#) #"3#ก*4ก 7.2 #/.

ก**ก. ก$% ##ก'% # ก3# : fc′ = 240 ก.ก./.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.2
2.5 m
60 cm
30 cm
40 cm
6m 3m
6.9 #!ก)
)
#กก
ln = 2.7 . !ก# h = 2.5 .
*#"3#ก*4ก.
wu = 160 #/. #"3#ก#
ก**#3*ก ก'% # ก3# : f c′ = 280 ก.ก./.2 fy
= 4,000 ก.ก./.2
6.10
ก**.7#2)
$%
*#"3#กก3.5#4 Vu = 25 # ก3 a = 20 . ก-

#
Nuc = 10 # ก3# : b = 30 . fc′ = 280 ก.ก./.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.2
6-40
7

ก
7

ก
7.1
กก
กกก กก ก ก ก !ก"# ก
$%#ก&ก#%%ก ก!#'
ก ก#)#
)&ก%ก*#ก ก ก*#
&&ก%&กก#+%%,
ก

!

ก
# #+% ##*'ก- #% '.
#/0 (Development length) 1+
.2 #
ก/0.#.# ก #+% # ก&)3 &ก4' #5.#.#&
)
+ *+ก
'.
ก &ก%&กก*'ก%+ก&ก ก (Pullout failure) ก) % #
ก ก$%# #กก&กก (Splitting) ก&กก#%%กก .
ก
&กก#ก
ก&
+ #'ก *
ก ก %+1+
+ ก #!
, ก*+ก (Covering) #ก*+.0&&#ก %
ก.ก%#
7.2

กกก
* กก '. 7.1(ก) *'ก
+ $%#8กก,# ก&
ก &
กก ก )#ก # ก !ก% '. 7.1(
)
ก&)###% &+ ก% ก *ก ก$%# ก #%
&กก%% % !9 กก กกก#%% ก ก!&
ก &+.2 & % ) กก):กก&+&.2 &#+% #
กก
'. 7.1() %#+% #กก ก,,1+.2 ,&กก%%
;'. 7.1()
%
%ก 4ก
กก ก &ก%
+ ).<ก ก * '.
7.1(
)
7-1
7

ก
Concrete
Reinforcing bar
(ก)
End slip
P
Greased or lubricated
Free slip εs ≠ εc
()
Bond forces acting on concrete
()
Bond forces acting on steel
()

7.1 ##+% #ก%&กก%%
7.3 "

กก#$% &''ก&
)&;
=&ก ก%กก# dx %% '. 7.2(ก) $ 5.#% +&
..# .ก #ก dM 1+*! ก* %+%กกก "# &.2 %
'. 7.2(ก) ก..#
$ 5%% dM & ก .# .
dM
dT = (7.1)
jd
jd #%+% &กก #' %! ก.# . ก &*'ก
$%##+% # กก%% '. 7.2(
)
7-2
7

ก
C C + dC
jd
V V
T T + dT
dx
(ก)
u
T T + dT
()

7.2 #กก

* u
% ##+% #$%#>#>) #) , ก &ก%!
&%
u Σ o dx = dT (7.2)
Σo ,
'.ก % %
dT
u= (7.3)
Σ o dx
##+% #&

+ ก ก.# .
ก 1+* ก (7.1) (7.3)
dM
u= (7.4)
Σ o jd dx
1+ก.# .$ 5# dM/dx ก> V

V
u= (7.5)
Σ o jd
ก (7.5) .2 ก

%กก ก ##+% #&กก%%.2 % ก
> %
. .
.
2.29 f c′
ก
# %+: ก u= ≤ 25 ก.ก./1.2 (7.6)
db
3.23 f c′
ก u= ≤ 35 ก.ก./1.2 (7.7)
db
ก
# %: u = 1.72 f c′ ≤ 28 ก.ก./1.2 (7.8)
กก,# 8 )#+ +

ก
#ก ก 11 ก.ก./1.2
7-3
7

ก
. .
. ก ( ACI)
4.51 f c′
ก
# %+: ก un = ≤ 39.4 ก.ก./1.2 (7.9)
db
6.39 f c′
ก un = ≤ 56.2 ก.ก./1.2 (7.10)
db
ก
# %: un = 3.44 f c′ ≤ 56.2 ก.ก./1.2 (7.11)
กก,# 8 )#+ +

ก
#ก ก 17.6 ก.ก./1.2
7.4 กก$
&)* "
กก
กก&#&
##+% # ก
#&1 1 ก ก(7.5)กก
(7.3)&8#
&):ก
%%ก '. 7.3 %
#'"#ก%%)##%# ก
* #%+%กก%#
+ & #%+ ก&ก!%.2 .
;%&ก T=M/jd # ก* %+% $%#, ##+% #
,,
กก%% '. 7.3(ก)
Cracked concrete segment

M M
T T
(ก)
u = bond stress
()
M
T =
jd
steel tension T
()
bond stress u
1 dT
u=
Σ o dx
()

7.3 ก..#
ก ##+% #
7-4
7

ก
1+&%+ ก %%% '. 7.3() &กก(7.3) ก ##+% #.2
% ก ก.# ก % ##+% #&+.2 .'. 7.3()
$%#.)#& $ 5)##%# # ก !ก1+ก%>
$ 5 '. 7.4(ก) %# ก,1+ก&ก%#%% ก T ;%&ก
ก5 %ก #%%ก &., , "'$ 5%%.2 . '. 7.4(
)
#ก&
T & #ก ;!ก=#ก # ก..# &
T &%
%# + '. 7.4(
) '. 7.4() ##+% #&ก ;*'ก%$%# .&*'ก%$%#
+
CL
(ก) M
T =
jd
Actual T
()
V
u=
Σo j d
()
Actual u

7.4 ,
#&กก%% ##+% #
7.5 ก,ก)*ก

.0&&#,ก#+% #%ก ก#+% #% ก ก
ก
# ก
%
&ก &..# .%
# ก 5 #
ก # &&กก#+%% '. 7.5(ก) ก#+%&ก%.; 14-
2
21 ก.ก./1. %.ก%ก *ก ก
&กก#+%!%ก&ก ก ก ก#+% #&%&ก
#% '. 7.5(

) R ก%
+ ! β 45o *+ 80o ก ก 5.ก
&+

>กก ก %กกก,# 1+

7-5
7

ก
5.ก
>กก%
+ ก% '. 7.5() &)##% ก$%#
กกกก*#! ก)#) '. 7.5() #%ก'. +
ก
ก#+%
#(กก
ก!) $%#)-5 R ,ก ก#
กก(V-notch
failure) 1+กก%
+ #!% # #ก V-notch ก%
+ กก%# %
&กก*+, ก ก 1+% #%+ ก%
+ %% '. 7.5(&)
R
u
∆T ∆T
(ก)

() ก
ก
ก

ก

R R
R R
()
ก!"ก
R R
Side-split failure
V-notch failure
() ก #$ก
(%) ก ก "

7.5
ก#+% #
# ก!ก &*'ก!#ก #ก%
+ , $%#%
"# '. 7.6 %*
#%+ก%
+ ,4' #5ก
) ก ก #%+
ก%
+ &%#&กกก !ก4 % ก 4%#)#)#
#.
.. ก #&กก
# ก;#ก #ก . ก&ก%กก
+

ก& )ก.*+, ก% ก
7-6
7

ก
Cylindrical zones of
circumferential tension
Reinforcement
(ก)
Circumferential
tensile stresses
Radial component
of bearing pressure
()

7.6 #%+ก%&ก5.ก 4
% ก
'. 7.7 %กA;กก = $%##&ก%
+ # !%ก
, กก
# '.ก%+&,
ก,ก ก%'. #
กก .
(ก) () ()

7.7 '. ก
กก&ก#+% #
'. 7.7(ก) #ก%
+ #!%
# #ก#!% '. 7.7
(
) #!%
% ก )#) '. 7.7() #!% #ก .
7-7
7

ก
ก:1+ &ก%กก!%&%, 4' #5ก

ก 4, ก ก!
!%1+& #%+'!% ก !
, ก ก&
+ ก #!%
(1) +ก

#! cb ('. 7.8(ก)) (2) + +
#8ก %ก cs (3) #!%
cs
('. 7.8(
)) *ก *'ก#'ก,ก&ก%กก %% '. 7.8(ก) *#!% ก
)#)(กกก 2.5 ,4' #5ก)ก *'กกก ก .('. 7.8(
)) ก&ก%กก
)%, *
ก
2cs cs
cb
(ก) Minimum bar covering, cb () Minimum bar spacing, 2cs

7.8 ,
#!#
ก กก
กก &ก%
+ % $%#&กกก.2 &!%= ;. ##+%
#>)ก!% &ก ก !ก)
+ ก
##ก .2 ## & *+.#
% '. 7.9 1+ก%#
+ ก#+% # กก &*'ก# ก
ก& * ก!&!%กก%ก)# !%
(ก) ()

7.9 กก
ก ก
7.6 $$./)*ก
กก ) % ก #*'กก %+ #กก&*'ก/0
ก.2 #ก)%+ ก*&)3
+ & *+% ก%
'. 7.10 $ 5%+ ก&ก 4' #5&!% ก!%&!% a
(% ก ) * # ก&!% a ก fs %+ก%
+ ก) Ab &ก T = Abfs
;
7-8
7

ก
.#ก %+ก%

+ # %8%%+ ก*'ก*#.' ก"# # l $%# ##+%
# % #+% #%8# l
Ab f s = u Asurf (7.12)
) %

ก Ab = π db2 / 4 ) ,, Ab f s = u Asurf * ##+% # ## u
#ก.# un ก&ก%กกก %
+ "# # l
l
a
u
T=0
T = Ab f s
a

7.10 ก)3 ก#+% ##/0
ก
กก # +ก# #!%& .2 ก#+% #&)
+ *+ Ab fs ก
db f s
ld = (7.13)
4un
# ld #ก Development length

ก ) &ก &*'ก#+%# & *)3
ก%*+ก!% ก8 (กก) fs = fy
9 ACI %ก %#/0) 9 1+& #ก 30 1. ก
ld 0.28 f y α β γ λ
= (7.14)
db f c′  c + Ktr 
 
 db 
ld = #/0 Development length (1.)

db = ,4' #5ก
ก (1.)
c = #ก
#4' #5กก *+, กก!%
+ +
#ก (1.)
7-9
7

ก
(c + Ktr)/db ก#ก #!ก

&ก 2.5 $. f c′
ก 26.5 ก.ก./1.2 %8
ก
Ktr &ก
Atr f yt
K tr = (7.15)
105 s n
Atr = ) %

ก
"# # s (1.2)
fyt = กก
ก
(กก./1.2)
s = #ก!%4' #5กก
"# #/0 (1.)
n = &
ก 8 ก#+%
กก
ก !" α β γ # λ ก (7.14) $%$&!'(ก$)
α = ';. ก ก
= 1.3 ก
= 1.0 ก
β = ';. ก ก .Bก1
= 1.5 #! < 3db #8 < 6db
= 1.2 ก .Bก1
= 1.0 ก .Bก1
αβ = ก 1.7
γ = ';. ก
%ก
= 0.8 ก DB20 กก
= 1.0 ก DB25 ก
λ = ';. ก ก
= 1.3 ก
= 1.0 ก ก.ก
*ก (ก ก
*ก ก%%8.;กกก) $ 5%% # กก%
+ ก&
#ก fy ก;8 ACI &# ld *'ก';%# (As ก / As 8) &8 fs / fy *#)#)ก
8'; ) &ก*'ก#+%# &ก.# . ก8$#
7 - 10
7

ก
ก

กก (7.14)

ก ld
ก
(c + Ktr ) / db = 1.5 ! "
ก# 1 % 2 ' ก#( (c + Ktr ) / db = 1.0 )* +
+ ,- +
+
# 7.1
7.1 ก !"
)*
+
DB20 %,"%.ก, ,%.กก' DB25 %,"%.ก, "/ ก'
( γ = 0.8 ) ( γ = 1.0 )
ก
1 : ' "' , 0 0.15 f yαβλ 0.19 f yαβλ
ld = db ld = db
ก' db ,"%.ก%ก%+'' ld 0 f c′ f c′
ก' #1+2 (7.16) (7.17)

ก
2 : ' "' , 0
ก' 2db ' "10 ก' db
0.23 f yαβλ 0.28 f yαβλ
ก
ld = db ld = db
f c′ f c′
(7.18) (7.19)
7.1 )*#ก!"

,"%.ก + DB36 #% +
+ 3# 7.11 ก!" + f c′ = 210
ก.ก./.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.2
ld 25 cm
2DB36
4 cm
clear 42 cm 50 cm
DB10 @ 12 cm stirrup
7.11
' # 7.1

1.

' "' ,"%.ก, = 25 – 2(4+1+3.6) = 7.8 . (2.17db)
"1+ = 4+1 = 5 . (1.39db)
"1+ = 8 – (3.6)/2 = 6.2 . (1.72db)
!"
,"%.ก α = 1.3
,"%.ก0 ,%(#5ก# β = 1.0
!"
ก# !"
กก λ = 1.0
2. !"#:
7 - 11
7

ก
ld 0.19 f y α β λ 0.19(4, 000)(1.3)(1.0)(1.0)
= = = 68
db f c′ 210
ld = (68)(3.6) = 245 . = 2.45 ,
3. !"# $!:
" "' ,"%.ก, = 0.5(25-2(4+1+3.6/2)) = 5.7 . ← %
"' ,"%.ก, 67'+ = 4 + 1 + 3.6/2 = 6.8 .

"' ,"%.ก, 67'+ = 8 .
&! c = 5.7 '.
กก,"%.ก%ก DB10 @ 12 .:
Atr f yt 2(0.78)(4,000)
K tr = = = 2.48
105 s n 105(12)(2)
c + K tr 5.7 + 2.48
= = 2.27 < 2.5 OK
db 3.6
ld 0.28 f y α β γ λ 0.28(4, 000)(1.3)

= = = 44
db f c′ ( c + K tr ) / db  210(2.27)
ld = (44)(3.6) = 159 . < 245 .
7.7 *+&%$,ก%!

)*,"%.ก

+,- #3
ก ก' ,"%.ก
+ ก,#ก' 0 #7%ก'+#,ก+กก
+
+ %
#7%%0+ก( #
ก+#%,"%.ก, ACI ก!" +)*( 2 ldb
fy
ldb = 0.075 db (7.20)
f c′
# )* 1+ (Min ld) ,"%.ก+ ,(8ก

ก'
+ก ACI
ก!" +'
ldb 0 ก'
ldb ≥ 0.0043 db f y (7.21)
"'' 6 f c′ 0+6 300 กก./.2 ,

+

'' ldb #กก' ก
(7.20) % (7.21)

ก
1. ก,,"%.ก,ก 'ก: λs = As #ก / As #
+,#
2. ก9
++',"%.ก%ก: λs1 = 0.75
!"''%+% ก9

++',"%.ก%ก#, 7 :3 ;ก%,"%.ก0 ก' DB12(%ก
,+#') "( RB6(%ก,ก%#')%#" 0 ,ก 10 . "%
ก
ก
"+ ld 0 ก' 20 .
7 - 12
7

ก
7.8 *+.$,ก$&!ก

,(# ' ก',"%.ก!ก
+%ก( #,"%.ก,ก ก.ก
+,"%.ก,# ก
'ก
,- ก!
(Bundled bars) 9+
+'ก
0+0 ,ก #, 9+#,#ก
0 ,ก , % '%63ก" "1+'%ก
<+
' ก
+,"%.ก,- +
+ 3# 7.12
7.12 3ก

+,"%.ก,'ก
,- ก!
;
+
+ก"1+,"%.ก %,
+ ' ก!#!" ก
40 ,
, 7 :3 ;ก%,"%.ก, ,(#ก!" +" %"1 #1+ ก
+,"%.ก, ,"%.ก

+63ก+,( ,- ,"%.ก, ,+#'##, 7 :3 ;ก%,#, ก( #'1ก,
+
,()*#ก,"%.ก
+%%#, ' )*%+% 16.67 % 25% %!+
,#ก
ก
+( #
7
ACI
0+ก!" +")*+ก +,"%.ก %,
+ 9+,'' #ก
20% !"

+%, % 33% !"

+%#, !"
ก
'3
ก
"+#ก"+ก
+, 7 :3 ;ก%,#,
7.9 *+.$,ก%!0!!$1.2

,(ก)*,"%.ก#0 "(กก!%
,"%.ก
#1+ ก.63กก9+ ACI 0+ก!" +
+ก2 +
+ 3# 7.13 ก!6(' 0 ',=> ,"%.ก,

+
db D
D = diam of bend T
db
T
Min. Dia. of Bend (D)
DB10 - DB25 6db
12 db DB28 - DB36 8db
4 db ≥ 6 cm DB40 - DB60 10db
(ก) 180o hook () 90o hook
7.13 ก2 ,"%.ก

+
ก ก ACI:
,()*#ก()* ldh +
3# 7.14) ก' ACI ,กก! ')*( 2 lhb #
ก,(
? ก!%
ก fy ,"%.ก9+'
+ก!" #กก!%
%ก67' ก1+ (
318db
lhb = (7.22)
f c′
!"
fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.2 ก
ก.
'3
ก+
+ # 7.2 ก
)*( 2 #! '0+กก
#(7.22) ก)* ldh #ก #ก#1+ (1)
ก lhb (2) 8 , , 7 :3 ;ก%
,"%.ก %(3) 15 .
7 - 13
7

ก
7.2
'3
ก!"
lhd !"
2
&3
fy
1)
ก 0 , ก
4,000 ก.ก./.2 4, 000
2) ก 0.7
180o +0 ,ก DB36 #"1+ ≥ 6 .

90o ,"( 180o + "1 ' ก ≥ 5 .
3) กก " ก
0 ,ก 3db ')* 0.8
4) กก Required As
≤ 1.0
Provided As
5) ก
1.3
Ldh Ld db
T
12db
Critical section
full bar tension
T db
4db DB10 – DB25

4db ≥ 6 cm
5db DB28 – DB36
6db DB40 – DB60
Ldh
7.14 )* ldh !"

,"%.ก ' "/ 63ก,#,0 1+
ก#;( + !"#ก9
+
+ กก
ก.
#ก9
+ '+9+ , ,(0 #ก9
+, #%0 , ( ( +

+ 3# 7.15 #"1% 6 . "( ' 63ก
++',"%.ก%ก%+
)* ldh
7 - 14
7

ก
Ldh
A
A
Spacing
< 6 cm
≤ 3db
< 6 cm
Section A - A
7.15 ก!" +,:@!"

2 #%0 , (
7.2 $,ก$&.0!$.4"$&

% , ( + 40.×60. ++ก
, + 60.×60. +
3# 7.16 "
+,,"%.ก( 4DB36
' % # ,"%.ก
9, ;% 4DB25 ก### fc′ = 240 ก.ก./.2 ,"%.ก,#ก!%
fy =
2
4,000 ก.ก./.
60 cm
4DB36
4DB25
Tail cover
60 cm
7.16 1+ ,

' # 7.2

1.
*+0!.$,ก$&" ก#,"%. # ก DB25 ( ,0 , ก.63ก9
+9+,"%.ก( ,
0 ,"%.ก%ก, +

+,- ก#( # 8.1 "(ก# (7.14) , (ก,"%.ก , '9

+ ก
7 - 15
7

ก
0.28 f y αβγλ
ld = db
f c′  c + K tr 
 
 db 
,( α = 1.3 (,"%.ก )
β = 1.0 (0 ,%(7')
γ = 1.0 (,"%.ก DB25)
λ = 1.0 ( ก# !"
กก)
c = # ก'
(ก) ก:3 ;ก%,"%.ก,63ก ก#+ #ก%#1+ :
"1 ก# = 4 + 1 + 2.5/2 = 6.25 .
(.) " " "' c-c ,"%.ก, :
" " ,"%.ก, = (0.5)(40 – 2(6.25))/3 = 4.58 . !7 c = 4.58 '.
Atr f yt
K tr =
105 s n
Atr = ,"%.ก, ,#

+7 กก'
2
= 2 , DB36 = 2 × 10.18 = 20.36 .
s = " ,"%.ก,' = 60 – 2(4 + 1 + 3.6/2) = 46.4 .
20.36 × 4, 000
Ktr = = 4.18 .
105 × 46.4 × 4
c + K tr 4.58 + 4.18
= = 3.50 > 2.5 !7"# 2.5
db 2.5
0.28 × 4, 000 1.3 ×1.0 ×1.0 ×1.0

ld = × 2.5
240 2.5
= 94.0 .
)*+#ก( 94 . ,ก 'ก', +

!,- ,("+," #',#
2.
*+0!..$,ก$&" )*+( 2 (
318 318
lhb = db = × 2.5 = 51.3 .
f c′ 240

'3
ก# 7.2 2) "1 ก# = 4 + 1 + 2.5/2 = 6.25 . > 6.0 . "#
0.7
ldh = 0.7 × 51.3 = 35.9 .
)*+##( 60 – 6.25 = 53.75 . กก' #ก 35.9 . OK
7.10 &:; $;ก%ก!$,ก$&

'6 ก
9, ; #,"%#7( 7#"
++D 6,# 0+,-
 a
M n = As f y  d −  (7.23)
 2
7 - 16
7

ก
ก #1","%.ก,#"

+ As 63ก)* , ( ก# ,# %:,- +
ld
ก"
+ Mn 63ก! ',"%.ก,#" '6 fy
CL
2 bars 4 bars 5 bars
Ld
Ld
d or 12db
Ld 5Mn
Required moment Mu / φ
Moment capacity Mn
d or 12db
7.17 7 >3+ก"1+,"%.กก!%

9, ;+
+
3# 7.17 #ก"1+,"%.ก# ก
, (ก9, ;+
+#ก# ก#1+ ก% ' %
%+%#1+
1' #"
+ก% ' ก!%
9, ;ก#1+#,"%.ก,3 5 , 9+ %,
"ก!%
" "
"+ ,(9, ;+
+%+%#ก"1+,"%.ก,"%( 4 , % ,"%( 2 , !"
ก!%
+
+"
+%+%,"%(# "% "%!+

, (ก+#%,"%.ก, #63ก"1+# ,- :3 ; +

")*+ ld ,(
? +%ก!%

9, ; 7 >3ก!%
9, ;#%
ก@,"(

0+,###9 ', ก
ld ,("#ก!%

9, ;+
+,#%+
' 7 >3ก!%
%1"(# กก' 7 >3'ก9, ; Mu/φ
0ก. ACI
ก!" +"ก1+#กก!%
61+"1+,"%.ก0 ก' '%ก d "( 12 ,
, 7 :3 ;ก%,"%.ก,
7.11 *+$,ก$&"$

, (
6 ก;
, (ก# <!!!ก% (Inflection point) (#ก,%# :"(
,("9, ; '
ก3# 7.18 'ก% # 9, ;+
+,- 'ก(!"
' ,"%.ก,#,- ,"%.ก%
,(
+ ก
63ก1++
+ก%
#9, ;+
+,%# ,- % 'ก,"%.ก% ก."+0 ,("

' #ก
? +," #',.#,,"%.ก'ก0#ก, ก
'%ก=7% d "( 12db
กก

,"%.ก,,:@, ,"%.ก O +
3 ' ,"%.ก,"%
ก#1
#
,'%+ ' 3 %'
7 - 17
7

ก
Face of support
Moment capacity
of bars O
Inflection point
+M
for +As
Inflection point for -As

-M
Moment capacity
of bars M Greatest of d , 12db or Ln/16
C
L of span
for at least 1/3 of -As
Ld
d or 12db
Ld
Bars M
Bars L
Bars N
Bars O
15 cm for at least d or 12db
1/4 of +As
Ld
Ld
7.18 ก!" +ก"1+,"%.ก ACI

ก!
"#$"%&ก'
1. ,"%.ก,
9, ;'ก N 1/3 ',+#' % 1/4 , ( (
,0 7'1+
15 . 9+0 +
+
2. #1+
',+#'#0 #ก#
+9+ก+
3# 7.19(ก) %#1++
+ก%
+
3#
7.19() ,"%.ก,
9, ;'ก#0 !")*# ,ก
Mn
ld ≤ + la (7.24)
Vu
,( Mn = ก!%

9, ;,(,"%.ก,1ก, #" '6 fy
Vu = ,E( %
. "
+#
1++
+ก%
la = #กก' "' d "( 12db
% la = )*+,,#1+

1.3Mn /Vu
la
Bar a Bar b
A B
C
Critical section for bar a
at theoretical cutoff
Max ld
for bar b
Total embedment
(ก) ก"1+,"%.ก#% ',+#'
7 - 18
7

ก
Inflection point
la = d or 12db
Mn /Vu
Bar a
Max ld
(.) ก"1+,"%.ก , (
7.19 ก"1+,"%.ก : (ก) ',+#'; () , (

ก# (7.24) ,- ก!" + กก" '+," #'กก+
+ ,'#,E( # ก%
9, ;+
+# ,(8ก
กก'ก
' (Splitting)
ก,ก+ ก
'## '
%

!"
ก1กกD +

,%(ก +,"%.ก,
9, ;'ก#!"'' AC 6"
+'กF
3# 7.18(ก) 'ก' '' AB ก###ก#
+กก+
, #1+
',+#'
Mn/Vu ก (7.24) , #ก 30% 0+'
Mn
ld ≤ 1.3 + la (7.25)
Vu
3. ,"%.ก
+ #1+ 1/3
"+# ก
9, ;%#1+
(+,%1++
+
ก%
,- 0 ก' '%ก=7% d, '' 12db "( 1/16 , ' "
ก'ก'
, 9+ #ก#1+ +
,". 0+ก,"%.ก M 3# 7.18
, (กก1+"1+,"%.ก ก%!ก9+,E 9#63ก',";9+'=#%
ก9+0
=G9, ; 73ก"% ก!" +1+"1+,"%.ก# #
%'' #'%+>

!"
' #,ก(, ก

!"
ก7 !, %0 "1+,"%.ก
+กก' !" 3# 7.19
,- !" #,"
L1/4 L1/3 L2/3 L2/3
0 cm
15 cm 15 cm L2/8
L1/8
L1 L2
(ก)
L1/3 L2/3
L1/7 L1/4 L2/4 L2/4
()
7.20 ก"1+,"%.ก2 !"
''ก%,#ก
%
!"
ก7 !,
7 - 19
7

ก
7.12 ก$,ก%!0

,"%.ก, #, ก#63ก7%ก9+#''2 ก
'+'ก ก %ก+
!"
ก 9+ก7%#'' 10 , +

,( ! "(( , ("%D '#ก ,"%.ก9+
ก D
7
"(กก
"( 9+ก,( 9+
'01+# ,('3 " ก1+##" '
+ก#1+ %'%
ก
,(0 ","%.ก,"%.ก1ก, "
+63ก ก

##ก ,"%.ก'#'," #',#, ก
#0 #ก ,"%.ก ก!" + ACI ก" '
0 ,ก+ก'
#1+ ,(6ก!%
+
+31+ #1+ ,"%.ก ก!" + #1+!"
ก

7
#0',("# ก#"1,#,( กกก
' !"
ก0
7
,"%.ก %,
0 ''" ก
,ก 0 3# 7.21 +กก" '+ ,"%.ก,#1+ 9+" ',
ก:3 ;#%%'# , ls #" 'ก1+( fy
fy
Bar A
Bar B fy
fs = fy
As fy fs = 0
As fy
Bar A fs = 0 fs = fy Bar B
ls
7.21 กก" ' ,"%.ก

ACI (ก")#
*ก$"%&ก( 2 )+
-
1> A '' ก ls = 1.0 ld
-
1> B '' ก ls = 1.3 ld
9+#
"+0 ก' 30 . ก,%(ก
1> ก
(1) ,;,. ;,"%.ก#63ก ,(
,#ก
! '
"+> % (2) +
" ' ,"%.ก#0 63ก . !" ##ก ,"%.ก ก
,"%.ก
+0 6!0+ก
,"%.ก## +"/ ก' DB36
7.3 ก ,"%.ก
+
Required As
ก

Provided As As # #ก
≤ 0.5 50 A ld ก
100 B 1.3 ld 0+
> 0.5 100 B 1.3 ld "%#ก,%#
7 - 20
7

ก
7.13 ก
ก
ก
ก

กก
ก
DB36 ก!
DB40 DB60

"#ก กก DB36 $กก
!
%
ls !%&$ f c′ !%ก
210 ก.ก./(.2 "!)
%
!%
ก

fy ≤ 4,000 ก.ก./(.2 %
ls ≥ 0.007 f y db ≥ 30 (. (7.26ก)

fy > 4,000 ก.ก./(.2 %
ls ≥ (0.013 f y − 24) db ≥ 30 (. (7.26)
$ fc′ !%ก

210 ก.ก./(.2 %
"!*+ก
$ ก

ก %
",!)

กก
(1) %
กกก
$ (2) %-. ld ก! ก
•
)/
)
ก+ก#ก &!0%1ก% %

"!12 0.83 %1ก+ !
!%ก
30 (.
•
)/
)
ก+ก#ก &!0%1กก% %

"!12 0.75 %1ก+ !
!%ก
30 (. "

!3
4#%/ก
!ก

%
12

7.4
7.4 "

!3
4#%/ก
!ก

%
$ f c′ ≥ 210 ก.ก./(.2

ก fy
!
"#$ก
(ก.ก./%&.2) 'กก 'ก ()
3000 16 18 21
4000 21 24 28
5000 31 59 41

7.3 **+,-'.
: ")
%-.
ก&,!กก a "&#1
7.22 !
% AC "
ก"&%&ก b )$ 1.20 &+
ก+,!0/12 (ก) DB16 () DB28
ก : s = ,

ก+ = 3db Vu = 42
Mn = 25 - f c′ = 280 ก.ก./(.2
fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(.2 la = 30 (.
la = 30 cm 1.3Mn /Vu
Bar a Bar b
A B
C
Max ld = 107 cm
Total embedment = 120 cm
#' 7.22 %-.%1

%)
, %%
7.3
7 - 21
7

ก
/0 *

+/ α = β = λ = 1.0
(ก) DB16: db = 1.6 (. f c′ = 280 = 16.7 < 26.5 ก.ก./(.2 OK
"
กก

% 17 ก
ก DB20 กก
"
กก
(7.16)
ld l 0.15 f y 0.15 × 4, 000
= d = αβλ = → ld = 57.4 (.
db 1.6 f c′ 280
"
กก
(7.25), ld ≤ 1.3M n / Vu + la
M n 25 ×105
= = 59.5 (.
Vu 42 × 103
la = %-.%"& = 30 (.
)
%

ก& ld = 1.3 × 59.5 + 30 = 107 (. > 57.4 (. OK
() DB28: db = 2.8 (.

"
กก

% 17 ก
ก DB25 ก
"
กก
(7.17)
ld l 0.19 f y 0.19 × 4, 000
= d = αβλ = → ld = 127.2 (. > 1.3M n / Vu + la NG
db 2.8 fc′ 280

12 DB20 0%,!"
!
ก8 "!%-. ld = 90.8 (. ก+%
ก& 107 (.

7.4 **+,-3
(: )
$%, )
ก!
"& lnr = 9.7 .
lnl = 6.7 . 37#+0/ "& 7
%12#1 7.23 ")
%%&ก0/

!ก
)

h = 60 (., d = 52 (. b = 30 (. 0/" & –Mu = 45 -
ก : s = ,

ก+ = 3db, As !ก
= 28.37 (.2
f c′ = 280 กก./(.2 fy = 4,000 กก./(.2 As " % = 29.45 (.2 (6DB25)
6DB25
60 cm
lnl = 6.7 m 30 cm lnr = 9.7 m
1.7 m 2.7 m
P.I. P.I.
2DB25
Mu = 45 t-m
4DB25
6DB25
#' 7.23 ก
%&ก)
$%
7.4
7 - 22
7

ก
/0 *

+/ α
ก = 1.3 β = λ = 1
ก+ DB25: db = 2.5 (. f c′ = 280 = 16.7 < 26.5 ก.ก./(.2
"
กก

% 17 ก
ก DB25 ก
"
กก
(7.17)
ld l 0.19 f y 0.19 × 4, 000
= d = αβλ = (1.3) → ld = 59.0 (.
db 2.5 f c′ 280
required As 28.37
ld = × 59.0 = × 59.0 = 56.8 (.
provided As 29.45
4. ld = 57 %&. DB25 5 6

ก: %
!% 1 3 1+
ก!%$%"&ก12%
ก& ln/16, d, $ 12db
1 3 6DB25 )$ 2DB25
12db = 12(2.5) = 30 (.
d = 52 (.
, )
!

lnr = 9.7 : lnr/16 = 970/16 = 60.6 (. 3&6** 60.6 %&.
, )
!
(!
% lnl = 6.7 : lnl/16 = 670/16 = 41.9 (. 3&6** d = 52 %&.

7.5 "*+"

%%&ก)
$, ก#1 7.24 8
ก&ก1% wu = 8.0 /
ก
fc′ = 280 ก.ก./(.2, fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(.2, )
ก!
)
b = 40 (., )
ก)
h = 60 (. )ก
&! 4 (.
Exterior column Interior column
wu
Ln = 7.6 m
#' 7.24 )
$, ก%
7.5
/0
1. ก(5 ก/&6&& $*7(
ก. ,!ก
+)
/1
)
0/ <$

0/<$
-Mu = wuLn2/16 = 8 (7.6)2/16 = -28.88 -
Interior face of
exterior support
Mid span positive +Mu = wuLn2/14 = 8 (7.6)2/14 = -33.01 -
-Mu = wuLn2/10 = 8 (7.6)2/10 = -46.21 -

Exterior face of first
interior support
7 - 23
7

ก
Vu = 1.15wuLn/2 = 34.96
Exterior face of first
interior support
. *+"

ก+0/ !ก

8 3 0%,!%&! 4 (., ก1ก DB10, ก
+0/ DB25 $ DB28 )
ก d = 60 – 4 – 1 – 2.8/2 = 53.6 (.
Mu As ก ก/& As 4.
2 2
-28.88 - 15.97 (. 4DB25 19.63 (.
2 2
+33.01 - 18.44 (. 4DB25 19.63 (.
2 2
-46.21 - 26.76 (. 2DB25+3DB28 28.29 (.
A B
4DB25
2DB25+3DB28
4DB25
A B
40 cm 40 cm
4DB25 2DB25
3DB28
60 cm DB10@0.20m 60 cm
DB10@0.20m
4DB25 4DB25
Section A-A Section B-B
#' 7.25 ก
+ก)
$, ก%
7.5
). *+"

ก+<$
Vu % “d” "
ก3+
:
Vu = 34.96 – 8(0.536) = 30.67
φVc = 0.85 × 0.53 280 × 40 × 53.6 /1,000 = 16.16

0% smax = d/2 = 53.6/2 = 26.8 (., ก1ก DB10 (Av = 1.57 (.2)
φVs !ก
= Vu − φVc = 30.67 – 16.16 = 14.51
s !ก
= Av f y d / Vs = 1.57×4.0×53.6/(14.51/0.85) = 19.72 (. 4. ก'ก DB10@0.18 &.
7 - 24
7

ก
2. & ก/&

ก. "
ก!!%$!
1"&
(+As) !%$!
1 %
!% 15 (. 0%!ก &!
)

ก+%
!% 2 !)%
, )
0%,! 2DB25 %&ก+ 2DB25 7
%, )

. *+"

ก
%&ก 2DB25 7
%, )
")
!ก
)
%
%8$>
%37#+<$0/7
8
ก&ก!)
0/
ก&12#1!

wu = 8 t/m
28.88 t-m 46.21 t-m
7.6 m
28.12 ton
18.12 ton
18.12 ton
32.68 ton
33.01 t-m
1.25 m 1.82 m
28.88 t-m
2.265 m 2.265 m 46.21 t-m
#' 7.26 37#+<$0/ )

$, ก%
7.5
0/ก37#+ Mu #1!

*!8ก
0/ φMn
4DB25, φMn = 34.98
-
2DB25, φMn = 17.49 -
"
ก#1 7.27 ก
2DB25 %$!
1 15 (. ก 2DB25 #ก%& 2.10 . 2.67 . "
ก
"&7
%ก7
%

%&ก*+"

"
ก88 :
% (1) (2) )$%%"
ก"&!ก
ก+ ",!)

