ITM School of Architecture & Town planning

Bakshi ka Talab, Lucknow

Construction ​& ​Material ​-​VIII ​R​AR ​-​902

Subject Incharge ​Ar​. ​Vikram singh

Module ​-​6 ​INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION

INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION

Portal ​Frame
North Light ​Truss
Lattice girder roof

PORTAL FRAM​E

INTRODUCTION:

Developed ​during ​second world ​war​, ​but ​now ​the ​most ​common ​form ​of
enclosure ​for ​spans ​of ​20 ​to ​60 ​m​. ​Driven ​by ​the ​need ​to ​achieve ​low​-​cost
building ​envelope​. ​They ​are usually made from steel​, ​but ​can also ​be ​made ​from
concrete ​or ​timber​.
•

Purlins

-​-​Portal ​frame
PORTAL ​FRAME
Portal frames can be defined as ​two ​dimensional ​rigid ​frames that ​h​ave the ​basic
characteristics ​of ​A ​rigid ​joint ​between ​column ​and ​beam​.

The ​main ​objective ​of ​this ​form ​of ​design ​is ​to ​reduce ​bending ​moment ​in ​the ​beam​,
which allows the frame to act as one structural unit​.

​ ​. ​1
pg
USEAGE :

Portal ​Frames ​are ​generally ​used ​for ​single ​storey ​construction ​which ​require ​a
​ ​nobstructed ​floor space ​i.​e​.​,
large u
A​. ​Factories ​B​. ​Shopping ​Centres
C​. ​Warehouses ​They ​are ​very efficient ​for ​enclosing ​large v​ olumes​;
therefore ​they ​are ​often used for ​industrial​, ​storage​, ​retail an​d ​commercial
applications ​as ​well ​as for ​agricultural ​purposes​.

T​Y​PES OF POR​TAL F​RAME

1​) ​Pi​tched roof symmetric portal frame ​Generally ​fabricated ​from ​UKB
sections ​with ​a ​substantial ​eaves ​haunch ​section​, ​which ​may ​be ​cut from ​a ​rolled
section ​or fabricated from ​plate​. 25 to ​35 m ​are the most efficient ​spans

Apex
Roof ​pitch
Rafter
Eaves

Apex ​haunch

Eavos ​haunch
Column
2) ​Portal ​frame ​with ​internal m
​ ezzanine ​Floor ​Office accommodation is often
provided ​within a ​portal ​frame structure using a partial ​width mezzanine ​floor​.

3​) ​Crane ​portal frame with column brackets ​W​here ​a ​travelling ​crane ​of
​ an ​be ​fixed ​to
relatively ​low ​capacity ​(​up ​to ​say ​20 ​tonnes​) ​is ​required​, ​brackets c
the ​columns ​to ​support ​the ​crane ​rails

pg​. ​2
4​) ​Tied portal frame ​In a tied ​portal ​frame ​the ​horizontal ​movement ​of
the ​eaves ​and ​the ​bending ​moments in ​the ​columns ​and ​rafters ​are
reduced​.
5​) ​Mono-pitch portal frame ​It is a ​simple ​variation ​of the ​pitched ​roof
portal ​frame​, ​and ​tends to ​be ​used ​for ​smaller ​buildings ​(​up ​to ​15 ​m
span​)​.

Rec

6) Propped portal ​frame W

​ h​ ere ​the ​span ​of ​a ​portal ​frame ​is
large ​and there ​is ​no ​requirement ​to ​provide ​a ​clear ​span​, ​a ​propped
portal frame can be used to reduce the rafter size ​and ​also the
horizontal ​shear ​at ​the ​foundations​.

7​) Mansard portal frame ​A ​mansard ​portal ​frame ​may ​be u ​ sed ​where ​a
large ​clear height ​at ​mid​-​span i​ s ​required ​but ​the eaves height of ​the
building ​has to ​be ​minimised​.

