Learner’s Activity Sheet

Earth Science (Quarter II – Week 2)

Name: _____________________________________ Grade and Section: ________________
Teacher: ___________________________________ Date:______________________________
School:__________________________________________________________________________

Dear Learner,
Good day!
In this week, you will learn to describe what happens after magma is
formed (Week 2 S11ES-IIc-25) and describe the changes in mineral components
and texture of rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature
(metamorphism) Week 2 S11ES-IIc-d-
Specifically, you will learn the following:
1. Explain why the Earth’s interior is hot;
2. Describe how magma is formed;
3. Describe what happens after magma is formed;
4. Demonstrate folding and faulting process of rocks.
5. Make a plan that the community may use to protect & conserve it’s
resources in the event of emergencies like earthquakes & volcanic
eruptions.
In this lesson, we integrated the value of awareness and being prepared
During emergencies associated with earthquakes & volcanic eruptions.

Your Teacher

Exogenic Processes: Magma and Volcanism

Activity 1
Instructions: Study the image presented below and answer the
following questions.

Fig. 1. Philippine quake hits Bohol (bbc.com)

The 15 October 2013 magnitude (Mw) 7.2 earthquake struck the

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island of Bohol destroying houses, buildings, roads, bridges and several

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 churches, including the famous Loboc Church. Earthquakes are a result of
internal processes within the Earth.

Questions:
1. What happened during the 2013 Bohol earthquake? (1point)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the intensity of earthquake in Bohol? (1point)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What was the impact of Bohol earthquake to the Boholanos? (1point)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What caused the Bohol earthquake? (1point)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Activity 2 Instruction: Answer the following questions

1. Have you ever experienced earthquake? Where? (2point)

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the features vulnerable to earthquake? (2point)

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is it that our country prone to earthquakes? (2point)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Activity 3 Read and Understand

Instructions: (copy this on your notebook)

MAGMA
Magma is a mixture of molten rock, mineral and gases. This mixture
is usually made up of a hot liquid base called the melt, minerals, crystallized
by the melt, solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding
cofiness, and dissolved gases.
Magma originates in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the
upper portion of the mantle known as asthenosphere. It is usually composed
of the abundant elements including silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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 Formation of Magma
Magmas are formed under certain circumstances in a special location
deep in the crust or in the upper mantle. They are formed when conditions
are right to cause pre-existing solid rocks to melt. The common notion that
the crust floats over a sea of molten rock is wrong because the mantle is
mostly solid.
Magma can be generated in several ways:
 Decompression melting can occur when the temperature stays the same
but the pressure decreases. This usually occurs in parts of the crust
called rift valleys, mid-ocean ridges, and in volcanic hotspots.
 Flux melting is when volatiles or gaseous substances are added into the
hot solid rocks. This usually occurs in subduction zones.
 Heat transfer melting is the melting of surrounding rocks caused by the
very hot magma bringing in additional heat. A very hot magma (1200 0C)
from the upper mantle could rise and cause melting of the rocks in the
lower crust (5000C) which has a lower temperature. This occurs in rift
valleys, mid-ocean ridges, hotspot, and subduction zones.
 Eutectic temperature is the melting temperature of the rock;
 Partial melting when rocks begin to melt, only certain minerals are
melted. The rock will eventually be melted completely when the
temperature is high.
 Fractionation if the magma is separated from rock that has not
undergone completely melting, the magma will consist of components
that melted at lower temperature and the remaining solid rock will
contain components with high melting temperature.

VOLCANO
Volcanoes are visible manifestation of the process of rock formation. It
is a vent that serves as the conduit of lava or the molten rock that reaches
Earth’s surface. The funnel-shaped depression where materials are ejected
is called crater. The event when the lava emits out of the volcano is called an
eruption. Their are two types of eruptions, effusive and explosive. Effusive
eruption is dominated by the flow of lava and formation of fountains and
lake. Explosive eruptions ejects ash and larger fragments of broken up
pyroclastic materials, forming ash clouds that eventually collapse and cover
the slopes of the volcano. The composition of the lava controls the type of
eruption. Lava with low silica content are less viscous and flow more rapidly,
generating effusive eruption. Explosive eruption is associated with lavas
having high silica content and more viscous.
There are three types/ kinds of volcanoes according to its shape.

