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Classification of lamprophyres, lamproites, kimberlites, and the kalsilitic,

melilitic, and leucitic rocks

Article  in  The Canadian Mineralogist · April 1996

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 t75

The CanndianM ineralogist

Vol, 34,pp. 175-186(1996)

OF LAMPROPHYRES,
CLASSIFICATION LAMPROITES,KIMBERLITES'
MELILITIC,
AND THEKALSILITIG, ROCKSX
AND LEUCITIC

ALAN R. WOOLLEY
NaturalHistoryMuseum,
Departuentof Mineralogy, RoaLbndon SW SBD'U.K
Crornwell

STEYEN C. BERGMAN
and
Exploration
Technnlogy,
ARCOResources Production 2j00 WestPIarc Parkway,Plano,Texas75075'U'S'A'
Research,

ALAN D. EDGAR
Ontario,LondaUOntarioN6A587
Universityof Westem
Deparxwntof EarthSciences,

MICHAELJ. LEBAS
of leicester,IsicesterIEI 7RH'U'K'
of Geology,University
Department

ROGERH. MITCIIELL
InkehzadlJniversity,
of Geotogy,
Department Bay,OntarioP7B5EI
Thunder

NICHOLAS M.S. ROCKT

of
Department of
University
Geology, Westem Austalin"Australia
Australia.Nedlanh6009,Westem

BARBARA H. SCOTTSMITH
Boulevar4NorthVancoaver,
Petrology,2555Edgemount
Scox-Smith 2M9
BrttishColumbin'WR

ABSIRAC"I

rocls
The nomenclatureand classificationof lamprophyres,lamproites,kimberlites andthe kalsilitic, melilitic and leucitic
The recommendations of three working groups establghedby t{e, IUGS-Subcommi-ssion on the
are inaaequately detined.
the aboveare
Systematicsof igneousRocksto resolveaspectsof tlle problem arepresentedfor discussion.New definitionsof
given, variouslyln mineralogicaland geochemicalterms,and a reviied sequencefor the systematicclassificationof the rocks
is provided which integrateswith the existingIUGS hierarchicalsystem.

Kewords: lamprophlre, lamproite,kimberlite, kalsilitic rocks, melilitic rocks, leucitic rocks, classification.

Sovnrtarnn

m€lilite,
l,a nomenclatureet la classificationdu clan dgs tamFrophyres,lamproites,kimberlites, et des rochesa kahilite,
jamais 6t6 d6finies de fagon Nous
satisfaisante. presentons i"i p9* de discussionles recommandations de
et leucite n'ont 1*
par
trois groupesde travail 6tablis la sous-commission charg6e dL la des
syst6matisation roches igrdes de I'Union Intemationale
min€ralogiques'
CesS"cientesG6ologiques.Nous pr6sentonsdesd6finitionJnouvellei desmembresde ce clan, en tennessoit
soit gdochimiques,et une s6quende nouvellede classificationsyst6matique,int6gr6eau sch6mahidrarchiquedu systbmeexistant
de ITUGS'
(fraduit par la R6daction)

plassification'
Mots-cl6s:lamprophyre,lampro'ite,kimberlite, rochesi kalsilite, rochesi m6lilite, rochesl leucite,

of the IntemationalUnion of GeologicalSciences(IUGS), Subcommissionon the Systematicsof Igneous