22​.​22​.​22​.​22​.2.
c

62.
*​*​*​*​*

8​) ​Curved ​rafter portal frame ​Portal ​frames ​may ​be ​constructed
using ​curved ​rafters​, ​mainly ​for ​architectural ​reasons​.

pg​. ​3

9​) ​Cellular beam portal frame ​Rafters ​may ​be fabricated ​from ​cellular beams ​for
aesthetic ​reasons or ​when ​providing ​long ​spans​.

ova​LDI ​TIST

BA​SIC COMPOSITION
 •
s​ve

The ​portal ​structure ​is ​designed ​in ​such a

​ ​way ​that ​it ​has ​no ​intermediate columns​. ​A
portal ​frame ​building ​comprises ​a ​series ​of ​transverse ​frames ​braced l​ ongitudinally​.
The ​primary ​steelwork ​consists ​of ​columns ​and ​pitched ​rafters​. ​The ​lig​ht
gauge ​secondary ​steelwork ​consists ​of ​side ​rails ​for ​walls ​and ​purlins ​for ​the
roof​. ​The ​roo​f ​and ​wall ​cladding separate the ​enclosed ​space from ​the
external ​environment ​as ​well ​as ​providing ​thermal ​and ​acoustic
insulation​.

Cold ​rolled
eaves bearn
Purlins
Rafter

Eaves
strut​/​tie
Sid
e r​ ails
Apex haunch ​Positions ​of
restraint
Eaves ​haunch ​to ​inner
flange ​of ​column and ​rafter
Base ​plate ​Floor ​Level
Dado ​wall
Column

Foundat
ion
 pg​. ​4
Profiled ​steel ​roof ​cladding

Noor ​bracing

Primary ​steel ​frame

Wall ​cladding
Purlins
Side ​rails

Longtudinal ​bracing

​ ​L FRAME ​IN ​HISTORY

FIRST PO​R​TA

At ​the ​EXPOSITION ​UNIVERSELLE ​in ​Paris ​1878​, ​the ​engineer ​HENRI ​DE
DION ​progressed ​the ​science ​of ​vaulting w ​ ith ​the ​first ​portal ​frame ​of lattice
girders ​where ​the ​forces ​we​ re ​transmitted ​directly ​to ​the ​foundations without tie
bars​. ​This ​Galarie ​des ​Machines ​had ​a ​span ​of ​35​m ​and ​its ​pitched ​roof ​shape
was ​a ​forerunner ​of ​many ​sheds t​ o ​follow​.

BASE ​JOINT FOR PORTAL ​FRAME

The ​legs ​or ​stanchions ​of ​the ​portal ​frame ​need ​connecting ​at ​the ​bottom ​to ​a
foundation​. ​Here ​we ​can ​see ​the ​base ​joint connection in ​place​.

pg​. ​5

​ RAME ​Shown here ​is ​a ​ridge joint ​or ​apex

RIDGE JOINT FOR PORTA​L F
joint​. ​It ​is ​important ​t​h​at ​this ​joint ​is ​strong ​hence ​the ​use ​of ​wedge ​shaped pieces
called ​gusset ​pieces ​to ​strengthen a ​ nd ​increase ​the ​bolt ​area​.

End ​plates ​welded ​to ​both ​rafters

Bolts

Gusset ​piece

KNEE JOINT FOR POR​TAL ​FRA​ME

Again ​the ​knee ​joint ​must ​be ​strong ​to ​support ​the ​roof ​loads ​and ​prevent ​bending​.
Gusset ​pieces ​will ​be ​used ​to ​increase ​strength​, ​give ​greater bolt ​area ​and ​prevent
deflection ​under ​load​.
 ​ GONA​L ​BRACIN​G FOR POR​TAL FR​AME
D​IA

Wi​ th ​all types of ​frameworks ​we ​must think ​on ​stability ​i​.​e​. ​movement​. ​To ​help
strengthen ​the ​framework ​and ​prevent ​movement ​diagonal ​bracing ​will ​be ​used​.

pg​. ​6
CLADDING RAILS FOR PORTAL FRAME ​This ​slide ​shows ​the cladding ​rails ​for
attaching the external ​metal ​cladding panels to​. ​These ​rails ​can ​be ​fixed ​horizontal ​or
vertical ​depending ​on ​the way ​the ​cladding ​panels ​are ​fixed
TIE CABLES FOR PORTAL FRAME ​These ​wire ​and tubular ties are used to ​prevent
sagging of the ​cladding ​rails ​which ​can ​add ​considerable force ​unto ​the ​joints of the
external ​cladding​.