กก

d 12db :
d = 53.6 (. > 12db = 12(2.5) = 30 (. ** 53.6 %&. 3&
% (3) (4) )$%"
ก1
%ก+""&!ก
ก
0/ก 2DB25 %$
!
!)
!%ก
ld :
"
ก

ก.6
DB25 : ld = 114 (.
% (3) %
279 (. > 114 (. OK
% (4) %

336 (. > 114 (. OK
")
%
-.% ld
ก 2DB25 %&ก !

7 - 25
7

ก
%"
กก
, )
)$ 141 (. > 114 (. OK
4DB25, φMn = 34.98 t-m
0.536 m 0.536 m
Mu = 33.01 t-m
(1) (2)
2DB25
φMn = 17.49 t-m
1.25 m 1.82 m
2.79 m 3.36 m
(3) 1.411 m 1.411 m (4)
2DB25 2DB25
15 cm 15 cm
2.10 m 2.83 m 2.67 m
#' 7.27 ก
%&ก
)
$, ก%
7.5

2DB25 %$!
"%-.!ก
"&1%ก
(Point of Inflection, PI):
Mn
ld ≤ + la
Vu

2DB25, Mn = 17.49/0.9 = 19.43 -
"& PI !
(!
%, Vu = 28.12 – 8(1.25) = 18.12
la = )

กก
12db = 12(2.5) = 30 (. $ d = 53.6 (. ())&)
19.43 × 100
ld ≤ + 53.6 = 160.83 (.
18.12

DB25 : ld = 114 (. < 160.83 (. OK
"& PI !

, Vu = 32.68 – 8(1.82) = 18.12 "
กก
"ก DB25 OK
3. & ก/&

37#+0/ Mu #1 7.28 8ก
ก0/ φMn
4DB25, φMn
= 34.98 -
2DB25+3DB28, φMn = 48.53 -
7 - 26
7

ก
1.25 m 1.82 m
0.536 m
0.536 m
-28.88 t-m
φMn for 4DB25 = 34.98 t-m
-46.21 t-m
1.786 m
φMn for 2DB25+3DB28 = 48.53 t-m
(5)
2.356 m
(6)
4DB25 2DB25+3DB28
7.6 m
#' 7.28 ก
%&ก)
$, ก%
7.5
4. **+,- ก 4DB25 39ก
ก. "
ก!!%$ก
"
ก

(-As) +"&"!%$ก
%"&ก12%
ก)

กก
d, 12db,
$ Ln/16
d = 53.6 (. (3&)
12db = 12(2.5) = 30 (.
Ln/16 = 760/16 = 47.5 (.
$"
ก"&ก%# %*%) 1.25 . "
ก"& )
%
DB25 ") !
8!
"!%$ %
"&ก1ก 53.6 (. "%-.% ld !ก
% 1.786 . "
ก3+"&
% (5) !)
!%ก
ld
"
ก

ก.6
DB25 : ld = 114 (.
1ก!$"
ก3ก, ld = 1.3(114) = 148 (. < 178.6 (. OK
. ก
-.%
!ก
ก DB25 #ก-.%
0%,!ก

@
"
ก

ก.8 )
lhb = 48 (. (!0%*+"

ก
+ก ก+)$ :
( As required) 15.97
= = 0.81
( As provided) 19.63
ldh = 0.81 × 48 = 38.9 (.
7 - 27
7

ก
)
ก
8!ก
)$ 38.9 + 4 + 1 + 2.5/2 = 45.2 (. 4.&-ก 50 %&.
5. **+,- ก 2DB25+3DB28 394
ก. "
ก!!%$ก
)$
(-As)
2DB25+3DB28
d = 53.6 (. (3&)
12db = 12(2.8) = 33.6 (.
s
Ln/16 = 760/16 = 47.5 (.
DB10
4 cm cover
40 cm
#' 7.29 ก 2DB25+3DB28

%,
s = [40 – 2(4) – 2(1) – 2(2.5) – 3(2.8)]/4 = 4.15 (. = 1.48db > db
% c-c ก+ = [40 – 2(4) – 2(1) – 2.5]/4 = 6.88 (. = 2.46db
%&!)ก = 4 + 1 = 5 (. = 1.79db > db
%-.%!ก
, ld = 1.3(127) = 165 (.
% (6) = 182 + 53.6 = 235.6 (. > ld = 165 (. OK
6. 3'!กก : )
%
ก
ก12#1!

1.786 m 2.356 m
4DB25 2DB25+3DB28
4DB25
15 cm
2DB25 2DB25
2.10 m 2.67 m
7.6 m
#' 7.30 %%&กก

',: 7
7.1 ")
%-.*$8@
ก!!% +)ก8
ก1ก+8
(a) DB12, DB16 ก
f c′ = 300 ก.ก./(.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(.2
(b) DB25, DB28 ก
f c′ = 280 ก.ก./(.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(.2
7.2 "ก%

ก!

40 (. × 40 (. +!%ก 8DB25

ก
(a) ก
f c′ = 280 ก.ก./(.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(.2
7 - 28
7

ก
(b) ก
f c′ = 210 ก.ก./(.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(.2
7.3 )
%$)ก+ก%, )
5 0/ Mu = 32 - <$1% Vu = 12
3+"& "กก%-.
ก
90o !
13)ก*$
0/<$
ก
ก
fc′ = 280 ก.ก./(.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(.2
7.4 )
%$#1!

ก!
b = 30 (. +ก 3DB25 %+ก
0%<
ก
@
fc′ = 300 ก.ก./
(.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(.2 "
(a) %<
ก-.%
!$ ? %&!!
!
7 (. %&!!
5 (. "& #ก&!!%ก
1ก%
15 (.
(b) %-.%)
*%*$ ? ก%& 5 (. "
ก1
%)
,!ก1ก DB10@0.15.
fs = f y
45 cm
45 cm 120 cm
7.5 )
, %!
%3$3!
ก!
b = 35 (. d = 44 (. ก1ก DB10 , )
%
4.2 .
8
ก&ก1% wu = 9 /. 8
ก)
)กก
fc′ = 280 ก.ก./(.2 ,!ก
+ 2DB32 ก
)
ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(.2 %$3
4#%/ก
1 12 (. ""#
121

!ก
$ก
%%$ ?
7.6 !
)
%3$3!
ก!
b = 35 (., h = 60 (. d = 54 (. 8
ก&ก1% wu = 6
/(8
ก)
) )
, %, )
%
6.2 ,!ก+ 6DB20 ก
)
ก 4,000 ก.ก./
(.2 ก!#ก%&ก
, )
$ก!%$3
!
"& 30 (. ก
fc′ = 300 ก.ก./(.2
ก1ก DB10
(a)
37#+0/ M = wlx / 2 − wx 2 / 2 $ x )$%"
ก"& l )$, )
%
)

(b)
37#+)
!

0/&
ก
%&ก!
)
#1!

,!)กก
240 ก.ก./(.2 ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(.2 )
ก1+A+3 d = 48
(. )
8
ก&ก1% wu = 7.6 /(8
ก)
)
4DB20 5DB20
Top Top
4DB20
A B C D
45 cm 6m 45 cm 6.2 m 45 cm 6m 45
cm
7 - 29
7

ก
Effective width
of flange = 150
cm
55 cm
30 cm
7.7 $ก"&%&ก
, )
AB
$8
(a) %$ก0/ก!!
1
)
%%&
ก!$
(b) %$ก0/8ก
"
ก
7
%3
"&ก!)
%%&ก
!
(c) "ก
-.%ก0/
7
%ก
*%*$ ? !
!ก!
7.8
(8
1.
7.7(a) (b)
, )
BC
7.9 )
$
%%ก
+ก#1!

"%-.%ก+&ก!

+กB ก
fc′ = 280 ก.ก./(.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(.2
1 2 CL
3.6 m
+M
30 cm 30 cm
-M
0.45 m
8DB25
60 cm
2DB25 6DB25
1.35 m
1 2
7.10 ก)
#1!

0%,! ρmax %37#+)
!

0/&
ก
%&
ก+ )
8
ก&ก)8
ก 2.2 / 8
ก" 3.2 / ,! fc′ =
2 2
280 ก.ก./(. , fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(. b = 30 (.
6m
7.11 ก)
#1!

,!
ก+ ρ = 1/ 2ρb %37#+ก
!

0/
*!ก
"&%&ก ,! fc′ = 240 ก.ก./(.2, fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(.2 b = 30 (.
7 - 30
7

ก
LL = 7 ton LL = 4 ton
DL = 3 t/m
2.4 m 1.2 m
7.12 ก!
"& B )
#1!

!,!
!
B
8)
ABC *+"

ก+!ก

, AB
37#+ก
!

0/
)
ABC ,! fc′ = 240 ก.ก./(.2,
2
fy = 4,000 ก.ก./(. b = 30 (.
DL = 9 t/m
LL = 6 t/m
A C
B
6m 2.4 m
7 - 31
8 ก

8
ก
8.1
ก กกก ก ก!"!ก #$ 8.1,
&, ( $) 8.2(ก) !,$) 8.2() -".$ ) !,!/ก
!,&" กก "ก!,!/!, ก0ก "ก!!"!ก
P
P
8.1 ก ก ก

ก )ก 1&ก)1,0ก !. &$2 ก ก (Primary torsion) !,ก
(Secondary torsion) ก ,ก ก กก3ก&4ก "&ก -
14"5. &1ก1 , )ก)ก" ก (Equilibrium torsion) "#$ 8.1
!,( $) 8.2(ก) - กก&ก "" mt ก"" - 4ก
&&1 , T ) $,
ก ก ก6,"1& -ก5)#) ! .14. & ก1ก
1 ,() )")ก)ก" ก (Compatibility torsion) ก,,"ก
ก!ก&ก ก!ก&" ! ".$ .ก ก" "ก (),$2
)"ก( ก) !1 $) 8.2() 4&)"&ก !,4ก1,0ก1 !,4&1
14&ก T ( $5ก( )) 3ก! ! !1 $) 8.2()
.ก04&)"&ก &!,)ก1,0ก&ก .()( ก0 ก !ก&"&"
&, , ( ก0 ก) ! !1 $) 8.2()
8-1
8 ก

mt
(ก) ก

mt
A
B
T
() ก

A B A B

ก
()

8.2 ก(
8.2 กกกก
$) 8.3 T "!/)6" &!, && $2 !1 $ 8.3(ก) "!
,ก $2 !1 $) 8.3() "! ,ก )ก"! ,ก!,ก"!/ -4&
() T "! ,ก &ก ก!ก&"$2ก,)" $) 8.3()
ก)1,0ก&" &ก ก"4&.),0ก1 6&" - ".$
#&,0ก!"") 1)!,,0ก$,ก$7
8-2
8 ก

(ก) !"
() ! ก
() ก ก#
8.3 "!,ก!,ก!ก&" กก )"
กก "!/ กก & 1),)66& .& ก, - ก89:)
,1ก "!/ก)1 & 1),)66&14"5. & ก
T
τ max = (8.1)
α x2 y
T = )ก
x = &1 & 1),)66&
y = &"& 1),)66&
α = 1$1;< ก1" y/x )&,
y/x 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 4 ∞
α 0.208 0.219 0.231 0.246 0.282 1/3
กก "!/$2 $) 8.4 "!/ก)1 ก )6"!"กก, &" y

x x
τmax
y y
8.4 กก "!/& 1),)66&
8-3
8 ก

8.3 ก !"!#ก

ก) ( กก ก!ก&" "! ,กก)1 4ก, ก)
)ก )&ก)ก ก!ก&") " ก (Cracking torque, Tcr) ก1,0ก
)6,(),0ก& Tcr ) ก,0ก1 ก))ก!ก&"1)ก
, กก!ก&"ก, & ( $5,0ก1 $) 8.5 ก6,ก 1
("ก,). && 1),)66&)ก,&)ก& ก,"$ก, (Hollow box-beam) -)1ก
ก"1(;""!/3!, )ก)ก" #&1= ก.,
/6 (Shear flow in thin-walled tube)
Tn
Solid Hollow
Tcr solid section
Tcr hollow section
0
0 1 2 3
Percent of torsional reinforcement
8.5 ก, & ก)1,0ก!,ก,"

"!/ 4ก1"))"ก"& t 1&$& !1 $) 8.6 36
4ก& !/.,(Shear flow) q -)"$2!"" ))1&$
0. & ก$) 8.6
T
ก/., (Shear flow): q=
2 A0
(8.2)
A0 t A0 ( )),& 1&!/.,

16 t, "!/)ก6 ก
q
q T
T τ= = (8.3)
t 2 A0 t
ก!ก&" กก ก "!/ τ cr = 1.1 f c′ !,

1ก) (8.3) . &
8.6 ก/.,
6 !ก&" (Cracking torque): Tcr = 1.1 f c′(2 A0 t ) (8.4)
ก A0 ( )),& !/.,- &)$21 1"ก( ))4ก,& 1&$

3ก Acp t 144ก$5$21 1" Acp/pcp pcp 1&$& 1&
8-4
8 ก

$1),)66& t $5ก41)"ก"&&)1 #&1)!,"ก"&

"" 0.5 & A0 $5ก (2/3)Acp !, t = (3/4)Acp/pcp ! 1,1ก (8.5)
Acp2
Tcr = 1.1 f c′ ก.ก.--. (8.5)
pcp
= ACI ก ."&"! 144ก,,. ก0 )ก).ก

25% ก,&
Tu ≤ φ Tcr / 4 (8.6)
Tu $,!, φ "5, ก,1ก )ก 0.85

1 & $ " T !, L ) ก กก, !,( $2 ) "ก "ก"& $? ก
$1;6,#"ก . & #&)กก" &&( !&.ก1)"( !1
$) 8.7
hw ≤ 4t b + 2hw ≤ b + 8t
t t
hw hw
b b
8.7 1"( ) "ก(#"ก
$ 8.1 !1 $) 8.8 กก$, 3 )& กก,& 15 -.
( 5" $2& 6,ก กก!. ก f c′ = 240 ก.ก./-.2
3 ton %
15 cm
1&$& pcp = 2(60+30) = 180 -.
( )& Acp = (60)(30) = 1,800 -.2
!ก&" Tcr = 1.1 240 (1,800)2/(180×1,000)

60 cm
= 307 --. = 3.07 -.
) ก φTcr/4 = 0.85(3.07)/4 = 0.65 -
30 cm )ก Tu = 3×0.15 = 0.45 -. < 0.65 -. OK
8.8 ") 8.1 &'!$ ()*$+(
8-5
8 ก

8.4 ก *$(($ก"-!".ก

,ก ก!ก&" กก ก)$,กก)& กก.$ 4ก& ,0ก
$,ก$7 ,0ก !,ก))3,0ก$,ก
( ) A0h )#&"5 #&( ))4ก,& ,0ก$,ก" !"ก,,0ก$,ก $) 8.9
ก5)& 1),)66& A0h = x0y0 !,1&$ ph = 2(x0 + y0) x0 !, y0 "ก,
,0ก$,ก &1 !, &",
y0 A0h y0 y0
x0 x0 x0
8.9 ก)1,0กก

ก""&ก . & $2 ก (Space truss)
)$ก.$ &"!6ก)!)14! !"ก&". &!.14! !" /ก
!,),0ก$,ก"!,,0ก(! $) 8.10
ก$ก x0
T
y0
V1
V2
V4
V3
θ ก
%ก&' ! !
8.10 ก"4ก1

ก$) 8.10 0"ก, ก ก!/ V1, V2, V3 !, V4 & 1)54
ก,& "#ก,&ก ก!/ V4 &" $) 8.11(ก) )ก
V4 x0
T4 = (8.7)
2
x0 s
V4 V4
8.11 ( =กก!,0 ก
$,ก&ก y0
At fyv
θ At fyv
(ก) () At fyv
8-6
8 ก

( 5 &&$) 8.11() &" θ )" 30o – 60o = ACI !
&#& θ = 45o ",0ก$,ก)&" 6 n = y0 / s ก1 ,!!" !/ V4 กก,
,0ก$,กก1&)&" 6
At f yv y0
V4 = At f yv n = (8.8)
s
At = ( ),0ก$,ก (-.2)
fyv = ก,ก,0ก1" (กก./-.2)
! V4 ก1ก (8.8) , (8.7) . &
At f yv y0 x0
T4 = (8.9)
2s
( 5 &), (" T1 = T2 = T3 = T4 ก, & 6,"ก, ก &)ก

4 2 At f yv x0 y0 2 At f yv A0 h
Tn = ∑T
i =1
i =
s
=
s
(8.10)
ACI !&#& A0 = 0.85 A0 h ! A0h 1ก (8.10) ก, & ก,$2
2 At f yv A0
Tn = (8.11)
s
N4/2
V4 V4
θ
N4
θ
N4/2
8.12 1 ,! ! ก!/!" V4

1"ก))!ก&"$21&!"!! &4ก (&& 1 , !1 $)
8.12 $ก!"! 6 &ก,&ก! !"!ก N4
At f yv y0
N 4 = V4 cot θ = (8.12)
s
ก"6, ก 1) &)ก . &"!!"!ก )(

4 At f yv At f yv ph
∑N
i =1
i =
s
2 ( x0 + y0 ) =
s
(8.13)
ph 1&$)" ก1&6ก,$,ก$7 ,0ก1!" &4ก )(!

!"!ก)(# N -4&ก!&,0ก4 ก
At f yv ph
Al f yl = (8.14)
s
At f yv
!, Al = ph (8.15)
s f yl
Al = ( ),0ก )&ก(&ก (-.2)
fyl = ก,ก,0ก1ก !" (ก.ก./-.2)
8-7
8 ก

ก,&ก φ Tn &).&ก"! $, Tu ก"5 Tn ";) ACI 1ก

(8.11) 1&! 4ก& ,0ก$,ก$7 !,,0ก Tc -&
ก) 4ก1&ก 5)1ก,&!/ Vc ก).$,)!$,ก
ก"5 .ก=ก)&#&1$@1(; V, T !, M ก1
,0ก(!/ ( 5 ก Vs = Vn – Vc 5),0ก1! #& Tn
8.5 !ก *$ !"!#"01$

$ก!,&" ก !,ก/ ก ก&6, กก"ก!3
1 "!/)ก ก!/!, & !กก $) 8.13 !1 กก
"!/ กก !,!/& ก,"$) 8.13(ก) !,& 1),)$) 8.13()
! !" ! !"

(ก) # 'ก! () # (&&
8.13 ก"ก! !,!/
"!/)ก ก!/ V τ v = V /(b d ) "!/)ก กก ก1ก) (8.3)
τ t = T /(2 A0 t ) 1& ก)!ก&")) A0 = 0.85A0h !, t = A0h/ph $) 8.13(ก) & ก,""!
1 "ก & τ = τ v + τ t &).ก"!/ก)1
Vu T p V 
+ u h ≤ φ  c + 2.1 f c′  (8.16)
b d 1.7 A02h  b d 
Vc = 0.53 f c′ b d ก,/ก) ก$ก

1))& 1),) $) 8.13() "! τ t ก 1&$
1=ก," 5) τ v ก .$" & 1ก)#&ก" 1
2 2
 Vu   Tu ph  V 
  + 2 
≤ φ  c + 2.1 f c′  (8.17)
 bw d   1.7 A0 h   b d 
6,""! กก/!,ก &-&1ก (8.16) !, (8.17) &).ก"
!!ก&" กก/"ก 2.1 f c′ -$2. )#&กก!(ก/() )" .)
#", ก!ก&"!,$Aกก !ก (Crushing) ก) กก/!,ก
8-8
8 ก

8.6 ก$$ก( !"!#, ก"01$ ก !*$ก ACI
กก!& (6,"ก , ก/ !,ก กกก!
() )"ก ก ( 5,0ก$,ก!,,0ก((&ก/!,ก
กก!1ก,/ ก) 6 ก &
φ Vn ≥ Vu (6.16)
Vn = Vc + Vs (6.9)
กก,/,0ก$,ก Vs = Av f yv d / s !) ก! ,ก,0ก$,ก!, "5$2

1" Av / s ก0."&(.$"ก$5,0ก$,ก) &ก((&ก
Av Vs
= (8.18)
s f yv d
1กก!(&)ก, )()(= ACI ก &
φ Tn ≥ Tu (8.19)
Tu = $,)&ก, Tn = ก, )&. & !,"5, ก, φ = 0.85 #&1
ก,&ก

กก!, ก"5 ก กก$, Tu . &&" 1"ก 25% ก,
!ก&". ก1ก (8.5) !, (8.6) . &
φ Tcr Acp2
Tu ≤ ≤ 0.275φ f c′ (8.20)
4 pcp
กก
ก $, Tu )ก 25% ก,& 1ก (8.20) &1,0ก((
&ก!ก&" !1ก (8.11) , (8.19) . &
Tu 2 At f yv A0
Tn = = (8.21)
φ s
$5,0ก$,ก)&ก(&ก
2 At Tu
= (8.22)
s φ f yv A0
ก ก
,0ก$,ก! At/s "ก,0ก$,ก!/ Av/s -)"$2 -.2/-. ! ก Av
ก1,0ก$,ก 5) At ก 6," Av+t/s
Av + t A 2A
= v+ t (8.23)
s s s
Av+t ( ),0ก$,ก1 ,ก,0ก$,ก# RB9 DB10 ก0 "5 Av+t ก1( )
2 2
RB9: 2(0.636) = 1.27 -. DB10: 2(0.785) = 1.57 -. !,&""5"$,ก s 4&),0ก
$,กกก"1(!/&#&()1กก"1ก (8.23)
8-9
8 ก

!ก ก

() "ก!ก&"!ก,)" ก)1 ,0ก$,ก! ." ก ph/8 30 -.
#&)&ก" ก ก 1)&ก ,&ก1!/!,! ( ),0ก$,ก&)1
&.&ก"
Av + t 3.5 b
≥ (8.24)
s f yv
ก
,0ก)"5( $2,0ก,4&$2"ก!,,0ก(, 5)
,0ก(&
At f yv
Al = ph (8.15)
s f yl
"ก 1&$& 3,0ก$,ก$7 )ก)1 .ก 30 -. ),0ก&

1&!,,0ก$,ก 1&6ก,,0ก&)1 1/24 ,0ก$,ก !&.&ก"
DB10 !,&1,0กก , )&ก.$$2 bt + d bt "ก"&1" )),0ก$,ก
&ก ACI &$5 Al "5! กก , ,. &ก M u / ( 0.9 d f yl ) Mu $2
$,ก)& )4ก"ก Tu
!ก

$5,0ก)"5 ก1ก (8.15) &).&ก"
1.3 f c′ Acp A  f yv
Al min = − t  ph f (8.25)
f yv  s  yl
At / s &).&ก" 1.76 b / f yv

$5,0ก Al &)1 1ก (8.25) )(1",0ก1$ก)$5 1%
1ก)1,0ก () )"
$ 8.2 ก$$ก- "01$ #"" 8 !1 $) 8.14 ( 1.5
ก,$2 )"ก ),ก95$2" L กก 1.2 /ก, "กก)ก
200 กก./)ก 11( ",ก$1;6,ก 54 -. !, ก6"4ก,
,0ก$,กก 4 -. ก fc′ = 280 ก.ก./-.2 !, fy = 4,000 กก./-.2 ก!,0ก1! !,!
/
8m 1.5 m
45 cm
60 cm
45 cm
15 cm
30 cm
8.14 ") 8.2
8 - 10
8

1.
ก

ก
ก wu = 1.4(0.15)(1.5)(2,400) + 1.7(200)(1.5) = 1,266 ก.ก./
= 1.5/2 = 0.75
ก
ก wu = 1.4(0.6)(0.3)(2,400) + 1.7(1,200) = 2,645 ก.ก./

!" Vu = (1.266+2.645)×8/2 = 15.6
#
!" Tu = (1.266)(0.75)×8/2 = 3.8

$#!ก%
d &ก!"
Vu = 15.6(3.46/4) = 13.5
Tu = 3.8(3.46/4) = 3.3
$#' "
(): #"*!+ ,*!$
ก #-#.,$
$ก!* !*
!)/ก
ก! = 60 – 15 = 45 0.
"
*! = 4 × 15 = 60 0.
# Acp = (30)(60) + (15)(45) = 2,475 0.2

pcp = 2(60+75) = 270 0.
φ Tcr 0.27(0.85) 280(2, 475) 2
+#&ก#-#: = = 0.87 - < [Tu = 3.3 ]
4 (270)(1, 000)(100)

!ก

2.
"#
$% ก
&
$%
"ก
&
bwd = (30)(54) = 1,620 0.2
x0 = 30 - 2(4) = 22 0.
y0 = 60 - 2(4) = 52 0.
A0h = x0 y0 = (22)(52) = 1,144 0. 2
A0 = 0.85A0h = 0.85(1,144) = 972.4 0. 2
ph = 2(22+52) = 148 0.
2 2
 13.5   3.3(100)(148)  0.85
  + 2 
≤ ( 0.53 + 2.1) 280
 1, 620   1.7(1,144)  1, 000
0.0235 /0.2 ≤ 0.0374 /0.2 OK

3. !ก ก

At 3.3(100)(1, 000)
= = 0.0575 0.
s 2(0.85)(972.4)(4, 000)
8 - 11
8

4. !ก ก

$%
φVc = 0.85(0.53) 280(30)(54) /1, 000 = 12.2
Av (Vu − φ Vc ) (13.5 − 12.2)(1, 000)
= = = 0.0071 0.
s φ fyd 0.85(4, 000)(54)
5. !ก ก

Av + t
= 0.007 + 2(0.050) = 0.107 0.
s
b A
3.5 w = 3.5(30) / 4, 000 = 0.026 0. < v + t OK
fy s
).,$)1ก DB12: Av = 2(1.13) = 2.26 0.2
s = 2.26/0.107 = 21.1 0.
ph/8 = 148/8 = 18.5 0.
% ก() !ก ก DB12 @ 0.15
6. !ก * ก
At f yv
Al = ph = 0.0575(148) = 8.51 0.2
s f yl
1.3 280(2, 475)
Al ,min = − 8.51 = 4.95 0.2 < Al OK
4, 000
-#
At/s $2*$ก!* 1.8(30)/4,000 = 0.0132 0. OK
&กก ก$
ก ##!*$.,$)1ก
!3&# 3DB25 (As=14.730.2)
$" )1กก Al = 2DB25 (As=9.820.2) -#!
+')ก)1ก#. '
8.15
3DB25
15 cm
60 cm
DB15@0.15m
2DB25
30 cm

+* 8.15 )ก ก.!*
8.2
8.7 ก
#" (Compatibility Torsion)
-#
ก#+/. &*ก2#$'4"' 5
ก
(Equilibrium torsion) 0/ " 6
.,$ " ก "# ) !3ก2#$ !* *
* 2 * # ,* . '
8.1 ). ! *
8.2 ) ก
(Compatibility torsion)
ก#&กก " '
+
*ก*
8 - 12
8

'
8.16 "# AB กก
'4&# P
ก),*! ') A 6ก)*'4 #!ก CD

# AB ก
กก#ก *! ') A &2'*6ก$
&ก CD &/ก#
-) MA +/ 0/.
ก)ก-&ก)'4-# T " CD
.$&# + CD
$$
-# TAC ) TAD
D
B
A
C
(ก)
A ก

ก
CD
TAD
P
A B
MA
T = MA
TAC
()
A ! "ก#
#!

CD
TAD
M0
TAC
T = MA MA
( ) $%
&#
!

AB $' CD

+* 8.16 ก #

*
+#+-#
ก#+/&+/ก"#"*! !*"7"ก #+ CD )"7"ก ##+
AB 6$&# C ) D .$2#$" ก CD -# T &
*ก *6$&# C ) D 2*" 6
2#$ "7"ก #+ CD "ก!*"7"ก ##+ AB ก - MA ก1&*ก
"#
*ก
-
&ก#+/ ') A '4')/#* (Fixed end) #+#+-# T )-## MA &ก#
&กก

') A $

*ก (Compatible) #+ CD
&# A ) - MA ก1&
.$
-
ก),*! AB )#) * ก $!&กก # "7"ก #&)#) -# T )-##
MA &)#) -
ก),*!ก1&+/
6$-# Tu " 66ก!32#$-#.,$"5!"#) ก1&ก Tu 2#$+
2#$ก)*!)$! *6$'4ก #

*)ก )#)+-#&กก ก &0+- ACI .$ Tu
" 2*# )#))
8 - 13
8

 Acp2 
Tcr = φ 1.1 f c′   (8.26)
 pcp
 
3.$#
d &ก!&# *-
.,$ -#ก $!+ .ก 3
ก #*
#! ก " )1ก ก #
2#$&,*!&ก#ก ก $!.ก ก
ก.,$
#"* 8.3 ก
#"

#! ก
ก
' )
# 750 ก.ก./.2 )ก
ก& ' ) 800 ก.ก./.2 &
ก+,*! AB "$ก # 1 ก
ก
' )+! 1.6 /. ก# fc′ = 280
ก.ก./0.2 ) fyl = fft = 4,000 ก.ก./0.2
1 2
0.2 m
A
7.0 m
6.6 m
Columns
40 cm x 40 cm
9.6 m
10 m
60 cm
Top slab of joists

50 cm
Joist
Spandrel beam

+* 8.17 .!*
8.3

1. ? (
':ก
') 6*) wuL/2 = 1.55×9.6/2 = 7.44 /
ก
ก)
# wu = 7.44 + 1.6 = 9.04 /
-)
&# 5ก – M u = wuL2/16 = 9.04×6.62/16 = 24.6 -
-!กก),*! + M u = wuL2/14 = 9.04×6.62/14 = 28.1 -
8 - 14
8

-)
&# 5. – M u = wuL2/10 = 9.04×6.62/10 = 39.4 -
2.
@ b = 60 A., d = 44 A., & h = 50 A.
&ก fc′ = 280 ก.ก./0.2 ) fyl = 4,000 ก.ก./0.2 &2#$ ρmin = 0.0035, ) ρmax = 0.0229
Mu Rn ρ

-)
&# 5ก 24.6 23.5 0.0062 OK
-!กก),*! 28.1 26.9 0.0072 OK
-)
&# 5. 39.4 37.7 0.0103 OK
3. @#BC+ Mu, Vu & Tu

5-##) ++!3-#.,$*"' "
(=+ ACI #"#. ' 8.20(ก) ) (+)
*
!#+ ,*!* !*!
clear span = 9.6 &ก')*
6ก)*'4 #!ก+ &/ก#-)+/
wu L2 1.55 × 9.62
−M u = = = 5.95 -
24 24
0/*-##)
')*&
$
'4-#.+ #"#. ' 8.18 -)

')* 7.44 / ก

!+ ) !- ก)" (&# A . '

8.18) &2#$ 9.1 - /
60 cm
1.6 t/m
30 cm
[ΣMA = 0] - ก)":
7.44 t/m
1.6 (0.1) + 7.44 (0.4) + 5.95 = 9.1 -

.ก กก #" + $ก
-# ก)+ #. '
8.19
A
5.95 t-m/m

10 cm wt = 5.95 + 7.44 (0.3) = 8.18 - /
9.04 t/m

+* 8.18 5" ++
9.04 t/m
8.18 t-m/m
8.18 t-m/m
9.04 t/m

+* 8.19 "#)+ ก)+
8 - 15
8

A B
+ 28.1 t-m
- 24.6 t-m
- 39.4 t-m
(ก) $%
&#

9.04x6.6/2 = 29.8 t
w = 9.04 t/m
() $%
&#$()*
1.15x9.04x6.6/2 = 34.3 t
8.18x6.6/2 = 27.0 t-m
wt = 8.18 t-m/m
( ) $%
&#
#
27.0 t-m

+* 8.20 5-##, )-#.+
4.
ก
6$ Tu > φ Tc / 4 $& 3ก$
ก #
 Acp2 
Tcr = φ 1.1 f c′  
 pcp
50 cm
  15 cm
35 cm
'@ก
ก2'&.,$*
$ก!* !*
- !)/ก.$'@ก = 50 – 15 = 35 0. () 60 cm 35 cm
- "
*!'@ก = 4 × 15 = 60 0.
+* 8.21 $#' "
()$
ก #
2
Acp = 50×60 + 15×35 = 3,525 0.
pcp = 2(50 + 95) = 290 0.
φ Tcr 1.1 280  3,5252 

= 0.85 ×   = 167,591 ก.ก.- = 1.67 -
4 4  290 
&ก-#ก
"#
ก#+/ 27.0 - กก 1.67 - #$& 3ก #
8 - 16
8

5. D
? #"
&ก-#
ก#+/"*!
ก#&ก-##
')*&กก )*'4 #!ก+ # &/
"*!
'4-#

* &/" 6)#*-#ก
"# Tu .+
d &ก!+&#
))
 3,5252 
Tu = 0.85 × 1.1 280   = 670,364 ก.ก.-0. = 6.7 -
 290 
27.0 t-m
(ก) $%
&#
##
27.0 t-m
6.7 t-m
() $%
&#
# 6.7 t-m

+* 8.22 ก )#*-#

*
6.
B
"ก
&@
$% &
" $#") +#&ก#+*! *!ก
+ )-#
2 2
 Vu   Tu ph  V 
  + 2 
≤ φ  c + 2.1 f c′ 
 b d   1.7 A0 h   bd 
&ก5 3 d &ก!&# B :

Vu = 34.3 – 9.04(0.44) = 30.3
ก $ 4 0. ).,$)1ก')ก DB12

A0h = (50 – 2×4 – 1.2)(60 – 2×4 – 1.2)
50 cm
15 cm
2
35 cm = 40.8 × 50.8 = 2,073 0.
ph = 2(40.8 + 50.8) = 183.2 0.
60 cm 35 cm

+* 8.23 $#)ก ก $!
2 2
 30.3 × 103   6.7 × 105 × 183.2 
  +  = 131.7 + 282.3 = 20.3 ก.ก./0.2
 60 × 44   1.7 × 2, 073 
2
 Vc 
φ + 2.1 f c′  = 0.85 (0.53 + 2.1) 280 = 37.4 ก.ก./0.2
 bd 
&ก*! *!ก

ก#+/ 20.3 ก.ก./0.2 $ก!*+#&ก# 37.4 ก.ก./0.2 #$#+#
8 - 17
8

7. ? !ก ก* ก

D%*

$%
Vc = 0.53 280 × 60 × 44 /1, 000 = 23.4
Av V / φ − Vc 30.3 / 0.85 − 23.4
= u = = 0.0696 0.
s f yt d 4.0 × 44
8. ? !ก ก* ก

D%*

At Tu / φ 6.7 × 105 / 0.85
= = = 0.0559 0.
s 2 × 0.85 A0 h f yt 2 × 0.85 × 2,073 × 4, 000
9. ? !ก ก
"D%*

$% &
Av + t A 2A 3.5b
= v + t = 0.0696 + 2 × 0.0559 = 0.1814 > [ = 0.0525 ] 0. OK
s s s f yt
) ก)1ก')ก'A# DB12 (Av+t = 2×1.13 = 2.26 0.2)

() !ก ก DB12 @ 0.12 . (Av+t /s = 2.26/12 = 0.1883)
')กก
"# s = ph / 8 = 183.2/8 = 22.9 < 30 0. กก"*() 12 A. OK
)1ก')ก$
"# Av+t / s = 3.5 b / fyt = 3.5×60/4,000 = 0.0525 0. #ก"*() 0.1883 A. OK
10. ? !ก * ก
D* D%* ก

At f yt
Al = ph = 0.0559 ×183.2 = 10.24 0.2
s f yl
1.3 f c′ Acp At f yt 1.3 280 × 3,525

Al min = − ph = − 10.24 = 8.93 0.2
f yt s f yl 4, 000
.ก & 3ก ก &)1ก Al = 10.24

0.2 #. '
8.24 *'4 8 "*!
50 cm
15 cm
2
)1ก))* = 3(10.24)/8 = 3.84 0.
35 cm
0/&2' !ก)1ก ก ##*2'
2
)1กก) = 2(10.24)/8 = 2.56 0. 60 cm 35 cm
() 2 DB16 (As = 4.02 A.2)

+* 8.24 ก ก &)1ก ก #
11. ก !ก

: !ก
ก
+ !ก
ก

" As ก
As

!ก
ก
ρ 2 % ก !ก
(A. ) (A.2)

2
&# 5ก )1ก 0.0062 16.37 16.37 + 3.84 = 20.21 5DB25(24.54 0. )
2
ก),*! )1ก)* 0.0072 19.01 19.01 + 3.84 = 22.85 5DB25(24.54 0. )
&# 5. )1ก 0.0103 27.19 27.19 + 3.84 = 31.03 7DB25(34.36 0.2)
8 - 18
8

)#ก " )1ก$#

**D'4#"#. ' 8.25
5DB25 2DB25 7DB25
15 cm 15 cm 15 cm
50 cm
2DB16 2DB16 2DB16

DB12@0.12m DB10@0.20m DB12@0.12m
2DB25 5DB25 2DB25
60 cm 60 cm 60 cm
(ก) +,()(&
ก () ก)-)
( ) +,()(&!

