1

Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
Schools Division of Iloilo
BALASAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Balasan, Iloilo

SELF- LEARNING MODULE FOR

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

GENERAL PHYSICS 1
(VIII. MOMENTUM, IMPULSE AND COLLISIONS
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER)

Grade Level: 12
Specialized Subject for STEM
First Semester (Week 8)
Learning Competencies;
1. Relate the momentum, impulse, force, and time of contact in a system
2. Compare and contrast elastic and inelastic collisions,
3. Apply the concept of restitution coefficient in collisions
4. Solve problems involving impulse and momentum.
5. Determine the work done by a force acting on a system
6. Relate the gravitational potential energy of a system or object to the
configuration of the system
7. Relate the elastic potential energy of a system or object to the
configuration of the system
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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Before you start answering this module, please set aside other tasks that will
disturb you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully
enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun!
1. Use this module with care. Read with understanding the contents of this module
and follow carefully all the instructions indicated in every page of this module.
2. Do not write anything on your module. Write on your notebook the concepts about
the lessons. Writing enhances learning, that is important to develop and keep in
mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module (write your answer in your
answer sheet – one whole sheet of paper which your teacher facilitator will gather
every week). Ask the teacher if there are concepts which are confusing to you.
4. BE HONEST, answer the questions and activities by yourself, with the help of your
parent/guardian and your subject teacher, but PLEASE DON’T JUST COPY PASTE
THE WORK OF YOUR CLASSMATES – THIS IS FOR YOUR OWN GOOD. Analyze
conceptually the assessment and apply what you have learned.
5. Make your own summary and reflection about the lessons that you have learned in
this module.

PP Parts of the Module

I. INTRODUCTION - This section will give you a background and an overview of the
lesson.
II. LEARNING COMPETENCIES - these are the target objectives that you will be able to
know after completing the lessons in the module.
II.a. Materials – list the needed things if there are any.
III. KEYWORDS- these provide the definitions of important or foreign words which
might not be familiar to you.
IV. REVIEW - this section will measure what learnings and skills have you understand
from the previous lessons.
V. PRE-ACTIVITY- this is a short activity or questions which will also serve as a
springboard or motivation for the new topic to be discussed.
VI. CONTENT LECTURES (WITH EXERCISES) – these contain the important concepts
which you must learn, with examples and exercises, answer the questions and
exercises with this symbol (copy the title first of the topic/exercise and
answer these in your answer sheet - for you to practice and apply if you have
grasped the lesson.
VII. ASSESSMENT – this will test what you have learned in the lesson.
ANSWER THIS INDEPENDENTLY AND HONESTLY.
VIII. SUMMARY AND REFLECTION – you will be the one who will summarize the
lesson. This will help you to remember what you have learned in this module, write
this in your notebook which your subject teacher will check later.
IX. ENRICHMENT – this is additional task, notes or information that you can use.
X. REFERENCES – list the different books or websites used by your teacher in doing
this module
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(VIII. MOMENTUM, IMPULSE AND COLLISIONS

WORK, ENERGY AND POWER)

I. INTRODUCTION:

In a basketball game, you say a player has momentum when he is doing very
well in the game. How do you know that a player plays actively, moves fast and is
always sure of his actions.
On the other hand, to do work, one must have a source of energy. Long ago
people’s only source of energy for the work they did was food, for they worked with
their muscles. Later they learned to harness the energy of animals to aid them in
doing work. To improve the quality and quantity of work, they invented machines
to carry out numerous tasks. With machines, the world has become highly
industrialized. But because machines, like humans cannot work without energy, the
demand for the cost of energy has increased. The importation of energy is one of
the causes of economic problems of our country today.
Modern industrial society is highly dependent on energy which our country
must import. Work and energy are basic to life on earth. This chapter will be
concerned with energy, mechanical work and the rate at which the work is done
which is also known as power.