ADVANTAGES:

Cost effectiveness ​Sustainability ​Saves

time ​Capable ​taking ​loads
immediately

1​. ​Sp​eed ​and ​ease ​of ​erection ​2. ​Building ​can ​be ​quickly ​closed ​in ​and ​made
water ​tight​. ​3​. ​F​ramework ​prefabricated in a ​workshop ​and not affected ​by
weather​. ​4​. ​Site ​works ​such ​as ​drainage​, ​roa​d​s ​etc ​can ​be ​carried ​out ​until
framework ​is ​ready ​for
erection​. ​5​. ​No ​weather ​hold ​up ​during ​erecting ​the ​framework​. ​6​. C​onnected
together in factories ​by ​welding and site connections ​should ​be ​bolted.
 ​ ​. ​7
þg
DISADVANTAGES

1​. ​Although ​steel ​is ​incombustible it ​has ​a ​poor ​resistance ​to ​fir​e ​as ​it ​bends
easily
when ​hot​. ​2​. ​Subject ​to ​corrosion

CONSTRUCTION METHOD
Step ​1​: ​Foundation ​-in situ ​concrete​, ​concrete ​slab

Step ​2 ​: ​Pinned ​base​. ​From ​left ​to ​right

4​.​8m
Step ​3​: ​Rigid ​connection ​Haunches ​and ​stiffener ​installed

Butt ​Plate ​Cleat

Stiffener

Haunches

Step ​4 ​: ​PURLIN ​AND ​GIRT ​INSTALLATION

I ​2​.​5m
pg​. ​8
4​.​2m

Step ​5 ​: ​BRACING ​INSTALLATION

Step ​6 ​: ​SHEET ​INSTALLATION
 ​ ical F
6 ​Typ ​ oster ​perspective section c​ learly s​ hows ​directionality ​in p
​ ortal ​frame
building.​
pg​. ​9
NO​RT​H LIGHT T​RUS​S

INTRODUCTION
Roofs ​of ​Long ​span ​structures ​are ​made ​of ​steel ​trusses​. ​They ​are ​can ​b​e
designed ​with ​glazing ​( ​inclined ​glass ​panels ​towards ​north ​sky​) ​on ​north ​side​, ​since ​in
northern ​hemisphere ​there ​is ​no ​direct ​or harsh ​sun l​i​ght ​in ​north​. ​It ​provides ​a ​very
consistent ​light ​indoors​. ​Now ​a ​days even ​south lighting ​is ​also ​used ​for ​a ​more ​intense
lighting​. ​Proper ​care ​should ​be ​taken ​for ​rain water ​draining ​at ​glazed ​panels

>

>
One ​of ​the ​oldest ​and ​economical ​methods ​of ​covering large ​areas ​is ​the north ​light
truss a ​ nd ​lattice ​girders ​system​. T ​ his ​type ​of ​truss ​system ​is ​generally ​used ​where ​the
floor ​spans ​exceeds ​15m​. ​Rooflights ​in ​the ​slopes ​of ​symmetrical ​pitch ​roofs ​which ​are
generally ​set ​in ​east ​and ​west ​facing ​slopes ​m​a​y ​c​a​use ​discomfort ​through
overheatin​g ​i​n ​summers ​a​nd ​disrupt ​manufacturing activities ​by ​the ​glare from
sunl​i​ght​. ​To ​avoid ​these ​possibilities ​the ​north ​l​ight ​roof ​is used​.