* Recommendatrons
Rocks.
t Deceased.
 176 TI{E CANADTAN MINERAIOGIST
IlqrnonucttoN
In the book "A Classificartonof lgneous Roclcsand
Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the
International Union of Geological Siiences
Subcornmission on the Systematicsof lgneous Rocks.
(LelVlaite et al. 1989),lamprophyres,lamproitesand
kimberlites were amalgamatedunder the hearting
"lamprophyric rocksoo.This was regarded as a
provisional expedientuntil, as noted in the heface of
the book, a more satisfactoryclassification could be
established. In thebook"Lamproplryres",Rock(1991)
went even further and placed lamproites and
kimberlites in his "lamprophyre clan',. However, to
many petrologists, inclusion of lamproite and
kimberlite with the lamprophyresis either inappro-
priate or incorrect becausethe terrn tampropSe is
devalued,whereasthe classificationof lamproitesand
kimberlitesis not furthered.
During a meeting of the Subcommissionat the
Intemational Geological Congressin Washingtonin
1989, three working groups were establishedto
reconsiderthe classification of these rocfts, together
with certain feldspathoidatand leucitic, melilitii, and
kalsilitic rocks, which are also inadequatelydefinedin
Le Maitre et al. (1989).The working groupsincluded
members of the Subcommission, and several
specialists,particularly in the areasof kimberlitic and
lamproitic rocls, were invited to participate. This
contribution brings together the findings of the
working groups and the Subcommissionon tlese
topics, and is presentedas the best compromise
currently achievable. The recommendationsare
presentedfor discussionand shouldnot be regardedas
the definitive statementon the topic.
The objectiveof the Subcommissionis not to crearc
a highly detailed ttxonomy, either mineralogical or
chemical,but to provide a broadly basedclassification
to be _usedin a logical manner by any geologist.
The-
-classificationsuggestedfollows tle principtes
established by Le Bas& Streckeisen (1991).-
The classificationof theseexotic alkaline rocks is
not a trivial tash and there will probably never be, at
least in our lifetimes, a truly practical and workable
scheme.Advanceshave been made in the past two
decadesin kimberlite and lamproite nomenclature,
prinarily becauseof their economic importance.In
contrast, the vast array of lamprophyres has not
receivedthe sameamountof attention,and there will
be a slow natural evolution of our ideas regarding
their classification as a consequenceof subsequent
investigatious.
INTEGRAIoN wrrr{ TIIE
IUGS l:lrrnnncucAr, Sysru\4
The principal mineralsof the katsilitic roctrsinclude
Any classificationshouldbe capableof integration clinopyroxene,kalsilite, leucite, meliliteo olivine
with the IUGS hierarchical system described by phlogopite (Iable 2). These rocks cannot be
Le Maite et al. (1989) and Le Bas & Streckeisen
(1991,Fig. 8). In the publishedhierarchicalsysrem,
lamprophyres, lamproites and kimberlites were
combined under "lamprophyric rockso', but if this
portmanteauterm is to be abandoned,then it must be
replaced by a logical hierarchy of classification for
thesethree groups of rocks that integratesthem with
the melilitic and leucitic rocks.
Lamprophyres do not lend themselvesto either
mineralogicalor chemicalclassificationon accountof
their very variable HrO and CO, contents,which are
primary in someinstancesandsecondaryin others,and
which are not taken into account in most proposed
classifications.Nevertheless,the members of the
working groupsand the Subcommissionagreedalmost
unanimouslythat the following proposalswere a step
in the direction of establishinga nomenclaturewith
minimum ambiguify and maximumusefulness.
It must be sfiessed,however,that the hierarchical
systempresentedhereis not definitive andhasminimal
genetic conlent. Any classification of a rock as a
lamprophyre,kimberliie or lamproiteusingthis system
shouldbe consideredprovisional until further investi-
gations have been undertakenusing the specialized
literatureas a key to correctclassification.
h.oposEDSvsruraFoRTIrECtassmcetow
or Msr,trffIc, Kersrrnc, KrvrsFRlmc.Latwnomc
ANDLEUCmcRocrs aNo Lavpnopnynrs
Classificationof melilitic rocla
The melilite-bearingrock classificationis used for
rocks with >lUVo modal melilite. Triangular plots are
presented for plutonic (melilitolite) (Fig. 1) and
volcanic (melilitite) rocks @ig. 2), and Table I is
intendedfor melilitic rocks containingkalsilite.
If the mode cannotbe determined"then one should
apply the total alkalis versus silica CIAS) chemical
classification,as follows: (a) The rock should plot in
the foidite field. (b) If the rock does not contain
kalsilite but has larnite in the norm, then one should
apply Figure 3. (c) If nomrativelamite is greaterthan
l07o and KrO is less than NqO (wt7o), then it is a
melilitite or olivine melilitite. (d) If K2Ois greaterthan
NarO and KrO exceeds2 wt%o,then it is a potassic
melilitite orpotassicolivine melilitite. The latter canbe
termeda lcanngife,which mineralogicallyis a kalsilite
- leucite - olivine melilitite. (e) If normativelarnite is
lessthan lUVo,thenthe rock is a melilite nepheliniteor
a melilite leucitite according to the nature of the
dominantfeldspathoidmineral.
Classificationof lealsilitic rocks
and
called
 CI.-ASSIFICATIONOF LAMPROPTIYRES 177

Me l TABIfi 1. SUGGESTEDNOMENCLAN'RE FOR

KAMAFUGITIC ROCKS

Rocknane MineralAssemblage

Mafurite Olivine-pyroxenekalsilitite
Kafilngite Kalsilite-leuote-olivinemelilitite
Venarzite Kalsitt+,pblogopite-olivine-leucitenelilitite
Coppaeute Kalsilite-phlogopit€melilitite

pyroxene
olivine pyroxene
melilitolite melilitolite
(1974).From the point of view of the IUGS systemof
peridotite
melilile-bearing and pyroxenite classification, the presenceof essential melilite or
leucite (or both) indicatesthat either the classification
Ol Cpx that deals with melilitic or leucitic rocks should be
Plutonicrocks applied.However,the presenceof kalsilite audleucite
Frc. 1. Classificationof the plutonic(melilitolite)melilitic is consideredpetrogenetically so distinctive and
rockswith modalmelilite>10VoO-eMaifreer al, 1989 important that the acceptedterm, kamafugite, should
Fig.B.3). be retained for this consanguineousseries of rocks.
Table I indicatestheir nomenclatureas a function of
mineral assemblage.
Plutonic kalsilitic rocks of the Aldan and North
pyroxenitebecausethat lerm is reservedfor plutonic Baikal petrologicalprovincesof Russi4 which are not
rocls. The rock types maftrite and katungite,together kamafugitic, may be distinguished by the prefix
with the closely associatedleucitic rock ugandite o'kalsilite".Thus, synnyrite becomeskalsilite syenite,
(which is excludedfrom Table 1. asit doesnot contain andyakutitebecomeskalsilite-biotite pyroxenite.
kalsilite and is more logrcally classifiedas an olivine
leucitite), constitutethe kamafugitic seriesof Sahama Classffication of kimberlite s

Kimberlites are currently divided into Group I and

Group tr (Smith et al. 1985, Skinner 1989). Group-I
Mel kimberlites correspond to archetypal rocks from
Kimberley, SouthAfric4 which were formerly termed
"basaltic kimberlites" by Wagner (1914). Group-tr
kimberlites correspondto the micaceousor lampro-
phyric kimberlitesof Wagner(1914).
Petrologists actively studying kimberlites have
concluded that there are significant petrological
differencesbetweenthe two groups,althoughopinion
is divided as to the extent of the revisionsrequiredto
their nomenclature.Somewish to retain the sntus qw
(Ski:rner 1989),whereasothers(Mitchell & Bergman
1991, Mtchell 1994b) believe that the terminology
shouldbe completelyrevised (seebelow). Regardless,
the working group is unanimousin agreeingthat a
single definition cannotbe usedto describeboth rock
melalite-bearing types. Becauseof the mineralogicalcomplexity of the
ultramaflcvolcanics
rocks, a simple succinctdefinition cannotbe devised.
Following a conceptoriginally developedby Dawson
Ol Cpx ' (1980), the rocks may be recognizedns containing a
Volcanicrocks characteristicassemblage of minerals.
Ftc. 2. Classification of the volcanic (meilitite) melilitic The following characterization of Group-I
rocks with modal melilite >10Vo(Le Maitre er al. 1989, kimberlites is a.fterMitchell (1995), which is based
Fig.8.3). essentiallyon that of Mirchell (1986, 1994b),and
178 T}IE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST

A MELILITITE

X M E L I L I T EN E P H E L I N I T E

20 AA K 64
A
AL
ur 18 A
F A oo
2rc {io"oo
E

4 '+ ^"a
J14

'ffi
ul
A
?tz A A
r
AA xJ-
=10 -
(E
o
z8
F' {rr
lt
rf

:bf{
I
I

2 4 6 8'to12 14 16 1820222426283.O
N O R M A T I V EN E P H E L I N E
Flc. 3. Plot of normativenephelineversusnormatle lamite for melilitic lavas showing
the proposedboundary(dashedline) betweenthe melilitites and melilite nephelinites.
The data plotted are taken from eastem,western atd southemAfric4 Europe, the
former USSR,Australia, andU.S.A., including Hawaii, andarevariously describedas
olivine melilitite, melilitite or melilite nephelinite (see Le Bas 1989, Table 2).
Also plotted are typical potassic melilitic volcanic rocks: A, melilite ankmatrite;
K, katungite;L, leucitemelilitite; M, potassicolivine melilitite; V, venanziteftalsilite
- phlogopite- olivine - leucite melilitite).

evolved from earlier "definitions" given by Clement in some cases,megacrystsQargercrystals, t,?ically

et al. (1984) andMtchell (1979). 1-20 cm) set in a fine-grainedmatrix. The assemblage
Group-I kimberlites consist of volatile-rich (domi- of macrocrystsand megacrysts,at leastsomeof which
nantly COr) potassic ultrabasic rocks commonly are xenocrystic,includes anhedralcrystalsof olivine,
exhibiting a distinctiveinequigranulartextureresul :ng magnesianilmenite, plrope, diopside (in some cases
from the presenceof macrocrysts(a generalterm for subcalcic),phlogopite,enstatiteand Ti-poor chromite.
large crystals,fypically 0.5-10 mm in diameter)and, Olivine macrocrystsare a characteristicand dominant
constituent in all but fractionated kimberlites. The
matrix contains a second generation of primary
euhedralto subhedralolivine, which occurs together
ASSEMBLAGESOF (ALSII,ITTC RocKs
TABII 2. IVID].IERAL with one or more of the following primary minerals:
monticellite,phlogopite,perovskite,spinel (magnesian
Phl Cpx Lct Kal Mel Ol ulviispinel - magnesiochromite- ulvdspinel -
magnetite solid solutions), apatite, carbonateand
Maftrite-x-xx serpentine.Many kimberlites contain a late-stage
Katungrtexxxxx poikilitic mica belonging to the barian phlogopite -
VenaDzitorrxxrr kinoshitalite series. Nickeliferous sffides and rutile
Coppaelitexx-xx- are common accessoryminerals.The replacementof
earlier-formed olivine, phlogopite, monticellite and
Symbolg:Phf phbgopite,Cpc olimpyroxrc, kt ltuire, Msl ndflita, OL olivine, apatiteby deuteric serpentineand calcite is common.
Gb: glas. x prcem, -: ab&d. Afrrr Mjtc,hel & Bsgoln (t991, Table2.3). Evolved members of the Group may be poor in,
 CI/,SSIFICATION OF I.AMPROPHYRES
or devoidof, macrocrysts,andcomposedessentiallyof
second-generationolivine, calcite, serpentineand
magnetite, together with minor phlogopite, apatite
andperovskite.
It is evident that kimberlites are complex hybrid
rocks in which the problem of distinguishing the
primary constituentsfrom the entrained xenocrysts
precludessimple definition. The above characteriza-
tion at0emptsto recognizethat the composition and
mineralogyof kimberlitesarenot entirely derivedfrom
a parentmagma,and the nongeneticterms macrocryst
and megacryst are used to describe minerals of
cryptogenic,i.e., unknown,origin. Macrocrystsinclude
forsteritic olivine, chromian pyrope, almandine-
pyrope, chromian diopside, magnesianilnenite and
phlogopitecrystals,that are now generallybelievedto
originate by the disaggregation of mantle-derived
lherzolite, harzburgite, eclogite and metasomatized
peridotite xenoliths.In most cases,diamond,which is
excludedfrom the above"definition", belongsto this
suiteof mineralsbut is muchlesscommon.Megacrysts
are dominatedby -agnesian ilnenite, titanian pyrope,
diopside, olivine and enstatile that have relatively
Cr-poor compositions(<2 vttvo CrrOr). The origin of
the megacrystsis still being debated(e.9., Mirchell
1986),and somepetrologistsbelievethat they may be
coguate.Both of thesesuitesof mineralsare included
in the characterization because of their common
presencein kimberlites.
It canbe debatedwhetherreferenceto thesecharac-
teristic constituents should be removed from the
oodefinition"of kimberlite. Strictly, minerals that are
known to be xenocrystsshould not be included in a
pehological definition, as they have not crystallized