+* 8.25 )#ก " )1ก
GH#* 8
8.1 &!3-#ก $! Tcr +$##"#. '
+$)* )1ก')ก DB10 f c′ = 280 ก.ก./0.2 ) fy
= 4,000 กก./0.2 $ก 3.5 0.
80 cm
50 cm
50 cm
3DB25 5DB25
30 cm 40 cm
25 cm 80 cm 10 cm
35 cm
60 cm
60 cm
50 cm
25 cm
5DB20 3DB25
40 cm 30 cm
8.2 ก

ก& ก
'4&# 8 ก

1 . &ก ก&ก$
-# Tu = 3 - $#+# 30 0. × 60 0. !)/ก' "
() 54 0. &ก)1ก
')ก))1ก
$+/ ก# fc′ = 240 ก.ก./0.2, fy = 4,000 ก.ก./0.2 ) As = 25.8 0.2
8.3 * 6กก
-# )-##. '+$)* !ก!$ bw = 40 0. )!)/ก
' "
() d = 63 0. ' ) Vu1 = 32 Vu2 = 27 ) Vu3 = 20 &ก
)-# ก# fc′ = 280 กก./0.2, fy = 4,000 กก./0.2
)1ก" -
$ก : ก),*! As = 19.4 0.2
&# As = 23.2 0.2, As′ = 4.5 0.2
8 - 19
8

Vu1 Beam CL
Vu2
Vu3
1.5 m
3m
Tu = 7 t-m
8.4 &ก") $#"#. '+$)* -## ) -# ".$
ก!$ 30 0. fc′ = 280 ก.ก./0.2, fy = 4,000 ก.ก./0.2
PL = 6 ton
3m
1m
8.5 + A1-B1 . #"#. '+$)* ! 15 0.+# 40 0.× 80 0. ก&
250 ก.ก./ . &ก)1ก" )-# ก# f c′ = 280 ก.ก./0.2, fy = 4,000 ก.ก./
0.2
)1ก" -
$ก : ก),*! As = 13.5 0.2
&# As = 19.4 0.2, As′ = 10.3 0.2
8 - 20
9

กก
9
ก
ก
9.1
ก
ก ก !ก"#
ก
ก($%ก&'ก()# ก) "# *ก'ก
ก "#
+ก "# "##
!ก"##
,-'#!(- 9.1a $%.
ก-",&
- /-# (One-way) ก-0ก& !ก"#- /-
1กก #- #!(
- 9.1b .
ก,& - /- (Two-way) &&'&' ก
2ก#!(- 9.1c
ก3 ก
!ก"#
"##!(- 9.1d "#4' ก ก'4 (Flat
plate) ก'4'กก5&ก-0ก4'กก 4!(- 9.1e & 3
ก'5(6 (Drop panel) 5&กก (Column capital) $%& ก73&ก - ก
'#'5- ก #กก15&"
+ ก5- ก73&ก ก4

- (Two-way joist) ก # (Grid slab) #!(- 9.1f #ก-0ก- ,5' &5
' #,4(-ก #()''5' ก 3-
ก
-"
+5&5
1
กก& !ก"##!(- 9.1 5 !ก'
'"## '
5&"ก# ก3 #ก'&

## 0ก# 4#ก- 5& ก&
'
ก - 5''8'&,ก "#&()
5'
'& ก##ก
',%()ก 30#()ก ก-5'# ก#
&5ก&#ก#
5' !ก#5"##5#%! ก#
9-1
9

กก
(a) One-way slab (b) Two-way slab
(c) One-way slab (d) Flat plate slab
(e) Flat slab
(f) Grid slab
9.1 #,5'
9-2
9

กก
9.2 " #$
-# 5'- #กก'-',#ก .
ก,-# !ก9 4#"#
ก !(-กก-0ก#!(- 9.2 "5&"
+##& '-'ก-0ก5 ก,'
&',- !ก ,3&- 4' "5&"
+##5 # - !(-% ก73&()
-ก&ก
S
L
Simple supports
on two long
edges only
9.2 ก !(-กกก5'- , -#
S
L
1.0 m
Main reinforcement
(ก)
ก ก () ก
ก
9.3 5'ก

ก-#
กก5& #'ก-0ก- ก&-5' & !ก"#.
ก,5,
#ก กก&-# 5 &- 5& ก
&
$% &4#ก' %'
'4( ก 35& ก& ก,%!'ก' ',5& %ก 73&ก 5&
,-"
ก5:&'': -ก( - 5&ก&- &
5&(&#- 0#
9-3
9

กก
9.3 $""" #$
กก55'-# ก
#5'5#ก() $% ก 1
#
5(-
!'ก,5' $%&,%ก'"
+5&51-
ก %ก"ก'
,$%

* ACI ก##
- 9.1 ก
ก(ก
- ก SD40 - ก'
4# ก3ก5'
ก- - กกก' 4,000 ก.ก./$.2 !3'
# (0.4 + fy/7,000)
,!'&' 10-15 $. &&0ก
2-3 $. &&',ก
4'ก 3 -'
, 45 $. "#'- ก'

"" 9.1 $""
&"'" #$
$"" (ก)*+,'(-
L/20 '#
L/24 (
',#
L/28 (
',
L/10 (
* L ,' ก SD40 $% fy = 4,000 ก.ก./$.2
* ก #!3'
# 0.4 + fy/7,000 ก.ก./$.2
9.4 ก /ก(ก"

($+ก" #'*0
ก
&ก #ก#
$
+
+5,
-ก #'5#%กก#
(Shrinkage stress) กกก
( 5(03<! ,ก
"- !'ก5'ก5&ก- 5
ก
'กก ก-
ก #ก&-4#ก73&# ก ก
$% '5ก5#% ก #'5กก( 5(
03<! 5&ก#
' ก-ก #ก5
ก,%4# $% (6ก4#"#ก ก
-ก
5
ก
#%
ก กก#ก'- /-
1กก- /ก ก ACI4#ก#( 3ก
- 0# ()
' - ก
' -
# ก
- ## 5#
- 9.2 "#-
&&',ก
4'ก 3 -',4'ก 45 $. 5&
'ก
4'ก
0.0014

"" 9.2
'ก
ก#
- 0#5'
5'- กก03< SR24 0.0025
5'- ก,03< SD30 0.0020
5'- ก,03< SD40 0.0018
5'- ก - กกก 4,000 กก./$.2 "##- ' 0.0018 × 4, 000

# 0.35 (+$
+ fy
9-4
9

กก
($#" 9.1 ก5-# S1 ก-0ก 300 ก.ก./.2 5&ก,#0(!-'ก

50 ก.ก./.2 ก#'5- f’c = 210 ก.ก./$.2 fy = 2,400 ก.ก./$.2
S1
2.7 m
9.4 -#

'- 9.1
$ 1 &"
1. $""2# ' (
',# '(& -9 =ก
9.1 L/24 5
'ก'

ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./$.2 #
!3#
#' fy = 2,400 ก.ก./$.2 0.4 + 2400/7000 =
0.74
L 270 × 0.74
min h = ( 0.74 ) = = 8.3 $.
24 24
&1& h = 10 $. ก = 0.10 × 2400 = 240 ก.ก./$.2

2. ก (-3
4-$ก 0

#ก 30 $. 3ก-0ก(&"# 3
5'ก 1

ก-0ก- wd = 240(1.0) = 240 ก.ก./.
ก-0ก wL = (300+50)(1.0) = 350 ก.ก./.
ก-0ก(& wu = 1.4(240) + 1.7(350) = 931 ก.ก./.
"
+-
# ก.
3"#'(& -9 =
ก.10 #
3. 0#<: − M = 931 × 2.7 2 / 9 = 754 ก.ก.-.
3. ก': + M = 931× 2.7 2 /14 = 485 ก.ก.-.
3. 0#<ก: − M = 931× 2.7 2 / 24 = 283 ก.ก.-.
ก(+$
+ก:
f c′  6120 
ρb = 0.85 β1   = 0.0454
f y  6120 + f y 
ρmax = 0.75ρb = 0.75(0.0454) = 0.0341
%ก,
#"#0
' ก RB9 .. &&0 2 $. d = 10 - 0.45 - 2 = 7.55 $.
Mu 754 ×100
Rn = = = 14.7 ก.ก./$.2
φ bd 2
0.9 × 100 × 7.552
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
'-
ก, ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0064 ρ < ρmax OK
f y  0.85 f c' 
9-5
9

กก
'-
ก, As = ρ b d = 0.0064(100)(7.55) = 4.83 $.2/ก 1

ก52 RB9 @ 0.13 . (As = 0.636××100/13 = 4.89 6.2/ .)
( 3ก ก = 0.0025(100)(10) = 2.5 $.2 < ก - 4.89 $.2 OK
ก 2"#"$52กก(2"$ RB9 @ 0.25 . (As = 2.54 6.2)

3. ก': + M = 485 ก.ก.-. → + As = 3.02 $.2/. RB9 @ 0.20 . (As = 3.18 6.2)
3. 0#<ก: − M = 283 ก.ก.-. → + As = 1.76 $.2/. RB9 @ 0.25 . (As = 2.54 6.2)
ก ก5ก

5'
':4'-'ก#!(- 9.5 ( 3กก- 0#0-#
&#กก-#&5#
' #4(
RB9 @ 0.25 . RB9 @ 0.25 . ก ก
0.7 . 0.9 . RB9 @ 0.13 .
10 $.
RB9 @ 0.20 .
2.7 .
9.5
'กก5-#
9.5 +--

,5'"#-4(&4'ก 15 $. 5
'
กก:' 300 ก.ก./.2 ,%4( '
กก' 4
5'
ก 15 $. ก&
5-&&'(&#ก
5&
ก 4#กก'
5
'& (5'ก
กก'
5'&
5'- '()# กก
$ "# &&'&'
5'
& & ก73&!(
- 5
' ,#กก' ..-.5& ACI 4#ก##',5'&
#
5#! ( - 9.6 ก -
1กก
&
( 3 ก "
+ # # ก& -#
5
' 5
'
4'ก'( 3ก ก
ก
≥ 5 .
ก
ก ≥ 1.5 "#

ก ≤ 3.5

ก

ก
≥ 10 $. ''&'
≤ 75 $.
9.6 5'&

9-6
9

กก
($#" 9.2 ก5-# ก 500 ก.ก./2 ก#'5- f c′ = 210 ก.ก./$.2
fy = 2,400 ก.ก./$.2
G1
3 @ 8 m = 24 m
A A
S1 S2 S3
4 @ 12 m = 48 m
9.7 5& ,

'- 9.2
$ 1 &" กก- ก #,% '4'ก -',ก-0ก- %ก &+"#(&34#
1. $""2# '
'## 5&# '- 0#ก
9.1 L/24 5& L/28
$%()'ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./$.2 กกก fy = 2,400 ก.ก./$.2 %
!3
#'(5ก 0.4 + 2400/7000 = 0.74
L 400 × 0.74
min h = ( 0.74 ) = = 12.3 $. ( S1)
24 24
L 400 × 0.74
min h = ( 0.74 ) = = 10.6 $. ( S2 5& S3)
28 28
&1& h = 13 $. ก = 0.13×2400 = 312 ก.ก./$.2

2. ก (-3
4- 0

#ก 30 $. 3ก-0ก(&"# 35'
ก 1

ก-0ก- wd = 312(1.0) = 312 ก.ก./.
ก-0ก wL = 500(1.0) = 500 ก.ก./.
ก-0ก(& wu = 1.4(312) + 1.7(500) = 1286.8 ก.ก./.
''&'0# = 4 - 0.3 = 3.7 .
"
+'
'กก' 2 '
1
Mu = (1286.8 )( 3.7 ) = 1762
2
ก.ก.-.
10
( 3ก ก- 0# ก

- ก.5 : ρmax = 0.0341
%ก(& -9 ก RB9 &&0 2 $. &4# d = 13 - 0.45 - 2 = 10.55 $.
9-7
9

กก
Mu 1762 ×100
Rn = = = 17.6 ก.ก./$.2
φ bd 2
0.9 × 100 × 10.552
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
'-
ก, ρ =  1 − 1 −  = 0.0077 ρ < ρmax OK
fy  0.85 f c' 
'-
ก, As = ρ b d = 0.0077(100)(10.55) = 8.16 $.2
ก52 RB9@0.07.(As = 9.28 6.2)
( 3ก ก = 0.0025(100)(13) = 3.25 $.2 < As OK
'- 4# , ρ = 9.28/(100×10.55) = 0.0088 ρ < ρmax OK
3. ก (-3
4-$ก
1
Mu = (1286.8 )( 3.7 ) = 1258
2
ก.ก.-.
14
Mu 1258 × 100
Rn = = = 12.6 ก.ก./$.2
φ bd 2
0.9 × 100 × 10.552
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
'-
ก, ρ= 1 − 1 −  = 0.0054 ρ < ρmax OK
fy  0.85 f c′ 
'-
ก, As = ρ b d = 0.0054(100)(10.55) = 5.70 $.2
ก52 RB9 @ 0.10 . (As = 6.36 6.2) > ก ก ( As = 3.25 $.2 ) OK
(+$
+ก - ρ = 6.36 / (100 × 10.55) = 0.0060 ρ < ρmax OK
4. ก&"((-8
wu Ln (1286.8)(3.7)
max Vu = 1.15 = 1.15 = 2, 738 ก.ก.
2 2
ก51,
#ก
φ Vc = φ × 0.53 f c′ bd
= 0.85 × 0.53 210 × 100 × 11.2 = 7,312 ก.ก.

ก51- ก #,%ก'%%,ก51,ก
%4'
ก51
5. ก ก(2"$5 9""ก(-"(- :
ก As = 0.0025 bt = 3.25 $.2 ก52 RB9 @ 0.18 . ( As = 3.53 6.2)
6. "#+ #ก" ก
ก#ก 5' &!(5# ก $%ก- 34#&()4(
!(- 9.8
9-8
9

กก
RB9 @ 0.18 . RB9 @ 0.18 . กก-
1.25 . RB9 @ 0.07 .

0.95 .
13 ..
RB9 @ 0.10 .
3.7 .
9.8 5& #- 4#กกก5

$% 5 -กก'&-ก #0'ก ก4' - ก 35&&&'
ก กก 4( -(J
,กก5ก -# %ก'"
+ก
ก- 0# (RB9 @ 0.07 .) -'ก# "#&ก /75&กก
ก'%#ก5&()ก(&#ก 4(
ก##5#!(- 9.9
RB9 @ 0.14 . RB9 @ 0.18 . กก-

RB9 @ 0.07 .
0.95 . 01 1.25 .
+ 01
13 ..
0.55 . RB9 @ 0.07 . 0.95 .

3.7 .
9.9 5& #- -(J

&&0#ก /75&&&&0#ก
*ก!(- 7.20 #'
&กก&4##!(- 9.10
Ln / 4 Ln / 3
Ln / 7 Ln / 4
Ln
9.10 &&0#ก

*-#
9-9
9

กก
9.6 -(;
4#()"8- ()-
#
'&' 4#&
,#- &(#<5&
&#กก 4#93& -4(ก4'ก' 1.50
!4'ก '
& 4.0
# - 4#5ก' ก,,(&3(!ก) 25-30 $. 5&!,
,4#(&3 (!ก
) 15-18 $. กก -!ก4#ก 2.5 $. 5& &&
5 ' & ก'
5
' ก
,4#& ก' #5#!(- 9.11
ก ก
0.025 0.025
t
ก
ก
t
t
ก ก
9.11 4#-55&4#

ก 3ก5 4#&-ก 73&# ก -# "#3"
+## 51 5&
"
+ #( ) !(- 9.12 5# %!(5ก4#5
': &&'&'ก ก&
4##-'ก&'5'4##!(- 9.12(ก) -4(- ก
ก&'ก&
4##-'&'ก#!(- 9.12(,) ก5()4#ก #ก5#!(-
9.12()
(ก) 3-456ก () 3-456

76 863-4
( )3-4ก 5ก98
9.12 4#5

':
9 - 10
9

กก
9.7
ก

ก!ก
"!ก ก #$%ก
#$%ก$ก&'$%ก$$
$%ก(ก (()กก$%ก
#$ก ก ก($%ก"**ก&+กก (ก ก
9.3 กก 2.0 ( ! ก 25 ,. ก 15 ,.

ก 300 ก.ก./.2 ก f’c = 240 ก.ก./,.2 $
fy = 2,400 ก.ก./,.2

1. !"ก#ก
200/20 = 10 ,. !$"ก d = 10 – 2 – 0.45 = 7.55 ,.
ก = 0.10(2400) 152 + 252 /25 = 280 ก.ก./.2
ก = 0.5(0.15)(2400) = 180 ก.ก./.2
ก *ก = 300 ก.ก./.2
ก *ก. wu = 1.4(280+180)+1.7(300) = 1,154 ก.ก./.2
2.
$!%!&'(ก&)
กก$!ก ($
$%ก # ρmax = 0.0389
/(0ก! Mu = 1,154(2.0)2/8 = 577 ก.ก.-.
Mu 577(100)
Rn = = = 11.25 ก.ก./,.2
φ bd 2
0.90(100)(7.55)2
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
ρ=  1 − 1 −  = 0.0048 < ρ max OK
fy  0.85 f c′ 
& #1$%ก # As = 0.0048(100)(7.55) = 3.62 ,.2/!ก 1 (

&'*ก+&'(ก&) RB9 @ 0.17 . ×100/17 = 3.74 ,.2 )
( As = 0.636×
$%ก #ก = 0.0025(100)(10) = 2.5 ,.2

&'*ก+&'(ก&)ก RB9 @ 0.25 . ( As = 0.636××100/25 = 2.54 ,.2 )
3. $)ก' &-*
)&
$(!ก 1 ( Vu = wL/2 = 1154(2.0)/2 = 1,154 ก.ก.
ก$ )!ก (:
φVc = 0.85(0.53) 240 (100)(7.55) = 5269 กก. > 2Vu OK
$
ก #$%ก
&' 3& 9.13
9 - 11
9

กก
1 RB9 ก
RB9 @ 0.25 .( ก)
RB9 @ 0.25 . 0.25 .
( ก )
0.15 .
RB9 @ 0.17 .
( ก "#$ %ก)
RB9 @ 0.17 .
0.10 . RB9 @ 0.25 . 0.10
.
&'(
2.0 .
.% 9.13 ก #$%ก( 9.3
9.8

&'
!$
!ก ก&' .ก%
/!
!1/(0

!$
!ก ก !#
ก *ก!
!# กก(! "( 3& 9.14 ก #$%ก

$ก41
ก/$%ก #$ก3$$
&!

56
w
w
L L
w w
.% 9.14 !!
9 - 12
9

กก
9.4 ก ก"

+0.20 . 7"
+3.70 . ก
*ก 400 ก.ก./( .. กก 1.5 ( 3ก$ ก fc′ = 240 ก.ก./( .,. fy = 4,000 ก.ก./( .,.

1.
$!0 '$0"
!3 ก
"7"ก = ( 3.70 – 0.20 ) / 2 = 1.75 (
8 !3 = 175 / 8 = 21.9 ,.
!ก 25 ,. + 3ก 3 ,.

= 0.25 × 8 = 2.00 (
0.25×8 = 2.00 . 1.50 .

#)"%* +3.70
'-ก +1.95
0.25×8 = 2.00 . 1.50 .

'-ก +1.95
#)0* +0.20
.% 9.15 ( 9.4
(250+150)/20 = 20 ,. &'*ก 20 ,.

!$"ก d = 20 – 2 – 1.0/2 = 17.5 ,.
ก = (0.20)(2,400) 21.92 + 252 / 25 = 638 ก.ก./ .2
ก = (0.5)(0.219)(2,400) = 263 ก.ก./ .2
ก = 400 ก.ก./ .2
ก&
$ wu = 1.4(638 + 263) + 1.7(400) = 1,941 ก.ก./ .2
9 - 13
9

กก
2.
$!%!&'(ก&)
กก$!ก ($
$%ก # ρmax = 0.0197
/(0ก! Mu = 1,941 × 4.02 / 8 = 3,882 ก.ก.-.
Mu 3,882(100)
Rn = = = 14.08 ก.ก./,.2
φ bd 2 0.90(100)(17.5) 2
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
ρ= 1 − 1 −  = 0.00365
fy  0.85 f c′ 
& #1$%ก # As = 0.00365(100)(17.5) = 6.39 ,.2/!ก 1 (

&'*ก+&'(ก&) DB10 .. @ 0.12 . (As = 0.785××100/12 = 6.54 ,.2/.)
$%ก #ก = 0.0018(100)(20) = 3.6 ,.2
&'*ก+&'(ก&)ก DB10 @ 0.20 . ( As = 0.785××100/20 = 3.93 ,.2 )
3. $)ก' &-*
) Vu = wuL/2 = 1,941(4.0)/2 = 3,882 ก.ก.
ก$)!ก ( φVc = 0.85(0.53) 240 (100)(17.5) = 12,213 ก.ก. > 2Vu OK
$
ก #$%ก&' 3& 9.16
0.20 2#
DB10 @ 0.12 .
ก "#$ %ก
RB9 @ 0.20 .
ก
1.75 2#
RB9 ก
DB10 @ 0.20 .
ก "#$ก#4'
DB10 @ 0.12 .
ก "#$ %ก
0.20 2#
4.0 2#
.% 9.16 3&(( 9.4
9 - 14
9

กก
9.9 *$ก ก

$ก41
&'ก ก! ,"ก
563. / &'
.ก% (ก ก&'.
!กก "&+#กก ก
!#ก
ก *ก$ก&'! /$%ก #$ก
&'$%ก /(0
$ &$$%ก #(&!

56
/(0#7$3!,"

( ก ก(/(0#
ea
d ar
Loa
m
bea
ti le ver
Can
(ก) 506'ก&'( () %%ก((2) 78&'50
Load Main steel
Deflected shape
(&) ก'# "#$ ก950
.% 9.17 ก!#ก
9.5 กก 1.50 ( ก ก!#ก&'. ก 300 กก./
( ..

2.50 ( ก$
25 ,. ก$
15 ,. fc′ = 240 ก.ก./( .,. fy = 4,000
ก.ก./( .,.
$ก! 10 ,. $# 1(&'! 10×25 ,. 3& 9.15
0.25
0.15
0.25
0.10
0.10
.% 9.18 ( 9.5
9 - 15
9

กก
1.
$!"ก#ก
!$"ก d = 25-2-1.2/2 = 22.4 ,. ( !
$%ก # DB12 )
# 1ก($
:
ก" = (0.15 + 0.25)(0.10)(2,400) = 96 ก.ก./ .
ก " = 0.25(300) = 75 ก.ก./ .
ก.&
$ wu = 1.4(96) + 1.7(75) = 262 ก.ก./ .
2.
$!&'(ก&)
1
/(0 Mu = (262)(1.5) 2 = 295 ก.ก.-(
2
Mu 295(100)
Rn = = = 6.53 ก.ก./,.2
φ bd 2
0.90(10)(22.4) 2
ก( ก.5 : ρmin = 0.0035 $

ρmax = 0.0197
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
ρ= 1 − 1 −  = 0.0017 < ρ min USE ρmin
fy  0.85 f c′ 
& #1$%ก # As = 0.0035(10)(22.4) = 0.784 ,.2/ 1

&'*ก+&'(ก&) 1 DB12 (As = 1.13 ,.2)
3.
$! &-*
)&
$ Vu = wL = 262(1.5) = 393 กก.
ก$ )!ก (:
φVc = 0.85(0.53) 240 (10)(22.4) = 1563 กก. > 2Vu OK
4.
$!12

56( ! ldh = 318db =
318(1.2)
= 24.6 ,. + 25 ,.
f c′ 240

)ก = 12db = 12(1.2) = 14.4 ,. + 15 ,.
9ก = 3db = 3(1.2) = 3.6 ,. + 4 ,.
5.
$!0 0 : :
(!#.$/(0#
/(0# ก(!! "( = 295/0.25 = 1,180 กก.-./.
/(0#ก*! Tu = 1180(2.5)/2 = 1,475 กก.-.
Acp2
7(ก $
$/(0# Tu (ก 0.27φ f c′
pcp
Acp2
1475(100) ≤ 0.27(0.85) 240
pcp
9 - 16
9

กก
Acp2
≥ 41, 486 ,.
pcp
$ก!( 40×80 ,. Acp = (40)(80) = 3,200 ,.2 $

pcp = 2(40+80) = 240 ,.
Acp2 32002
= = 42, 667 ≥ 41, 486 ,. OK
pcp 240
0.25
ก
ก 1DB12
0.15
ก

0.25
RB9 @ 0.20 0.10
ก

1RB9 ก 0.10
ก
ก 1DB12
ก RB9@0.20
0.10
0.15
0.80
1.50 0.40
.% 9.19 $

( 9.5
9.10
*")

ก 3& &'.# ก
ก ก ก;(#ก /! $ก"#9
()กก! ( 3& 9.20(ก) ,"$%ก #$ก
ก$
$%ก
#ก
ก$
ก (
#9
( L ( S ก ก 2 3& 9.20() ก
ก
&' 3&
&'.# ก
ก ก
7&!($ " ก&'

S ก L !(
ก ก 1!
กกก! !ก (
;(#ก
/. !/ , ! $

(
9 - 17
9

กก
G B
B B B B S
G B
(ก) #)-5'* : () #)-5"%*'*
.% 9.20
$

3& 9.21 ก 3& .$
7ก$($
#9
%ก 7
ก$3!#9 7!! S $
! L ก.ก w (
"( ( .
S
L
Simple supports
on all four edges
.% 9.21

!!*ก (!กก#& !(ก 1/180
3& 10 ,. ก #$%ก$ก41
&'(
ก ! ##9$
$%ก
#," /(0กก
73ก3$ $%ก3!$"ก&
#<#.$ d ก
3& 9.22
d4'' d4'"
1∅ ก "#$
.% 9.22 !$"ก&

#<#.$ $%ก$

9 - 18
9

กก
9.11 ก&56 )%)70 6&5

(( = ACI .*ก!$
!
73ก#!
0/#<ก,"
ก$7"
((& ก ก
ก ก%( ก#</( !,,ก #9ก $!
!#<ก ก(#< 2 ( = ACI &> 1963 ,"!$

กก
:กก
/(0ก#"
กก # 1ก S L ก&' ก !ก
ก! "" $
!ก$
" 3& 9.23 ก

!&
#<#?/(0 ก( @
ก 10(A !&
#<#?$ กก #!
0#
$(#ก,"!".$ก ก
,#$(#ก !/(07ก$#9
!1 ก
M = C w S2 (9.1)
C = !&

#<#?/(0 ก(
w = ก *ก . (ก.ก./.2)
S = ! (( )
/(07
!ก/(0. (ก !1ก!#7ก$$ #
$%ก7ก7ก$
(; "' (;ก'* (; "'
(; "' -Ms

S/4
+Ms
(;ก'* -ML -ML S/2
+ML
(; "' -Ms

S/4
L/4 L/2 L/4
.% 9.23 ก 7ก$$

7
&-*: . !1/*(#ก.73ก$! /( $ก* 45 9
ก ก* 3& 9.24
wS
))$ก
= ก.ก./.
4
wS  2 − m 
))$ก
=   ก.ก./.
4  m 
"ก8' :
# 1ก ) /ก.!
ก
wS
ก.! = ก.ก./.
3
wS  3 − m 2 
ก.! =   ก.ก./.
3  2 
9 - 19
9

กก
9.3 &
#<#?/(0 (C)
)"
6&5 ) )" m = S/L
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

*"9+
- 0.033 0.040 0.048 0.055 0.063 0.083 0.033
- - - - - - - -
/(0กก$ 0.025 0.030 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.062 0.025

*"&* &
- 0.041 0.048 0.055 0.062 0.069 0.085 0.041
- 0.021 0.024 0.027 0.031 0.035 0.042 0.021
/(0กก$ 0.031 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.052 0.064 0.031

*"&* )
- 0.049 0.057 0.064 0.071 0.078 0.090 0.049
- ( 0.025 0.028 0.032 0.036 0.039 0.045 0.025
/(0กก$ 0.037 0.043 0.048 0.054 0.059 0.068 0.037

*"&* )
/(0$ - ( 0.058 0.066 0.074 0.082 0.090 0.098 0.058
- ( 0.029 0.033 0.037 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.029
/(0กก$ 0.044 0.050 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.074 0.044

*"&* )
/(0$ - ( - - - - - - -
- ( 0.033 0.038 0.043 0.047 0.053 0.055 0.033
/(0กก$ 0.050 0.057 0.064 0.072 0.080 0.083 0.050
w
wS/3
wS
<'ก*&'4'" =
3
45o
w w S  3 − m2 
wS/3(3-m2)/2 <'ก*&'4'' =  
3  2 
.% 9.24 ก 7ก$!$

9 - 20
9

กก
9.12 ก
ก
ก
กกก
!"#! $%ก&!'(
#ก ) &ก
!*+ก #&,
!ก#)! ก - )+#!ก ))+ ก#( ./- /#ก -
&, ก ก - ก0ก/
กก # # - %ก&!'(1#ก )!
)ก# - ก ("+ )ก#ก
ก $/ RB9, DB10 ! DB12 1%- ก ./- ! - ก0ก !)!#!#ก
!
# )ก 3 ./- &ก )0!
) $&กก !
0#
/# ) ก#1%- &, ก ."2
#*+ก
$ )ก ./- #) +&)!)กก - !/ ก ./- #) # +& 9.25(ก)
# )!
ก
#&# /#กก ))+ ก - # +& 9.25(1)
Sn / 4 Sn / 3
Sn / 7 Sn / 4
Sn
(ก) กก# -
Ln / 4 Ln / 3
Ln / 7 Ln / 4
Ln
(1) กก# )

! 9.25 +&)!)กก - ! )

ก1%- !(ก5.!( ./- )+0 ก (Exterior corner) 6%#!กก
ก
./-

)#0กก0 ก ! ./-

-#5กก )
( ./- # - %#
#ก."20
ก -# !#ก&ก0
!"#&, !)! %# 1#)1# ) ## +& 9.26
ก !1 ก )#0ก0 ก!ก#!
-#5กก )#0
./!ก ก
ก#ก 1 ก - !)ก )&ก."2 -
#&ก
#ก

กก0 ( ./- -
9 - 21
9

กก
ก
L/5
L/5
L=

ก
! 9.26 ก."20 ก
"
#$! 9.6 #ก./- ##1 4.00×5.00 . ./ -0ก 300 ก.ก./.2 ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./6.2
! f’c = 240 ก.ก./6.2 # ก# 20 6.
4.00
3.80
0.10
0.50
5.00 4.80

ก 0.20 0.20
()

(ก)

! 9.27 ./- ##0 ก

)# 9.6
#%&
)01#./- !ก 1/180 1# +&
)ก 10 6.
h = 2 (400 + 500) / 180 = 10 6.
- ก0ก#1 #( ./- = 0.10 (2,400) = 240 ก.ก./.2

- ก0ก -# wu = 1.4 (240) + 1.7 (300) = 846 ก.ก./.2
2
ก f c′ = 240 ก.ก./6. ! fy = 4,000 ก.ก./6.2 &:
# ก.5 ρmax = 0.0197
9 - 22
9

กก

1 ./- m = 4/5 = 0.8 .
*ก#ก# %#
# -
'(#

-M (*"!) +M (ก(#) -M ("

! )
&!';
C 0.032 0.048 0.064

ก0 $# - Mu = C w S2 = 0.064 (846) (4.0)2 = 866 ก.ก.-./.
d = 10 – 2(!)!0) – 0.5(%# %#1# DB10) = 7.5 6.
Mu 86600
Rn = = = 17.11 ก.ก./6.2
φ bd 2
0.9 × 100 × 7.52
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
ρ=  1 − 1 −  = 0.0045 < ρmax OK
fy  0.85 f c′ 
As = 0.0045(100)(7.5) = 3.36 6.2
ก(, ก
DB10 @ 0.23 ( As = 0.785××100/23 = 3.41 -.2 )

-M (*"!) +M (ก(#) -M ("

! )
&!';
C 0.025 0.037 0.049

ก0 $#) Mu = C w S2 = 0.049 (846) (4.0)2 = 663 ก.ก.-./.
d = 10 – 2(!)!0) – 1.5(%#1# DB10) = 6.5 6.
Mu 66300
Rn = = = 17.44 ก.ก./6.2
φ bd 2 0.9 × 100 × 6.52
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
ρ=  1 − 1 −  = 0.0046 < ρmax OK
fy  0.85 f c′ 
As = 0.0046(100)(6.5) = 2.97 6.2
ก(, ก
DB10 @ 0.26 ( As = 0.785××100/26 = 3.02 -.2 )
กก
,# = 0.0018(100)(10) = 1.8 6.2
ก(, กก
,# DB10 @ 0.30 ( As = 0.785××100/30 = 2.62 -.2 )
"# .ก&

./01ก"
#5/ 5)
ก# %#
Vu = wuS/4 = (846)(4.0)/4 = 846 ก.ก./.
ก # #5/ 1# ก
φVc = 0.85(0.53) 240 (100)(7.5) = 5,234 ก.ก./. OK
9 - 23
9

กก
+& 9.28 #)!)กก - ! )1#./- #ก

ก $ก 1#
ก#ก#$# ./ ก&ก %# $ก ."20# !)!#&, #
./ #
#*+ก
DB10@0.46 *--./
DB10@0.23 )*

*
DB10@0.46 *--./
0.10
0.50 0.95
0.55
0.95 1.30
0.20 3.80 0.20
(ก)

*0
DB10@0.52 *--./
DB10@0.26 )*

*
DB10@0.52 *--./
0.10
0.50
0.70 1.20
1.20 1.60
0.20 4.80 0.20
()

! 9.28 กก ./ - ##

)# 9.6
9.13 #. (Slab-On-Ground)

## ก
- กก!./

!#5/ กก - ก0ก /#ก
ก
ก # #%#
%#
#" )ก # #%#1#ก$) กก./- ก
# -
!
#ก

< ก
!
#ก #!+ )/)0 .)#.!(ก!)*)
- ก0ก#+./- กก !)!)
!)!)0
! !$)&=#ก ก
กกก
(Shrinkage) !ก&) &#0>+

1# 01ก"??$?$"
&,
*0&!# ก กก./- # ก0ก
กกก
)กก!ก
ก !)!)
! +& 9.29 # . '!# ./- !!)!#)
./ก0
ก
&!'>. ./- ##11
! ก $ก!!)!)
ก0ก
9 - 24
9

กก
Max. joint spacing, m

6
Range of
max. spacing
3
0
0 5 10 15 20 30
Slab thickness, cm
! 9.29 . '!# !!)!)

ก$ "
#! ก@' A
ก&) &#0>+ ( ก
กก
/1))
) ก
! &!';ก)/
)+
7.5×10-6 / oC /#ก ก
&, 01#&! # - %#
กกก&) &#0>+#) %#
#ก
ก1$)
ก
ก 6%# $( /#กกก # #%#+#ก ก
ก! &!';ก
)/
ก0>+ กก -
! $ก (+ก&,
!ก#
%#. ? &,
!ก#ก
+& (Weld wire reinforcement, WWR / Wire mesh) 6%# กก#!ก
)#
!ก#
ก1) #
&, ##
# 10.2 )ก #
#%#0ก

< ก. 737-2531
fy = 5,000 ก.ก./6.2
"! 9.4
!ก#ก+&
! ,"
&
ก
∅ 0#, 0"?ก (".-. / .) (กก./"..)
#0# #$ #0#+$

∅ 4 .× 4 ., 15 6.× 15 6. 0.838 0.838 1.317
∅ 4 .× 4 ., 20 6.× 20 6. 0.629 0.629 0.988
∅ 4 .× 4 ., 25 6.× 25 6. 0.503 0.503 0.790
∅ 4 .× 4 ., 30 6.× 30 6. 0.419 0.419 0.658
∅ 6 .× 6 ., 20 6.× 20 6. 1.414 1.414 2.220
∅ 6 .× 6 ., 25 6.× 25 6. 1.131 1.131 1.776
∅ 6 .× 6 ., 30 6.× 30 6. 0.943 0.943 1.481
กก.. กB$#% Subgrade Drag

/( ก
ก/ กก)/
! ก#) !#( ก
!./- /0>+
1#( ก
#) # ก
1#( ก
!*+ก
)#) -6%# *+ก )ก
Subgrade drag ก)1%- ก#( ## +& 9.30
9 - 25
9

กก
! 9.30 #) กก

#%# T ก!*+ก
)ก !
FLW
#%# T
ก# 1
T = As f s = (9.2)
2
FLW
&ก
ก# 1
As = (9.3)
2 fs
/ As = ./- ก
ก#./- 1
(
.6.)
W = - ก./- ก
)./- (กก./

.)
L = )./- ก
(
)
F = &!';) ( $ 1.5 ก1+)
fs = )#) 1#ก (กก./
.6.)
FL (1.4W ) FLW
* $'ก #! As = = (9.4)
2 fy 1.43 f y
6%#! (กก&!) ก ก $ Wire mesh /#ก fy = 5,000 กก./

.6. 1! fs )
.)# 1,700 ก.ก./
.6. -
"
#$! 9.7 #ก./- ก
# )ก !)!)
ก 6.0
) $ Wire mesh ก #ก
fy = 5,000 ก.ก./6.2
#%& /ก ) $+& 9.29 12 6.