2​/ 1
​ 5​0​*​75​-​10 ​2​/ 6​ 55​0​$
2/​ 7
​ 5 ​509

P​A​TENT ​G​L​AZ​ING
 ​ O​F
RO

- ​30
30 ​M

LATTI​CE ​GI​R ​DE​R ​NOR​TH ​LIGH​T ​T​R​US​S​ES

pg​. ​10
METHOD OF
CONSTRUCTION

►
The ​whole ​of ​the south ​slope ​is covered w ​ ith profiled ​sheets ​and ​the ​whole ​of ​t​h​e ​north ​facing
slope ​with ​glass ​or ​clear ​or ​translucent ​plastic ​s​h​eet​. ​North ​light ​truss ​has ​a
asymmetrical ​profile ​with ​a ​south ​facing ​slope ​at ​17° ​or ​more ​to ​horizontal ​and ​the
north facing ​slope ​at from ​60° ​to ​vertical​. ​Because ​of the ​steel ​pitch ​of ​the ​north
facing ​slope ​the ​space ​inside the ​roof ​trusses ​of a ​north ​light ​roof ​is ​considerably
greater ​than ​that ​of ​a ​symmetrical ​pitch r​ oof ​of ​the ​same ​span
​
SYMMETRIC​AL
 PITCH ​ROOF
NORTH ​LIGHT
ROOF

COMPARISON OF SYMMETRCAL PITCH AND THE NORTH ​LIGHT ​TRUS​S

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF NORTH LIGHT TRUSSE​S

NORTH LIGHT ​T​R​USS

SINGLE BAY ​NORTH

LIGHT ​TRUSS
MULTI BAY ​NORTH
LIGHT ​TR​U​SS

SINGLE ​BAY NORTH LIGHT

TRUSS

B
DULCD ​baltice ​steel ​north
e​g l​ igh
​ t ​roof ​thes​e
purling ​fried
across ​north
sbpe ​support ​purlins ​fixed
across
root ​glazing ​twsses ​support
 ro​of ​cover​ing

k ​up ​to ​12​.​0 y​

sheeting
rails

column
pg​. ​11

cowugated sheeting
to ​root
gl​ aze n
​ orth
lope ​of ​roof

comugated ​sheet​in​g ​to s​ ide ​and ​end

walls

Single ​ bay ​ lattice ​ steel ​ north ​ light

roof o​n ​col​u​mns ​with ​c​or​ rugated ​sheeting

MULTI ​BAY ​NORTH LIGHT

TRUSS

Lattice ​steel ​north ​light ​roof ​102 ​S ​ELEZETT

roof ​slope ​for ​north
​ t ​gla​z​i​n​g
ligh
 purlins ​across ​thesis
​ ort ​roof sheeling
supp
valkey ​beam ​S​upp ​ ​orts
thuisses ​between
​ te​rn​al ​columns
in

sheening ​rails ​fúed

t​o ​col​ umns ​an​d
up​rights
sheeting ​rails ​free ​to ​col​um
​ ns

Two ​bay ​north ​light l​ at​t​i​ce S

​ teel ​roof ​wit​h ​columns ​and
​ e
va​lley b ​ am

USES

.
IT ​IS ​USED ​IN ​WAREHOUSE​, ​INDUSTRIES​, ​F​ACTORIES​, ​ETC​. ​NORTH ​LIGHT
TRUSSES ​AR​E ​TRADITIONALLY ​USED ​FOR ​SHORT SPANS ​IN ​INDUSTRIAL
WORKSHOP​-​TYPE ​BUILDINGS​.
​ EGAINED ​FROM ​NATURAL ​LIGHTING ​BY ​THE ​USE
THEY ​ALLOW ​MAXIMUM ​BENEFIT ​TO B ​OF
GLAZING ​ON ​THE ​S​T​E​E​PE​ ​R ​PITCH ​WHICH ​GENERALLY ​FACES
NORTH ​OR ​NORTH-​EAST T ​ O ​REDUCE ​THE ​SOLAR ​GAIN​.