from the parentalmagma.Smaller grains of both the
macrocryst-and megacryst-suiteminerals also occuro
but may be easily distinguishedon the basis of their
compositions.In this respect, it is important to
distinguisl' pseudoprimarygroundmassdiopsidefrom
macrocrystic or megacrysticclinopyroxene. Group-I
kimberlitesdo not usually containthe former exceptas
a productof crystallizationinducedby the assimilation
of siliceous xenoliths (Scott Smith et al. 1983). T'he
primary nature of groundmassserpophitic serpentine
wasoriginallyrecognizedbyMitchell & Putnis(1988).
Recentstudies(Smith et aI. 1985, Skinner 1989,
Mitchell l994b,lggs,Tainton & Browning1991)have
demonstrated that GroupI andGrouptr kimberlitesare
mineralogicallydifferent andpetrogeneticallyseparate
rock-types. A definition of Group-tr kimberlites has
not yet been agreedupon, as they have been insuffl-
ciently studied.Mitchell (1.994b,1995)has suggesred
that theserocks arenot kimberlitic at all. andshouldbe
termed o'orangeite',in recognition of their distinct
characterand unique occturencein southernAfrica.
Wagner (1928) previously suggestedthat the rocks
which he initially termed micaceous kimberlite
(Wagner L91.4) be renamed "orangite" (src,). The
179
following characterization of the rocks currently
described as Group-II kimberlites or micaceous
kimberlitesfollows that of Mitchell (1995).
Group-tr kimberlites(or orangeites)belongto a clan
of ultrapotassic,peralkaline rocks rich in volatiles
(dominantly H2O), characterized by phlogopite
macrocrystsand microphenocrysts,together with
groundmassmicas that vary in composition from
phlogopite to'lefiafeniphlogopite". RoundedInacro-
crysts of olivine and euhedral primary crystals of
olivine are common, but are not invariably major
constituents.Characteristicprimary phasesin the
groundmassinclude: diopside, commonly zoned to,
and mantled by, titanian aegirine; spinels ranging
in composition from Mg-bearing chromite to
Ti-bearing magnetite; Sr- and kEE-ich perovskite;
Sr-rich apatite; REE-ich phosphates(monazite,
daqingshanite);potassianbariantitanatesbelongingto
the hollandite $oup; potassium triskaidecatitanates
(K.{!g'O2); M-bearing rutile and Mn-bearing
ilmenite. Thesearesetin a mesostasisthat may contain
calcite, dolomite, ancylite and other rare-earth
carbonates,witherite, norsethite and serpentine.
Evolved membersof the group contain groundmass
sanidineand potassiumrichterite. Zirconium silicates
(wadeite, zircon, kimzeyitic garnet, Ca-Z-silicate)
may occur aslate-stagegroundmassminerals.Barite is
a commondeutericsecondarymineral.
Note that theserocks have a greatermineralogical
affinity to lamproites than to Group-I kimberlites.
However, there are significant differences in the
compositionsand.overallassemblage of minerals,as
detailed above,that permit their discrimination from
lamproites(Mitchell L994b,1995).
Classffi cation of lamproites
The classification system of lamproites described
by Mitchell & Bergman(1991) is recommended; it
involves mineralogical and geochemicalcriteria, as
follows:
Lamproites are characterizedby the presenceof
widely varying amounts(5-90 vol.Vo)of the following
primary phases: (1) titanian (2-10 wt%o TiO),
aluminum-poor (5-12 wtVo Al2O) phenocrystic
phlogopite,(2) titanian (5-10 wt%oTiO) groundmass
poikilitic "tetraferriphlogopite",(3) titanian (3-5 vtt%o
TiO) potassium (4-6 wt%o K2O) richterite, (4)
forsteritic olivine, (5) aluminum-poor(<l t*,t%oN2O3),
sodium-poor (<l wtvo Na2O) diopside, (6) non-
stoichiometriciron-rich (14 wt%oFqOr) leucite, and
(7) iron-rich sanidine(typicafly L-5 vttvo Fe2Or).The
presenceofall the abovephasesis not requiredin order
to classi$ a rock as a lamproite.Any onemineralmay
be dominant,and this, togetherwith the two or tlree
other major mineralspresent,sufficesto determinethe
petrographicname.
Minor and common accessoryphases include
180 TIIE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST
priderite, wadeite, apatite, perovskite, magnesio-
chromite, titanian magnesiochromite,and magnesian
titaniferousmagnetite;lesscommonly,but characteris-
tically, jeppeite, armalcolile, shcherbakovite,ilmenite
and enstatitealso arepresent.
The presenceof the following mineralsprecludesa
rock from being classified as a lamproite: primary
plagioclase,melilite, monticellite, kalsilite, nepheline,