II. LEARNING COMPETENCIES

At the end of this module you must be able to:

1. Relate the momentum, impulse, force, and time of contact in a system
2. Compare and contrast elastic and inelastic collisions,
3. Apply the concept of restitution coefficient in collisions
4. Solve problems involving impulse and momentum.
5. Determine the work done by a force acting on a system
6. Relate the gravitational potential energy of a system or object to the
configuration of the system
7. Relate the elastic potential energy of a system or object to the
configuration of the system
8. Solve problems involving work, energy, and power in contexts such as, but
not limited to, power and energy requirements of human activities
such as sleeping vs. sitting vs. standing, running vs. walking.
Materials needed:2 identical marbles and calculator

III. KEYWORDS

Elastic Collision – a type of collision wherein the KE and momentum are

conserved.
Horsepower-it is often used in measuring the power of engines, it is widely
used in to express the power of large machines
Impulse I- is equal to the change in momentum (Δp). In symbols: I =Δp
 4

Impulse is also the product of the force acting on a moving object and the
time interval during which the force acts.
Joule – the unit used for work or energy which is also equal to N.m , it is
named after James Joule.
Momentum (p) –depends on both mass and velocity, the linear momentum
of an object is defined as the product of its mass and velocity.
Power is the rate of doing work
Work-is the product of the force and the displacement resulting from
application of force.

IV. REVIEW

Recall: the definitions of work, energy, power, momentum, impulse and

collisions.

V. PRE-ACTIVITY

TRY THIS!
Get 2 identical marbles, then put one marble in a level surface and then flick
the other marble using your fingers towards the other then observe and answer this
question;
What happened to the identical marbles when you flicked one to the other?

VI. CONTENT LECTURES with EXERCISES

MOMENTUM, IMPULSE AND COLLISIONS

LINEAR MOMENTUM
Momentum is another important concept related to moving objects. It is the
property that makes moving objects difficult to stop. When a
𝒌𝒎
bus is traveling at 100 , it has more momentum than when
𝒉
𝒌𝒎
it is traveling at 75 . The bus is more difficult to stop when
𝒉
moving at a higher speed. A heavy truck is harder to stop than
a relatively light car moving at the same speed. We say that the truck has greater
momentum than the car.
Momentum p depends on both mass and velocity. The linear momentum of
an object is defined as the product of its mass and velocity,
momentum = mass x velocity
In symbols, p = mv
The greater the mass or velocity, the greater is the momentum. A body has a
momentum only in the direction of its velocity, and thus it is a vector quantity. If we
consider the momentum of a body moving to the right as positive, then a body
 5

moving to the left has a negative momentum. The unit of momentum is expressed
𝒎 𝒄𝒎
in kg. 𝒔 or g. .
𝒔
Examples:
𝒎
1. What is the momentum of a 2.0 x 104 kg truck traveling 25 𝒔 to the right?
Given: m = 2.0 x 104 kg
𝒎
v = 25 Find: p = ?
𝒔
Sol’n: p = mv
𝑚
= (2.0 x 104kg ) 25
𝑠
𝒎
p = 500,000 kg
𝒔
𝒄𝒎
2. What is the momentum in g of a 30-g body moving to the right at a
𝒔
𝒎
velocity of 2.0 ?
𝒔
Given: m = 30 g
𝒎 100𝑐𝑚 𝒄𝒎
v = 2.0 x = 200 Find: p = ?
𝒔 1𝑚 𝒔
Sol’n: p = mv
𝑚
= ( 30g) 200
𝑠
𝒎
p = 6000 g 𝒔
IMPULSE
A change in momentum occurs when there is a change in the mass of an
object, a change in velocity, or both.
We know from Newton’s second law that a net force produces acceleration.
The greater the force that acts on an object, the greater is the change in velocity,
and hence the greater the change in momentum. Acceleration is given by the
𝒗𝒇 −𝒗𝒊
equation a=
𝒕
Substituting this equation into Newton’s second law, F = ma,
𝒗𝒇 −𝒗𝒊
F =m ( )
𝒕
Ft = mvf - mvi
Impulse Iis equal to the change in momentum (Δp). In symbols: I =Δp
Impulse is also the product of the force acting on a moving object and the time
interval during which the force acts.
I = Ft
A maximum impulse is achieved if both the force applied to an object and the
time during which the force is applied are maximized. In a collision, the impulse is
greater if massive bodies moving at very high speeds suddenly stop. The impact
force F is tremendous if the change in momentum takes place in a very short time
interval.
Sample Problems:
1. What is the magnitude of the force that acts for 2.0 s and changes the
𝒎
momentum of a body by 40kg. 𝒔 ?
Given: t = 2.0 s Find: F = ?
𝒎
I = 40 kg. (since I =Δp)
𝒔
 6