p​g​. ​12
TIE ​ROD
​ LI
PUR
N

- ​R​OOF
COVE​RING​
-​-​SAG
ROD
 JJ​- ​BOLT

C​L​IP O
​ ​R
CLEAT
A​N​G​LE
CLE​AT ​A
SEC​TION ​BB

LATT​I​CE
GRID

A ​lattice ​girder is ​a ​girder ​where ​the ​flanges ​are ​connected

by ​a ​lattice ​web

A ​girder ​is ​a ​support ​beam ​used ​in ​construction​. ​Girders ​often have ​an ​I-​beam ​cross
section ​for strength, but ​may ​also ​have a box ​shape​, ​Z ​shape or other forms. Girder ​is
the term used to ​denote ​the ​main ​horizontal ​support ​of ​a ​structure ​which ​supports
smaller ​beams​. ​A ​girder ​is ​commonly ​used ​many ​times ​in ​the ​building ​of ​bridges​, ​and
planes

A ​flange ​is ​an ​external ​or ​internal ​ridge​, ​or ​rim ​(​lip​)​, ​for ​strength​, ​as ​the ​flange ​of ​an
iron ​beam ​such ​as ​an ​I​-​beam ​or ​a ​T​-​beam​, ​or ​for ​attachment ​to ​another ​object​, ​as ​the
flange ​on ​the ​end ​of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc., ​or ​on the lens mount of a
camera​; ​or for a flange of ​a ​rail ​car ​or ​tram ​wheel​. ​Thus ​flanged ​wheels ​are
wheels ​with ​a ​flange ​on ​one ​side ​to ​keep ​the ​wheels ​from ​running ​off ​the ​rails​.
The ​term ​"​flange​" ​is ​also ​used ​for ​a ​kind ​of ​tool ​used ​to ​form ​flanges​. ​Pipes ​with
flanges ​can ​be ​assembled ​and ​disassembled ​easily​. ​Some ​of ​the ​materials ​used ​to
​ Mo
manufacture ​flanges ​are ​cast iron​, ​carbon ​steel​, ​12 ​Mo​-​Steel​, Al ​steel ​and ​13Cr​-​1​/2

A ​latticework is a ​framework ​consist​i​ng of a ​criss​-​crossed ​pattern of strips of

building ​material​, ​typically ​wood ​or ​metal​. ​The ​design ​is ​created ​by ​crossing ​the ​strips
to ​form ​a ​network​. ​Lattice ​work ​can ​be ​purely ​ornamental​, ​or ​can ​be ​used ​as ​a ​truss
structure ​such as ​a ​lattice ​girder ​bridge​.

OVERVIEW​:

The ​lattice g
​ irder ​type of d​ esign ​has ​been ​supplanted ​in ​modern ​construction ​with
welded ​or b ​ olted ​plate g ​ irders​, ​which ​use ​more ​material ​but ​have ​lower
fabrication ​and ​maintenance ​costs​. The lattice girder ​was ​used ​prior ​to ​the
development ​of ​larger ​rolled ​steel ​plates​.

pg​.
13
The ​term ​is ​also ​sometimes ​used ​to ​refer ​to ​a ​structural ​member ​commonly ​made ​using
a ​combination ​of ​structural ​sections ​connected ​with ​diagonal ​lacing​. ​This ​member ​is
more ​correctly ​referred ​to ​as ​a ​laced ​strut ​or ​laced ​tie​, ​as ​it ​normally ​resists ​axial
compression ​(​stru​t​) ​or ​axial ​tension ​(​tie​)​; ​the ​lattice ​girder​, ​like ​any ​girder​, ​primarily
resists ​bending​.

The ​component ​sections ​may typically include metal beams; ​channel ​and angle
sections, with ​the ​lacing ​elements ​either ​metal ​plate ​strips​, ​or ​angle ​sections​. ​T​h​e
lacing ​elements ​are ​typically ​attached ​using ​either ​hot ​rivets ​or ​threaded ​locator ​bolts​.
As ​with ​lattice ​girders​, ​laced ​struts ​and ​ties ​have ​generally ​been ​supplanted ​by ​hollow
box ​sections​, ​which ​are ​more ​economic with modern technology. I​n ​some case
seismic retrofit modifications replace ​riveted ​lacing ​with ​plates ​bolted ​in ​place​.
pg​.
14