Na-rich alkali feldspar, sodalite, nosean,hauyne,
melanite,schorlomiteor kimzsyite.
Lamproites conform to the following chemical
characteristics:molar K2O/1.{a2O > 3, i.e., ulfiapotas-
sic, (2) molar KrO/Al2O3 > 0.8 and commonly > L,
(3) molar (KrO + NqO)/Al2O3 typically > | i.e.,
peralkaline, (4) typically <1,0wtVo each of FeO and
CaO,TiO, l-:7 v,ttVo, >2000andcommonly>5000ppm
Ba, >500 ppmzx, >1000ppm Sr and>200ppm La.
The subdivisionof the lamproitesshouldfollow the
scheme of Mitchell & Bergman (1991), in which
the historical terminology is discarded in favor
of compoundnames based on the predominanceof
phlogopite, richterite, olivine, diopside, sanidine and
leucite, as given in Table 3. It shouldbe notedthat the
term "madupitid' in Table 3 indicates that the rock
containspoikilitic groundmassphlogopite,as opposed
to phlogopitelamproite,in which phlogopiteoccursas
phenocrysts.
The complex compositional and mineralogical
criteria required to define lamproites result from the
diverseconditionsinvolved in their genesis,compared
with thoseof rocks that canbe readily classifiedusing
the IUGS system. The main petrogenetic factors
contributing to the complexity of composition and
mineralogy of lamproites are the variable nature of
their metasomatizedsource-regionsin the mantle,
depth and extentof partial melting, coupledwith their
conrmonextensivedifferentiation.
OFLAMPROITtsS
TABLE3. NOMENCT-ATURB
llislorical name Revisodname
Wyoniagite diopside-leucite-pblogopitelsmproite
Orendite diopside-sanidine,phlogopitelamproile
Madupite diopsftle nafupitic lamproite
Cedricite diopsftte.leucite lamproite
Masilite leucite-richtedte lamproite
Wolgidit€ diopside-lercite-richerie madupitic lamproite
Fihoyilo lerrite-phlogopite lamproite
Verite hyaloolivinediopsidepblogopite laoproite
Jumi[ite olivine.diopside-richterite madupitic laqtroite
Fortnite hyalo-enstatite-phlogopie lamFroite
Cancalitc ensutite-sanidin+'phlogopite laryroite
after Mitchell & Bergoan (1991)
Classificationof volcanic leucitic roclcs
The leucitic rocks. after elimination of the
lamproites and kamafugites, should be named
according to the QAPF (volcanic) diagram with the
prefix '1eucite" or ooleucite-bearing" as appropriate.
Rocks containing liftle or no feldspar, i.e., falling in
field 15 (foidite) of QAPF 0-e Maitre et al. 1989,
Fig. B.10), areleucitites,which are divisible into three
subfields:(a) QAPF subfield 154 phonolitic leucitite:
Foids 60-907oof light-coloredconstituents,and alkali
feldspar > plagioclase; (b) QAPF subfield l5b,
tephritic leucitite: Foids 60-907o of light-colored
constituents,and plagioclase > alkali feldspar; (c)
QAPFfield 15c,leucititesensustricto:Foids9G-1007o
of light-coloredconstituents,andleucitepracticallythe
solefeldspathoid.
The essentialmineralogyof the principal groupsof
leucitic rocls is given in Table 4. No unambiguous
chemical criteria have been found to distinguish this
group of rocks. In terms of the TAS plot, leucitites
extend significantly beyond the foidite field into
adjacentfields @g. 4). They are better distinguished
from lamproites by other compositionalparameters,
althoughevenheresomeoverlapoccurs.The chemical
characteristicsof the potassicrocks, and attemptsat
distinguishinglamproitesfrom certain leucitic rocks,
usinga varietyofcriteria, areexploredbyFoley et al.
(1987)andMitchell & Bergman(1991).
r op hyr es
Classifi cation of Lamp
Lamprophyres are mesocratic to melanocratic
igneous rocks, usually hypabyssal,with a pan:idio-
morphic texture and abundantmafic phenocrystsof
dark mica or amphibole (or both) with or without
pyroxene,with or without olivine, setin a matrix of the
same minerals, and with feldspar (usually alkali
feldspar)restrictedto the groundmass.For the general
classffication of these rocks, see I* Mal:tre et aI.
(1989),andfor detaileddescriptions, seeRock (1991).
TABLE 4. MINERAIOGY OF TI{E PRINCIPAL ROUPS
OFLEUCIT1CROCKS
cpx
I*ucitite x x >10%
Tephritic leucitite r x x>x
Phonolitic leucitite r I x<r
kucitct@hdte x x x- <to%
L4cito basanite r x x- >to%
Leucitephonolit€ x x
$llnbols Cpc dinopyrorog I,a: lruite Pt plagioolase,Ss: midiao (lroducn ol
its emoluion), OL olivine. x prs€il, -: abs€d. A[ ths roc&snay @dab somo
n€pbslirc.
 CT.ASSIFICATIONOF I.AMPROPFIYRSS 181

