Lesson 1

EXPECTATION STATEMENTS
1. All volcanoes are cone-shaped.
2. Volcanoes are found only on land.
3. A volcano has an opening at the top (or in some case, on the sides)
4. Hot thick cloud of gas, molten rocks and ash come out of a volcano’s
opening.
5. All volcanoes erupt violently.
6. If a volcano does not produce lava, it is not dangerous.
7. Volcanoes are described according to their shape and type of eruption.
8. A volcanic eruption happens when there is an earthquake beneath the
earth’s crust.
9. The pressure of dissolved gas building up in the magma causes a volcanic
eruption.
10. Volcanoes only erupt straight up through the top vent and not on the sides.

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 .
Activity 2. Introduction to Volcanoes
Direction: Read the information about volcanoes. Use the word bank to fill in the paragraphs
below.

volcano underwater mountain volcanic eruption crust viscosity

A (1) ______ is an opening in

the Earth’s (2) _______ through
which lava, ash, and gases escape
onto the surface. When these
materials oozes out of the opening,
thus, a(3) ___________ happens.
Earthquakes may occur during a
volcanic eruption which begins deep
inside the Earth where the heat is so
high and is able to melt the rock
underground. Molten rock called
magma which also contains
dissolved gases, silica, and other materials rise through the cracks in the Earth’s crust.
When it reaches the surface, it is called lava. The property of the magma or lava’s resistance
to flow is called (4) ______.Lava with less silica content has low viscosity and flows freely
allowing gas bubbles to escape readily. Lava with more silica content is more viscous (high
resistance to flow) thus trapped gases cannot escape easily.
Most of the Earth’s volcanoes are found (5) _______. When a volcano originates
deep in the ocean, the lava drops back into the ocean floor slowly building up a (6) _______.
After many years, the mountains in the oceans reaches the earth’s surface
and becomes an island.
Questions:
1. What is a volcano? _______________________________________________
2. What is a volcanic eruption?________________________________________
3. What materials oozes out when a volcano erupts? _____, _____, _____, _____

The next activity will let you discover about the behavior of the magma as it forces its
way up onto the Earth’s surface.

Activity 3. They Affect Me A Lot!!!! (10 minutes)

Directions: Infer the factor that affects the viscosity of the magma as shown in the
illustration. Use the choices below and write it on the blank.
(high temperature, low gas content, high silica content)

__________________1.

__________________2.

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__________________3.

1. What are the factors affecting the viscosity of the magma?

Activity 4. Oh! What Volcano Am I?

Directions: Underline the type of volcano on the first column. Then fill in the statements by
using the word bank below.

broad, warrior’s shield steep, wide almost, uniform

Shape of volcanic cone Statements

1. (shield, composite, cinder) It has _______slope and

_______ crater .

The cone has

______________sides.
2. (shield, composite, cinder)
3.
It is slightly_______ - structured
(shield, composite, cinder) cone and looks like a _______.

Question:
Which do you think is the most attractive volcanic cone? _____________. Why do you say
so?

What Is It

What is a volcano and a volcanic eruption?

A typical volcano usually has a summit, slope, and base. At the summit, there is an

the top of a volcano while a caldera is formed when a part of the wall collapses after an
explosive eruption.Volcanoes are described according to its type of eruption and cone
shape.
Volcanic eruption happens when magma, gases and other molten materials are
discharged from the opening. Since volcanic eruptions are caused by magma expelled onto
the earth’s surface, we must first identify the factors that affect the viscosity of the magma.

Factors Affecting the Viscosity of the Magma

Viscosity is the property of the material’s resistance to flow. The more viscous and
thicker the magma is, the greater is its resistance to flow.
1.Temperature
The higher the temperature of magma,
the lower is its viscosity. As lava flows, it travels
far before it begins to harden. On the other
hand, if the temperature of magma is lower, the higher is its viscosity so the lava does not
travel far.
2.Chemical composition
Magma with high silica content is more
viscous than those with low silica content. It is too
viscous so it does not travel far, and tends tobreak
up as it flows.
The magma that contains less
silica is relatively fluid, so it travels far
before solidifying.