 Shield volcano forms very broad dome with gentle slope that covers a very
wide area. They are mostly made of alternating layers of basaltic lava and

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 cinder accumulation. Cinders are granular materials formed by lava
fountains. The volcanoes of Hawaii are shield volcanoes.
 Stratovolcanoes or composite volcanoes are composed of alternating
layers of lava and pyroclastic materials. They are generally composed of
intermediate to felsic rocks and they tend to build large and high volcanic
edifice. Examples include Mount Mayon and Mount Pinatubo.
 Cinder cone consist of small cone formed by emitting of lava. It is composed
of cinder with mafic composition. Binitiang Malaki located within Taal
Volcano and Smith Volcano in Babuyan Island are examples of cinder cone.

Fig. 2 Types of volcanoes (zmescience.com)

Fig. 3. Structure
of a composite volcano and
the volcanic product they produce. (tasvolcanoproject.weebly.com)
EARTHQUAKE
An earthquake is a vibration in the surface of Earth resulting from
the sudden release of energy. It could be a small shaking that could sway
hanging objects, or very large movement that could destroy buildings and
cause catastrophic damage. The breaking of rocks beneath the surface as a
result tectonic forces produces earthquake.
Earthquake in rocks cause fractures to form. Earthquakes could also
occur when there are existing fractures that undergoes renewed episode of
sliding. A fault is a fracture on which one body of rock slides past another.
Faulting happens when the stress acting on the fault exceeds the frictional
forces on both sides of the fault. Other cause of earthquake includes

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movement of magma underneath a volcano, explosion of volcano, large
landslide, meteorite impact, and underground nuclear-bomb test.
The place where rock ruptures and slip is the focus or hypocenter of
an earthquake. Energy radiates from the focus outward to the surface. The
point at the surface directly above the focus is called earthquake epicenter.
The location of an earthquake is defined not only by its geographic location
but also by the depth of the focus.

Fig. 5.
Focus
and
epicenter
of an

earthquake (www.rashidfaridi.com)

DEFORMATION
Tectonic forces operating inside the earth causes rocks to undergo
deformation. It is a process in which rocks change in shape, size, location,
tilt or break due to squeezing, stretching or shearing. In physics, a force
applied per unit area is called stress. If the force act uniformly from all
directions it forms a uniform stress, also referred to as pressure. The weight
of overlying rocks exerts pressure referred to as confining stress.
There are three kinds of differential stress, namely tensional,
compressional and shear.
1. Tensional stress occurs when the dominant force is directed away from
each other. It stretches the rocks, causing as elongation parallel to the
direction of stress and shortening perpendicular to the stress direction.
2. Compressional stress is formed when the dominant force is directed
towards each other. It squeezes the rocks causing shortening parallel to
the direction of stress and elongation perpendicular to the stress
direction.
3. Shear stress develops when the two dominant force are directed towards
each other but not along the same axis. It results to slippage and
translation.

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 Fig. 6. Types of stresses
(www.tulane.edu)

Activity 4

Folding and Faulting

Instructions: Perform the following activity.

Objective: To determine what causes layers of rocks in the earth’s crust to

crumple and break.

What you need?

Molding clay, piece of paper, 2 blocks of wood, ruler

What to do?

Step 1. Place molding clay on top of a piece of paper. Flatten the molding
clay
Step 2. Cut the clay into 8 strips. Each strip should be 1 cm thick, 4 cm
wide and 12 cm long
Step 3. Put the first 4 strips over one another
Step 4. Place the block of wood at both ends of the clay.
Step 5. Slowly push the blocks toward each other compressing the clay
that is in between.

Questions:

1. What happened to the clay strips as they were pushed from

opposite side?(2point)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Draw the structure formed when the clay strip was pushed from
opposite ends inside the box. (3 point)

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 3. What happened to the length of the clay strips before and after
pushing?
(1point)__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4. What does the strip represent?_
(1point)___________________________________________________________

5. Why did the strip of clay behave that way? (2point)

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. How will you describe the structure formed after the ends were
pushed together? (2 point)
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
7. In nature what geologic feature do you think is formed in the same
manner?
(2point)___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Activity 5

Instructions:
A. Answer the following questions
1. How is magma formed? (2 point)
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. What is the difference between intensity and magnitude? (2point)

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. How do rocks behave under different types of stress? (3point)
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

B. Make a plan that the community may use to protect & conserve it’s
resources in the event of emergencies like earthquakes & volcanic
eruptions. Write your answer on a separate paper. (10 points)

References:
K to 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies
Earth Science by Jose Tolentino Olivar II pages 156-178
Sañosa,P.J.(2021). G11-Earth Science Q2 W2. Malabang National High
School-Division of Lanao Sur II

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 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that my child has successfully done all the
activities included in this Learning Activity Sheet.

_________________________________________ ____________________
Name and Signature of the Parent Date