;e
Eto
q
Y8
oAI

to

37 41 45 49 53 s7 61 65 69 73
SiOzwt%
FIG. 4. Percentagefrequencydisribution diagram for 112 samplesof leucitite plotted
in the TAS diagram,showingthat only about507oplot in the foidite fiel{ with major
concentrationsin the basanite-tephriteand phonotephritefields. Reproducedfrom
Fig. 23 oflr Bas et al. (1,992),Star indicatesthe peakofthe frequencydistribution.

The Subcommissionno longer endones the terms 5. If the rock is fine-grainedor glassyand has larnite
'lamprophyric rocks", or'lamprophyre clan", used in the norm. the rock should be classified as a
as
by Le Maitre et al. (1989) and Rock (1991) to MELILITICROCK.
encompasslamFrophyres,lamproitesand kimberlites,
becauselamproitesandkimberttes arebestconsidered 6. Ifthe volcanic rock containsessentialleucite"with
independentlyof lamprophyres. or without phlogopite (biotite), or is from a minor
intrusion vdth mafic phenocrystsonly (generallymica
Rsusm SseuBrflAL Sysrsr,rron or amphibole, or both), apply the following criteria
Crassn'yNc Iovnous Rocrs sequentially:
(a) If the rock is free of leucite but rich in olivine
The revised hierarchy, which modifies that of the (typically 35-55 modal % including macrocrysts,
wall chart accompanyingLe Maitre et al. (1989) anid xenocrysts and phenocrysts), and one or morg
Figure 8 of Le Bas & Sneckeisen(L991), is given dominaal primary minerals in the groundmassare
below @igs.5, 6). Eachstatementis a preconditionfor monticellite, phlogopite, carbonate, serpentine or
the next in the sequence. diopside, the rock should be classified as a
KIMBERLITE.
1. If the rock is fragmental, the rock should be @) If the rock containstitanian phlogopi0eas Al-poor
classifiedas aPYROCLASTIC ROCK. phenocrystsor groundmassgrains (or both), together
with common Fe-rich leucite or forsteritic olivine
2. If the rock contains more than 50Vo pimary (or both), as well as one or more of titanian potassium
carbonate. the rock should be classified as a richterite, Al-Na-poor diopside, Fe-rich sanidine,
CARBONATITB. accessorywadeite and priderite in the groundinass,
thenthe rock shouldbe classifiedas a LAMPROITE.
3. If the rock contains >107a modal melilite and (c) Any rcrnnining leucitic rocks should be classified
M > 90Vo. the rock should be classified as a using the terms provided in the classification of
MELILITIC ROCK. VOLCANIC LEUCMC ROCKS.
(d) Apart from certain pyroxene-and olivine-bearing
4. If the rock contains kalsilite. the rock should be rocks, e.g., ankaramiteand oceanite,which are not
classifiedas a KALSILITIC ROCK. lamprophyres (for tlese rocks proceed to the
182 THE CANADIAN
Use pyroclasticrock
classification
Use charnockite
classification
Use ultramafic
classification
Is it
high-Mg?
Use TAS. If it falls in fields F or Ul.
usenonn ne r. norn ab classification
Ftc. 5. Flow chaxt (after Le Bas & Streckeisen1991) for
the classification of igneous rocks following the IUGS
schemeQ.e Maitre er al. 1,989),but modified for the
proposalspresentedin this report paper (dashedbox).
The 'horm ze versusnorm ab classification"is that siven
by Le Bas (1989).
QAPFITAS systems),any remainingrocks containing
phlogopite (biotite) or amphibole(or both) and those
ftom minor intrusionswith only mafic phenocrysts,go
to the LAMPROPIIYRE classification (Le Maitre
et al.1989).
7. If the rock is glassy or the mode is not otherwise
determinable,the rock may be lamproitic, if molar
K2O/NqO is greaterthan 3, molar K2O/N2O3greater
than0.8 andmolar (KrO + NqO)/AlrO, greaterthan I
(peralkaline); then go to the LAMPROITE classi-
fication.
8. The classificationofthe charnockitic,plutonic and
rcmaining volcanic rocks proceeds as described in
te Maihe et al. (1989).
MINERALOGIST
TnE PRoBLEMS oF CI-A.SSFICATIoN
Many schemesof classificationfor igneousrocks,
such as that based on the total alkali versr.s silica
method(TAS), have a major petrogeneticcomponent,
and ultimately all taxonony of igneous rocks v/ill
incorporategeneticfactors.For no otherigneousrocks
is the petrogeneticcomponentof classificationmore
important than for lamprophyres, lamproites and
kimberlites.Onecriticism of the IUGS classificationof
rocks, discussedby Le Bas & Streckeisen(1991),is
that it is deficient in a stronggeneticcomponent.This
is essentially an historical artifact of the pragmatic
approachoriginally adoptedby Streckeisento attain a
consensus. Becauseof the plethoraof classification
systemsthat have been suggestedand applied in the
past, the Subcommissionfollowed a consensual
approach. The widespread adoption of the IUGS
systemwould seemto havejustified this approachfor
many igneousrocks. However, althoughmuch of the
IUGS system undoubtedlyhas some petrogenetic
significance, and is used in genetic discussion,for
examplethe TAS system,purely descriptivetermsmay
have to be applied where there is disagteementas to
interrelationshipsof rock suites. This would seem
to apply at present to the lamprophyres,for which