3. Amount of dissolved gases it

contains.

When magma has high amount

of gas (mainly water vapor), lava flow is
less viscous and increases its ability to
flow. Magmahas high viscosity when it
has low amount of gas as it rises. The
ability of the lava to flow decreases,
soit piles up at a vent resulting into a columnar or a dome.

Types of Volcanoes
After a volcanic eruption, a cone-shaped structure may be produced. Its slope also
changes.The following are the three (3) general types of volcanoes according to the shape
of their cones:
Shield volcanoes are formed by the pileup of non-viscous lava that oozes out from the
volcano. Since lava can flow freely, a broad, slightly domed
structure is formed that resembles like a warrior’s shield.
Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii is an example of this type.

Composite volcanoes are formed due to alternating

solidification of both lava and pyroclastic deposits which
makes it nearly a perfect sloped structure. Pyroclastic flows
occur when these volcanoes erupt. Mount Saint Helens in
Washington, Mt. Vesuvius in Italy and Mt. Mayon in the
Philippines are examples of this type.

Cinder cones are formed from alternating ejected

lava fragments andash. They have a steep slope, wide crater
on top and are the most abundant of the three major volcano
types. Although small, they are also destructive since they
release high amounts of pyroclastic materials. Mt. Paricutin in
Mexico which has erupted in 1943, Taal Volcano in Batangas
are examples of this type.

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Types of Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes erupt differently and not all of them are violent. Magma can explode from
the vent, or it can flow out of the volcano. In addition to the top vent, magma and gas may
escape through cracks and weak areas on the sides of the volcano. Aside from lava,
pyroclastic flows, ash clouds and mudflows(lahar) can be extremely dangerous.The levels of
silica and dissolved gases in the magma determine whether a volcano erupts explosively or
not.
a. Phreatic or hydrothermal – is a steam-blast small eruption
as hot rocks heat the ground water or surface water. This
eruptiontears down surrounding rocks and can produce ash
columns, but do not include new magma. Taal Volcano which
erupted last January 12, 2020 is an example of this type.

b. Phreatomagmatic - a violent and explosive eruption

resulting from the interaction of new magma or lava with
water. It results to a large column of very fine ash, high-
speed and sideway emission of pyroclastics.

c. Strombolian- least violent type of explosive eruption

characterized by a fountain of lava fragments. Eruptions are
weak to a little more violent which has thicker lava flows and
small explosions.

d. Vulcanian - small to moderate explosive eruptions

characterized by tall columns that reach up to 20km high with
pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra. They have larger
explosions of rocks and ashes which rise in dark clouds
lasting for seconds to minutes. Paricutin Volcano eruption in
Mexico is an example of this type.

e. Plinian - excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and

pyroclastics like that of Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991.
The explosive eruptions, lasting for seconds to minutes
have 20 to 35 km tall gas, rock particles and ash columns.

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 . .

P 3.

4.
A violent eruption due to the
contact between water and new
magma.

Phreatic 5.

6.
Characterized by tall eruption
columns that reach up to 20km
high with pyroclastic flow and
ashfall tephra

What I Have Learned

Activity 6. Concept Mapping
Accomplish the concept map by using the word bank to fill in the blank boxes

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 magma composition both land and underwater shield

temperature of magma amount of gases in magma vulcanian

strombolian phreatomagmatic plinian

composite cinder cone phreatic

molten rock, ash, and gases escape onto the Earth’s surface

Summary
A volcano is a natural opening in the surface of the Earth where molten
rocks, hot gases, smoke, and ash are ejected. The viscosity of the magma depends on
three factors ,namely:

a. Temperature

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 b. Composition
c. Amount of gas
They are described according to
a. type of eruption- phreatic, phreatomagmatic, strombolian, vulcanian or
plinian
b. shape of volcanic cone – as shield, cinder, or composite

Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice: Read the statements carefully. Choose the BEST answer. Write the letter of
your answers on the space provided before each number.
______1. What is a volcano?
A. A cone- shaped mountain formed by erupting lava, ash and gases.
B. A landform which has a summit but without a crater.
C. A mountain created by the faulting and folding of the Earth’s crust.
D. The movement of the Earth’s crust when plate boundaries move.
______2. What is meant by volcanic eruption?
A. It happens when hot lava, ash and gases are discharged from a volcanic
vent.
B. It happens when the plate edges of the Earth’s crust move downward or
sideways.
C. It is a region deep within the Earth’s mantle from which heat rises.
D. It is a sudden violent shaking of the ground, causing great destruction.
______3. The following are factors affecting the viscosity of the magma EXCEPT:
A. temperature of magma
B. size of the volcano’s crater
C. chemical composition of magma
D. amount of dissolved gases contained in the magma
______4. Identify factor that affects the viscosity of the magma as shown in the figure.
A. high silica content
B. high temperature of magma
C. low gas content
D. low temperature of magma
______5. Taal Volcano in Batangas is an example of what type of volcano?
A. composite B. cinder cone C. shield D. lava spire
______6. Which type of volcanoes have broad bases and steep sides, usually have a large
crater at the top and are formed by alternating layers of magma and ash?
A. calderas B. composite C. shield D. cinder cones

______7. Mt. Mayon is an example of a volcano because .

A. cinder cone, it is formed exclusively of pyroclasts.
B. composite,itiscomposedofalternatinglayersofpyroclasticfragmentsand
solidified lava flows
C. shield, it is constructed of solidified lava flows
D. caldera, it was created when the summit was blown off by exploding gases
______8. A volcano is formed by the pileup of non-viscous lava that oozes out from the
volcano is called _____.
A. geyser B. composite volcano C. cinder cone D. shield volcano

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______9. Which of the following is an example of a shield volcano?
A. Paricutin Volcano B. Mount Mayon C. Mauna Loa D. Krakatoa
______10. Eruptions caused by the interaction of water into heated magma is called:
A. vulcanian B.plinian C. phreatic D. strombolian
______11.The picture on the right shows what type of volcanic eruption?
A. plinian B.phreatic C.strombolian D.phreatomagmatic

______12. Which type of volcanic eruption is the least violent?

A. phreatomagmatic B. plinian C. strombolian D. vulcanian
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______13. Which type of volcanic eruption is very explosive?
A. vulcanian B. plinian C.phreatic D. strombolian
______14. Mount Pinatubo erupted last April 2, 1991. What kind of volcanic eruption was Mt.
Pinatubo?
A. vulcanian B.phreatomagmatic C. strombolian D.plinian
______15. Paricutin Volcano in Mexico erupted last February 20, 1943. What kind of
volcanic eruption was Paricutin Volcano?
A. phreatomagmatic B. plinian C. vulcanian D. strombolian

Key to Answers

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References
Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education. Project EASE Integrated Science 1,
Module 12: Inside the Earth.
Department of Education, Bureau of Secondary Education (2015). Science - Grade 9 Learner’s
Material.
McDougal Littell (2005). Science: Integrated Course 3. Houghton Mifflin Company. Philippine Institute
of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) – Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
(2008). School Teachers’ Seminar-Training on Natural Hazards Awareness and Preparedness: Focus
on Earthquakes and Volcanoes (Training Module).
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/ accessed May 26, 2020 4:00 pm
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/lahar/rain.php accessed May 28, 2020 3:00 pm
http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/philippines.htmlaccessed June 2, 2020 6:00 pm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNGUdObDoLkaccessed June 4, 2020 5:00 pm
https://www.britannica.com/science/volcano/Determinants-of-size-and-shapeaccessed June 6, 2020
8:00 pm
https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/stratoguide/pinfeat.htmlaccessed June 6, 2020 9:00 pm
https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/stratoguide/pinfeat.htmlaccessed June 10, 2020 11:00 pm

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