- ก./- W = 0.12(2,400) = 288 ก.ก./
.
FLW 1.5 × 6.0 × 288
&ก $ As = = = 0.363
.6./

1.43 f y 1.43 × 5, 000
ก
# 10.2 /ก $ WWR ∅ 4 .× 4 ., 30 6.× 30 6. (As = 0.419
.6./
)
กก..$"
)
1#./- ก
)$
ก
#ก &
#
*0&!#ก $# # -
$"!ก0$$"
# (Expansion joint)
Joint sealer Abutting pavement
./ $ ) ก
1))
/ 0 >+ + # 1%-
t Filler of other structure !)!)
$ 40
/1%- ก >!ก
&) &#0>+ )ก#)
ก 2
6. $ *0>+&) &# 40oC !)!)

9 - 26
9

กก
40
)
= 7.5×10-6(40 .)(40oC) = 0.012 .
= 1.2 6.
2 cm wide joint sealer

ก ก
2 cm compressible
ก
filler board
Dowel bar Dowel cap filled with

ก กก !"#ก
compressible material
2 cm wide joint sealer ก $%% &
'(
ก% )%
0.5t Fixed Lubricated *+
t
2 cm wide compressible 2 cm
filler board 10 cm
Joint sealer
ก (Contraction joint)
0.25t
,ก!ก*%
%
ก -.
t Induced crack +
! "/
+*#กก
#ก ก ก ก% ก%

Undowelled joint for unreinforced pavement ) %#ก
2.5 cm 5 cm minimum

ก ก !ก0)
ก ก ก
ก*0
t
0.5t !"#กก
#ก ก
Fixed Lubricated
Dowelled joint in reinforced pavement
กC$&
ก (Dowel bar)
*) - ก( )
!#( ก
1 1#ก*) - ก!1%- ก 1#./- &)
%# %#1#ก!*+ก/ ก
ก!
./ ( ก
1))
)ก
ก 1
!)1#ก*) - ก!.ก
# 9.5
"! 9.5 1 !)ก*) - ก !)!# 30 6.
ก ) ก %
, ,ก
∅ (..) (/.) ∅ (..) (/.)
15 /. - 18 /. 20 55 12 40
19 /. - 23 /. 25 65 20 50
> 24 /. 30 75 25 60
9 - 27
9

กก
DE ,$.! 9
9.1
!./-
#1## - ก #
&! ) ) $ fy = 4,000 ก.ก./6.2 !!)!0
ก
2 6.
2
$0 f’c (ก.ก./-. ) 1# (-.) ก
(ก) 210 12 DB10 @ 0.15 .
(1) 210 15 DB12 @ 0.20 .
() 210 18 DB12 @ 0.25 .
(#) 240 20 DB16 @ 0.20 .
() 240 25 DB16 @ 0.25 .
(5) 240 15 DB10 @ 0.20 .
($) 280 18 DB12 @ 0.15 .
(6) 280 20 DB16 @ 0.20 .
9.2 ./- #)$#)!)!$#) 4.8

- ก0ก# 1
/
. ( - ก
#) ./-
18 6. ก DB16 @ 0.12 . #. - ก0ก * fc′ = 280 ก.ก./6.2 ! fy =
2
4,000 ก.ก./6.
9.3 ก./- )/ 3

./ - ก0ก# 800 ก.ก./
. ! - กก!&, 0&)! 3

/
ก fc′ = 280 ก.ก./6.2 ! fy = 4,000 ก.ก./6.2
9.4 ./- #) 15 6. - ก0ก# 900 ก.ก./
. ( - ก
#) ! - ก0ก 400
ก.ก./
. $#)./- 3.6
.$#))+!# ก# 20 6. ก fc′ = 280 ก.ก./6.2 ! fy
2
= 4,000 ก.ก./6.
9.5 ก./- #)

/# # 0ก!)! 4
ก# 30 6. ./- # - ก0ก# 600
ก.ก./
.( - ก
#1#./- ) ! - ก0ก 500 ก.ก./
. ก fc′ = 240 ก.ก./6.2 ! fy =
2
4,000 ก.ก./6.
2
9.6 6-1 9.5 )&) $#)&, 3
! $ f c′ = 210 ก.ก./6. ! fy = 4,000 ก.ก./6.2
2
9.7 6-1 9.5 ) $ f c′ = 280 ก.ก./6. ! fy = 4,000 ก.ก./6.2
9.8 #ก!./- #) +&1## # - ก0ก 300 ก.ก./
. ! - ก0ก#
- ก1#
./- # 780 ก.ก./
. ก fc′ = 240 ก.ก./6.2 ! fy = 4,000 ก.ก./6.2
3.6 m 4.2 m 4.5 m
9 - 28
9

กก
9.9 #/กก
ก@
1#
/#$# # +&1## - ก0ก/ 350 ก.ก./
. !
- ก0ก# 300 ก.ก./
. - ก ก# ก 35 6. $ fc′ = 240 ก.ก./6.2
! fy = 4,000 ก.ก./6.2 ! $ก # B ! C
E
A D
B C
8m 7m 8m
50 cm
4m 4m
Section E - E
9.10 ./- ##>) 1 8.0 × 8.0

# - ก0ก 500 ก.ก./
. ./- 20 6. #
ก./- ) $ fc′ = 280 ก.ก./6.2 ! fy = 4,000 ก.ก./6.2
9.11 # %#*+กก) $./- ##1 6.0 × 6.0
# +&1## - ก0ก 200 ก.ก./

., - ก( #ก - # 100 ก.ก./
. ! 0&+( 25 ก.ก./
. ก( ./- >) ก(II), >) (I) !
0(III) ) $ fc′ = 280 ก.ก./6.2 ! fy = 4,000 ก.ก./6.2 # ก# 30 6.
2
9.12 6-1 9.9 )./- 1 5.0 × 5.0
) $ f c′ = 240 ก.ก./6. ! fy = 4,000 ก.ก./6.2
30 cm typ.
8.0 m I
8.0 m III II
8.0 m 8.0 m 8.0 m
9 - 29
10
ก

10
ก

10.1
ก กกก ก กก
! "กก#$ $% ก ก& ##' ()ก*$' # ก ก
+'กก% #$,ก "-./ก*0$/*!#-ก กก$$ก (1- #$,#
"-*!#- ก"$
ก*$' * 2ก)ก 3 "(1- กก$ +'3
ก ก ! -(1- ก) " #ก"ก$3 ก #--
#"ก ก" ก$ ก*3 กก#"ก '"ก# "- ก$ #3
*# ก$ ก0ก()ก*$ 42-5 ก* *- # "6 "-
$"1กก
ก7'ก8*!#-ก"- % 98:$*$ก #)ก-ก"-./ก*0$
% ก #ก ก '"./ก*0$3ก# #*# # ('ก
ก 0ก-ก (# * 0
"-ก#.'ก-$กก#-ก #(- # /ก
;#/ก#ก (กก# *$<*(-ก # --* ---# ก$ "ก
ก 0ก *!#-
10.2 กก

% #3#ก 0ก #"-ก$ กก# ก 0กก#- กก "ก$ ก
ก*ก"กก # กก# 36*$ ก33 6*$ "6)ก
*$$ 3 -*$ ,$! ก "-ก$ กก#"กก #)ก"-3ก3ก# n (
ก% n *#% / Es/Ec * # * 0 #3 n "--1 8 กก.'
% / *ก ก-1 35 ก.ก./+.2 #)ก"--1 8×35 = 280 ก.ก./+.2 +'ก#ก6
)ก*$ -*$ ,$!ก
10 - 1
10
ก

./กก #"กก "-- ( * (Hairline crack) +'ก"-3)
# -)ก*$ก0ก)ก ก 0ก5$('"ก- $ก$
กก# "#-#ก#(#ก)"-$('- *!#-#ก##ก *0 "-/ 0.25
..
"กก#$" % ก "#ก Gerely - Lutz ก)3 **ก-1#ก#ก
*0 (# '(
w = 0.011β f s 3 dc A (10.1)
w #ก#ก *0 (##6' ($$ - fs #)ก ก

0กก$"1##6 กก./+.2 .3(/ 0.60 fy fy ก ก()ก*$
( 5 ./ก* / 10.1
dc = #(ก0# "ก$# '.'7/ก()ก*$* ก$# *0 (+.)
β = *#(-- "ก$# '-"ก7/กก0)ก*$.'ก*- $ ก h2/h1
A = ก 0)ก'*(+.2) = -*$ ,$ #"#)ก*$ = 2yb/n
Neutral
axis
Effective tension
area of concrete h1 h2
Steel
2y
y dc centroid
10.1 ( 5 ก#1#ก##

*ก (10.1) +'3 ก &-*$)ก( % "-#(4"" ก##(
3 ก #)ก --ก0 -กก-" #()ก*$ก ' ก"ก
#/1 β +'6(ก$#ก##"กก$('(-- "กก*- $
10.1 #ก#(# * ก*$)ก
ก
!
! "
#$

%& . .
ก
ก 0.016 0.4
ก

0.012 0.3
0.007 0.2

!"ก#ก 0.006 0.15
$ ก 0.004 0.1
10 - 2
10
ก

10.3 ก( !

)
ก" ACI
*ก (10.1) ก"- ---#)กก$3* )ก --0ก *ก Gergely-Lutz
"'./ก(ก ACI > 1999 6 ก#0กก#"- % ก"ก --()ก
*$- #3ก$
 2,800 
s = 38   − 2.5cc (10.2)
 fs 
3ก$ 30(2,800 / f s )

2
fs = # #13 (ก.ก./+. ) )ก*$ 1 *!#- ก 0ก = % #
)ก*$-(%, f s = M /( As jd ) " f s = (2 / 3) f y - jd = 0.87d 3
cc = --0"ก$#)ก*$ ' ก *0 .'$# ' (+.)
s = ---#7/ก)ก*$ ' ก$# ' *0 (+.)
ก-ก&! )
ก" ACI .#/( กก
ก.% ."$0ก 1
ก2 :
1. )ก*$ ก)ก(
2. )ก*$ '#ก-"**$#1 'ก *0
3. >ก/!ก ' # # % # ก$ ('"#ก#กก$3
*# ก ก)"กก*$)ก*# # ก-"0ก #ก / ก42
ก# ACI "'ก *#()ก*$ กก-" ##ก#-*$ ,$--'*$
#('ก # "-ก# .#ก#>ก-*$ ,$กก#'*$(#ก)"
$)ก# $#1(ก(>ก +'#"-3ก#$1)กก01!/$(
% ก"-6*
b ≤ bE ≤ L /10
As As
10.2 กก-")ก>ก '

4. ก ก()ก*$3#ก$ 5,600 ก.ก./+.2
5. ; $ ก#0กก#"-('ก # z +'3 "กก β = 1.2 *ก (10.1) "-3
w w
z = f s 3 dc A = = (10.3)
0.011× 1.2 0.013
ก#0#ก##ก)"- % ก ( "ก ก z

!: z ≤ 31,000 ก.ก./+. (w ≤ 0.41 ..)
!ก: z ≤ 26,000 ก.ก./+. (w ≤ 0.34 ..)
10 - 3
10
ก

*ก(10.1)-(10.3)*.3 ก # "ก#'ก(ก#ก --0

ก"--1 2 +. β = 1.35 "-6 1.2 ( "ก z "' ก
#!: z ≤ 31,000(1.2/1.35) = 28,000 ก.ก./+. (w ≤ 0.41 ..)
#!ก: z ≤ 26,000(1.2/1.35) = 23,000 ก.ก./+. (w ≤ 0.34 ..)
6. * #'ก h ก$ 90 +. #ก*$)ก $# ((#(Skin reinforcement, Ask)
% " #ก-"** * (-- h/2 "ก()ก*$
' -- sk ก *0 "-3ก$ 3 "ก*ก (10.2) -3ก$ 30 +. cc --
*0 "ก$#)ก*$.'$# ( ก
ก

ก
s
s h/2
ก s
s
h h
s
s
s h/2
ก

ก
10.3 ก*$)ก $# ('ก
!2 10.1 -กก-!)."$0ก.% .#/( กก

1. "0 ก$ %#กก *0 ก*$)ก / 10.4 )ก*$ก ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./+.2 "
#"* /#ก" #)ก63(ก ACI * #0กก#3?
5 cm
DB10 Stirrup
2DB25
3DB28
5 cm
30 cm
10.4 # 10.1
10 - 4
10
ก

2
%3 *0$ f s = (2 / 3) f y = 2 × 4, 000 / 3 = 2, 667 ก.ก./+.
cc = 4.0 + 1.0 = 5.0 +.
 2,800 
s = 38   − 2.5 × 5.0 = 27.4 +. < [ 30(2,800/2,667) = 31.5 +. ]
 2, 667 
"ก---#)ก*$/ 10.4 ก# 27.4 +. กก-!."$0ก.41 )

ก"
!2 10.2 5!"2."$0ก.%

!(#/&.!
# 20 +. )ก*$ DB12 -- s )กก ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./+.2 --0ก 2 +.
"#1-- s ก *0
2
%3 *0$ f s = (2 / 3) f y = 2 × 4, 000 / 3 = 2, 667 ก.ก./+.
cc = 2.0 +.
 2,800 
s = 38   − 2.5 × 2.0 = 34.9 +. > [ 30(2,800/2,667) = 31.5 +. ]
 2, 667 
!"2."$0ก.% ก(/ 31.5 6 . < 3 .2 "#/& = 3(20) = 60 6
10.4 ก( !2

#$,กก% #+'./กก> .7.1970 "-"ก #ก -1 45% (
ก - fc′ -#)ก*$3ก$ 50% (ก ก ก# * 0#(#
% 98:*$ก 3 2-ก # กกก*$)กก"'3
ก$ 42(ก #
กก% #$,ก 6 $ก(' -ก ก $(' "'( )ก
ก) ก #$('ก ก "0 ก()ก ก #34""0 4,000 กก/+.2 (SD40) -
ก - (ก"-/-# 280 ก.ก/+2 .' 680 ก.ก./+.2 $ ( )กก#ก
# * 0ก +'/ $
ก # "-63 ก81-ก(%* ก # กก$3"3 ก$
*% %* (*#%*+'./ก % *# #""-./ก$"1 --
* ---# ก # 3 ('/ก 4"" $ (%* (%ก *$ % %
/7 DD) EF 3 ก" #<$" #3#(ก #-( -##(
ก" ก* *- -*ก#ก).6 ก$ ก ก(%* ('ก #()(
%* #ก ก #
; ACI 3 ก 10.2 * $"1#'ก *0 (- # +'.
#'ก 63 "-3#1-- # 3#6 3#(ก +'.ก
5 "กก 3- # กก#'กก# ก "- ก
#1-- #ก *0 #ก 10.3
10 - 5
10
ก

10.2 #'ก *0 (; ACI

% &'
'
! *
# L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
** fy 3 ก 4,000 ก.ก./+.2 /1 # 0.4 + fy / 7,000
10.3 */*0 (-- #13

%) !2
#%-5 #%ก!2
3 $ ก *# $%* -- # " ก ก L/180
#"-ก$ ก*"กก #กก$ 0ก"
#
3 $ ก *# $ %* -- # " ก ก L/360
#"-ก$ ก*"กก #กก$# 0ก"
$ ก * # $ -- # ก$ (' L/480
%* #"-ก$ ก*"กก # "กก' $ ก * # $
กก$# %* #-- #
$ ก * # $ ก# "ก ก 0 ก L/240
%* #"-3ก$ ก*"กก --- #
#กก$# "ก ก 0ก"
$('
ก#1-- # "- 3 ก --- "-ก$ (' "ก#3

(01* $# * 0 กก# --# $ก ก( ./ก$"1 -- # ก"-6ก
$"1#0ก( (1- ก"- ก 0ก ) - ก
0ก"*# (ก # ! ( ACI "-#0# ก"") #
)ก-ก /#$*$ก -- # ก$ (' ก 0กก# ก

(Immediate deflections) #13 % 98:$*$ก
ก"กก*/ (ก"-ก$ (' ก# #3ก*/ "-5

$('% *0*#2"ก#(Creep) -ก #(Shrinkage)(ก ก

(Long-
term deflection) "-#> -"( ก.'** (ก #$*$ก$
10.5 9 $!/"!(2 (Modulus of Elasticity)

(ก ACI % / * 0(ก Ec #13 "ก
Ec = 4, 270 w1.5
c f c′ (10.4)
* ( wc -# 1.45 - 2.48 /.. * ก กก$# ก 2.32 /.. ACI
-
10 - 6
10
ก

Ec = 15,100 f c′ (10.5)
% / * 0(ก ก"-3 "กก$"1ก ก 0ก--* ( ก-กก
"$ # 6"กก ก 0ก"-% / * *
' # ' */('"- % / * ก"ก % / * 3#"ก%
-&
10.6 9 . ก

กก #ก "-$ (' # ' ก ก$ ก ก (Modulus of rupture),
f r = 2 f c′ % กก#$('ก# ก
(Cracking moment, Mcr ) #13 " ก
fr I g
M cr = (10.6)
yt
yt = --"กก*- $.'$# '

Ig = %$(
* *#ก# b -#'ก h, yt = h/2 - Ig = bh3/12
10.7 %K.ก$9 . %.. !

"ก 98:$*$กก%ก("-('ก ก 0ก-*$<*ก EI ( . EI ก
#1ก)"-30กก ก ก 0ก% $('"-กก#
%$ / 10.5 กก#"- ก *# 3 /
M M
(ก)
ก

()
กก ()

ก
10.5 ก
กกก# / 10.5(() %$( 3ก#"- ก Ig
กก#ก$#1 กก#"-3*. %3 "-*.3 )ก*$
'$ %$"'3 "ก (Transformed section) -ก #*#(
ก$#1 +' /- "ก)ก*$% *#% / * 3 "-ก#
10 - 7
10
ก

กกก#ก# ก

(Cracked-section moment of inertia, Icr)
ก #( กก#"' */(' ก กก# / 10.6
M
I cr
Mcr
Moment
Ig Ie
∆cr ∆e
Deflection ∆
10.6 #* ,-#%--- #

* * *$)ก ' ก# / 10.7 "--ก #*#
(ก "กก*- $.'$# - "ก)ก*$
b
x
N.A.
d
h
n = Es/Ec
As nAs
10.7 ก#(*$)ก '

ก*- $ x #13 % ก* 0%( ก*- $
x b 2
b× x× = nAs (d − x) → x + nAs x − nAs d = 0 (10.7)
2 2
ก*กก *3 -- x ก)"-*.#1%$ ก#ก*- $3

b x3
I cr = + nAs (d − x) 2 (10.8)
3
b b
(n-1)A’s ก1 )ก #1 Icr 3 "ก
d’
x B = b /(nAs ), r = (n − 1) As′ /(nAs )
A’s
d x =  2dB(1 + rd ′ / d ) + (1 + r ) 2 − (1 + r )  / B
h  
As nAs I cr = bx 3 / 3 + nAs (d − x) 2 + (n − 1) As′ ( x − d ′)2
10.8 ก#ก1 *$)ก
10 - 8
10
ก

10.8 9 . %.. !%3%M$ Ie

"กก7'ก8#%$('*/ก#%ก# %$( 33 "ก Ig 6
Icr "ก "กกก#"-5$(' %$#6"$"'
"- ก6 "ก Ig .' Icr ; ACI "'*ก+' G('%
Branson :
M 
3
  M 3 
I e =  cr  I g + 1 −  cr   I cr ≤ I g (10.9)
 Ma    M a  
Mcr = %ก# = f r I g / yt
Ig = %$(
fr = % / *ก ก (Modulus of rupture) ก 2.0 fc′ * ก กก$
0.04 wc fc′ wc # ก(ก (ก.ก./..)
Ma = %ก *0 * !#-
%$-*$ ,$"-(' ก % Ma % EI /-# EIg - EIcr / 10.9
EIg
EIe
EI
EIcr
Mcr Ma
10.9 EI 5% Ma ก-

"ก*ก (10.9) "-)3 #%$-*$ ,$ Ie "-('ก % ก- Ma
+'"-3 # ACI -0 Ie #13 "ก*ก (10.9) 1. "0 ก'ก#*
# #-- 1. $#("0 *
3ก) Ie "-กก ก#%#ก-% 3 ก #
#& Ie :
* * :
& I c = 0.70 I m + 0.15 ( I e1 + I e 2 ) (10.10)
* # :

& I e = 0.85I m + 0.15 I e1 (10.11)
Im, Ie1 - Ie2 Ie ก#- *
10 - 9
10
ก

10.9 ก29!

ก ก 0ก"-ก$ ก #('ก# ก
(Instantaneous deflection, ∆i) +'
"-6<4ก (### "0 03 # # ' *# '
) $ ( ก 0กก- 6"0 ก-" -*$<*ก EI (
*/ ก#1-- #ก *0 ∆max * ก 0ก53 ./ก*03# 10.4
10.4 -- #ก *0 ก 0ก5
w
5wL4
∆ max = ( ก#)
384 EI
L
w
wL4
∆ max = ( -- 0.4215L "ก"0 +)
185EI
L
w
wL4
∆ max = ( ก#)
384 EI
L
PL3
∆ max = ( ก#)
48EI
L/2
L
P
x PL3  3a a 
3
∆ max =  − 4    ( a ≥ b )
48 EI  L  L  
a b
x = a (b + L) / 3
L
P P
a a
∆ max =
Pa
24 EI
( 3L2 − 4a 2 ) ( ก#)
L
10 - 10
10
ก

10.4

P
PL3
∆ max = ( x = 0.4472L ก
)
48EI 5
L/2 L/2
PL3
∆ max = (ก )
192 EI
L/2 L/2
w
wL4
∆ max = ()
8EI
L
PL3
∆ max = ()
3EI
L
M
ML2
∆ = (ก )
16 EI
L
!ก ก!

ก"#$%ก!ก$%
$&&ก !'
()%(' * $% !ก ก$+&(&%,
)- 10.10
$%ก : ∆ = ∆0 + ∆1 + ∆2
∆
M1 M2
∆0
∆1
M1
∆2
M2

10.10 ก#$%!%('
10 - 11
10
ก

ก$
(' +&(&%,(,(./(!"0
!%
(ก
&(!1* (&'
+&(&%,&(ก+&(&%,$%ก * /1 &(!(ก
1*)!+&(&%,(,(1 !%

ก
$%ก"&&ก1* 21 ก!ก&-
ก 2 ' !ก ก '(34!ก
( +
0&&ก) ∆ D $) !ก(%"&'!ก ก $!ก ก ∆ D + L
ก$%ก!ก * (ก
1*$%
+
0
+
ก!)!+ก 1*
(Camber)0ก ! (&' ( & !ก %( !
$! กก" $ % &! ก )!+ก 0
!4

* (!'(4 ก4#ก$%ก!ก ∆ L * #0
ก
∆ L = ∆ D+ L − ∆ D (10.12)
(5((4!ก ก0&(กก+ +

6ก!ก ก $ก!ก)$%
&/%&(!1 !%

)ก#$%ก!ก ก*
กก!ก
$ก!ก ก กก$ก!ก ก&
10.3 %ก$%1 (

)- 10.11 * & 10 (&% &&%-กก$+

.ก ) f’c = 280 ก.ก./&2 $ fy = 4,000 ก.ก/&2
40 cm
8 ton (LL)
5m Beam weight =
700 kg/m(DL)
60 cm
52 cm
10 m
8DB25, As = 39.27 cm2

10.11 !% 10.3
&*ก
0&#ก$%' L/16 = 10(100)/16 = 62.5 &.
* % #ก$%
1. ก$%ก!ก ก +&(&%,(,( !&
1
Ig = ( 40 ) ( 60 ) = 720, 000
3
&.4
12
( 0.7 ) (10 )
2
Ma = = 8.75 %-(&%
8
f c′ = 15,100 280 = 252,671 ก.ก./&.2

40 cm
Ec = 15,100
2.04 × 106
x n = Es/Ec = = 8.1
252, 671
N.A.
x2
40 = (8.1)(39.27) ( 52 − x )
2
nAs
x 2 + 15.71x − 816.82 = 0
x = 21.8 &.

10.12 !%
$%ก$
10 - 12
10
ก

#+&(&%,(,(1 !%

$%ก$
1
( 40 ) ( 21.8 ) + 8(39.27) ( 52 − 21.8 )
3 2
I cr = I concrete + I steel =
3
I cr = 424, 663 &.4

+&(&%,(,(./ Ie 1*ก+&(&%,

Mcr )!(ก
ก$%ก/$
*
f r = 2.0 280 = 33.5 ก.ก./&.2
fr I g 33.5 × 720, 000
M cr = = = 8, 040 ก.ก.-&.
yt 30 × 100
3
M cr 8, 040  M cr 
= = 0.92,   = 0.78
Ma 8, 750  Ma 
ก&ก (10.9) +&(&%,(,(./'

Ie = 0.78(720,000) + 0.22(424,663) = 655,026 &.4
$%ก!ก ก (ก

5wL4 5 × 7 × (10 × 100) 4
∆D = = = 0.55 &.
384 Ec I e 384 × 252671× 655026
$%(ก
ก!ก ก $ก01+
ก!)!+ก %1*(Camber) $%ก"0&&/ก
(4
!'/ (4-ก&%
% ! (ก
ก$%$( &89!'ก$%ก!ก$ก
$%ก&'$ก!
%(' &ก!ก
2. ก$%ก!ก ก $!ก ก +&(&%,&ก
2) '
Mmax = 8.75 + 8(10)/4 = 28.75 %-(&%
3
M cr 8, 040  M cr 
= = 0.28,   = 0.022
M max 28, 750  M max 
ก&ก (11.8) +&(&%,(,(./'

Ie = 0.022(720,000) + 0.978(424,663) = 431,160 &.4
5wL4 PL3
∆D+L = +
384 Ec I e 48Ec I e
5 × 7 × (10 ×100) 4 8, 000(10 × 100)3

= +
384 × 252, 671× 431160 48 × 252,671× 431,160
= 0.84 + 1.53 = 2.37 &.

3. ก$%ก!ก ก
∆L = ∆D+L - ∆D = 2.37 – 0.55 = 1.82 &.
L 10 (100 )
ก% 11.3 ∆L &)! = = = 2.78 &. > 1.82 & OK
360 360
10 - 13
10
ก

10.4 %ก$% (

)% 10.3 +
&(!"ก 3DB25
)- 10.13
40 cm
d’
3DB25
A’s= 14.73 cm2 4 cm
60 cm
52 cm
8DB25, As = 39.27 cm2

10.13 !%
)% 10.4

1. #+&(&%,(,(1 !%
$%ก$
b 40 (n − 1) As′ (7.1)(14.73)
B= = = 0.126 &. r= = = 0.329
n As (8.1)(39.27) n As (8.1)(39.27)
x =  2dB (1 + rd ′ / d ) + (1 + r ) 2 − (1 + r )  / B
 
=  2(52)(0.126)(1 + 0.329(4) / 52) + (1.329) 2 − 1.329  / 0.126 = 20.4 &.

 
Icr = bx 3 / 3 + nAs (d − x)2 + (n − 1) As′ ( x − d ′) 2
= (40)(20.4)3 / 3 + (8.1)(39.27)(52 − 20.4)2 + (7.1)(14.73)(20.4 − 4) 2
= 458,953 &.4
2. +&(&%,(,(./

2)%!ก ก Mcr/Ma = 0.92 $ (Mcr/Ma)3 = 0.78 (ก% 10.3)
Ie = 0.78(720,000) + 0.22(458,953) = 662,570 &.4
5wL4 5 × 7 × (10 × 100) 4

∆D = = = 0.54 &.4 ()ก( ก% 10.3)
384 Ec I e 384 × 252, 671× 662,570
2)%!ก ก $!ก ก Mcr/Ma = 0.28 $ (Mcr/Ma)3 = 0.022 (ก% 10.3)
Ie = 0.022(720,000) + 0.978(458,953) = 464,696 &.4
5 × 7 × (10 × 100)4 8, 000(10 × 100)3

∆D+L = +
384 × 252, 671× 464, 696 48 × 252, 671× 464, 696
= 0.78 + 1.42 = 2.20 &.4 ()ก( ก% 10.3)
3. ก$%ก!ก ก
∆L = ∆D+L - ∆D = 2.20 – 0.54 = 1.66 &.
10 - 14
10
ก

10.10 ก (Long-term deflection)

ก$%(5/&กก!
%(Shrinkage)$&'(Creep) (&'&!ก (Sustained load)
กก+ (5( +
ก$%&(4&1*(';%&((4&1* ก&#$%กก
!
%$&' ∆cp+sh &%< ACI ก!
)!!0
+
-#ก$%
%-# λ

∆ cp + sh = λ ( ∆i ) D (10.13)
ξ
(&' λ= (10.14)
1 + 50 ρ ′
$ ( ∆i )D 'ก$%ก!ก !&

1 ξ &)!%& ACI (50%&(1 ก
!ก
$
)% 10.5 !(!"ก(&$
ρ ′ = As′ / bd )1 !%

)ก#'
$)!%
ก )ก# (
$%('
10.5 %$ ξ (ก!ก % ;
(ก!ก ξ
5 กก
2.0
1 1.4
6 1.2
3 1.0
10.5 !)% 10.3 4#ก$%ก&'$ก!
%%&&%< ACI
ก$%(' ก!ก ก ก1 1. )% 10.3 ' (∆i)D = 0.55 &.
(' ก0&&(!"ก$
&ก(10.14) !( 5 = !'&กก(5
ξ 2.0
λ= = = 2.0
1 + 50 ρ ′ 1 + 50(0.0)
ก&ก (10.15)
∆ cp + sh = λ ( ∆ i ) D = 2.0(0.55) = 1.10 &.
*+,-. 10
2
10.1 %!%
)-1 (50%&1ก!
ACI (4' &ก$%ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./&.
DB10 Stirrup
2.5 cm clear
2 DB25 bars
2 DB28 and
2 DB25 bars
4.0 cm cover 30 cm
10 - 15
10
ก

10.2 !%
(!&/'/ก

$ (

$
)-1 #&ก ก

&ก

(ก
1* $%(50%&1ก!
ก$%ก!'0&? ก!
fc′ = 320
ก.ก./&.2 $ fy = 4,000 ก.ก./&.2 ! & 4.0 &.
2 DB16
d = 42 cm
50 cm
4 DB25
20 cm
10.3 !%
!%
)-1 & fc′ = 280 ก.ก./&.2 $ fy = 4,000 ก.ก./&.2 %(50
%&1ก!
ACI )ก &ก$%ก!'0&?
120 cm
10 cm
55 cm
50 cm
3 DB32
5 DB28
5 cm 5 cm
30 cm 40 cm
5 cm 5 cm
2 DB20 2 DB25
56 cm 61 cm
8 DB25
4 DB25
9 cm 9 cm 4 DB32
35 cm 35 cm
10.4 #! &ก

1 (!"ก DB16 )4' (
* &! &ก% 2.5 &. +
(50%&
1ก!
ACI (4' &ก$%ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./&.2
10.5 ก-!%
)1 10.3 # (ก) +&(&%,(,(1 !%
!&
, Ig (1) %$! $ก(1
!%
$%ก$ Icr $ () +&(&%,(,(./ Ie ! Ma = 0.6φMcr
10 - 16
10
ก

10.6 4#ก$%$ก$%1 ' 3.6 (&% !$%ก#
ก%&% 1 && %&(4 !ก ก (5!ก $)ก
!ก ก
)!&!ก
) fc′ = 280 ก.ก./&.2 $ fy = 4,000 ก.ก./&.2
b d h As A's wD wL PD PL
ก/ (01.) (01.) (01.) (01. ) 2
(01. ) 2
(/1.) (/1.) () ()
(1) 40 54 60 8DB28 2DB28 4.0 3.2 - -
(2) 45 64 70 6DB32 - 2.5 1.2 3.2 2.4
(3) 30 48 55 8DB25 2DB25 3.0 1.0 - -
(4) 35 54 60 8DB28 2DB28 3.5 1.3 2.5 2.2
PL PD
wD + w L
2.4 m 1.2 m
10.7 (
&!%
)-1 & & 7.2 (&% !ก ก 2 %/(&% &
!ก( $!ก ก 1.6 %/(&% ) fc′ = 240 ก.ก./&.2 $ fy = 4,000 ก.ก./&.2
# (ก) ก$%ก!ก ก (1) ก$%ก!ก ก ก!ก
ก () ก$%! ก%
% 4,% && %4,%-ก%
% 2 (
'! $!-ก

ก $&& % 20% 1 !ก ก(5!ก
52 cm
6 DB25
8 cm
40 cm
10.8 #ก$% $$!4'4

(
(
4 (&% &&! 15 &.
!ก ก 340 ก.ก./%&. $!ก ก 540 ก.ก./%&. (!"ก(&) DB16@0.15 &. && %
2 2
60% 1 !ก ก %
( 30 (
' ก!
f c′ = 240 ก.ก./&. $ fy = 4,000 ก.ก./&.
10.9 4'! 10 &. (5%(' $% 8 (&% &B8 (1)/ (
ก bw = 30 &. &*ก !&
h = 50 &. !ก ก 2.6 %/&.(&!ก%( $) $
!ก ก 7.6 %/&. (!"ก(&$
* ก ) 4DB28 $(!"ก(&
6DB32
$&& % 55% 1 !ก ก ก%
24 (
' ก!
fc′ = 320 ก.ก./&.2 $ fy =
2
4,000 ก.ก./&.
10 - 17
10
ก

10.10
$
)-1 !ก ก 1.4 %/&. $!ก ก 1.8 %/&. # (ก) ก
$%ก!ก ก (1) ก$%ก!ก ก ก!ก $ ()
ก$%! %
% 4,% && %%
% 4,%!
4 (
' $ 10% !ก ก!
2 2
f c′ = 280 ก.ก./&. $ fy = 4,000 ก.ก./&.
bE
15 cm
50 cm
30 cm
400 cm
2DB25 4DB25
2DB25+1DB20
6.8 m
7.2 m
10 - 18
10.14
ก