difficulties remain in erecting a petrogeneticclassi-
fication.
The main problemsof the classificationof lampro-
phyres, lamproites, kimberlites, feldspathoidal,
kalsilitic, melilitic, and leucitic rocks are briefly
outlinedbelow.
Inrnprophyres
The lamprophyresare a complex gtoup of rocks
thathavemineralogicalsimilaritiesto somekimberlites
and lamproites.Lamprophyresare difificult to classiS
unambiguouslyusing existing criteria. They are not
amenable to classification according to modal
proportions, such as the system QAPF, nor
compositional discrimination diagrams, such as
TAS (Le Mure et al. 1989). It seemsunlikely that
a simple taxonomic system viill be found unless
appropriategeneticcriteria are applied,that is, unless
the classification takes into account the genesis of
the rocks.
The term "lamprophyre" was introduced by von
Gumbel in 1874 for a group of dark rocls that form
minor intrusions,containphenocrystalbrown mica and
hornblende,but lack feldsparphenocrysts.Following
its introduction, the term was used by Rosenbusch
(1877) to encompassa wide variety of hypabyssal
rocks containing ferromagnesianphenocrysts,e.9.,
minette, kersantite, camptonite and vogesite.
Eventually, spessartite,monchiquite and alnoite also
were includedin the group.Thus, the group becamea
repositoryfor any mafic-phenocryst-richrock that was
 CLASSIFICATIONOF LAMPROPIIYRES
melilite > 1070 use melilitic rocks classification
containskalsilite
leucite or
minor intrusion with
only mafic phenocrysts
K2O/Na2O> 3.0
molar K2O/AI2O3> 0.8
and peralkaline
difficult to categorize.Subsequently,Middlemost
(1986)andRock (1986,1991)extendedthe definition
further to include kimberlites, lamproites and even
rocks containing feldspar and leucite phenocrysts.
Reviews of the history of lamprophyrenomenclature
can be found in Rock (1991), Mitchel & Bergman
(1991)andMtcheU (1994a).
Rock (1991) used 'lamprophyre" synonymously
with "lamprophyte clan',, a term that included
lamprophyres,lamproites and kimberlites. To many
petrologists working on lamproites and kimberlites,
"lamprophyre" is an inappropriate general term.
Consequently,the working group and Subcommission
6vsrwfuelmiagly rejected the use of the term
"lamprophyreclan" to encompass lamprophyres(sensu
Rosenbusch),kimberlitesandlamproites.
Mitchell (L994a) discussed at some length the
inadequaciesof the conceptof the 'lamprophyre clan"
and proposed adoption of the term "lamprophyre
facies" to conveythe conceptthat somemembersof a
petrologicalclan crystallizedunderdifferent conditions
than othermembersof the clan. Mitchell's approachto
the problemis determinedby a convictionthat systems
of classificationshouldbe geneticin character.
The working groups found it impossibleto devise
a definition of'lamprophyric rocks" that is not so
broad as to be almost petrologically meaningless.
For the lamprophyres(sezsa Rosenbuschor Rock),
the working group could not draft a satisfactory
definition, in part becauseRock (1991) included a
numberof rock types that differ mineralogicallyfrom
183
Fto. 6. Flow chart for the
+lct+ol+ melilitic. kalsilitic and
leucitic rocks and the
kimberlites, lamproites
andlamprophyres(dashed
box ofFig. 5). It is entered
after the "carbonates
>50Vo" box and exits to
the "charnockitic" box of
Fig. 5. The symbolsused
follow those of Kretz
(1983)wherepossible.
the generallyacceptedcharacteristicsof lamprophyres.
However, of greater significance is the realization
that members of the lamprophyre group have
distinctly different origtns, and thus it is unwise to
describeor group togetherrocks that are genetically
different.
Among the rocksincludedin the lnmprophyregroup
by Rock (1991) are alnoite and polzenite. These
containmore than L0 vol.Vomelilite, and thus arenow
consideredasvarietiesof melilitic rocks.$imililly, fts
abundantcarbonatein aillikite suggeststhat it may be
considereda variety of silicocarbonatite.
Minette is a biotite-rich lamprophyre. However,
certain mica-rich rocks that usually occur in minor
intrusions should not be called minette becausethe
mica is phlogopite (commonly titaniferous), and
the rock is alkaline. Such rocks might be befter
termed 'alkali minette" rather than "glimmerite" or
"phlogopitite", as it is the alkalinity rather than the
Fe/IVIgratio that is their characteristicfeature.
The widespreadusageof the term lamprophyrein
English, French and Germanpetrological literature is
in markedcontrastto its infrequencyin the extensive
Russianliterature. There the term is usually reserved
for alkaline rocks. Specific rock types, such as
kersantite" are considered as varieties of diorite.
Similarly, camptonite and alnoite are regarded as
variants of gabbro and melilitite, respectively
(Atdreevaet a\.1.985,Kononova1984).This approach
to lamprophyrenomenclature155imil6 to the facies
conceptproposedby Mitchell (L99ad.
 184 TIIE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST

Lamproites Melilitic roclcs

Lamproites have always been a difficult group The main problemshere concernvolcanic melilitic
of rocks in terms of their identification and rocks. In Le Maitre et al. (1989), the coarser-grained
nomenclafure.Recent interest in them has been melilitolite is classified on the basis of modal
prompted by the discovery of economically viable proportions,but a completelysatisfactoryclassification
diamond-bearingvarieties, which has led to a for the finer-grained rocks was not attained. A
detailed re-examinationof the group and complete definition basedon rock chemistry is desirable,but
revision of the nomenclature (Scott Smith & unfortunately these rocks cannot be distinguished
Skinner 1983, Mitchell & Bergman 1991). These adequatelyftom other volcanic rocks in the TAS
revisions have resulted in the reclassificationas system.However,the presenceof melilite in morethan
lamproites of some rocks previously regarded as tracemodal amountsresultsin the formation of lamite
kimberlites (e.g., Prairie Creek, Arkansas, and (or calcium orthosilicate)in the CIPW norm, and this
Majhgawan,India). can be used as a potential discriminant. Although
It is only in the last few decadesthat lamproites lamite may appearin the norm of some melilite-free
have been consideredto crysrallize from a distinct nepheliniticrocks containingclinopyroxenerich in the
type of magma. Formerly, the presenceof leucite, Tschermaks component(H.S.Yoder,Jr.,pers.comm.),
the similarity of some olivine-bearing lamproite we find that the lafier is typically expressedin the norm
to kimberlite, and the presence of some as anorthite.
"lamprophyrico'characteristics,e,g., abundantpheno- A furtherproblemremains,that thereis a continuous
crysts of pblogopite, led not only to a plethora of seriesfrom melilitite, tlrough melilite nepheliniteto
names, but to an ill-defined place in petrological nephelinite.Investigationof this problemindicatesthat
taxonomy. The problem was further exacerbatedby a reasonablyclear discriminantbetweenmelilitite and
their geochemical characteristics,with the magrna melilite nepheliniteis normative larnite. In Figure 3,
chemistry stabitzing a large number of unusual samplesof melilitite and nephelinite are plotted in
minerals(K-Ba titanatesand silicates,K-Z silicates), terrnsof normativelamite versusnotmatle nepheline.
someof which can be usedas discriminantsfor these The bestdivision appearsto be at LlVolarrtrte.
rocks.For most examplesef lamproite,the presenceof When classilying the melilitic rocks, the following
these minerals reflects derivation from a sourse should be taken into consideration:(a) The present
enriched in incompatible and large-ion-lithophile classification for melilitic rocks in I* Mao.neet al.
elements; this enrichment distinguishes lamproitic (1989,p. 12)is basedon thepresence of modalmelilite
rocks from Group-I kimberlites 6d lam.Frophyres. exceedingl0 vol.Voin either plutonic (melilitolite) or
A full discussionof the nomenclatureof lamproites, volcanic (melilitite) occlurences,in combinationwith
their relationshipsto other potassicand ultrapotassic M > 9AVo.O) In the IUGS scheme(see flow chart
rocks, in both mineralogical and chemical terms, accompanyingLe Maitre et al. 1989),their identifica-
together with a suggestedrevised nomenclature,is tion is made after excluding the lamprophyresbut
found in Mitchell & Bergman (1991). The beforeenteringQAPF. It is now consideredpreferable
Subcommissionessentiallyacceptedthe detailedwork to identify melilitic rocks before lamproites,
of Mitchell & Bergman(1991) and Scott Smith & kimberlitesandlamprophyres.(c) Evenin fine-gained
Skimer (1983), and neededonly to integrate these rocks, melilite canusually be idenffied in thin section
rocks into the IUGS hierarchicalsvstem. where it occurs in essential proportions, i.e.,
>10 voLvo.This assumes therock is not altered;if it is,
Kimberlites melilite is usually carbonated.(d) Some fine-grained
melilitic rocks are stronglypotassic,e.g.katungite,the
The Subcommissionconsidered it inappropriate potassic character usually being reflected in the
to re-investigatethe nomenclatureand definition of presenceof modal leucite or kalsilite (or both). (e)
kimberliles in detail, becausethis has been done Melilitite is characterizedby the presenceof melilite
extensively in the last few years by the many andperovskiteandcontainslessthan 38 wtVoSiO2and
specialistsof kimberlites (Skinner & Clement 1979, greaterthan 13 WVoCaO.
Dawson 1980,Clementet al. 1984,Mitchell 1986).
Nevertheless, a clear definition of kimberlite Kalsilitic rocl<s
should be formulated, particularly for purposes of
dist''rguishing these rocks from olivine lamproite, Kalsittic rocls havenot previouslybeenconsidered
and for placing kimberlites in the hierarchical by the Subcommission.Thesefall into two groups:the
classification system.Currently, the classification of kamafugrticseriesof Sahama(1974),andthekalsilite-
kimberlite is undergoing revision, and the nomen- bearing syenitesand pyroxenites,e.9., synnyrile and
clatureadvancedby Mtchell (1994b)hasnot yet been yakutite, occurring in the Aldan and North Baikal
tully explored. petrologicalprovincesofRussia(Kogarkoet al.1995,
 CLASSIFICATION
Kostyuk et al. 1990). Someof the kamatugitic rocks
contain leucite or melilite (or both) and might be
consideredfeldspathoidalor melilitic rocks.However,
the presenceof kalsilite is consideredso importantthat
it requiresassignmentoftheserocksto a specialgroup.
Foiditic and leucitic rocl<s
The problemsposedby theserocks arerestrictedto
the fine-grainedmembers.The coarser-grainedrocks
of equivalent composition containing nepheline or
leucite (or both) and, despiteheteromorphismin some
cases (Yoder 1986), can be satisfactorily classified
using the QAPF and other mineralogical systems
(Le Maitre et al. L989).
The boundariesbetweenthe feldspathoidalfield and
the basanite+ephrite,phonotephrite,tephdphonolite
andphonolitefields in the TAS systemarenot wholly
satisfactory, as they do not provide an acceptable
boundaryfor the nephelinitic and leucitic rocls. The
problem with regardto the leucitic rocks is illustrated
by Figure 4.
It is evident that leucitic rocks cannot be distin-
guishedchemicallyon the TAS diagram.However,as
leucite is, with few exceptions,a phenocrystphase,or
forms small but identifiable crystals,a modal system
shouldbe feasible.This approachwas not adoptedby
Le Maitre et al. (L989). The distinction between
nepheliniteandbasanitehasbeenconsideredby Le Bas
(1989).
AcIC{OWLEDGENmNIS
The authorsthank their colleaguesin the working
groups and the Subcommissionfor their constructive
approachto the controversialproblems encountered.
The members of the working groups and others
who contributed include D.S. Barker, J.L. Brandle,
A. Cundari,S.V. Efremovq J. Keller, S. Kravchenko,
E. Lazko, A.N. Mcl.aurin, H.O.A. Meyer, E.A.K.
Middlemost, T.F.D. Nielsen, A. Streckeisen,
E.J.Visentin,K.Yag1,H.S.Yoder,Jr. andB. Zanettin.
We acknowledgethe numeroususeful suggestionsof
two referees,particularly Frank Dudas, and of the
Editor for his major "tidying" operations on the
manuscript.
Sadly,Nick Rock died in Februaryof 1992,before
he sawthe final dmft of theserecommendations. He is
included as a coauthorhere not only becauseof his
significant participation in the discussions of the
working groups, but also becauseof his immense
contributionto the investigationsof lamprophyresand
relatedrocks andthe enthusiasmwith which he studied
them. Although he may not have agreedwith all the
ideasand conclusionspresentedin this reporl he saw
most of its components,supporled them, and was
active in their discussionalmost to the final stage,
includingthe meetingin Brazil (1991),duringthe Fffi
OF T.AMPROPTIYRES 185
International Kimberlite Conference, when agreement
was reached on some of the major problems.
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