ACI ก ก กก
!" "#ก$
%&& '" ก'"ก$(กก
)!ก
%$*%$
+ "#ก$, กก*&$-

"#ก
%$*
+.$, $$ "('"+$$ "#/$$ ก

กก ก
ก
!"#

!$%กกก
!$%ก&#
ก "#0

ก1$
$2 , $,'03$ '"# (4#, ก'ก/,0 +*กก
$,0"5$
6/& )ก* *
$$$ กก
'03*& ก
%$*
ก
%$* $'"# "#ก$ 4
5wL4
∆= (10.34)
384 EI
' 4# w 45)+*ก&
ก%&&%($ $- ' <* ก "#4

wL2 fI
M = = (10.35)
8 c
' 4# f 4+$%
> % c 4
ก%ก' / (/ก "#?# f ก)!
% $ ก
(10.35) (10.34) ,
5L2 f
∆= (10.36)
48 Ec
/+'ก/+*
!
*&5)+*ก
f fs f
= = c (10.37)
c n(d − x ) x
' 4# x 4

+$%ก' /%(/ก
*&%
* /+ก+$%
ก
)'A "# fs = 0.4(4,000) =
1,600 กก/? 2 )+
*&'+Aก'ก
SD40 % x ≈ 0.4h
f 1600 2667 Ec Ec
= = = (10.38)
c ( E s / Ec )(0.6h ) hE s 765h
)+
*& Es = 2.04 x 106 กก./? .2 % $ ก
(10.38) ก
(10.36) -+ E = Ec
∆ 5  1 L
=  
L 48  765  h
1 L
min h =  L (10.39)
7344  ∆ 
ก
(10.39) % * E*6<-0
!
+$ ก $%*
$$-ก
%$*)+
*&+
*
*&+$%
'A >
'*5 $-

$>+$%
"# ก'03*$ก*
10-27

( 4&%ก
+* ก'E/# 5
10.4 /+( 4&%ก
+*'03' $
ก
%$* * "
ก
'4ก กก
"# 10.4 4'03 E $+&ก
& ก
%$*
"# 10.5
'03( "#,กก
0
"0

+$)%) ACI "#'(4# ก,0ก*&0
&ก
!< /Fก
(
10.4 ก#) h )+
*&ก
%$*$2 %'0
<'?A +$%
*
% Stress ∆ = L / 300 ∆ = L / 360 ∆ = L / 480 2 ∆ = L / 300 2 ∆ = L / 360
100 L/23.2 L/19.3 L/14.5 L/11.5 L/9.4

67 L/35 L/29 L/21.5 L/17.5 L/14.5
60 L/39 L/32 L/24 L/19.5 L/16
50 L/46.5 L/38.5 L/29 L/23 L/19.5
*
/+ fs = 1,600 กก./? .2 "#+$%
100%
10.5 ก#) h )+
*& E45 '" )+
*&$-

"#, $,

*&+
4/ก*&$ "#'"+
กก
%$* +.$
! " #$
%ก#" ! # & # & &
# $ '
'

SD40 L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
SD30 L/20 L/23 L/26 L/10
(&) # SD40 L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
SD30 L/25 L/30 L/35 L/12.5
' 4#ก
%$* +.$ )+'ก/ก
%ก
$0
ก&4#2 "#/*5$ ก
%$* *5+ "#'ก/
ก)ก*$ "# L/480 ?#%$ ก "# ACI #)'ก/,0 **5
, $,ก*&ก
!"*ก$%
ก
%$*ก)!
- *#,0% ก %"# '03*
$ก*& $ '03'4#, ,"# $'E"E "#
& ก
%$* ก
)!ก
%$*
) ก
*5 "#ก
%$*ก)
10.5
&ก
%$*
0 "# 10.21 '03$'"# 8 '
- ' <* "#> ก
5)+*ก "#4 20 *-'
% 5)+*ก
' $ก*& 15 *-'
?#, Mu = 53.5 *-'
/+5)+*ก
ก/%($ก
$ #)' %

*&$ "#, $$-

?#'"+กก
%$* +.$ f’c =
280 กก/? 2 % fy = 4,000 กก/? 2
10-28
40 cm
22.6 cm
50 cm
60 cm
2DB32
27.4 cm
3DB36
*' 10.21 +*)+

*&*$ "# 10.5
",- ( a )
& กก
"# 10.5 )+
*& fy = 4,000 กก/? 2
L 8(100 )
min h = = = 50 ? . < 60 ? . "#
/
16 16
**5 ACI $ "
%$*, $'ก/ $,
กA )ก
)!ก
%$*'E
"$ "#%ก+*ก$ก

*&-
( b )
&'0
<'?A<'+Aก ρ
As 46.62
ρ = = = 0.023
bd 40(50)
?# "$'ก/ 0.5ρmax = 0.375ρb = 0.0115 ?#%),& "# 3 'E4#& ก
%$***5กก

&"5
)+E
&$ก
%$* "0K.+
( c ) E/
!- ' </'
<'" Ig )+
*&+*'A % Icr )+
*&+*
%0
1
I g = (40 )(60 ) =720,000 ? 4
3
2
)+
*&+*
+)%+$%ก' /ก$
n = Es/Ec = 2.04×106/15100 280 ≈ 134/ 280 ≈ 8
40 x 2
= 46.62(8)(50 − x ) x = 22.6 ? .
2
1
I cr = (40)(22.6)3 + 46.62(8)(27.4)2 = 433,912 ? .4
3
( d ) E/
!- ' </'
<'"0
/ 6/( Ie
fr I g 2.0 280 (720,000 )
M cr = = = 8.0 *-'
yt ( )
30 10 5
10-29
)+
*&ก
%$*ก5)+*ก*
3
M cr 8 .0  M cr 
= = 0.40;   = 0.064
M max 20  M max 
Ie = 0.064(720,000) + 0.936(433,912) = 452,222 ? .4
)+
*&ก
%$*ก5)+*ก "#&ก5)+*ก
3
M cr 8 .0  M cr 
= = 0.229 ;   = 0.012
M max 35  M max 
I e ≈ I cr = 433,912 ? 4
( e ) )!ก
%$* * "
E c = 15,100 280 = 2.53 × 10 5 กก/? 2
)+
*&5)+*ก*
5ML2 5(20 )(1000)(100 )(800 )
2
5wL4
(∆ i )DL = = = = 1.16 ? .
384 EI 48 EI ( )
48 2.53 × 10 5 (452,222 )
)+
*&5)+*ก*&ก5)+*ก
5(35)(1000)(100 )(800 )
2
(∆ i )DL + LL = = 2.13 ? .
( )
48 2.53 × 10 5 (433,912 )
$ก*5 ก
%$*'4#ก5) +*ก
4
(∆ i )LL =(∆ i )DL+ LL − (∆ i )DL = 2.13 − 1.16 = 0.97 ? .
( f ) )!ก
%$*ก 4&%ก
+*?#*!4
2 .0
λ = k rξ = = 2 .0
1 + 50 ρ ′
)+
*&5)+*ก&
ก "#'03' 5 0L+

4 กก$
∆ cp + sh = λ (∆ i ) DL = 2.0(1.16 ) = 2.32 ? .
( g )
& )ก* ACI )+
*&+*+
4E45 "#
&* $ "#, $$-

"#'"+กก
%$*
+.$
L
(∆ i )L + ∆ cp+ sh ≤
480
)ก*"5)+
*&ก
%$* 0"#
!$'ก/+*ก/*5$ "#, $$-

%)+
*&*$"5
10-30
L 800
[0.97 + 2.32 = 3.29] > [ = = 1.67 ? . ]
480 480
?#, $

*&, %$ ก#) ACI , $ก' ,0
10.6
&ก
%$* E45$'4# '" %
0 "# 10.22 E45 " + 12 ? . /$ 60%
5)+*ก
500 กก./
. . '035)+*ก f c′ = 240 กก/? 2 % fy = 4,000 กก/? .2
*' 10.22
'" "#0 E45$'4#*$ "# 10.6
",- ก
(10.8) 'E4#)!ก
%$* ก
5L2  1 
∆m =  M s − (M a + M b ) (10.8)
48EI  10 
E c = 15100 240 = 2.34 × 10 5 กก/? 2, n ≈ 9
(a) E/
! Ig % Icr +*ก 1.0 '
1
Ig = (100) (12)3 = 14,400 ? 4
2
)+
*&&
/'!
*&- ' <&ก d = 9.2 ? .
100 x 2
= 9 (8.05) (9.2 − x ) , x = 3.0 ? .
2
1
I cr = (100) (3.0)3 + 9 (8.05) (9.2 − 3)2 = 3,685 ? .4
3
( b ) E/
!- ' </'
<'"0
/ 6/( Ie
10-31
fr I g 2.0 240 (14400 )
M cr = = = 0.74 *-'
yt 6(100 )(1000 )
&
/'!
*&- ' <&ก )+
*&5)+*ก*
M cr 0.74
= > 1 ; I e = I g =14,400 ? .4
M DL 0.32
%)+
*&5)+*ก*&ก5) +*ก
3
M cr 0.74  M cr 
= = 0.844 ;   = 0.601
M DL + LL 0.877  M DL + LL 
Ie = 0.601(14,400) + 0.399(3,685) = 10,125 ? 4
(c) E/
!( 5)+*ก
?# "($ก
%$*'4#ก 4&%ก
+* )+
*&&
/'!
*&- ' <&ก
- ' <ก5)+*ก 320 + 0.6 (557) = 654 กก.-'
/'
M cr 0.74
= > 1.0 ; I e = I g = 14,400 ? .4
M max 0.654
(d) ก
%$*ก5)+*ก
- * "
(∆ i )LL = (∆ i )DL+ LL − (∆ i )DL
5(350 )
2
 0.711 
(∆ i )DL + LL =  0.877 − (100,000 ) = 0.43 ? .
48(2.34 × 10 )10125 
5
10 
5(350 )
2
 0.26 
(∆ i )DL =  0.32 − (100,000 ) = 0.11 ? .
48(2.34 × 10 )14400 
2
10 
(∆ i )LL = 0.43 − 0.11 = 0.32 ? .
(e) ก
%$*ก 4&%ก
+* ก
%$* * " ก5) +*ก
5(350 )
2
 0.531 
(∆ i )DL+ sustLL =  0.654 − (100,000 ) = 0.23 ? .
48(2.34 × 10 )14400 
2
10 
E/
!
'
*&5)+*ก 5 0L +
4 กก$%, $ "'+Aก
*&%
* λ = 2.0
∆ cp + sh = λ (∆ i ) DL + sust LL = 2.0(0.23) = 0.46 ? .
(f)
&ก
%$* )ก* L/480
(∆ i )LL + ∆ cp +sh = 0.32 + 0.46 = 0.78 ? .
350
∆ "# + = 0.73 ? .
480
10-32
?#
*&, $, , $/5)+*ก

(∆ i )L + ∆ cp+sh = 0.32 + 2(0.11) = 0.54 ? . < 0.73 ? . "# +
(*E6<
*&, '03
/%- ' <* ก 0.320 % 0.557 *-'
ก "#ก$
ก
(10.8) )+$ก
%$* "#)!, ก,0'Aก กก*5E/
! '" "#ก
%$*ก
' (0
! ± 50%) ก
)!%$'/ (0.78 ? . '0
"&' "&ก*& 0.73 ? . )
E/
!+
*&,
10-33
11
กก
11
ก
ก
11.1

ก ก

ก !"#$ %!&%'( ) &%
ก$*+$# %($#%! ก, ก#- (
%.% /%ก
! ก#(#"ก&ก .&#&
" 0! .%' - %1(.%.&#&'

%- ก!, , +ก.ก(
"ก&%%#"'(กก (

กก " $ ก .# 3+ ก " # ก ".& ก& ก 3+
(Eccentricity, e) '(% 1(ก4
"ก&%%#'("
#%.ก%+ 5(-%ก&'(
" ก # &%4ก - ก4#% %%*#&"ก 3+
ก& e 1(% %5 0.1h % h .%
(ก'# %ก
"$ #%.ก#%ก ก
#"ก 5 ก4
#%.ก%%# กก65 ก
0ก
%ก

'$ % 7&-. "ก 5#!& 57 .%ก
'
#%
.ก%%#
"
ก.(ก .& ก (Short column) 1(%ก '(กก '.*'
'!
# # % .'( ก
ก& ก ก (Buckling) ก4 % % ก'( ก.
(Slender
column) ก !& 5. -%+ก# ..%$+ klu/r % k 8ก# 'ก (

, lu .%. 3กก ( ' r 3%- $ #.$"ก 5
-%%( ' klu/r
%ก. 22 .
11.2 ก กก!

ก ก-.'#
/
*"ก ก! .5 ก7&ก4

" ก-%-ก&ก .&#&- ก .5 ก%
%5#7+ก
%
ก 5%.%&+..7
.5-. %5
" %.%7&!"ก .5 7
--%
-#%ก4# .!ก-'-
.-กก ก!%ก
" +'
.5 ก- .&9"ก .5 ก+%.&9 ก (Tributary area method)
ก
(Beam reaction method)
11 - 1
11
กก
11.2.1 "# $ ก (Tributary area method)

.&9 .5 %5!
' !
%ก.)"## ก "$
ก(ก .*" +
11.1 . !
- .5 ก
*ก ก
*ก

#- ก#.$ !
20 # %. ก 300 ก.ก./# %. ! 10 1%.
ก = 20 ( 300 + (0.10) (2,400) ) = 10,800 กก. = 10.8 #
y
y
x
x
(ก) (')
%& $ 11.1 ก !
ก
11.2.2 "# !&'ก& (Beam reaction method)
.&9 # .ก ก .5ก + . % -
% ก . ก ก -
# . ;&ก& &
. % .%ก .&9ก *ก.#%.%ก. %
$"ก 5' +$ ! '//#&*/#" ก
*ก !ก , ก
"' 19 07.ก
B1 B2
B4
RB1 RB2
B1 C1 B2
RB1 RB2
B3
%& $ 11.2 ;&ก& & ก.

" $ก .5 ก
*ก &%ก$*$" +
11.3 $ "ก
ก$ .5 กก!$8< .%ก ก$ #
ก+

#%%ก$(ก4 .5 กก!$ .%ก ก$(. .%ก ก
%
%ก$ *
ก4#%
+"#& กก$(+, ก"
* 4. ก

*ก"#(!&%'(กก % ก
*ก"#$ก #"#$(
-%%ก
*ก$ $ก4'(ก' ก
*ก
11 - 2
11
กก
ROOF
Design section Load on 2nd floor column

= Roof floor + Column wt.
2nd FLOOR
Load on 1st floor column

Design section = load on 2nd floor column
+ 2nd floor + Column wt.
1st FLOOR Ground level
Load on pier column

Design section = load on 1st floor column
+ 1st floor + Column wt.
Footing
%& $ 11.3 ก ก

*ก%ก$
ก .5 ก
*ก# .5
*ก# ก &# *"$*#'ก &
". .&$ A-2, B-5, C-3 #
# $
" + 11.4
Column @ (A-6)
RB2 $8< RB2 = 5280 kg

RB4 = 4800 kg
3.50 m RB19 = 4416 kg
T1 RB4 T1 = 960 kg
$ Col.Wt. = 756 kg
RB19 0.3 x 0.3 m Floor load = 16212 kg
B5 $ 2B5 = 10764 kg

2B4 = 14736 kg
3.50 m Col.Wt. = 756 kg
B4 B4
Floor load = 26256 kg
$( Cum. load = 42468 kg
B5 0.3 x 0.3 m
B5 $( 2B5 = 10764 kg

2B4 = 14736 kg
B4 B4 1.50 m Col.Wt. = 576 kg
Floor load = 26076 kg
, ก Cum. load = 68544 kg
B5
0.4 x 0.4 m
%& $ 11.4 #.ก ก

*ก
11 - 3
11
กก
% .5 ก

*ก#.(
ก ก*%
% ก"กก$.ก$ C1, C2, C3, …
1(
*%%ก*% 0"(Interior column), 0ก(Exterior column) %*%(Corner
column) " +
11.5
C1 C3 C3 C1
6m
C2 C4 C4 C2
6m
C2 C4 C4 C2
4.5 m
C1 C3 C3 C1
9m 12 m 9m
C1 : Corner column C3 : Exterior column

C2 : Exterior column C4 : Interior column
%& $ 11.5 ก ก*% ก

*ก
11.3 )*+!
ก # &%4ก+ก ก-#% +#ก &%4ก, ก
*ก
.%$+ $&#)
'
#% +#4ก &%" +
11.6 :

กก
กก
ก

ก
ก ก กก

ก
(ก) ก. (') กก. () &%4กก () *%.4ก

%& $ 11.6 $&'
11 - 4
11
กก
1. #%#* %77 4ก &%4ก 4กกก. ( +
11.6ก)
2. #ก% 4ก &%4ก "$4กกก. ( +
11.6')
3. %!&# &%4ก +! 5กก ( +
11.6)
4ก*%ก # ( +
11.6)
%.#%ก.+ก"$."/ก%ก # #กก.ก4%ก "$
!!&%.%."17&-. 4กกก..ก !ก. 4ก &%ก-.
1(%ก#.ก% .ก. (Pitch) %5 5 – 7.5 1%.
11.4 ก!+! ก

"ก
" +
11.7(ก) %#ก # &%4ก ก
*ก P0 4ก
ก ∆ # ก ก
"4กก #%
ก ก .&#&ก&'(%.ก (Strain) % %5 0.002 " +
11.7
(') . "4ก
ก fy "ก #
ก fc′ ก%*".&' +
11.7() ก
P0

ก7 .%' #
.%'ก #4ก &%
P0 = f y Ast + f c′( Ag − Ast ) (11.1)
% Ag !
#
% Ast !
4ก &%
P0
Steel
fy
∆
Stress
fc′
Concrete
Section A-A A A
.001 .002 .003

Strain
(ก) ก#%.ก (') .%%!9. .ก

P0
Fc = ( Ag − Ast ) fc′
fc′
Fs = Ast fy
fy fy
() "4กก #'5ก&ก .&#&
%& $ 11.7 ก ' #%.ก
11 - 5
11
กก
11.5 .
ก+!!
"ก
%ก #4ก- ! %ก.'ก ก'ก #4ก-#%."$.
#. "4ก% Es/Ec
'. "ก #1(-#%
?6@&#&ก #%%7'.%
(Creep) ก #. (Shrinkage) %%ก'(4ก) ก
*ก%ก'( #กก
!.ก
'%ก.
.5-ก%ก (11.1) !"ก
"กกก
( fc′ 15%
P0 = f y Ast + 0.85 f c′( Ag − Ast ) (11.2)
ก
-ก%ก (11.2) +ก"$!,"%# , ACI กก#.+5ก 1("ก 5'%#
ก.'ก %.% /%กก. ก .&#&'
.-%7A!
"'5

ก .&#&'
"ก&ก !
'
- กก#.+5ก ก.
กก.ก4#ก#ก%กก!?#&ก %ก ก1(ก.(".' 11.6 #- ก

*ก #%-%ก& Pu ≤ φ Pn % φ #.+5ก %
ก 0.75 กก.
ก
0.70 ก.
&กก " Pn = 0.85 0.85 f c′ ( Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast  (11.3)
&ก* $" Pn = 0.80  0.85 f c′ ( Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast  (11.4)
% Pn = ก * (Nominal strength) "ก #%.ก

ก '
-ก%ก (11.3) (11.4) ก
"$"ก กก # &%4ก #%
.ก.&9ก #%%# , ACI
11.6 ก!+!!
"ก0*"# "!1)2!
&กก " P = Ag ( 0.25 f ′ + f s ρ g ) (11.5)
&ก* $" P = 0.85 Ag ( 0.25 f ′ + f s ρ g ) (11.6)
% P = ก
*ก"$0#%.ก
ρg = Ast / Ag = # .!
4ก#!

% ก+
0.01 ≤ ρ g ≤ 0.08
fs = .
%"'4ก
= 0.4 fy 4ก' (Deformed bars) SD30 SD40 SD50 ##-%ก& 2,100 กก./1%.2
= 1,200 ก.ก./1%.2 4กก%7&. (Round bars) SR24
&กก "ก ก ก # &%4กกก.

%4ก +! 5 4ก &%กก
' ก0--%ก&
P = 0.225 Ag f ′ + f s Ast + f r Ar (11.7)
% Ar = !
#'4ก &%ก < 0.2 Ag
fr = .
%"'4ก &%ก
= 1,200 ก.ก./1%.2 4ก +! 5 %ก. 116-2529 $*50! Fe24
11 - 6
11
กก
= 700 กก./1%.2 4ก
ก 32ก

% *%-%ก. 6 1%. ก #%ก f c′ ≥ 200 ก.ก./1%.2
2.5 1%. ก7&.
ก ## &%..#' 10 AS&W Gage

! "%ก-%ก. 40

''. .".กก-%ก& 20 1%. .".'.ก-%ก& 10 1%. ก0--%
ก&
 Ag 
P = Ar f r′  1 +  (11.8)
 100 Ar 
% f r′ = .

%"'4ก 1(-%-*%.ก #
ก
32*2" ก
"$ ก-%%ก
ก #"
4ก#4% ก0--%
ก&
 h2 
P = 0.25 f c′ 1 − 0.000025 2  Ac + f r′ Ar (11.9)
 Kc 
h2 h
% f r′ = 1,195 − 0.0342
4ก
%ก ก-%ก. 2,300 กก./1%.2 ≤ 120
K s2 Ks
h = .%.
Kc = 3%- $'#.
ก #
Ks = 3%- $'#
4ก
"! $ 11.1 ก

ก C1 ! $ 1(% ก
*ก %ก
$ 100 # %$.. 4.0 %# ก 300 ก.ก./%.2 ! S1 %.% 12 1%. B1 B2 %'
30×50 1%. ก f c′ = 240 ก.ก./1%.2 "$4ก SD40
4.0 m
S1 B2 S1
C1
B1 B1
5.0 m 5.0 m
%& $ 11.8 "#.

11.1
"# ก
*ก
' ! S1 = 0.12×2,400 = 288 ก.ก./%.2
ก
*ก '! S1 = 1.4(288)+1.7(300) = 913.2 ก.ก./%.2
ก B1 B2 = 1.4×0.3×0.5×2,400 = 504 ก.ก./%.
# .#.'! S1 = 4.0/5.0 = 0.8
11 - 7
11
กก
913.2 × 4  3 − 0.82 
กก! B1 =   = 1,437 ก.ก./%.
3  2 
913.2 × 4
กก! B2 = 2× = 2,435 ก.ก./%.
3
;&ก& & B1 = (504+1,437)(5.0)/2 = 4,853 ก.ก.

;&ก& & B2 = (504+2,435)(4.0)/2 = 5,878 ก.ก.
%%*#&' 30×30 1%. ก 1.4×0.3×0.3×4.0×2,400 = 1,210 ก.ก.
3& ก3ก! * $!
2B1 = 2(4,853) = 9,706 ก.ก.
B2 = 5,878 ก.ก.
ก = 1,210 ก.ก.
.% ก"$ = 16,794 ก.ก.
" ก! * = 116,794 ก.ก.
ก%#* ก. φ = 0.70
ก ก
#ก Pn = 116,794/0.7 = 166,849 ก.ก.
ก%ก Pn = 0.80  0.85 f c′( Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast 
166,849 = 0.8 [ 0.85 (240) (30×30 – Ast) + 4,000 Ast ]
Ast = 4.48 1%.2 < [ 0.01 Ag = 0.01(30×30) = 9.0 1%.2 ] USE Ast = 9.0 4.2
USE 4DB20 (Ast = 12.57 4.2)
11.7 &ก* $"&กก "

ก "$4กก

ก.กก กก.ก4!(4ก"+"#
#ก
!<ก4กกก ก +
11.9 "4!?#&ก %ก ก'ก.ก
ก.1(#ก#ก$ ก .&#&'ก.ก&'(กก ก'4ก" +
11.10(ก)
ก ก
Pu
ก

Pu
ก ก ACI
ก ก
ก
ก ∆
0
กก
%& $ 11.9 !?#&ก %ก ก'ก.กก.
11 - 8
11
กก
."กก.ก #*%ก

ก.กก. &%ก #0"กก
" +
11.10(')
"-ก !&%'(%$$
-กก ก
'ก #*% %
0
%ก

ก #"ก กก.#7.0%กก.กก.กก
!
ก
ก '.%.(.%% "ก 1(%1!)
%ก&
"ก#ก $
ก$ '$ก
(ก) ก (!) ก ก

%& $ 11.10 0!'ก&ก .&#&
11.8 กก&ก* $"

4กก+ก"$!(4ก"+"#
"ก&ก '!.4ก#ก-
A! .ก
7'ก#!?#&ก %''11 %ก. ก
*ก
ก&ก .&#& ก*%กก
ก ก1(
"%ก
ก-+กก'
4ก. ก +/#&8'4ก1( &% ก กก%
"กกก # ก%ก'(
%กก ก(ก #กก (Crushing strength) ก&ก .&#& . 4. ก .ก
"ก
ก!!$.
"ก&ก !&%.ก
ก&ก #กก"+ก.%ก
* 0.003 -%ก
x x x x
x ≤ 15 cm x > 15 cm
x x x x
x x
x x
x ≤ 15 cm x > 15 cm
%& $ 11.11 ก "ก.
11 - 9
11
กก
+2ก *1ก1)2 ก&ก* $"0* ACI :

1. 4ก
*ก#+ก*%ก.
2. "$4กก ≥ 9 %.%. 4ก' ≤ DB32 "$4กก ≥ 12 %.%. 4ก'
DB36 DB40
3. .ก#-%ก& 16
73+ก4ก 48
73+ก4กก .%
ก.
4ก
*
4.
*ก%*%'ก
4ก+ก #-%ก& 135o -%%4กก% ก& 15 1%.

! $ 11.1 ก #*%
*'ก # &%4ก
7"*2 ก 322 $3* (4.)
ก #%77&.&
*ก' 7
"$#+0ก DB20-DB60 5
DB16 ก. 4
0" 4ก ก. กก. 4
"! $ 11.2 ก4กก ก."#.

11.1
กก"$4ก RB9 .5 .กก
*'
16
73+ก4ก = 16(2.0) = 32 1%.
48
73+ก4กก = 48(0.9) = 43 1%.
.%ก.
4ก
* = 30 1%. "3กก
USE Stirrup RB9 @ 0.30
0.30
4DB20
0.30
RB9 @ 0.30
%& $ 11.12 #"#.

11.2
11 - 10
11
กก

11.3 ก
11.13 ก ก C1
ก A – 2 ก
2
C1 ก f c′ = 240 ก.ก./!".2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./!".
C1
ก A – 2
RB7 2 × % RB7 = 3.54
&'(
2 × % RB9 = 4.86
↓ 3.5 ".
RB9 C1 RB9
& ก = 0.47
0.2 × 0.2 ".
RB7 ก = 8.87
% B1 = 6.51
B17 % B9 = 8.24
&
2 × % B17 = 12.64
↓ 3.5 ".
B9 C1 B1
&* ก = 0.47
0.2 × 0.2 ".
B17 )"ก " = 27.86
ก = 36.73
2 × % GB1 = 18.52
GB2
&* 2 × % GB2 = 24.36
↓ 1.5 ".
GB1 C1 GB1 ก = 0.20
+ก
0.2 × 0.2 ".
)"ก " = 43.08
GB2
ก = 79.81

11.13 ก ก)
11.3

1. ก ( !"#$% !) ' %( !$% !%)
&,,
)ก-ก ก,
ก .

"ก
) φ = 0.70
กก ก/
,ก Pn = 36.73 / 0.7 = 52.47
ก"ก Pn = 0.80 0.85 f c′( Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast 
52.47 = 0.80 [ 0.85(0.24)(20 × 20 − Ast ) + (4.0) Ast ]
2
Ast = – 4.22 !". )ก%ก
"กก)ก
,ก () '*ก)
+ Ast = 0.01Ag
2 2
0.01Ag = 0.01×20×20 = 4.0 !". USE 4DB12 ( Ast = 4.52 ,. )
11 - 11
11
กก
/ก') : 0.2 . × 0.2 . '*ก 4DB12 ( Ast = 4.52 ,.2 )

Pn = 0.80 [ 0.85(0.24)(20 × 20 − 4.52) + 4.0 × 4.52]
= 79.0 > [ Pn = 52.47

,ก ] OK
ก '*ก'ก : &,ก

) RB9 %)0ก%
,
)
16 ,123ก4ก5 = 16×1.2 = 19.2 !". 00+
48 ,123ก4กก = 48×0.9 = 43.2 !".
%)"ก),,
,
= 20 !".
USE Stirrup RB9 @ 0.18 .
2. ก ( !%$%1ก)

ก .

"ก
) φ = 0.70
กก ก/
,ก Pn = 79.81/ 0.7 = 114.0
ก"ก Pn = 0.80 0.85 f c′( Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast 
114.0 = 0.80 [ 0.85(0.24)(20 × 20 − Ast ) + (4.0) Ast ]

2
Ast = 16.04 !". = 0.04Ag [ 0.01Ag ≤ Ast ≤ 0.08Ag ] OK
2
USE 8DB16 ( Ast = 16.08 ,. )
/ก') : 0.2 . × 0.2 . '*ก 8DB16 ( Ast = 16.08 ,.2 )

Pn = 0.80 [ 0.85(0.24)(20 × 20 − 16.08) + 4.0 × 16.08]
= 114.11 > [ Pn = 114.0

,ก ] OK
ก '*ก'ก : &,ก

) RB9 %)0ก%
,
)
16 ,123ก4ก5 = 16×1.6 = 25.6 !".
48 ,123ก4กก = 48×0.9 = 43.2 !".
%)"ก),,
,
= 20 !". 00+
USE 2 Stirrup RB9 @ 0.20 .
, C1
&6"/

11.14
0.20 m
&'( ELEV. + 7.20 ".

↓ 3.5 ". 4 DB12
0.20 m
& ELEV. + 3.70 ".
RB9 @ 0.18 m
11 - 12
11
กก
0.20 m
& ELEV. + 3.70 ".

↓ 3.5 ". 4 DB12
&* ELEV. + 0.20 ". 0.20 m
RB9 @ 0.18 m
0.20 m
&* ELEV. + 0.20 ".

↓ 1.5 ". 8 DB16
0.20 m
+ก ELEV. – 1.50 ". 2 RB9 @ 0.20 m

11.14 1กก , )
11.3
11.9 กก'ก ก'

%)""กก
-"/*/%ก

ก77กก
)"ก ,/,
ก ก
กกกกก
) (
11.15) กก -)ก/%ก
-"/*"5 กก ก
ก ,/, ก
f f = f c′ + 4.1 f 2 (11.10)
"5 ff %5ก/%ก

ก ก ,/, f2 %5 ,/,
Initial shape Pu
Spiral f2
Final shape
f2

11.15 ) ก
)
กก กก
)-",ก8
9กกก /5ก,"ก&&,)ก
9,
-""ก ,/,
"กกก
)ก*%ก
0.85 f c′ ( Ag − Acore ) = 4.1 f 2 Acore (11.11)
"5 Acore %5-5

กก -5
f2 "/-5
ก%ก/กก
) ,-0 กก
%ก
กก
) ก %* กก",123ก9, 1:""
11.16
"5)" )9,)
hcore S f 2 = 2 Ab f y
11 - 13
11
กก
2 Ab f y
f2 = (11.12)
hcore S
"5 S %5ก
) Ab %5-5
/กก
)
hcore
Core
s
s
Ab fy
Spiral
Ab fy

11.16 ) กก
)
กก กก
%"ก (11.12) "ก (11.11) ,) /,/"ก,) Acore 9,
 Ag  4.1(2 Ab f y )
0.85 f c′  − 1 = (11.13)
 Acore  hcore S
ก, ρs .))"/กก
)" "/ ก
Abπ hcore 4 Ab
ρs = = (11.14)
(π hcore / 4) S hcore S
2
% Ab ก"ก (11.14) "ก (11.13) 9,

0.42 f c′  Ag 
ρs =  − 1
f y  Acore 
0.45 f c′  Ag 
;%)/ก 0.42 . 0.45 9, ρs =  − 1 (11.15)
f y  Acore 
!*ก4%5/,ก/ ACI fy 9"ก 4,000 ก.ก./!".2

ACI 9,ก
กก ก"กก
)
%5 :
1. ,ก),,
: hmin ≥ 20 !".
2. "04ก5 : 0.01 ≤ ρ g ≤ 0.08 &,4ก, 6 ,

3. &))4กก9",ก) 2.5 !". 9"ก 8 !".
4. ,123ก4กก9",ก) 9 ".".

11.4 ก ,ก"กก
)-5ก" ) ก
11.17 ก
%ก
"
fc′ = 240 ก.ก./!".2 4ก5.4ก/,, SD40 "
fy = 4,000 ก.ก./!".2 4กกก
).4กก"
1)
SR24 / 6 5 9 ".". "
fy = 2,400 ก.ก./!".2 ก ก 300 ก.ก./". ก ก%
ก
-5%ก
20 !".
11 - 14
11
กก
(DL+LL)
(DL+LL)
(DL+LL)

1

6 . 6 . 6 .
5 .
5 .

11.17 ,ก")
11.4

ก ก%
/ -5 = 0.20×2,400 = 480 ก.ก./".2
ก ก/-5 = 1.4(480)+1.7(300) = 1,182 ก.ก./".2
ก +ก'' = 3(6.0)(5.0)(1,182) = 106,380 ก.ก. = 106.4
ก .กก
) φ = 0.75, ,/,123ก 30 !".
-5
, " Ag = π (15) 2 = 707 !".2
กก
,ก Pn = 106.4/0.75 = 143
ก"ก Pn = 0.85  0.85 f c′( Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast 
143 = 0.85 [0.85(0.24)(707 - Ast) + 4.0 Ast]
Ast = 6.32 !".2 < [0.01Ag = 0.01(707) = 7.1 !".2 ] USE Min. Ast
() '*ก! 6DB16 (Ast = 12.06 !".2)

&,4กกก
)/ 9 ".". ( Ab = 0.636 !".2 ) %ก
," 2 !".
-5
กก Acore = π (15 − 2 − 0.9) 2 = 460 !".2
0.45 f c′  Ag  0.45(240)  707 

)4กกก
) ρs =  − 1 =  − 1 = 0.0242
f y  Acore  2, 400  460 
4 Ab 4(0.636)
ก"ก (11.14) S= = = 4.34 !".
hcore ρ s (30 − 4 − 1.8)(0.0242)
11 - 15
11
กก
() '*ก'ก ก'

RB9@0.04 (&)ก: 2.5 !". < 4 - 0.9 = 3.1 !". < 8 !".) OK
RB9@0.04
0.30
.
6DB16

11.18 ,กก
))
11.4
11.10 5) /6 7(กก

ก

&)",/กก "0/
กก -5%)0ก/) /

"4ก

9,%5 20 !". × 20 !". 4ก",4ก

&,9,%5 DB12 ,"

""
(4DB12 : ρg
2 2
= 4×1.13/400 = 0.0113) ,&,%ก
f c′ = 240 ก.ก./!". 4ก" fy = 4,000 ก.ก./!". "
กก
""ก (11.4) 9, ก
Pu = 0.70 × 0.80 [ 0.85 × 0.24(400 − 4.52) + 4.0 × 4.52] = 55.3
ก0

ก ก Pu
"
%,ก) 55.3 ก4,&,/4ก

)ก0
/ก"
กก
) ,123ก4ก
%5 ∅ = 20 !". (Ag = π × 202/4 = 314.16 !".2) 4ก",
%5 6 ,
2 2 2
DB12 (Ast = 6×1.13 = 6.78 !". ) ,&,%ก
f c′ = 240 ก.ก./!". 4ก" fy = 4,000 ก.ก./!". "
ก
ก""ก (11.3) 9, ก
Pu = 0.75 × 0.85 [ 0.85 × 0.24(314.16 − 6.78) + 4.0 × 6.78] = 57.3
,ก ก"กก)%,

ก4"ก (11.3) 5 (11.4) " ;%" <=,/*
9,ก"0%5
Pu
'ก
Ag (trial) ≥ (11.16)
0.40 ( f c′ + f y ρ g )
"5 ρ g = Ast / Ag
Pu
'ก ก'
Ag (trial) ≥ (11.17)
0.50 ( f c′ + f y ρ g )
กก ก

)8 ",) " ) ก.ก ก4"ก"
7""3)",) -5,"
%)"

),*ก,&,)4ก",

1% 7"04ก"
""1
1.5% * 3%
%%!*ก ก"ก6ก4"4ก9,* 4% ",)"+",
"9,* 8% ก4" 9"%)"ก 4% -5
ก
%)" /4ก"7>-
%-
11 - 16
11
กก

"
%)"&กก7ก5ก7ก ,/,"5ก ก 1ก4%5ก7""3/*
5กก523/,กก ) กก ก ,&"
%)""กก
ก "ก (11.3) (11.4) &, 7 ACI ก,)%)"& k lu / r "
%
9"ก 22 %
7%9""
ก*,/, %
"
ก*,/,ก .9,"5
%)"&"
%9"ก
k lu M 
≤ 34 − 12  1  (11.18)
r  M2 
"5 k = 'ก3%)") <1 !*7%*"

%,ก)5 ก 1.0
lu = %)")
2กก)ก1)-5*, ,%&
r = 2"
9&"
% ก 0.3 %0%)"*ก,

"151, 0.25 %0,123ก,ก"
M1 / M 2 = )7""3
7%*7 )9) + 0.5 * – 0.5

"", k = 1.0 M 1 / M 2 = + 0.5 !*.%
159),%/,"ก "5 %
"ก (11.18) 9,)."5 k lu / r ≤ 28

"9,) lu / h ≤ 8.4
กก
4ก5"กก 0. )07% &5&),&
ก45ก4ก,"
%)") 10 "
-5
4ก"
&
/*95กก ก ก4ก"ก. ",);
"
ก &7&,/,&กก4"
ก4ก5 ก
11.19
s s

s s
Max. slope 1:6

s/2 s/2 7.5 cm
s/2
7.5 cm max.

to bottom of
beam bars
Extra ties within

15 cm of offset
s
s
(ก) $ %&$-()* () $ %&$-()$ก

11.19
ก 4ก5
11 - 17
11
กก
"/,ก ACI 4ก/,, SD40 ,9",ก) 30db 9",ก)

2
30 !". f c′
,ก) 210 ก.ก./!". ,-"
ก*"
89 )
11
11.1 ;8 -0กก ก
9, Pu /,

"151,"/,ก
2
ACI ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./!".
2
) f c′ (ก.ก./,. ) b (,.) h (,.) '*ก
(1) 240 40 40 8 DB25
(2) 240 50 50 16 DB28
(3) 240 30 30 8 DB20
(4) 240 30 60 12 DB28
(5) 280 35 35 10 DB20
(6) 280 40 40 4 DB28
(7) 280 35 70 12 DB28
(8) 280 40 80 8 DB32
(9) 320 40 40 8 DB28
(10) 320 30 50 6 DB28
11.2 ; 8 - 0ก ก ก
9, Pu /, ก"กก
)"
/,ก ACI ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./!".2 (D = ,123ก, !".)
2
) f c′ (ก.ก./,. ) D (,.) '*ก
(1) 240 30 6 DB16
(2) 240 35 8 DB20
(3) 280 40 8 DB25
(4) 280 45 8 DB28
(5) 320 50 12 DB32
11.3 ;8 ก

"

"151, 5ก" "
&/
ก " ) ก"/, ก ACI กก , ก 4 ก ก /
,

4ก" &, fy = 4,000 ก.ก./!".2 "04ก"ก,%
ก% ρg
," (PD = ก
ก%
, PL = ก ก, b = %)"ก),

"151, ρg = Ast/Ag)
2
) f c′ (ก.ก./,. ) PD () PL () ρ g ( %) )
(1) 240 100 100 4

"
(2) 240 320 200 3.5

"
(3) 240 110 80 7

"
(4) 280 150 115 3

"
(5) 240 90 80 2

"151,, b = 30 !".
(6) 240 140 150 4.5

"151,, b = 35 !".
(7) 240 105 75 3

"151,, b = 30 !".
(8) 280 340 230 2

"151,, b = 45 !".
11 - 18
11
กก
(9) 240 180 65 4 ก"กก

)
(10) 240 235 110 3.25 ก"กก
)
(11) 240 200 130 5 ก"กก
)
(12) 280 140 100 4.25 ก"กก
)
11.4 ก %/, ก กก ก 300 ก.ก./". ก ก%

360 ก.ก./". % B1 "
/ 30×50 !". % B2 "
/ 20×40 !". "
1% ก%ก 500 ก.ก./".
&, fy = 4,000 ก.ก./!".2 ,ก"ก&

2
f c′ (ก.ก./,. ) PD () PL ()
C1 240 80 60
C2 240 120 100
C3 280 160 140
C4 280 200 170
2m 4m 4m 5m 4m
B1 C2 B1 C2 B1 C2 B1 C2 B1 C1
B2 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 4m
B1 B1 B1 B1 B1
C3 C4 C4 C4 C2
B2 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 5m
B1 C2 B1 C2 B1 C3 B1 C4 B1 C2
B1 S B1 S B1 3m
C1 C2 C1
B2 B2
11 - 19
12
ก

12

ก

12.1

ก

ก ก!
กก" ก
ก#
$
ก" ก # % ก# ก
&ก '&$ (

)*ก) '
ก(ก +ก #'
ก#,*& *% &กก-
$
ก! -*.&กกก!'&ก" ก#,* ก --
h # */& ก'+
P $
M
%&* 12.1(ก) ก กก

b (ก)
$ P ก' #,* e = M / P
&*
12.1(+) 23
*ก
(ก )*ก'กก
#,* ก e '
ก'

e P

"
"$ ก ก (Crushing failure) ก
ก+!ก$ ก
#,*กก!
3
()
ก &+
"
"$ 3
'

/ก
'
ก ' ก ( "
"
P '
4-ก
ก & #,*กก!
M = Pe
ก - ' & ก" 5 4( กก3 +3 ก
/
()
ก ก

23 ก'
ก -ก"ก'
ก
% 6
&ก.#$
ก
φMn ≥ Mu (12.1ก)
12.1 '
ก(ก$ & φ Pn ≥ Pu (12.1+)
12.2 ก

!ก"ก#! $
* 12.2(ก)
'
ก ( ก +ก
ก
Pn # ,* e
ก
6,*ก กก
+.ก" ก"
"
* 12.2(+) $ ( "

12 - 1
12
ก

* ก# &ก 6

ก
กก"23 * c ก6"

( +) # กก*ก" +3ก

!ก" '& 7กก#
ก

ก ".+

)ก#
+ก ก
εcu ก# &!ก"

ก
ε s′ &+. &!ก
3ก
εs $ !ก

# As′ !ก
3# As *
d ′ d '
ก6"

As fs As′ fs′
e P
εs 0.85 fc′
ε s′ ε cu
d′
c a
h
d
width = b
(ก)

ก () กก!" () #$%
12.2 /& '

ก(ก#,*
/& ก" +3
* 12.2()
&ก )*ก กก
* % ก
&

3ก a = β1c # ". (+& " -
[∑ Fy = 0] Pn = 0.85 f c′ a b + As′ f s′ − As f s (12.2)
$ 6,*ก+

ก" ก/& ก
$ ก" ก'
ก(ก Pn :
h a h   h
[∑ M Centerline = 0] M n = Pn e = 0.85 f c′ab  −  + As′ f s′  − d ′  + As f s  d −  (12.3)
2 2 2   2
# #,*กก"
"ก" $ กก&!ก
3 fs = fy # ก )3ก#

εc = εcu = 0.003 &+. !ก

)3( ก#-ก!- 23 ".กก# ก
# #ก ก# )3+ 'ก
ก !ก" ก 23 &"!ก
-กก'
ก(ก

*ก!-

ก" +3ก
/+ก# ก
!ก" )'.ก# &!กก -

d −c
!ก
3 : ε s = ε cu (12.4)
c
d −c
f s = ε cu Es ≤ fy (12.5)
c
c − d′
!ก

: ε s′ = ε cu (12.6)
c
c − d′
f s′ = ε cu Es ≤ fy (12.7)
c
3ก+8ก a = β1 c ≤ h (12.8)

&ก : C = 0.85 f c′ a b (12.9)
12 - 2
12
ก

!- )* 'ก"# c ก!)'. ".

ก" +3&!ก
3 !ก

&ก - ก (12.4) )3 (12.9) 23 ก!'&)
'. Pn Mn กก (12.2) (12.3) - & (
* 12.3 กก - #,* e " ก* 2# '
ก
(กก#,*ก # ก

!ก"

# ก#,*
" +3!ก""
3 +.ก" ก"
"#ก 6"

ก" )3 ε cu = 0.003
&! ก
3
- )3 ( ก f s < f y ก"
" 3 )* ก ( $ ก
(Compression-controlled
failure) # #,*ก+3+.ก" ก"
"&!ก
3)3( ก ก"
")*ก(
$ ก 3 (Tension-controlled failure)
Pn Pn Pn Pn
e e e e
Small Eccentricity Large Eccentricity
12.3 กก #,* 7
% & 12.1 '.ก'

'
ก(ก Pn $ Mn '&ก" /ก#
&* 12.4(+) +
ก "!ก+ 25×40 2. "!ก 4DB28 ก' fc′ = 210 ก.ก./2.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2.2
20 cm 20 cm
5 cm 5 cm
0.001
εs
12.5 cm
4DB28 ε s′
ε cu =
12.5 cm 0.003
10 cm c = 30 cm
(ก)
() กก!"
12.4

/ก# &
12.1
%'(
12 - 3
12
ก

1.
)ก
*%*
+* ,ก'
ก : ε cu = 0.003
!ก" : ε y = f y / Es = 4, 000 / 2.04 ×106 = 0.002
2. &%+,ก
-
d −c 32.5 − 30
f s = ε cu Es = 0.003 × 2.04 × 106 = 510 ก.ก./2.2 < [ fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2.2 ] OK
c 30
3. &%+,ก
c − d′ 30 − 7.5
f s′ = ε cu Es = 0.003 × 2.04 × 106 = 4,590 ก.ก./2.2 > [ fy = 4,000 กก./2.2 ] NG
c 30
f s′ = f y = 4, 000 ก.ก./2.2
4.
+* ก
a = β1c = 0.85(30) = 25.5 2.
C = 0.85 f c′ ab = 0.85(210)(25.5)(25)/1000 = 113.8

5. +,ก'
T = Asfs = 2(6.16)(510)/1000 = 6.28

T ′ = As′ f s′ = 2(6.16)(4000)/1000 = 49.28

6.
"
Pn = C + T ′ - T = 113.8 + 49.28 – 6.28 = 156.8

Mn = 113.8(20-25.5/2) + 6.28(20-7.5) + 49.28(20-7.5) = 1,520
-2. = 15.2
-
e = Mn/Pn = 1,520/156.8 = 9.7 2.
ก
12.1 ! # * กก
ก!)' .ก'

ก Pn ก'
$
Mn - $ &:"
"&กก#

ก
'
ก(ก# Pu Mu 'กก
#
ก'
ก

ก#-23 '- $ &%6/*":"

;
12.3 /0'1'2(

ก$
ก
ก'

6 ก'
+
:"

;ก
";
ก#6/*":"

;$ & กก " $
ก
&* 12.5
#
ก$
ก! ก( "ก
(Mn, Pn) 6/*" # ก#
,* e = Mn/Pn ) Mn Pn " +3
# e ( "ก
# กก( ก'"

, -ก
)3+ 'ก
+
ก
e ก!- ก
,3 +
ก-% "
)3+ 'ก
+
'%-# 7$ e ก “,*” #
ก 23 *ก
" ก ( # P0 #ก'

ก
# " e -# 7ก!- ( + 'ก
+ก'

ก
ก P0 $ก- +ก)3ก# e “
” #
P ,*

ก
ก'
Mn 3ก'

+

12 - 4
12
ก

Pn
P0
(
(ก

ll

"% e = Mn / Pn &"'
e sma
e=0
eb : ก

e large (
(ก)
Mn
e=∞ M0
12.5 6/*":"

;ก
ก
12.4 ก%''
"
ก"
" (#/ก"
"23 6"ก

)3
# ε cu = 0.003
&!ก"
3)3( ก ε y = f y / Es ก

&6/*" &*
12.6 ก

;+ -
eb cb 0.003
Pb =
d f y / Es + 0.003
0.003 6,120 d
cb = d= (12.10)
f y /(2, 040, 000) + 0.003 f y + 6,120
As As′ (+& " :
cb Pb = Cc + Cs − T (12.11)
εs = ε y ε s′ ε cu
# Cc = 0.85 f c′ab = 0.85 f c′β1cb b ,
T = As f y ,
d′
d Cs = As′ ( f s′ − 0.85 f c′) ≈ As′ f s′
h
f s′ '.- กก (12.7) $ &% cb #
As fs As′ fs′ f s′ = 6,120 (cb − d ′) / cb ≤ f y
0.85 fc′ Cc, T Cs &ก (12.11) -

Pb = 0.85 f c′β1cb b + As′ f s′ − As f y (12.12)
($ ,*ก

:
ab
h a h   h
M b = Cc  −  + Cs  − d ′  + T  d −  (12.13)
12.6
/ ( 2 2 2   2
12 - 5
12
ก

# Pb Mb ก!)'.#,* / (- # eb = Mb/Pb 23 # '
ก
#,*" (e) '&/ก"
"+
#
ก4 1: e < eb
Mb cb c > cb '& εs < εy

εy
d −c
f s = ε cu Es < fy
c
εcu
M < Mb
# " '
ก(ก+3# 7ก" ก"
" ก

Compression Failure
ก4 2: e > eb
M > Mb M
b
c < cb '& εs > εy

cb
εy fs = f y
# " '

ก(ก+3# 7ก" ก"
" ก 3
εcu
Tension Failure
% & 12.2

30×50 2. "!ก 4DB28 (
&* ก'

+ก fc′ =
240 ก.ก./2.2 ก'
ก+!ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2.2 ". (1) '
ก(ก Pb$ Mb
#,* eb / (+ก"
" (2) '
ก(ก$ '&ก" ก"
"$
(3) '
ก
(ก$ '&ก" ก"
"$ 3 (4) ก'

ก# #,*ก
,* ก

(5) 6/*":"

;+ก'
+

50 cm %'(
5 cm 5 cm
Pn 1. 0%
"ก%''
30 cm εcu = 0.003
εy = fy/Es = 4000/2.04×106 = 0.002
6,120d 6,120 × 45
e cb = = = 27.2 2.
f y + 6,120 4, 000 + 6,120
εs
ab = β1cb = 0.85(27.2) = 23.1 2.
c
ε s′ ε cu = 0.003
fs = fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2.2
5 cm  27.2 − 5 
f s′ = 0.003 × 2.04 × 106   = 4,995 ก.ก./2.2
 27.2 
45 cm
-ก"ก'
ก

f’s = fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2.2
12.7
&
12.2
Cc = 0.85(240)(30)(23.1)/1000 = 141.4

T = 2(6.16)(4.0) = 49.28

12 - 6
12
ก

Cs = 2(6.16)(4.0) = 49.28

Pb = Cc + Cs – T = 141.4 + 49.28 – 49.28 = 141.4

Mb = 141.4(25 - 23.1/2) + 49.28(25 - 5) + 49.28(45-25)
= 3,873
-2. = 38.7
-
eb = Mb/Pb = 3,873/141.4 = 27.4 2.
2. 0%%''

23 ก" +3# e < eb # c > cb # ก c = 30 5.
a = 0.85(30) = 25.5 2.
Cc = 0.85(240)(30)(25.5)/1,000 = 156.1

fs = 6,120(45-30)/30 = 3,150 ก.ก./2.2 < [fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2.2] OK
f’s = 6,120(30-5)/30 = 5,250 ก.ก./2.2 > [fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2.2] NG
f’s = fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2.2
Pn = 156.1 + 4.0(12.32) – 3.15(12.32) = 166.6

Mn = 156.1(25-25.5/2) + 4.0(12.32)(25-5) + 3.15(12.32)(45-25)
= 3,674
-2. = 36.7
-
e = 3,674/166.6 = 22.1 2. < [eb = 27.4 2.]
3. 0%%''

- 23 ก" +3# e > eb # c < cb # ก c = 20 5.
a = 0.85(20) = 17.0 2.
Cc = 0.85(240)(30)(17.0)/1000 = 104.0

fs = fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2.2 ($ ")
f’s = 6,120(20-5)/20 = 4,725 กก./2.2 > [ fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2.2] NG
f’s = fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2.2
Pn = 104.0 + 4.0(12.32) – 4.0(12.32) = 104.0

Mn = 104.0(25-17/2) + 4.0(12.32)(25-5) + 4.0(12.32)(45-25)
= 3,687
-2. = 36.9
-
e = 3,687/104.0 = 35.5 2. > [eb = 27.4 2.]
4. 0%%ก 23 ก" +3 # e = 0 # c = ∝ Mn = 0

P0 = 0.85 f c′ bh + (As + A’s) fy
= 0.85(0.24)(30)(50) + 4(6.16)(4.0) = 404.6

5. /0'1' 2( ก
12 - 7
12
ก

(4)
P0
Compression
failure
Load, Pn (ton)
(2)
cm
.1 (1)
22
= cm
e Tension
= 27.4
e = eb failure
e = 35.5 cm (3)
Moment, Mn (t-m)
12.8 6/*":"

;&
12.2
12.5 /0'1'2(ก ก

ก* 12.8 6/*":"

;)*กก".#&". 3 # ก"
"" กก
ก+ก

+
&".)&ก

ก+
ก# # $ " +3## #,*" +3
Pn &". ($ ก
< "ก
ก
"!ก- # กก"
"
4DB32 " ก" +3$ กก+!ก
3&+.
4DB28 ก# &ก * ' ก ' ก
#

ก'" +3ก!ก% ก#
&!ก '&)
$ - " +3!ก
)3 ( กก

&" .+ 6/* "ก'

Mn
$ 3" +3!ก# " '
ก(ก
12.9 6+".!ก 6/*":"

; ก
)!ก"+ &4+3% &% DB28 ก!&%!ก DB32 *+6/*"
+ "*
ก'
+
" +323 ) ก ก
ก
+ DB28 ก!- 6/*" &4ก
&* 12.9
+ก' + ACI &
*. ก'
+ก φ = 0.70 +กก φ = 0.75

)*ก'&%ก
6/*" - ก<=># &- 6/*"'
กก
%&* 12.10 ( D′ & 7
ก- กก*.( "ก

+( D <=>
*. ก'
# ก
< "ก+&ก#
ACI 3ก' &
*. ก'
" +3 0.90 23
'
# φPn 'ก 0.1 fc′Ag ก" +3+ φ &%- ก
!ก ก'
ก-ก" 4,000 ก.ก./2.2
*ก"!ก h – ds – d’ > 0.7h '
-- # -+
ก&#ก
ก 0.1 fc′Ag # φ Pb ( " " φ 0.90
12 - 8
12
ก

Mn D
ก&"' *
ก
* b
Pn "
D′
φ Pn ก
φ Mn ds d′
φ Pn Pn h
0.1 fc′ Ag
Mn, φ Mn
12.10 6/*":"

;& %&กก
ก
ก( #ก
"$ &% ( ab &* 12.11) * φ Pn(max) ก

ก
%: φ Pn(max) = 0.80φ [0.85 f c′ Ag + fy Ast] , φ = 0.70 (12.14)
กก%: φ Pn(max) = 0.85φ [0.85 f c′ Ag + fy Ast] , φ = 0.75 (12.15)
P0
)(&ก
กก!# '
ก(ก
a b
&

#

$ !ก (e/h ≤ 0.10 # h #3ก

φ Pn (max) ?กก
ก() (6 ก#
1. (ก $ !กก6" &ก
ก -)*ก".&กก
Mn 2. ก'
+

12.11 ก +ก'

'
ก #,*
'
กก&:"
"
6/*"$ ".!ก" ρg = Ast/Ag ก 0.01
)3 0.08 ก
''
ก(ก$ ก&

ก' ( &6/*" (M u / φ , Pu / φ ) ก
#ก".!ก"".ก '+( 6/*"ก'
!ก (
(( ก*
&ก 6/*"
ก'- $ ก+$ก" $ c #ก6"

)3ก"'&ก'. กก
# c/h ก 0.0 )3 1.0 ".!ก# ρg =
Ast/Ag ก 0.01 )3 0.08 23 % & กก
+6/*"&*&* -'&&%-
ก" +3

ก " 3 φ Pn /( Ag f c′) φ M n /( Ag h f c′) +6/*" ".!ก
&%# ρg m # m = f y / 0.85 fc′ h #3ก+&",
$

12 - 9
12
ก

2
h
3.0
1.8 γh
2.5
1.6
b
1.4 2.0
1.2 1.5 e Pn
φ Pn
1 1.0
Ag f c′
0.8
0.5 γ = 0.80
0.6
ρg m = 0
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
φ M n / Ag h f c′
12.12 6/*":"

;+ 6#6'
γ = 0.80
2
h
3.0
1.8 γh
2.5
1.6
b
2.0
1.4
1.2 1.5 e Pn
φ Pn
1 1.0
Ag f c′
0.8
0.5 γ = 0.90
0.6
ρg m = 0
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
φ M n / Ag h f c′
12.13 6/*":"

;+ 6#6'
γ = 0.90
12 - 10
12
ก

1.4
.05
γD
0
0.1
5
0
0.1
20
e/D =
0.
ρg = 0.08
1.2
D
0.06
1.0
0
0.04 0.3
0.8 e Pn
φ Pn
D 2 f c′ 0.02 0.4
0
0.6
0.50 γ = 0.60
0.00
0.4
1.00
0.2
0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40
φMn
D 3 f c′
12.14

ก
γ = 0.60
1.4
0
γD
0.1
0.05
5
0.1
20
ρg = 0.08
=
0.
e/D
1.2
0.06 D
1.0
0
0.04 0. 3
0.8 e Pn
φ Pn
0.02 0
D 2 f c′ 0.4
0.6
0.5
0 γ = 0.80
0.00
0.4
1.00
0.2
0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40
φMn
D 3 f c′
12.15

ก
γ = 0.80
12 - 11
12
ก

12.3 ก

!"ก!#$%"&ก'(ก Pu = 120 )*
Mu = 12 - ก f c′ = 210 ก.ก./,.2 ) fy = 4,000 ก.ก./,.2
"ก"&'*!)-.#!/!' 140 ก.ก./,.2:

Pu 120(1, 000)
Trial Ag = = = 857 ,.2
140 140
"ก 30 × 40 ,. "&' 1,200 ,.2

%#-%.ก"$0
*!ก φ Pn = Pu
φ Pn 120(1, 000)
= = 0.48
Ag f c′ 1, 200(210)
φMn 12(1, 000)(100)

= = 0.12
Ag h f c′ 1, 200(40)(210)
)-%. γ = 0.80 ก$' 12.23 .%. ρg m = 0.35

0.85(210)
" m = f y / 0.85 f c′ , ρ g = 0.35 × = 0.016
4, 000
Ast = ρ g Ag = 0.016(1, 200) = 19.2 ,.2
ก 4DB25 (Ast = 19.63 .2)
12.6 # $% &%'()& &(&

%
12.6.1 #ก*# + )

'#ก P )*ก x %" Mx )*ก y %" My
$ 12.16
1ก-2&ก'(ก P ก)'')!)!"&3!กก x %" ex )กก y %" ey ,45ก
ex = Mx / P ) ey = My / P (12.16)
P
P
y
Mx ey
b y ex
h
x
My x
12.16

&#ก)*'!'.&ก!"&3!
ก# .#!$0%".#!'ก4&%.5.กก'!$ .$ก-'%%
#ก)*.#ก& )-.#ก*!#
.#)#..#!'
ก4&).#!'!$#ก)*'ก4&'&
ก %.#'55.ก4
f a fbx f by
+ + ≤ 1.0 (12.17)
Fa Fbx Fby
12 - 12
12
ก

" fa = .#!'ก4& = P/Ag = P/(bh)

fbx = .#!'ก4&ก x = Mx cx / Ix " cx = h/2
fby = .#!'ก4&ก y = My cy / Iy " cy = b/2
Fa = .#!'!$ = 0.34 (1 + ρg m) fc′
Fbx = Fby = .#!'!$ = 0.45 f c′
fy
m =
0.85 f c′
Ast
ρg = =
.#6ก
'&."&'
Ag
As
ρ = =
.#6ก
4."&'
bd
As′
ρ′ = =
.#6ก
4."&'
bd
12.6.2 #,
'#&-
%"
#)ก#ก)*''$.#!'ก4&$6ก
)%ก%.'.ก.#!
'!$ก )!)!"&3!
( eb
.75ก
&
# &#. - #:
6ก'.ก'&

กก!# (' 12.17ก) ebx = eby = 0.43ρ g mDs + 0.14h (12.18)

ก!# (' 12.17%) ebx = eby = 0.67 ρ g m + 0.17  (h − d ′) (12.19)
# &ก:
6กก)!'.ก
#

กก!# (' 12.17) ebx = eby = 0.43ρ g mDs + 0.14 D (12.20)
# &#. - #:

6ก'.ก'&

ก!# (' 12.17) ebx = 0.67 ρ g m + 0.17  (h − d ′) (12.21)
eby =  0.67 ρ g m + 0.17  (b − d ′) (12.22)
12.6.3 1-2#$ &

ก$' 12.17 %(-

&
# &#. - # !6ก2#ก (' 12.17ก) :
h4 D2
*0! Ix = Iy = + Ast (2n − 1) s
12 8
"&'
Ag = h 2
)!)* cx = c y = h / 2
# &ก:
6กก)!'.ก
# (' 12.17) :
12 - 13
12
ก

π D4 Ds2
*0! Ix = Iy = + Ast (2n − 1)
64 8
π D2
"&'
Ag =
4
)!)* cx = c y = D / 2
d′ Ds = γ h d′ d′ Ds = γ D d′
h x D x
y y
(ก)
!(
!6ก!"#ก () ก
b
γb
d′ γh d′
d
h γh x
h d x
y y
(%)
!(
()
!"
12.17

.7
# &#. - # !6ก!""ก'&
(' 12.17%) :
h4 (γ h) 2
*0! Ix = Iy = + Ast (2n − 1)
12 6
"&'
Ag = h 2
)!)* cx = c y = h / 2
# &#33 !6ก!""ก'&

(' 12.17) :
bh3 (γ h) 2
*0! Ix = + Ast (2n − 1)
12 6
hb3 (γ b) 2
Iy = + Ast (2n − 1)
12 6
12 - 14
12
ก

"&'
Ag = bh
)!)* cx = h / 2, c y = b / 2
12.6.4 กก%$$#

#ก P )* M )!)!"&3! e = M/P ).ก2 3 0.#)!)!"&3! $
12.18 &%"

1 : e ≤ ea ก2
#ก!!.!#
ก (11.5) " (11.6) *!
 1 1 
)!)!"&3! ea = M s  −  (12.23)
 Pa Po 
" Pa = %.'%#-5ก
ก (11.5) " (11.6)
Po = Fa Ag
M s = Fb S
*
S = I /c
ea
Po
Pa 1
2
eb
Pb
Ma Mo Mb Ms
12.18 0.#กก

#ก)*
0
2 : ea < e ≤ eb ก
#ก)*.#ก
ก (12.17)
)!)!"&3!
( eb %#-ก
ก (12.18) 14 (12.22)

3 : eb < e ก*!!442ก *!%.ก* M )ก' P )2

ก( ( M0 , P = 0 ) 14( ( Mb , Pb ) ,4%#-5*!ก'%. Pb ) Mb = Pbeb $
ก (12.17) #
ก
ก%. Pe
.#%. M0 %#-5ก
&

ก)
!(
กก!#
M ox = M oy = 0.12 Ast f y Ds (12.24)

!"ก!#
M ox = 0.40 As f y (h − 2d ′) (12.25)
12 - 15
12
ก

M oy = 0.40 As f y (b − 2d ′) (12.26)
"
*$#ก x ) y $#
%#!ก
ก
Mx My
+ ≤ 1.0 (12.27)
M ox M oy

12.4 ก

!(
ก!# "&ก#ก P = 50 ) * M = 2 -
ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./,.2 ) fc′ = 210 ก.ก./,.2
M 2(1, 000)(100)
%#-)!)!"&3! e= = =4 ,.

P 50(1, 000)
fy 4, 000
m= = = 22.4
0.85 f c′ 0.85(210)
"ก
30 × 30 ,. )-6ก
ρg = 0.02
)!)!"&3!
( (12.19) eb =  0.67 ρ g m + 0.17  (h − d ′)
= [ 0.67(0.02)(22.4) + 0.17 ] (30 − 2.5) = 12.9 ,.

%#-)!)!"&3! ea :
"&' Ag = (30)(30) = 900 ,.2
Es 2, 040, 000
n= = = 9.32 ⇒ 9
Ec 15,100 f c′
h4 (γ h) 2
*0! I = + Ast (2n − 1)
12 6
304 (0.8 × 30) 2

= + 0.02(900)(2(9) − 1) = 96,876 ,.4
12 6
*
S=
I 96,876
= = 6, 458 ,.3
c 30 / 2
Fa = 0.34(1 + ρ g m) f c′ = 0.34(1 + 0.02(22.4))(210) = 103.4 ก.ก./,.2

Fb = 0.45 f c′ = 0.45(210) = 94.5 ก.ก./,.2
M s = Fb S = 94.5(6, 458) = 61, 028 ก.ก.-,.
Po = Fa Ag = 103.4(900) = 93, 048 ก.ก.
Pa = 0.85 Ag (0.25 f c′ + 0.4 f y ρ g )
= 0.85(900)(0.25(210) + 0.4(4, 000)(0.02)) = 64, 643 ก.ก.

 1 1   1 1 
ea = M s  −  = 61, 028  −  = 0.29 ,.
 Pa Po   64, 643 93, 048 
&ก
$0.#'
ea < e ≤ eb
.#!'ก4& fa =
P 50(1, 000)
= = 55.56 ก.ก./,.2
Ag 900
12 - 16
12
ก

.#!'ก4& fb =
M 2(1, 000)(100)
= = 30.97 ก.ก./,.2
S 6, 458
f a fb 55.56 30.97
#
%#! + = + = 0.87 < 1.0 OK
Fa Fb 103.4 94.5
"ก6ก
Ast = ρ g Ag = 0.02(900) = 18 ,.2 ก 4DB25 (19.63 .2)
0.30
0.025
4 DB25
0.30
RB 9 @ 0.25
0.025
12.19 กก$#!.' 12.4
12.6.5 %3,*# + )

"%#
)#ก#6#$กก
*!.))
ก@ 8

6ก
&. 1 14 8
,6 ก 6 ก
!. ' fy = 4,000 ก.ก ./, .2 ก 2 %. P /(bh fc′) )ก2 %.
M /(bh 2 f c′) ,45..#!'$$05'(ก.#! "ก
ก@$)ก5#!
3
'.& ก
*!# .#!$04.!ก#.# กก !%#-(ก 4 (#ก

0"'.&5ก.
( ( 0 , Pa ) ก
#14 ea "( ( Ma , Pa ) ก&ก/!'( ( Mb , Pb )
('!ก6ก
ก' ( Mo , 0 )
12 - 17
12
ก

0.8
0.08 h
γh
0.7 0.07
0.06
0.6 b
0.05
0.5 0.04
e P
0.03
0.4
P 0.02
bh f c′ ρg = 0.01
0.3 γ = 0.80
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
M
bh 2 f c′
12.20

!
γ = 0.80, fy = 4,000 ก.ก./,.2, f c′ = 210 ก.ก./,.2
0.8
h
γh
0.7
0.08
0.07
0.6 b
0.06
0.5 0.05
e P
0.04
0.4 0.03
P
bh f c′ 0.02
0.3 ρ = 0.01 γ = 0.80
g
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
M
bh 2 f c′
12.21

!
γ = 0.80, fy = 4,000 ก.ก./,.2, f c′ = 240 ก.ก./,.2
12 - 18
12
ก

0.8
γD
0.7 ρg = 0.08
0.07
0.6 D
0.06
0.05
0.5
0.04 e P
0.4 0.03
P
0.02
D 2 f c′
0.3 γ = 0.80
0.01
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
M
D 3 f c′
12.22

ก
γ = 0.80, fy = 4,000 ก.ก./,.2, f c′ = 210 ก.ก./,.2
0.8
γD
0.7
ρg = 0.08
0.6 D
0.07
0.06
0.5
0.05 e P
0.04
0.4
P 0.03
D 2 f c′ 0.02
0.3 γ = 0.80
0.01
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
M
D 3 f c′
12.23

ก
γ = 0.80, fy = 4,000 ก.ก./,.2, f c′ = 240 ก.ก./,.2
12 - 19
12
ก

67$ 12
12.1

!(
40 ,.
6ก!" 4 DB32 '.)( )!)( 6 ,. 143!ก6ก!"$.)
'3' ก fc′ = 300 กก./,.2 ) fy = 4,000 กก./,.2

)#.ก
#ก Pn )ก Mn กก4&ก!#,4ก#
4 )%#-ก
Po,
Pb, )ก!.!
(
ก@
12.2 ก#!.$. -

( Pb*
( Mb ))!)!"&3!
( eb
.)
& fc′ (กก./.2) b (.) h (.) As = As′
(1) 210 50 50 6DB32
(2) 210 40 40 4DB25
(3) 210 60 60 8DB32
(4) 240 40 60 6DB32
(5) 240 30 50 4DB28
(6) 240 40 50 4DB32
(7) 240 40 40 5DB32
(8) 280 50 50 5DB28
(9) 280 40 60 4DB32
(10) 280 50 60 5DB32
12.3

&
$&ก!"&3!'$ก*ก y ก fy = 4,000 ก.ก./,.2 )
f c′ = 280 ก.ก./,.2
50 cm
y
30 cm
x x
6 cm y 6 cm
As = 6DB32
12.4

$#ก)*ก'ก1#6ก!" *
'.$4)'$
#1#ก'ก)'.##!ก%. 200 ก#
( fc′ = 280 ก.ก./
,.2 ) f y = 4,000 ก.ก./,.2
50 cm
y
50 cm
x x
6 cm y
6 cm
As = 8DB32
12 - 20
12
ก

12.5 $0
ก

&
!"ก# 30 ,. " Pu = 170 ) Mu = 12 -
ก fc′ = 240 ก.ก./,.2 6ก!": fy = 4,000 ก.ก./,.2
12.6 *!$0# %#-0 -ก&ก'(ก

&$ "#ก,4)!)
!"&3! 12 ,. ก fc′ = 320 ก.ก./,.2 6ก!": fy = 4,000 ก.ก./,.2
6ก!" 3
DB25
.) กกก y
12.7 %#-ก&ก'(ก#ก)*'
#)
(
$. ก
f c′ = 280 ก.ก./,.2 6ก!": fy = 4,000 ก.ก./,.2
6 DB28 bars
40 cm
DB10 ties
40 cm
12.8 ก
$ 12.7 %#-(
5 ( ##
ก f c′ = 280
ก.ก./,.2 6ก!": fy = 4,000 ก.ก./,.2
12.9 $0
ก 12.8 "%#- Mn
ก-&
(1) Pn = 250
(2) Pn = 50
(3) e = 15 ,.
12.10 ก

&ก"&ก'(ก Pu = 100 )* Mu = 20 - ก f c′ =
280 ก.ก./,.2 6ก!": fy = 4,000 ก.ก./,.2 ) d ′ = 5 ,.
12 - 21
13
ก
กก
13
กก

ก
13.1
ก
ก
กกก ก!"# กก $ ก"%& '(
"% )%"* ก ก(+&ก ก " ก"%'",
ก

"
,ก ก!-ก$&" "!
& -
"%"ก
กก -
& $.
$!
(/ กก%0%# "% กกก!0 -กก $(/ กก"0ก,$ก%",
0ก0
ก"0 " &!$(/ กก&'& &!ก$&%ก
13.2 ก
ก!0 ,$$ $ก กกก ก0ก &!ก,$%,0%,
&!ก!ก& -
$"%"',
ก% ""%'"
13.1 ก 13.2 ก"

ก! (Wall footings) ก ,,0
'(0, ,ก ก!#*ก
""%, ก
กก # !-ก%",(+ ,# กก"
ก 1!! d ก% &!,,0)""%
ก
"# (Isolated column footings) (+ก-( &, &,0 กก * 0
#"$ก#*กกก &! ""%, (+-( ก,ก "ก2 -

#

ก "'(!(+-( &,0 ก""!ก%"#* %3 " * 0 ,ก %,&4ก %3 ,
$$ $ก",ก-ก ,,"ก40,,ก $&",,0)""
13 - 1
13
ก
กก
ก$# (Combined footings) "'(! 0 ก -
ก&กก%'( -
%"
#0"%" -( 13.3(ก) ""3-)
กก
& ,0 ก3-)ก& $ก$ ""%
0ก * (+-( &, ,-" -( 13.3() -

กก4," -( 13.3( )
Prop
erty li
ne
(ก) ก
,
Property line
A B A B
Rectangular, PA = PB Rectangular, PA < PB
(#) ก
,ก
ก () ก
,%" #0" %
Property line Property line
A B A B
Rectangular, PA < PB Strap or Cantilever
() ก
,-( &, ,- ( ) ก
,,
13.3 ก
,
ก

(Pile foundations) !ก2"%,ก& ',
$ $!ก0 กก#
!0 -ก
& "%&*ก& '(* ,ก& $ $
"%
% ,"%,! ,-
&*ก
ก%"%,ก ก,ก!-ก " #4," -( 13.4 7* (+&4ก ก0 ', -ก0ก& '("%
&
"(+#4,! , #4,(+ก&
,-ก กกก #".
&4กก0 %,&4ก
ก
!-ก$
กก & -
#4,
13 - 2
13
ก
กก
Pile cap
Piles
Weak soil
Bearing stratum
13.4 ก #4, 13.5 ก $

ก%& (Mat footing) $ก
,#".
#*,"%,, ,กก&"& &!"%

,,,ก #4,, - "!#""%ก,,&*ก$ $! ""% 8%,

ก
ก $# ก!
#04,$0
13.3 %' (ก

""% " ก (Bearing pressure) 90ก'"" ,,0%ก(+ ) #4 &!
"%0ก"0 (+ "",,"
(Homogeneous elastic material) -ก0"#"ก"%"
ก ""%-ก ,,0% ("0 กก -( # "% "0ก-กกก0,
ก* -ก ,,0%
, ,$!"%-ก"
, ," -( 13.6(ก)
(ก)

()
ก

()
ก

13.6 ""%0ก
13 - 3
13
ก
กก
0
,(+% &กก! "0ก',
, ,#*ก (1) ,
"" (flexibility) (2)
,&*ก# กก%"% &! (3) %"# "% 0

ก"0# ก"%',
,,

% !ก%"ก&0 "# #ก ก-
ก&%"%7* ,%"% :&,-
!, 0',
"%กก&4ก ก -. "% # " ก&"& " ก
ก! "* (+-($&%ก" -( 13.6(#) ก-
&*ก$ $ ""%! , ,,ก#* ก
ก"%,,,ก ,(/ กก&0ก"# # "%0ก'"
ก0 -
"% ก"0
, ,# ก!ก%"กก! "" -(
13.6() "%
1ก%"#*"%"ก!ก%"ก "% $%,0%, "
#* ,,ก#* ,
" % 0ก!',
, ,ก40, กก ก 0, ก!
,,0% "ก! , ,',

!(+"%%"" ก4$, !"กก%!)
ก%0%# ก"!ก%"#*'" ,ก2 (1) ก%0% ก (-( 13.7) ""%0ก!
&กก0ก (2) ก%0%0
ก ",&0
ก"0 (Differential settlement) ,กก%'( &!
(3) ก"0 ,",กก%'( ก%0%-( ก-ก,'""กก"
กก0
ก',
ก%
,
qu
qa = (13.1)
F.S.
, qu
ก%0% &! F.S. 0
-2,(&"9 (Factor of safety) (!,2 2.5
* 3 0,&ก %3ก,82%
qa
# กก ก
"%8
ก4!'('" 0

%8ก& !0 ,#0ก2$%,#*7*
13.7 ก%0% ก# ก !'"ก&
* 0
'(
13.4 ก*ก
"+*,"-
ก2ก0 กก 3-)" -( 13.8(ก) ,,,0)"",ก!
ก 0
ก ก
, &!ก# "# ก &,
"%' "0ก p
ก%"#*
P My
p = ± (13.2)
A I
,!! 3-),,0),

กก! "!(+-( &, ,-" -( 13.8(#) ",

",ก " pmax &! " " pmin -
#ก $"%ก'""(&"9
pmax !0 ,

',
ก%ก& ก# "% qa
,!! 3-),ก#*
pmin 0, ,ก (13.2) !,
& 0
0%"&',
'" ก"%0ก!
$ ก"
',
, "* ก%"#*!
ก &!"% '" " กก! "* (+-( ,& ,
" -( 13.8()
13 - 4
13
ก
กก
x x b
Load
y
h
(ก)
P e P a
e
2P
pmax =
3ab
P Mc R
P Mc pmax = +
pmin = − A I
A I 3a
()
()
ก
13.8 ""%90กก 3-)

!! 3-),
,กก%'(ก4!ก$&%ก'"
$0ก ,"!
" ก" pmin -( 13.8(#)
ก3-)ก ,ก (13.2) !'"
P Mc Pe c
= =
A I I
, c = !!ก กก& * #ก = h/2 &! I = ,,0)%)# $ก !! 3-),ก "
$ก%" "0ก ," e = I /( Ac)
,ก h &!,ก b !'"

bh3 /12 h
e= = (13.3)
bh(h / 2) 6
ก
(Kern distance)
กก(+ ,
" -( 13.9 กก-
9

ก (Middle third strip) &!$%2 %3 (&ก!'" $%) (Kern) " -( 13.10
P Kern
emax = h/6
b/6
b
b/6
h/6 h/6
h/3 h/3 h/3

Middle Third h
13.9
* ,ก& 13.10 $%)
13 - 5
13
ก
กก
!! 3-),
,ก &!
"* กก"",
,กก

"0 กก!# "ก4
!(+-( ,&,
# ก ",ก "!'"กก3-)
# "!-
0 กก
ก,ก! #"# ก &!!! 3-) !2!!0 ก!
กก* #'"
(!! a -( 13.8()) , ,&, "!
ก 3a ,$%2 ,"& "% !
""% &!
กก!'"

pmax
×3a b = P
2
2P
",ก " pmax = , a = h/2 – e (13.4)
3ab
0#"$ 13.1 ก-( 13.11 ก,#" 1.8×1.2 ,. กก 80 0ก!!! 0.15 ,. ก
3-)ก& $%2 ""%0ก 27ก !! 3-)
ก 0.40 ,.
e
0.60 m
Load 0.60 m
0.90 m 0.90 m
13.11 ก0

13.1
#. ก e = 0.15 ,. < [h/6 = 0.30 ,.] ,,
'""0
80 80 × 0.15 × 0.9
pmax = + = 37.0 + 18.5 = 55.5 0/0.,.
1.8 × 1.2 1.2 ×1.83 /12
pmin = 37.0 − 18.5 = 18.5 0/0.,.
ก e = 0.40 ,. > [h/6 = 0.30 ,.] ',

,,
'""0 0 ,ก(13.3)
a = 0.90 – 0.40 = 0.50 ,.
2 × 80
pmax = = 88.9 0/0.,.
3 × 0.50 ×1.20
13.5 %" '(

ก'"กก ,
"!0 ,0
,(&"90
ก,& "%
$ $ &!0 ',
"0
,กก%'( ก"0',

ก,ก:!
ก-
# ก!%$',
&!ก%"ก
0ก %ก

ก%$%ก" ',
, ก0 ก,&!" - ก"0,
,ก'"* 2.5 7,."',
ก%", 0

(!ก
ก
!ก ก* (+ !0 -, ,ก ก"# "% ก
7* -
ก
##0# &
, " '( &!$%2ก#ก"$: "ก(กก,
-
"ก0 "%!," "ก(กก,-
"ก0 "% !,"
"ก&กก "ก&3 0)# "% "กก" &%8
,ก
13 - 6
13
ก
กก
1.0 m of soil
@ 2.0 t/m3 2.0 t/m2
0.5 m of concrete
1.2 t/m2
@ 2.4 t/m3
(ก)

ก

ก 3.2 t/m2
1.0 m of soil
@ 2.0 t/m3 2.0 t/m2
0.5 m of concrete
1.2 t/m2
@ 2.4 t/m3
()

3.2 t/m2
+ qn = P/A
()

! qn = P/A
13.12 ""%, &! ""% 8%

-( 13.12(ก) " ก
50 7,. %# ก-
0ก
%"% 1.0 ,0 "',
,ก
กก
กก"%, &!0ก 3.2 0/,.2 ""%ก%"#*0!,#"
ก
3.2 0/,.2 0
,%3 0 ก#, " * ',
, &$8)ก%"#*กกก0
,,กก P ,ก! ""%0ก!$%,#* qn = P/A " " -( 13.12(#) ""%
,"!(+ q = 3.2 + qn 7* !0 ,
',
ก%
""%, qa
'ก40,,2,,0) &! 1
ก "#* &!"& 3.2 0/,.2 !ก& ก * &$ ""% 8% qn !,&0
9
ก" -( 13.12()
กก ก',

!(+%8
%8ก& # ก!$%2$ก
&ก;2!"ก 0 &ก$ก$ ""% ,"ก%"#*',
ก%
""%, & ก,
!ก ก0 %,&4ก ก!
""% 8% 7* %8
ก4!'('""0
0
(+%8ก& 0 -2$%,(+ ""%(!&ก
$ก!&กก
13 - 7
13
ก
กก
D(structure, footing, surcharge) + L

A= (13.5)
qa
, D &! L กก &!กก

,&ก#"# ก'"ก4!2 ""%0ก'" "! ""% 8%กก
ก0
'( ก2# %8
""% 8%!
ก
D (structure) + L
qn = (13.6)
A
ก2%8ก& 0-2กก(!&-2 * ก&(+

""% 8%(!&
1.4 D (structure) + 1.7 L
qnu = (13.7)
A

qnu ,ก!,กก
qa 7* (+ ,'" ก0-2ก(!&!,
(!,2 1.5
#
กก #2!
0-2,(&"9 < -

qa !-
(!,2 2.5 * 3.0 "

""% 8%(!&!ก

"ก%"ก%0%# "%
0, $... , $.3. 2522 ',
,&" "%ก4ก& ก7* ก0,%"# "%"
13.1 ก& ก# "% 0, $... , $.3. 2522
0
1 ก%ก
( / . .)
"%
,"%'
04, 2
"%(ก&
5
"%
10
ก""%" 20
%"%" 25
%(-% 30
% ',
( 9$ 100
#"$ 13.2 2 " ," &! " 8%# ก &,0 #" 1.5×1.5 ,. -( 13.13

ก# "% γs = 2.0 0/&.,. &!ก0 γc = 2.4 0/&.,.
DL = 80 ton #. กก ,"ก
LL = 40 ton
Grade
กก = (1.52)(0.5)(2.4) = 2.7 0
1.0 m 30x30 cm column ก = (.32)(1.0)(2.4) = 0.22 0
ก"% = (1.0)(1.52-0.32)(2.0) = 4.32 0

0.5 m
กก = 80+40 = 120 0
13.13 ก0

13.2 ก, ," = 127.24 0
13 - 8
13
ก
กก
127.24
""% ," = = 56.55 0/0.,.
1.52
120
""% 8% = = 53.33 0/0.,.
1.52
#"$ 13.3 : ก% ,"-

กก(!& Pu = 180 0 "ก
-( &,0 ""%, 10 0/0.,.
#. ก2#"$ก!กก ก2 0
(?%0% &ก
2ก "%8ก& กก,ก-ก ! ,,ก& ,(+กก(!& 7* (!,2
กก กกก(!&"ก"0-2!
1.4 – 1.7 1.5
กก Pa = Pu /1.5 = 180 /1.5 = 120 0

""% 8%2'""ก ""%& กกก
ก%กก"% 7* ',
!"ก
ก2ก4&!&'" ก
""%,,(&"9',ก 2.5 – 3 ' &
$ก0 ก A = Pa / qa = 120 /10 = 12 0.,.
#"$ 13.4 : ก%

"+*,"-
กก(!& Pu = 180 0 !! 3-) e = 12 7,. "ก
-( &, "
"%, 10 0/0.,.
#. #"ก 3-)!$%2'"#"ก&4ก ""
" "0ก,ก ",

',
ก%
""%,
กก Pa = Pu /1.5 = 180 /1.5 = 120 0
0"0
"+*,"- e = 12 2 .
"ก& 2 &!((&, & ก#" ก 3.5 ,. × 4.5 ,., $ = 15.75 0.,.

0ก กกก 3-)
P P×e 120 120 × 0.12 × 6 I b h2
p = ± = ± , , =
A I /c 15.75 3.5 × 4.52 c 6
= 7.62 ± 1.22 = 8.84 0/0.,. (C) &! 6.4 0/0.,. (C) < 10 0/0.,. OK
13.6 ก!
""%0ก , ,
# กก,ก% !&(+ &!-ก""#*" -(
13.14(#) , ก
, , ก0", !,$A0%ก,,ก " กก
ก* ,'"" ก 1 ,00" # 0 1กก ก# " -( 13.14(ก)
13 - 9
13
ก
กก
w w
Wall
Footing p
1m
(ก) (#)
13.14 ก
* กก%ก! :
1. ก ",ก # ก 0 ก" ก ก ,"" " "% ,
"'(,ก !-ก(B"3;#*(+" 5 7,. & 0
2. (!,2,ก ACI ก",&*ก# ก&4ก %,
" 15 7,.
ก"% &!
30 7,. ก #4,
3. $%,กก "0-2ก &!2 ""% #"กก"
4. 0 ,0 1# ก0$(/ กก%0% -1 (Beam-shear failure)
ก1 " (One-way shear) 0"%กA0%!-
!! d ก% " -( 13.15 " 1
0"%กA0%!0
Vu ≤ φVc = 0.85 (0.53) f c′ b d , b = 100 7,. (13.8)
Pu
ก !
"#$
% d d a
1m
d
d
pu a

L
(ก) (#)
13.15 0"%กA0%# ก1
Vu 1ก%"ก "(!& pu ก!
# ก!
0"%กA0% &!#ก
Vu = a (1) pu (13.9)
, a !!ก!%กA0* #ก

ก& # ก!
0"%กA0% ก
ก!-ก
& "%"0 0',
$ $!0 $%,,# กก
!(&"9
13 - 10
13
ก
กก
5.
ก ก !ก ก"#$%&'!! &(
13.16(ก) ก ! ก' ก"#$&ก+%&' $%$'#ก,&%ก !-
.! &( 13.16(.) / #ก -ก 0/ 1 2/ ' . #-
#(
ก%+0/(3กก 1 $ก ( %1( +4&
ก h ก

h/4
(ก) ... () ก
13.16 ก"ก . ก !

6. # $%$%- 5 $'ก".1 $( %
ก'0%0 /6'

13.5 กกก
!ก 20 7. 5ก +ก 13 / 1 $5ก +ก# 15 / 1
% 10 / .. ก fc′ = 240 ก.ก./7.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./7.2

1. ก ก 0# ก1ก 1
DL + LL 13 + 15
% กก L = = = 2.8 !ก
2.8 "
qa 10
Pu 1.4(13) + 1.7(15)
'%1 ( $ % ก qnu = = = 15.61 / ..
A (2.8 × 1.0)
2.
$%ก"&' ก 2/ก#$(9(:##%+ ก ก . ก !#$ #
20$ก 2/% / ก (Beam shear) ก" #ก 2/#$%&' $%$
d #ก!! ก t = 35 7. 5
1
-ก( $;! : d = 35 7. – 8 7. $%$+ – !',&%ก
ก ≅ 26 7.
2
104 cm
d = 26 cm
104 cm
d = 26 cm
1m
strip
20 cm qnu = 15.61 t/m2

130 cm
280 cm
13.17 ก"ก 2/. ก%' 13.5
13 - 11
13
ก
กก
0/5 1 ก 2/1 $ก"&ก1 &( 13.17
1 2/( $ % : Vu = 15.61× 1.0 × 1.04 = 16.23
ก 2/ก : φ Vc = 0.85 × 0.53 240 × 100 × 26 /1, 000 = 18.15 > Vu OK
3. "()ก"% *"+ ก" ก %&' ! !1 &( 13.18
130 cm
( $ %:
1
Mu = × 15.61 × 1.32 = 13.19 -
2
Mu 13.19 × 105 2
Rn = = = 21.68 ก.ก./7.
φbd2 0.9 × 100 × 262
qnu = 15.61 t/m2
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0057
13.18 ก" fy  0.85 f c′ 
(
ก ก As = 0.0057×100×26 = 14.82 7.2/ .
(
ก %+ min As = 0.0018×100×35 = 6.3 7.2/ . < As OK
"'ก!"()ก DB16 @ 0.13 (As = 2.01×100/13 = 15.46 7.2/ )

4.
$%,-. $%$'' $'
ก ก 2db 1 $ $%$+ก db 5#ก ก.6 $%$>:%-
DB16 ก 240 ก.ก./7.2 / Ld = 62 7.
$%$#ก#+
ก '%1 -ก+(!.!)-( %
ก /
130 7. – 8 7. = 122 7. > Ld = 62 7. OK
5. ก"()ก"%
(
ก %+0/ก 1ก #ก+4&
As = 0.0018 b h = 0.0018×280×35 = 17.64 7.2
"'ก!"()ก 10DB16 (As = 10×2.01 = 20.10 7.2)

&(1 % $%..1 $ก
ก ก(91 &( 13.19
0.20 m
10 DB16
DB16 @ 0.13 m
0.35 m
0.05 m ก

0.05 m
2.80 m
13.19 % $%ก

ก ก !%' 13.5
13 - 12
13
ก
กก
13.7 ก"
ก% %%5ก +ก#$&ก'% 11ก#$6 ก ก1 ก 2/
$ + (Punching shear) /ก 2/ (Two-way shear) ก 2/ (Beam shear) /ก 2/%
(One-way shear) 1 $ / ก,ก
0# ก 2/1 $5
,ก%#ก' ก(9 &( %#+
ก ก"
ก%11!'1 &( 13.20 1 0/5 1 . ก &( 13.20(.) ก
1ก A-A !. 5 #ก &( 13.20() #$6''ก
f
M u = ( qnu b f ) (13.10)
2
/ qnu b f /1 0;.1 0/51 1 $ f / 2 $%$#ก1 0;- A-A ก.-55
&ก%ก
ก &( 13.20() ก +#$ก.-51'#ก! A-A
%ก1 '%&'ก B-B ก
#$ก B-B 7-ก ก

ก ,52กก B-B
ก 5#-%&' &(.$1ก
ก" กก 0# 5
1. ก %#+ / %!/! /! #$%& ' !. /!
2. ก ก / &( % %' #$%&'!. %#+ /0/5'ก
3. ก ! ก' #$%&'
- $'ก-ก !-!!
4. ก 1!'
ก #$%& ' - $'!-.1!'
f
A
P A
B
& b
B
A
qnu
(ก) ก!"#$ ก%ก () '(# ")"ก $*+&, A-A

A
qnu
& .ก&ก
A f/2 qnu b f
( ) +&, A-A

13.20 0"ก ก . ก%
13 - 13
13
ก
กก
''%%#$'1( ( %6( A-A 1 $ B-B %'ก+! %'6 ก

0/$กก #
ก ACI #-ก
ก %ก $#%%'5ก.
ก7-%(ก1 #$(9 %#+ &( 13.21(ก) 1' ก(9 %!/!ก ก $#%
ก
5#$1' &( 13.21(.)
s (typ.) AsL
As2 As1 As2
s (typ.)
L B
AsB
B/2 B/2
L
L
(ก) ก %#+ (.) ก %!/!

13.21 ก ก $#%
ก ก%
,5ก
ก#$ก$ก +'1ก /#ก'ก 5 ก.1ก #$
'ก%.5 1 $ ' $'
ก 1ก '(
ก5#$'ก
Steel in middle strip A 2
= s1 = (13.11)
Total steel in long direction AsL β +1
/ β = L/B / '.%'5

ก /#ก1ก / As 2 = ( AsL − As1 ) / 2 #$&ก
$%$'. &( 13.21(.)
(
ก ก %+1' $, #$0/(3กก 1ก /#กก 1 $
+4&
ก SD40 ' As,min = 0.0018bh $%$' $'
ก ก+'%ก' $' 3 '
ก / 45 7.
,-."()ก"%
ก
ก ก5%&'+ ''%1
ก#$-' fy ก+!
5
ก 1' $,#-%/ก6(6ก 0#$'%1 0?#-'ก+6 ก 'ก%-ก
/
ก #$%/ก6(% ld /.
ก"&'"
(One-way shear)
ก#%ก 2//ก'ก . ก ! ก"%&' $%$ d #ก!
&( 13.22 ก 1 2/.ก ''ก
%;'%1 Vc = 0.29 f c′ b d (13.12)
%;ก Vc = 0.53 f c′ b d (13.13)
ก
ก 1 2/ก6''%ก/#ก#
ก%ก 5กก 2/.ก 6'0ก
#$0
ก0/ Vc 0.-5#0%0/ φ Vc ≥ Vu
13 - 14
13
ก
กก
d d
d
45o 45o
d c
13.22 ก 2/% ก%

ก"&'% (Two-way shear)
&ก %0/5 &( 13.23(ก) ##$$ +!'1!'0/56/#ก'%1 2/ ก%
&( %ก'%1 #ก#$&กก $#%ก&' กก %&' 1 1 /
%
ก%ก#ก1 2/ ก ก.-5ก 1ก #$(9 &(0 /ก %(9ก %
%.(9+ 45o '%1 2/%2 %.ก ก@$5#$6 $!'
ก% '#ก!(9 $%$ d/2 &( 13.23(.)
P
d/2
c+d
c+d
(ก) ก 2/$ + ก (.) ก".ก 2/$ +

13.23 ก".ก 2/$ +
ก 2/$ +.ก
%;'%1 Vc = 0.53 f c′ b0 d (13.14)
13 - 15
13
ก
กก
;ก ACI %' ก 2/ Vc ก % /ก'%+#ก& '6(5
& 6( Vc = 1.06 f c′ b0 d (13.15)
4
%6''ก Vc = 0.27( 2 + ) f c′ b0 d (13.16)
βc
αsd
ก ' bo/d 'ก Vc = 0.27( 2 + ) f c′ b0 d (13.17)
b0
/ b0 = % &( $%$ d/2 #ก!
βc = a/b ' $'%'5.
αs = 40 4% 30 1 $ 20 +
ก 'A'1 #0%& 6( (13.15) ก 2/ก

6
ก3 4( ก5ก$ก"%% "%
#$'%5กก $(9#+ &' ก 5ก +ก5#$&ก'!'%'%1 1กก 1 $'%
1
ก #+'7-#%ก'
ก%/ (
ก%+/ 0.005 '.0/5 &( 13.24
1%'.#+' . 50×50 7. fc′ = 350 ก.ก./7.2 1 $
ก SD40 . DB25 # 8 &ก
% ก#กก ก 210 ก.ก./7.2
ก 4DB20 (9
ก'/7-%/ 6( ก'ก $%$>:
ก
ก DB20 1 ก 210 ก.ก./7.2 (41 7.) 1 $%/.6('ก'กก'
. $%$'
ก DB20 1 ก 350 ก.ก./7.2 (0.007×4,000×2.0 = 56 7.) 1 $ $%$>: 1 .

ก DB25 ก 350 ก.ก./7.2 (43 7.)
Pc = 410 Ps = 88
8DB25
#$ ก%ก
+& .ก&
&
56 1. #$ ก%ก
4DB20 + ก
ก
() #$ ก%ก+
41 1. ก :& .ก&
& .ก&ก
(ก) 9%& :ก

13.24 #+'1 $ ก
ก 5ก11ก5./ Pu = 498 %
ก 88 / %ก
1 &( 13.24(.) (
ก'/%ก'
ก%/ 5ก +ก %ก ก
#$0.-5
&( 13.24
ก'/%&' ก#$&ก2ก0/ 5ก +ก1 $%-ก ก 1'ก
13 - 16
13
ก
กก
2ก60ก 0?1

ก #+'#-#6%ก %.ก , ก
/ $%$ $'
ก%/1 $
ก'/ 7-1' $ก .ก &ก0# ก ก1
ACI กก 1ก.ก ''ก
φ (0.85 f c′ A1 ) (13.18)
2 A1
1
B
/ φ = 0.70 1 $ A1 /0/5 5ก
A2
/! กก'0/5 5ก ก 1ก#$'(9
A2
φ (0.85 f c′ A1 ) ≤ 2 φ (0.85 f c′ A1 ) (13.19)
A1
B
/ A2 /0/5 'A'+.(B .ก '%1 %%&'
%.(B / 1 1' 2 1
A1 &( 13.25
A2
B 13.25 %.0/5 A1 1 $ A2
%5 4กกก"
1. /ก -ก ก %%+ ก/ 15 7. #ก

ก 1 $ 30 7.
ก.
$%$+ก 6'%ก' 8 7. 'ก %+
(C / 30 7.
2. 0/5 กก % 5ก +ก5%'%1 % #ก5ก
ก.7-(96(6 ก %#+ 0 $#$( $%+
3. 05ก +ก(95ก +ก( $ % 1 $1 ( $ % qnu % 5ก( $ %%
0/5 ก
4. #ก 2/$ + 6'00. ก#ก'#$0%0
5. #ก 2/1' $, $%$ d #ก! 0 -กก ก 0
6. 0/5
ก 1
ก 1' $,#กก"!
7. #ก 1ก#ก'% ก 6'0%0
ก 0/'%'%5ก
8. #%%- 5 $'ก"ก ก( %
ก'0%0 /6'

13.6 กกก"
%"($ 5 %
#ก1 ก% %#+ 0/ %#+ . 40 7. ก-ก ก 5ก +ก
#ก/ 40 1 $5ก +ก# / 30 1 % 10 / .. ก fc′ = 240 ก.ก./7.2 fy =
4,000 ก.ก./7.2 1 $'%5ก γs = 2.0 / ..

1. "'กก6
(

13 - 17
13
ก
กก
D = 40 t
L = 30 t
0/5 กก :
40 + 30
Af = = 7.0 ..
40 cm 10
"'ก!ก 2.7 × 2.7 . 7'4 7.29 ..

'%1 ( $ % :
h 1.4 × 40 + 1.7 × 30
qnu = = 14.68 / ..
7.29
ก h = 40 7.
b
d = 40 7. – 8 7. – db / 2 ≅ 31 7.
13.26 ก%' 13.6
2.
$%ก"&'5
40 cm
1 2/( $ % :
d/2=15.5 cm
Vu = 14.68(2.7 2 − 0.712 ) = 99.62
&(ก" :
71 cm
b0 = 4 × 71 = 284 7.
ก 2/ก :
φ Vc = 0.85 ×1.06 240 × 284 × 31/1, 000 = 123 > [ Vu = 99.62 ] OK
3.
$%ก"&'6
40 cm
d = 31 cm 1 2/( $ % :
Vu = 14.68 × 0.84 × 2.7 = 33.29
84 cm
ก 2/ก :
φ Vc = 0.85 × 0.53 240 × 270 × 31/1, 000 = 58.4 > [ Vu = 33.29 ] OK
4. ก"()ก"% *"+ ก" ก %&' !1 &(. '
40 cm 115 cm
( $ %'(9( %%/ :
M u = 14.68 × 2.7 × 1.152 / 2 = 26.21 -
Mu 26.21× 105
Rn = = = 11.22 ก.ก./7.2
φbd 2
0.9 × 270 × 312
14.68 t/m2
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0029
fy  0.85 f c′ 
13 - 18
13
ก
กก
As = 0.0029 × 270 × 31 = 24.27 7.2

As min = 0.0018 × 270 × 40 = 19.44 7.2 < As OK
"'ก! 13 DB16 # (As = 26.13 9.2)
40 cm
13 DB16 #
0.40 m
0.05 m ก
0.05 m
2.70 m
13.27 % $%ก

ก%' 13.6

13.7 กกก%"('
#ก1 ก0/ %#+ . 50 7. 5ก +ก 180 5ก +ก# 120
%ก ก 350 ก.ก./7.2
ก 8DB28 ก SD40 !. ก&ก(B% 15 7.
'%5ก 1.9 / .. 1 $0/55 15 7.( &( 13.28) 0/55 5ก 400 ก.ก./ . '%
1 %/ 25 / . +'กก+. ก&ก#ก 2.8
&9% 50 1.
400 ก.ก./.
0.15 .
0.15 .
0.80 .
2.80 .
13.28 ก %!/!%' 13.7

1. ก %5 #ก'%1 %ก5ก ก 1 $0/55
( $ ก $'--'. 80 7.
13 - 19
13
ก
กก
qa = 25 − (0.8 × 2.4 + 0.15 × 1.9 + 0.15 × 2.4 + 0.4) = 22.04 / .
0/5 กก = 180 + 120 = 13.61 .

22.04
"'ก!ก 2.8 × 5.0 . 7'4 14.00 .

1.4 ×180 + 1.7 × 120
1 ( $ %+; qnu = = 32.57 / .
14.00
2.
$%ก"&'5
d = 80 7. – ( 7.5 7. $%$+ ) – ( 1 !',&%ก
ก ) = 70 7.
50 cm
d/2 = 35 cm Vu = 32.57(14.00 − 1.202 ) = 409
bo = 4 × 120 = 480 7.
φ Vc = 0.85 × 1.06 × 350 × 480 × 70 /1, 000
120 cm = 566 > Vu OK
3.
$%ก"&'6 ก"1 $0/5 1 (9 &(. '
ก$ Vu = 32.57 × 1.55 × 2.8 = 141.4

ก&>(&
φ Vc = 0.85 × 0.53 × 350 × 280 × 70 /1, 000
2.8 . '(# &
= 165.2 > Vu OK
d = 0.7 .
1.55 .
4. ก"()ก"% *"+

ก"#$%&'! &(. '
ก$ M u = 32.57 × 2.8 × 2.252 / 2 = 231 -

+&,
231×105
2.8 . '(# & Rn = = 18.71 ก.ก./7.2
0.9 × 280 × 702
1  2 × 13.45 ×18.71 
ρ= 1 − 1 −  = 0.00483
13.45  4, 000 
2.25 . As = 0.00483×280×70 = 94.76 7.2
fy = 4,000 ก.ก./7.2 As,min = 0.0018(280)(80) = 40.32 7.2 < As OK
"'ก! 16DB28 (As = 98.56 9.2)
13 - 20
13
ก
กก
5. กก

ก

M u = 32.57 × 5 ×1.152 / 2 = 108 -

1.15 .

108 × 105
Rn = = 4.90 ก.ก./!.2
0.9 × 500 × 702

ก
1  2 × 13.45 × 4.90 
ρ= 1 − 1 −  = 0.00124

13.45  4, 000 
As = 0.00124×500×70 = 43.23 !.2

5 .
2
"# fy = 4,000 ก.ก./!.2 As,min = 0.0018(500)(80) = 72 !. > As
ก 12DB28 (As = 73.92 .2)
1.4 . 1.4 .
2.8 . 16DB28
3DB20 18DB20 3DB20

5 .

!"#$ 13.29 ก %ก
&ก 13.7
6.
&
'(')*(+
#'() ld = 114 !. *+, 115 – 10 = 105 !. )- ,ก%ก%ก
24DB20 ( As = 75.36 !.2) ld = 64 !. --
long side 5
β= = = 1.786
short side 2.8
./#กก 2.8 . 0%ก

2
× 24 = 17.23
1.786 + 1
0%ก 18DB20 ./#ก . 3DB20 . ก %ก1 13.29
13.8 /
ก
0
&ก.#กก 223) ก ก !2/.ก)14+, &ก
# .#กก (5 ) 1 " ก)
13 - 21
13
ก
กก
&ก0
.ก#/ก.) 13.3 +.
+ ก
- "&ก &ก+ + "1,ก
ก )/"&ก ) .,
กกก &ก ก
,ก".#ก03
"ก-,3#6 &ก /ก1 ก

#กก .5ก
#3./ #+3ก &,3
7ก%
ก1 ก (Grid foundation) . 13.30(ก) &ก, 0 -
-,3#ก23.
0 ก &ก , ก+ , 0 5:ก 5: ก+,&ก
A A A A
(ก) &ก () &ก.-

!"#$ 13.30 &ก
ก*&ก /ก0, ก31 ก (Mat foundation) 13.30()
-
ก&ก0
3 ,.-,3#ก# , ก3"ก#;ก.+,.

723 . ;
# ก13"ก#;ก1 ; ก &ก.- -,3.#กก; /ก"
" )/
0&ก0
3) ก%)0&ก.##2ก0%
13.9 /
ก
!0
กกก.##&ก#+ก%+, "7:/ -,3&กก#.-:3"ก#;ก ก
3 !2 "ก
..#ก"3-,3.<กก&ก &ก 1
, + , ..##ก 7:/ ก#.-=: 1
13.31 . 13.32 5 ) m . n /กก" 5+.ก1 ก7:กก/2
# .++,
ก0&ก+3ก ก 0ก*กก. 0ก*ก0

"
)/"&ก.,ก)ก
) 2"&ก) ก#& 13.3(ก)
-,3"ก#;ก กก#7:/ -,3&ก
13 - 22
13
ก
กก
ก 13.31 1 ก &ก

P1 R P2 ,-,#!2ก1
n m s 7 :ก ก

ก# m

กก+" *". C . - =: R
3"ก#;ก P1 . P2 +, n ก. P2
+" *) ก :
Property Line
qa
P1 s Ps
s n = = 1 (13.20)
P1 + P2 R
,ก" ; C )ก% 01 ;7:ก&

C ก ก ; C /2# &ก/ก "ก5
B

n + m !2 ก ; C /2#!
ก 3+ L &ก 2ก#
m L = 2 ( m + n) (13.21)
n
L/2 L/2 + ก &ก+" *) ก

R
B =

!"#$ 13.31 ก &ก , qa L
(13.22)
, qa +, .

ก* )ก
ก#
ก3"ก#;กก 4 2 0&ก
, 13.31 ./ก3"กก+,กก ก ก% 0&ก
+,. 13.32
c1 c2 B2 3(n + m) − L
=
B1 2 L − 3(n + m)
C
B1 B2 2R
B1 + B2 =
qa L
L ( B1 + 2 B2 )
c1 =
3( B1 + B2 )
m
n L (2 B1 + B2 )
c2 =
L 3( B1 + B2 )
2 (n + m) − L2
B1 =
C L1 ( L1 + L2 )
B1 B2
R L B
B2 = − 1 1
qa L1 L2
R
m L1 B1 + L2 B2 =
n qa
L1 L2

!"#$ 13.32 ก &ก ,>
13 - 23
13
ก
กก
,,ก&ก7:/ ก#.-=:. .

&กก% ." &
ก ก
ก5ก. 13.33 !2 3
7
Side view

!"#$ 13.33 ก5ก.&ก

=ก
+: ;
&ก1,+
7 .ก#
723+,3"ก
ก..+&ก 0 # "#
733"ก/ ก ก
-,3 "ก+,ก#+ ก # ก d/2 . , d +,+ 2ก
=
&ก !2%ก

3 0 -
ก"?,;4 d/2 ก
. 13.34
d/2 d/2
c+d Side view
Punching shear
perimeter
B

!"#$ 13.34 ก
%ก
73
"#%ก
3%ก#.23ก#.4
5:. 13.35 ก ก3 ก%
ก #ก?,3ก?,+!2 -
* ก.4
.?, .ก?,; -
*.
.กก 5-ก"?,+ก+--ก#.?,ก"
13 - 24
13
ก
กก
A
P2
pu
A
Section A-A
L Transverse reinforcement
P1 P2
pu
Vu
Mu

!"#$ 13.35 ก
%ก&ก #+
"#3, A-A 13.35 3 +
1,+,ก)3 .%ก

/กก.##"#5:#
,&ก.+#+5:3 !2ก*ก

*%ก
/ก+ #+;5
*;-,ก.ก ก;*4
(0#$ 13.8 ก
ก/
ก
0
&ก ,-,# ;4ก 40 !. #3"ก#;ก0+ 50 .3"ก
25 .4 ; 45 !. #3"ก+ 80 .3"ก 40 +, 5
.
10 /.. 5#&ก ), ก7:กก)ก
40 !.
ก" fc′ = 240 ก.ก./!.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./!.2
2#3
1. ก330
42 R 5ก5:#7:ก A :
(75 + 120) x = 120 (5)
x = 3.1
2. (/
ก 5ก"7:ก&ก(C.G.)". ก# R :
ก C.G. /2#&ก! = 3.1 + 0.4 = 3.5
+ &ก, L = 2 × 3.5 = 7.0
13 - 25
13
ก
กก
A B
40cm x 40cm
45cm x 45cm
D = 50 ton D = 80 ton
L = 25 ton L = 40 ton
R
x
40 cm
C.G.
5.0 m

!"#$ 13.36 &ก 13.8
3. ก/
ก .
qa = 10 /..
R 50 + 25 + 80 + 40
-,3&กก = = = 19.5 ..
qa 10
19.5
+ ก &ก = = 2.79 /
กก 2.8
7.0
4. 56!
7'8(
3"ก ก A : PAu = 1.4×50 + 1.7×25 = 112.5
3"ก ก B : PBu = 1.4×80 + 1.7×40 = 180.0
112.5 + 180
.
qnu = = 14.92 /..
7.0 × 2.8
112.5 + 180
3"ก. wu = = 41.79 /
7.0
ก 13.37 % ก+" *.4

5: + ++,, ก ;7:/ &ก3
กก03"ก#;ก0 ..4
.413"ก#;ก!2/
3"ก+.3"ก 3)ก. 7:/ 3"ก0.3"กก% )
ก1".4
5:++,) ก ก3ก%ก(7Bก%ก
13 - 26
13
ก
กก
Column A : Column B :
Pu = 112.5 ton Pu = 180 ton
41.79 t/m2
0.4 m 5.0 m
1.6 m
7.0 m
113.2 t
16.7 t
Vu (ton)
2.29 m -66.8 t
-95.8 t
47.0 t-m
3.34 t-m
Mu (t-m)
error = 6.4 t-m
Mu,max = -106.4 t-m

!"#$ 13.37 .4
.?,.5:&ก 13.8
5. ก

0+ &ก 60 !. + 2ก
=
d = 52 !.
"#5:#ก0 M u− = 106.4 -
Mu 106.4 ×105
Rn = = = 15.6 ก.ก./!.2
φbd2 0.9 × 280 × 522
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0041 < [ ρmax = 0.0172 ] OK
fy  0.85 f c′ 
2
As = 0.0041×280×52 = 59.7 !. ก
10DB28 (As = 61.58 .2)
2
%ก
ก : As, min = 0.0018×280×60 = 30.24 !.
"#5:# ก! M u+ = 3.3 - 0%ก

; 10DB20 (As = 31.42 .2)
"#5:# ก M u+ = 47.0 - 0%ก
; 10DB20 (As = 31.42 .2)
6.
& ก
7' -
*..กก .&ก+, qnu = 14.92 /..
A : b0 = 4(40+52) = 368 !.
Vu = 112.5 – 14.92(0.92)2 = 99.9
φ Vc = 0.85(1.06) 240 (368)(52)/1,000 = 267 > [ Vu = 99.9 ] OK
B : b0 = 4(45+52) = 388 !.
13 - 27
13
ก
กก
Vu = 180 – 14.92(0.97)2 = 155.4

φ Vc = 0.85(1.06) 240 (388)(52)/1,000 = 282 > [ Vu = 155.4 ] OK
7.
& ก
7
.?,ก; ก.4
Vu, max = 113.2
+ .?,+ก φ Vc = 0.85(0.53) 240 (280)(52)/1,000
= 101.6 < Vu,max ก

ก!ก
8. กก!ก
+ .?,%กก φ Vs = Vu – φ Vc = 113.2 – 101.6
Vs = 13.65 < [ 1.1 240 (280)(52)/1,000 = 248.1 ]

3ก; smax = d/2 = 26 !. ก!ก DB16 9, Av = 2××2.01 = 4.02 .2
Av f y d 4.02 × 4.0 × 52
s = = = 61.3 !.
Vs 13.65
Av f y 4.02 × 4, 000
smax = = = 16.4 !.
3.5 b 3.5 × 280
0%กก3 DB16 @ 0.15 (Av = 4(2.01) = 8.04 !.2) ( 13.38)
9. ก
-
*..กก &ก"+
+, ก
ก d/2
d/2 = 52/2 = 26 cm
40cm x 40cm
A B 2.8 m
45cm x 45cm
20 + 40 + 26 26 + 45 + 26
= 86 cm = 97 cm
7.0 m
PA = 112.5 ton PB = 180 ton
0.40 m 1.20 m 0.45 m 1.175 m

0.60 m 0.60 m
2.80 m 2.80 m

!"#$ 13.38 กก.##&ก
73
13 - 28
13
ก
กก
A : be = 20 + 40 + 26 = 86 !.
wu = 112.5/2.8 = 40.2 /
Mu = (40.2)(1.2)2/2 = 28.9 -

28.9 × 105
Rn = = 13.8 ก.ก./!.2
0.9 × 86 × 522
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0036 < [ ρmax = 0.0172 ] OK
fy  0.85 f c′ 
As = 0.0036(86)(52) = 16.1 !.2 ก

6 DB20 (As = 18.85 .2)
B : be = 45 + 52 = 97 !.
wu = 180/2.8 = 64.3 /
Mu = (64.3)(1.175)2/2 = 44.4 -
44.4 × 105
Rn = = 18.8 ก.ก./!.2
0.9 × 97 × 522
0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0049 < [ ρmax = 0.0172 ] OK
fy  0.85 f c′ 
As = 0.0049(97)(52) = 24.7 !.2 ก

8 DB20 (As = 25.13 .2)
10. ก
ก
ก

As = 0.0018(100)(60) = 10.8 !.2

ก
DB20 @ 0.15 (As = 12.56 .2/.) > ก!ก DB16 @ 0.15 ";ก!ก <
A B
0.40 m 0.45 m
0.40 m 5.0 m
DB20 @ 0.15 m 10DB28
0.60 m
6DB20 DB20 @ 0.15 m 10DB20 8DB20

0.86 m 0.97 m
7.0 m

!"#$ 13.39 ก
%ก&ก 13.8
13.10 /
ก#$ (Strap footing)
")5ก0+0,&ก & ก , กก)7:ก&ก-,)3"

3 20,&กกก#&กก;-,.
"
13 - 29
13
ก
กก
0 ก#&ก+ &ก3 )#ก 43"ก#;ก0-,.

&.".ก 57:/ -,3 ก#"..-=: ก3
13.40 ก" Pe . Pi +,3"ก#;ก/ก/ กก."# .
;=
ก# qn !2
ก "&ก3 Re . Ri +,.G
ก
ก
23&ก4ก.4"#
, ก&ก.ก3 Pi . Ri 2ก ."#ก )103 2"
ก
.++ #23 +0,ก /กก) #
!2 "5 .##+. .ก.##กก
/
(0#$ 13.9 ก.##&ก.##+0, 13.40 ก" .

25 /.. +
2ก ก

/2&กก# 1.8 fc′ = 210 ก.ก./!.2 fy = 4000 ก.ก./!.2 . 3"ก
γs = 2.0 /
#..
DL = 50 ton DL = 80 ton
Pe Pi
LL = 25 ton LL = 40 ton
20 cm 5.0 m
40x40cm 45x45 cm
qn qn
Re Ri
1.8 m 2.5 m

!"#$ 13.40 3"ก#;ก..G
ก

#&ก+0,
2#3
1. ก330
42 R 5ก5:#7:กก:
(75 + 120) x = 120 (5)
x = 3.1
2. 9/
ก ;
&ก = 40 !.
.
;=
qn = 25 – [0.4(2.4) + 1.4(2.0)] = 21.24 /..
R 50 + 25 + 80 + 40
-,3&กก = = = 9.18 ..
pn 21.24
;
&ก 2.5×2.5. -,3 = 6.25 ..
;
+ &กก = 1.8
+ ก &กก b ก-,7:/ -,3 3.1 ก7:กก ) ก
ก+" *5:-,3&ก##&ก!
1.8 b (0.9) + 6.25 (5 + 0.2) = (3.1 + 0.2) (1.8b + 6.25)
b = 2.75
13 - 30
13
ก
กก
3. กก
ก ก
ก
ก
กก = 1.4(50) + 1.7(25) = 112.5
ก
ก = 1.4(80) + 1.7(40) = 180
112.5 + 180

qnu = = 26.12 /.!.
1.8 × 2.75 + 2.5 × 2.5
4. กก

!"!#"$!%&ก#$
ก ก ก'
() '
ก
'
! "$!!%%&ก
*+
'
$กก* กก
', *!! "$!
&( ) 3) กก$ก-ก
ก.ก*!ก
ก+!!/)0"$!0*!!%
* "$!0ก
#"
! ก.ก#
wu = 2.75(26.12) = 71.83 /! & 13.41
20 cm 5.0 m
wu = 2.75 qnu
1.8 m
13.41 ก"$!
13.11 ก (Pile caps)

%ก ก) *!,
, ก(! )1
&0ก ก%
ก) "&

&0ก)1! +
! ก#ก.!.! )1! ก.!
(,$ ก.กกก

)1! ก "
ก!ก,
)0ก)1!#. # ก

,$ % ก.ก)1!!.ก
,$ ก,
*&ก(
!ก 20ก1!
"!+!!/3$ ก)0! &ก!กก
ก ก))1! Ra 20*กก , กก)1! ก
ก.ก ก"/4ก!ก20
&ก$))$) $!
ก
( ก
$ก ก กก%!ก
Re = Ra - Wf (13.23)
!$ Wf "$ กก%! !

)1! !$*"-ก
5())1!
Re )1!ก!#)1!6)0ก
DL + LL
n= (13.24)
Re
+
*)1 ! %& ก ก ก ,$ " ก )1 ! *! !%* ก ก 3 )
(4&
/ก $
ก 75 2!. * +
*)1!) 30 %0 70 ก 90 2!.
13 - 31
13
ก
กก
กกก )1!"
ก กกก)
+
!กก"7 ก
.ก
ก
)1!* ก
+
)1!
1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
Ru = (13.25)
n
15 cm
1.5D
3D
3D
D
1.5D
1.5D 3D 3D 1.5D
13.42 ก )1!

ก" Ru *&กก ก )ก
กก )ก.!)1! 0"
ก
+
Ru = Re × "&7 ก3
(13.26)
!$ "&7 ก3

= (1.4DL + 1.7LL)/(DL + LL) & 13.36 '"(ก )
ก)1!

ก ก(
"!0ก)ก ! ก%&ก"".!+
3$ ก8
!$( ก 3$ ก!กก#.ก)1! # ก
!! 0! 69"7 ก8
*%& กก8))1!ก2
ก ก7 ACI ,7%0"!#:ก
))1! ;*!*ก#. (
ก
,$ )1! )1! ! (4&
/ก D "7+
0 ก
1. :ก
!ก)1!ก1!
&ก ก* D/2 $!กก ,7ก
3$
2. :ก
!ก)1!ก1!
& )!* D/2 $!กก ,7*!ก
3$
3. )1!ก1!
&ก))0 ก!7"1!

D/2 '
ก "4&
/
D/2 '

กกก3$
*ก! ก3$.)
)1!
+
3,

ก ! )1!
ก!ก; &ก8
&

13 - 32
13
ก
กก
d/2 ก))1!
*ก1! ก ")0ก)1!
&กก &ก82 ก
ก7 กก ก)0 & )1!20! "!

. & 13.37
Overlap
d/2 Pile
Critical section
13.43 ก8 ก3$.))1!

&กก

ก$%&' #)1! *ก"ก +
0&) 4 5 7 !.!. ก
ก+
)1! กก
6< +
4
กกก
.).! ก,$)1!
0! กก*!)1!กกก ก.ก'
))1!)0"!0ก
)กก ก=7) 20"! ก"/! ก, ก4/ )7ก
0ก" กก"!0ก )1!! (Blow count) ,$
)1!%0 ! ก !
ก$
ก.ก'
))1! 13.1 #,
ก ) ,$กก
ก
$' 13.1 )1!"ก
,$ ก
ก
& ))1! & '
(กก./!.)
(2!.2) (2!.) ( )
I-18 0.18 m x 0.18 m 235 83 57 15
I-22 0.22 m x 0.22 m 332 105 80 22
I-26 0.26 m x 0.26 m 460 126 110 30
I-30 0.30 m x 0.30 m 570 154 137 43
I-35 0.35 m x 0.35 m 880 165 211 57
I-40 0.40 m x 0.40 m 1235 180 296 80
S-16 0.16 m x 0.16 m 256 64 61 15
S-18 0.18 m x 0.18 m 324 72 78 21
S-22 0.22 m x 0.22 m 484 88 116 30
S-26 0.26 m x 0.26 m 676 104 160 43
S-30 0.30 m x 0.30 m 900 120 216 50
S-35 0.35 m x 0.35 m 1225 140 294 80
S-40 0.40 m x 0.40 m 1600 160 384 100
() )1!ก! ก69กก,)1!ก* กก $20ก

"!

ก &กก(&
&4
7ก"
ก
ก7.! !
',0! ก)1! +
ก1ก
กก 1ก! (&ก**
"ก ! $ก)1!! )*9!ก 0#ก" ! )9&!ก* ก

ก.ก'
) )1!!7*ก&
;"$
Pa = 0.25(0.85 f c′Ag ) (13.27)
13 - 33
13
ก
กก
+
*4ก+"ก(4&
/ก)1! ก.ก'
))1! ก( /
)20!7*ก!ก (13.27) ก !$กกก1!"/ 7 ก
ก ,$"!0ก !! )1!
$%*+,' 13.10 กก)1!,$ ก" 100 ก 50 กก

! . ) 40×40 2!. fc′ = 240 ก.ก./2!.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2!.2
ก γs = 2.0 /.!.
ก
&0ก 1.50 !. ก (
*-./ )1!)(4&
/ก 40 2!. Ag = 0.25π(40)2 = 1,256 2!.2
ก.ก'
Pa = 0.25 × 0.85 f c′Ag = 0.25×0.85×240×1,256/1,000 = 64
01 ∅0.40 . 2/3%ก4ก5&6%+ 50 $%
!!. กก%! 15%
0.6
ก.ก = 0.15(100 + 50) = 22.5
)1! ก = (100 + 50 + 22.5) / 50 = 3.45 01 4 $1
1.2 2.4
)1!!&
)1! = 3 ∅ = 3(0.4) = 1.2 !

)1!%0)ก = 1.5 ∅ = 1.5(0.4) = 0.6 !
0.6
!!.ก 90 2!. "!0ก5( d = 82 2!.
1.2
0.6 0.6 กก%! = (0.9×2.4 + 0.6×2.0)(2.4)2
2.4
= 19.4 < !7* 22.5 OK
ก.ก
ก = 1.4(100) + 1.7(50) = 225
ก.ก
)1! = (225 + 1.4(19.4))/4 = 63.0 /
$*(ก7 )54'
Pu = 225 ton Vu = Pu = 225
40 cm d/2=41 cm bo = 4(122) = 488 2!.
φ Vc = 0.85(1.06) 240 (488)(82)/1000
= 559 > Vu OK
122 cm
$*(ก7
''$1
40 cm d=82 cm Vu = 2(63.0) = 126

φ Vc = 0.85(0.53) 240 (240)(82)/1000
= 137 > Vu OK
2(63) ton
13 - 34
13
ก
กก
8$9&%&
40 cm 40 cm Mu = 2(63.0)(0.4) = 50.4 -!

50.4(105 )
Rn = = 3.47 กก./2!.2
0.9 × 240 × 822
ρ = 0.0009 < [ρmin = 0.0035] USE ρmin
As = 0.0035(240)(82) = 68.88 2!.2

2(63) ton
5 ก01 22DB20# (As = 69.08 :.2)
DB20
22DB20#
0.90
0.05 ก

0.05
∅ 0.40 . ..

50
4
13.44 (กกก

13.8
13 - 35
13
ก
กก
;<31+ 13
1 13.1 5) 13.2 ('กก%=%'/3%6*)&%'$,>2
13.1 ก.ก" 8 /! ก.ก 12 /! ( 30 2!.
! qa = 18 /
!. -1.0 !
ก 2.0 /.!. fc′ = 210 ก.ก./2!.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2!.2
13.2 ก.ก" 25 /! ก.ก 12 /! ( 40 2!.
! qa = 28
/!. -1.5 !
ก 2.0 /.!. fc′ = 210 ก.ก./2!.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2!.2
1 13.3 5) 13.4 ('กก&+*/3%6*)&%'$,>2
13.3 ก.ก" 150 ก.ก 120
! . 50 2!.
! qa = 22
/!. -1.5 !
ก 2.0 /.!. fc′ = 210 ก.ก./2!.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2!.2
13.4 ก.ก" 180 ก.ก 120
! 30×70 2!.
! qa = 28 /
!.
ก 2.0 /.!. fc′ = 210 ก.ก./2!.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2!.2 $ก (ก
! %! 15 2!. ,$"ก 15 2!. )
13.5 '
"&"ก
&ก 4.5 ! ก.ก" 200 ก.ก 220
. ) 60 2!. 1ก
$ 12DB32
.! 6 2!. fc′ = 280 ก.ก./2!.2 fy = 4,000
ก.ก./2!.2 %&ก +
ก!
! . 20!

#)

! 35 /!. ()ก
& 1.8 ! กก!+
fc′ =
210 ก.ก./2!. fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2!.
2 2
13.6 ก)1!ก!,$ก
กก#.ก0&)1! 9 & 13.36
ก.ก" ก"$ 120 ก 240 . ) 50 2!. 1ก
$ 12DB32 ก
.ก
!)1!0"$ 45 (4&
/ก)1! 40 2!. fc′ = 280 ก.ก./2!.2
fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2!.2 กก)1!+
fc′ = 210 ก.ก./2!.2 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./2!.2
13 - 36
ก ก
ก
ก-1
ก.1 ก, ".2 As1 = n (π / 4) db2
$%ก $ ก

(..) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RB6 .283 .565 .848 1.13 1.41 1.70 1.98 2.26 2.54 2.83
RB9 .636 1.27 1.91 2.54 3.18 3.82 4.45 5.09 5.73 6.36
DB10 .785 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71 5.50 6.28 7.07 7.85
DB12 1.13 2.26 3.39 4.52 5.65 6.79 7.92 9.05 10.18 11.31
DB16 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.05 12.06 14.07 16.08 18.10 20.11
DB20 3.14 6.28 9.42 12.57 15.71 18.85 21.99 25.13 28.27 31.42
DB25 4.91 9.82 14.73 19.63 24.54 29.45 34.36 39.27 44.18 49.09
DB28 6.16 12.32 18.47 24.63 30.79 36.95 43.10 49.26 55.42 61.58
DB32 8.04 16.08 24.13 32.17 40.21 48.25 56.30 64.34 72.38 80.42
ก.2 ก (), ".2 As 2 = As1 (100 / s )
** $%$ ก, ..

ก RB6 RB9 DB10 DB12 DB16 DB20 DB25
5 . 5.66 12.72 15.60 22.60 40.20 62.80 98.20
10 . 2.83 6.36 7.80 11.30 20.10 31.40 49.10
15 . 1.89 4.24 5.20 7.53 13.40 20.93 32.73
20 . 1.42 3.18 3.90 5.65 10.05 15.70 24.55
25 . 1.13 2.54 3.12 4.52 8.04 12.56 19.64
30 . 0.94 2.12 2.60 3.77 6.70 10.47 16.37
35 . 0.81 1.82 2.23 3.23 5.74 8.97 14.03
40 . 0.71 1.59 1.95 2.83 5.03 7.85 12.28
45 . 0.63 1.41 1.73 2.51 4.47 6.98 10.91
ก-2
ก.3 ()ก 3%$ (4 ACI
(8 ( (% ( ( (

9% 9
% L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
( L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
* fy ก 4,000 กก./.2 !"# 0.4 + fy / 7,000
ก.4 (ก( 3%
$% ก; 1 < <

$ ก 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 *
DB12 16.9 20.6 24.3 28.0 31.7 35.4 39.1 3.7
DB16 17.3 21.4 25.5 29.6 33.7 37.8 41.9 4.1
DB20 17.7 22.2 26.7 31.2 35.7 40.2 44.7 4.5
DB25 18.2 23.2 28.2 33.2 38.2 43.2 48.2 5.0
DB28 18.8 24.4 30.0 35.6 41.2 46.8 52.4 5.6
DB32 19.6 26.0 32.4 38.8 45.2 51.6 58.0 6.4
AB C D
A = 4 . &'(&ก)*"+,ก-./012ก31+ก
B = 9
. กก
C = 1.9 .
D = 7+0"0'"012ก = db 8+ 2.5 .
ก-3
ก.5 9=ก*(<9*>?%<%
14 0.85 f c′β1  6120 
ρ min = , ρb =   , ρ max = 0.75 ρb
fy fy  6120 + f y 
 1  fy
Rn ,max = ρ max f y  1 − ρ max m  , m =
 2  0.85 f c′
fc′ fy Rn,max
2 ρmin ρb ρmax m
(กก./". ) (กก./".2) (กก./".2)
180 2400 0.0058 0.0389 0.0292 15.7 54.02
3000 0.0047 0.0291 0.0218 19.6 51.45
4000 0.0035 0.0197 0.0147 26.1 47.62
(β1=0.85) 5000 0.0028 0.0143 0.0107 32.7 44.26
210 2400 0.0058 0.0454 0.0341 13.4 63.02

3000 0.0047 0.0339 0.0255 16.8 60.03
4000 0.0035 0.0229 0.0172 22.4 55.55
(β1=0.85) 5000 0.0028 0.0167 0.0125 28.0 51.64
240 2400 0.0058 0.0519 0.0389 11.8 72.03

3000 0.0047 0.0388 0.0291 14.7 68.60
4000 0.0035 0.0262 0.0197 19.6 63.49
(β1=0.85) 5000 0.0028 0.0191 0.0143 24.5 59.02
280 2400 0.0058 0.0605 0.0454 10.1 84.03

3000 0.0047 0.0453 0.0339 12.6 80.04
4000 0.0035 0.0306 0.0229 16.8 74.07
(β1=0.85) 5000 0.0028 0.0223 0.0167 21.0 68.85
320 2400 0.0058 0.0669 0.0502 8.8 93.73

3000 0.0047 0.0500 0.0375 11.0 89.21
4000 0.0035 0.0338 0.0253 14.7 82.46
(β1=0.82) 5000 0.0028 0.0246 0.0184 18.4 76.59
350 2400 0.0058 0.0712 0.0534 8.1 100.59

3000 0.0047 0.0532 0.0399 10.1 95.67
4000 0.0035 0.0360 0.0270 13.4 88.36
(β1=0.80) 5000 0.0028 0.0262 0.0196 16.8 82.02
ก-4
ก.6 **AB)%4$ ก<%)(".)
α , β 91' λ ก 1.0
fy fc′ (ก.ก./".2)
Bar size
(ก.ก./".2) 180 210 240 280 320 350
3000 34 31 29 27 25 24
DB10 4000 45 41 39 36 34 32
5000 56 52 48 45 42 40
3000 40 37 35 32 30 29
DB12 4000 54 50 46 43 40 38
5000 67 62 58 54 50 48
3000 54 50 46 43 40 38
DB16 4000 72 66 62 57 54 51
5000 89 83 77 72 67 64
3000 67 62 58 54 50 48
DB20 4000 89 83 77 72 67 64
5000 112 104 97 90 84 80
3000 106 98 92 85 80 76
DB25 4000 142 131 123 114 106 102
5000 177 164 153 142 133 127
3000 119 110 103 95 89 85
DB28 4000 159 147 137 127 119 114
5000 198 184 172 159 149 142
3000 136 126 118 109 102 97
DB32 4000 181 168 157 145 136 130
5000 227 210 196 182 170 162
ก-5
ก.7 **AB)%4$ ก< <%, ".
0.075 db f y
ldb = ≥ 0.0043 db f y
f c′
Bar size
fy fc′ (ก.ก./".2)
(ก.ก./".2) 180 210 240 280 320 350
3000 17 16 15 13 13 13
DB10 4000 22 21 19 18 17 17
5000 28 26 24 22 22 22
3000 20 19 17 16 15 15
DB12 4000 27 25 23 22 21 21
5000 34 31 29 27 26 26
3000 27 25 23 22 21 21
DB16 4000 36 33 31 29 28 28
5000 45 41 39 36 34 34
3000 34 31 29 27 26 26
DB20 4000 45 41 39 36 34 34
5000 56 52 48 45 43 43
3000 42 39 36 34 32 32
DB25 4000 56 52 48 45 43 43
5000 70 65 61 56 54 54
3000 47 43 41 38 36 36
DB28 4000 63 58 54 50 48 48
5000 78 72 68 63 60 60
3000 54 50 46 43 41 41
DB32 4000 72 66 62 57 55 55
5000 89 83 77 72 69 69
ก-6
ก.8 **AB)%4$ ก<%) 49ก(".)
318db
lhb =
f c'
Bar size fc′ (ก.ก./".2)

180 210 240 280 320 350
DB10 24 22 21 19 18 17
DB12 24 22 21 19 18 17
DB16 38 35 33 30 28 27
DB20 47 44 41 38 36 34
DB25 59 55 51 48 44 42
DB28 66 61 57 53 50 48
DB32 76 70 66 61 57 54
ก.9 **3( ก<ก

ก( )
(8 ( **3(".)
(ก) +,ก-)!*,." 8
(=) +,ก-)!*,8+1>?+ก@:
DB20-DB60 5
DB16 91'12กก" 4
() +,ก-)!*,1>?+ก@:
E8F, ),0 -0:
DB40 91' DB60 4
DB36 91'12กก" 2
, 4
ก-7
ก.10 (E8*F E%9*=;(
(ก) G$

1. -F09- 2 7"0=/F,3
2. 7"0#"ก,G!#3' G!#7"0-*!ก,"#"-0ก,ก*, 20%
3. ,F ,ก9) +-2(ก7"0
4. ,F ,ก&ก*, 3 =+0,F ,ก(ก0
5. +0I+1กJ '3K,90,-!0
($) E8ก
1. ,7"031#
- 31#-+,8+0#!/ F0ก+0 wuL2/11
- 31#-+,8+01+3K,,8F+!#"ก,ก+0 wuL2/14
2. ,7"0, wuL2/16
(() E8
1. G,-I1= +,+ก=+0+0-",-"9ก
- 8+ 2 7"0 wuL2/9
- 8+กก" 2 7"0 wuL2/10
2. G,-I1= +=+0+0-",+8,L wuL2/11
3. G,-I1= +=+0+0(ก90
- E8F,7"0#"ก*, 3.00 . 91' wuL2/12
- ,+-",-*>,=+0-+, > 8 wuL2/12
4. G,-I1= +,=+0+0-"* 1+3K,,8F+!#"ก+0
- 8++03K,,=+ wuL2/24
- 8++03K, wuL2/16
() F
1. 90N8+,=+=+0+0-",9ก 1.15 wuL/2
2. 90N8+,=+=+0+0-"+8,
L wuL/2
ก-8
ก.11 ก9*=E8;H E%<9*>?$ E8
G,-I!! ,9.ก10 M = CwS2
G,-I!! ,9. 2/3 G,-I!!,9.ก10
<
E8 (I$ m
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
J;
G,-I1-!,-+,8+0 0.033 0.040 0.048 0.055 0.063 0.083 0.033
-!,-+,8+0 - - - - - - -
G,-I"กก107"0 0.025 0.030 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.062 0.025
G %%
G,-I1-!,-+,8+0 0.041 0.048 0.055 0.062 0.069 0.085 0.041
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G %
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(CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS)
1. GENERAL NOTES
1.1 ALL MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP ARE TO BE ACCORCANCED WITH ACI CODE.
1.2 THESE DRAWINGS ARE TO BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS.
1.3 ONLY FIGURED DIMENSIONS ARE TO BE USED.
1.4 ALL LEVELS SHOWN ON STRUCTURAL PLAN AND DETAIL ARE TO BE STRUCTURAL LEVELS.
1.5 CONTRACTOR SHALL VERIFY ALL DIMENSIONS BEFORE COMMENCING WORK AND CHECK WITH ELECTRICAL
AND MECHANICAL CONTRACTORS FOR POSITIONS OF ALL CONDUIT, SLEEVES, ETC. WHICH HAVE TO BE CAST
INTO CONCRETE
1.6 CONTRACTOR IS TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE TEMPORARY SHORING AND BRACING DURING CONSTRUCTION TO
TAKE CARE OF WIND LOAD AND CONTRUCTION LOADS.
1.7 ABBREVIATIONS:-
E.F. = EACH FACE OF WALL
T. = TOP REINFORCEMENT
B. = BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT
D.B. = DISTRIBUTION BARS
N.T.S. = NOT TO SCALE
B.W. = BOTH WAYS
T/M = TONS PER METER RUN
Fe = FINAL OR EFFECTIVE PRESTRESSING FORCE.
1.8 CONTRACTOR SHALL PREPARE SHOP DRAWINGS FOR ALL ANY PORTIONS OF STRUCTURE AND SUBMIT TO
ENGINEER FOR APPROVAL BEFORE COMMENCING OF THOSE PORTIONS OF STRUCTURE
1.9 FOR POST-TENSIONING SYSTEM, CONTRACTOR SHALL PROPOSE TO ENGINEER FOR APPROVAL TOGETHER
WITH BACK UP CALCULATION, RELEVANT INFORMATION AND DRAWINGS FOR STRANDS & BURSTING STEEL
DETAILS.
2. MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
2.1 CONCRETE
2.1.1 CYLINDRICAL CRUSHING STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AT 28 DAYS:-
240 KSC. FOR ALL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
2.1.2 CYLINDRICAL CRUSHING STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AT TRANSFER SHALL BE NOT LESS THAN 210
KSC.
2.1.3 MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE TO BE 20 MM.
2.2 REINFORCING STEEL
2.2.1 DB DENOTES HIGH TENSILE STEEL BARS WITH MINIMUM GUARANTEED YIELD STRENGTH OF 4000
KSC.
2.2.2 RB DENOTES MILD STEEL BAR WITH A MINIMUM GUARANTEED YIELD STRENGTH OF 2400 KSC.
2.2.3 REINFORCING BAR ALSO DENOTES BY ∅ WHERE
∅ ≥ 12 MM. REPRESENTS DEFORM BAR AS DENOTED BY DB
∅ ≤ 9 MM. REPRESENTS ROUND BAR AS DENOTED BY RB
2.3 STRUCTURAL STEEL
-2
ALL STRUCTURAL STEEL SHALL CONFORM TO JIS G3106 OR EQUIVALENT SM41 OR EQUIVALENT AND
WELDING SHALL BE ACCORDING TO AISC OR EQUIVALENT
2.4 STRAND IS ½ INCH SUPER 270 KIPS STRAND WITH CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF 0.153 SQ.IN. (99 MM.2) AND
ULTIMATE TENSILE STRESS OF 270,000 PSI. (17,850 KSC.)
3. CONCRETE NOTES
3.1 MINIMUM COVER OF CONCRETE TO MAIN REINFORCEMENT:-
20 MM. FOR FLOOR SLABS EXCEPT GROUND FLOOR SLAB WHERE IT IS IN CONTACT WITH EARTH;
25 MM. FOR ALL BEAM
40 MM. FOR VERTICAL STRUCTURE WITH MINIMUM DIMENSION OF 200 MM. AND LESS;
50 MM. FOR GROUND FLOOR SLABS AND BEAMS IN CASE IN CONTACT WITH EARTH;
100 MM. FOR ANY CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS.
3.2 MINIMUM LAPS AND SPLICES SHALL BE MAINTAINED INCLUDING DOWELS EXTENSIONS AND EMBEDMENT OR
OTHERWISE INDICATED.
FOR HIGH TENSILE STEEL : 45 ∅ FOR TENSION & 30 ∅ FOR COMPRESSION
FOR MILD STEEL : 40 ∅ FOR TENSION & 30 ∅ FOR COMPRESSION
NO SPLICE SHALL BE MADE AT POINT OF MAXIMUM STRESS.
3.3 100 MM. BINDING LAYER OR 1:3:5 CONCRETE MIX TO BE PROVIDED UNDERNEATH ALL R.C. WORK WHICH ARE
IN CONTACT WITH EARTH.
3.4 100 MM. COMPACTED SAND OR OTHERWISE INDICATED SHALL BE PROVIDED BEFORE CASTING OF LEAN
CONCRETE.
4. STRAND PROVISIONS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION JOINT ARE TO BE LOCATED WHERE NECESSARY BY CONTRACTOR SUBJECT TO ARCHITECT1S
AND ENGINEER1S APPROVAL.
4.2 STARTER BARS FROM STRUCTURAL FLOOR FOR R.C. WALL/COLUMN SHALL CORRESPOND IN NUMBER AND
SIZE TO REINFORCEMENT IN WALL/COLUMN IN WHICH THEY ARE EMBEDED.
4.3 KEYWAYS SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR ALL FLOOR SLABS AND STAIRS LEADING INTO R.C. WALL/COLUMN WITH
MINIMUM DOWEL BARS IN KEYWAYS OF Y12  250 OR OTHERWISE INDICATED.
4.4 CRANKING OF VERTICAL BARS (IF ANY) SHALL NOT EXCEED A SLOPE OF 1 IN 10
4.5 R9-250(T) DISTRIBUTION BARS OVER SUPPORT OR WALL SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR TOP REINFOREMENT
UNLESS OTHERWISE SHOWN.
5. PILES
5.1 PILE TYPE, SIZE PROPERTIES AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS SHALL STRICTLY CONFORM TO THE REQUIREMENTS
OF THE SPECIFICATIONS AND SHALL BE APPROVED BY ENGINEER PRIOR TO THE INSTALLATION.
5.2 DESIGN WORKING LOAD CAPACITY FOR BORED PILE DIA 0.80M×8.00M. AND DIA 1.00M×8.00M. SHALL BE 90
AND 135 METRIC TONS FACTOR OF SAFETY SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 2.50
5.3 CONCRETE FOR PILES SHALL BE CLASS 22403 AND HAVE A MINIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 350
KILOGRAMS PER SQUARE CENTIMETRE AT THE END OF 28 DAYS.
5.4 COMPRESSION PILE LOAD TEST SHALL BE PERFORMED ON A MINIMUM ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATION FOR
BORED PILE DIA 1.00M×8.00M. OF THE ABOVE TEST PILES AS SELECTED BY THE ENGINEER.
5.5 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DEVIATION FORM SPECIFIED LOCATION OF PILE SHALL BE 8 CENTIMETER
5.6 OUT-OF-PLUMBNESS SHALL NOT EXCEED 1.0 PERCENT FOR EACH PILE.
5.7 PILE CONTRACTOR SHALL BE FULLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SURVEYING OF ALL PILE POSITIONS.
-3
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A B C
4 000 5 000
C1 F1 C2 F2 C1 F1
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C2 F2 C2 F2
C3 F3
4 000
C2 F2 C4 F4 C2 F2
2
4 000
C1 F1 C2 F2 C1 F1
-4
.3
A B C
4 000 5 000
C1 B1 C2 B1 C1
4
S2 S2
3 000
B2 B2 B2
+0.50 +0.50
C2 B1 C3 B1 C2
3
ST1
S3
4 000
B2 B2 B3 B3 +1.00 B2
C2 C4 C2
2
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1
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1.5D 1.5D
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11 PLIES 12 PLIES
40 cm DB16
4DB25
0.70 m
2.80 m
10DB28 #
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8. American Concrete Institute Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete(ACI318-05) 2005
9. Arthur H. Nilson Design of Concrete Structures 13th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York 2003
10. James G. Macgregor Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design 4th ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2005
11. Edward G. Nawy Reinforced Concrete: A Fundamental Approach 5th ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2005
12. Nadim M. Hassoun Structural Concrete: Theory and Design 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2005

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คู่มือการออกแบบคอนกรีตเสริมเหล็ก (WSD+SDM) ดร.มงคล จิรวัชรเดช

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Water-cement ratio, by weight

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Tangent modulus at 0.5fc’

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0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004

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