𝒎
Sol’n: I = Ft Recall: 1 Newton (N)= 1 kg.
𝒔²
t t
𝒎
𝑰 𝟒𝟎𝐤𝐠. 𝒎
𝒔
F= = = 20 kg. or 20 N
𝒕 𝟐.𝟎𝒔 𝒔²
2. A person in a sled, with a total mass of 125 kg, slides down a grassy hill and
𝒎
reach a speed of 8.0 𝒔 at the bottom. If a pile of grass can exert a constant force of
250 N, how fast will the sled stop?
Given: m = 125 kg
𝒎
v = 8.0 Find: t
𝒔
F = 250 N
Sol’n: Ft = mv
F F
𝒎𝒗
t=
𝑭
𝒎
= 125 kg (8 )
𝒔
250 N
𝒎
= 1000 𝐤𝐠.
𝒔
𝒎
250 N or kg
𝒔²
t = 4.0 s
l

EXERCISES for Momentum and Impulse (write the given, unknown formula and
encircle your final answer with unit).
1. A 2000-kg jeepney and a 4000-kg truck are both moving at a speed of 72
𝒌𝒎
toward the east. Calculate the momentum of each vehicle.
𝒉
2. What is the velocity of a shot put with a mass of 0.3 kg and momentum of
22 kg m/s moving in the forward direction? (Ans: v=73.33 m/s)
𝒎
3. Charles hits a 0.05-kg golf ball, giving it a speed of 70 . What impulse does
𝒔
he impart to the ball?

CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
In a collision, energy is not always conserved, unless the collision is fully
elastic (all stored energy is turned into kinetic energy, none is turned into heat,
noise or damage), but all collisions have to conserve momentum if there is no net
applied force. Σp before collision= Σp after collision
∑ (Greek letter Sigma) – means total or sum of.
When watching Superman, Lois Lane always gets into
trouble, and one consequence is her falling down a building. But
Superman, always alert, catches her. But watch how he catches
her. What is the proper way to do it?
cushioning the impact → greater Δt → lesser F
(Just like catching eggs)

Consider a system of objects that interact with each other, for example
two identical marbles on a table. If you hit marble 2 with marble 1, they exert
 7

forces on each other. Newton’s law of interaction says that these internal forces
are equal and opposite in direction. In symbols; F1 = -F2
Where;
F1 = force exerted by marble 1 on marble 2
-F2 = force exerted by marble 2 on marble 1 (negative sign indicates
opposite direction)
Following the collision, marble 1 comes
to rest and marble 2 moves with exactly the
same velocity and direction that marble1 had
before the collision. It was observed that the Marble 1 marble 2
momentum of marble 1 is transferred to marble 2 during the collision. This
simple statement on motion of the marbles has been expanded to a more
general one which became known as the “Law of Conservation of Momentum”
– which states that the total momentum p in an isolated system is constant.
An isolated system refers to one on which no external force is acting. The
only forces present in the system are those between the interacting objects. In
all collisions that were studied, the law of conservation of momentum has been
found to apply.
In the example given above, the total momentum of the two marbles
before and after collision are equal. The momentum of each marble before
collision is:
p1 (momentum of marble 1) = m1v1
p2 (momentum of marble 2) = m2v2
total momentum before collision (Σp) = p1 + p2
Σp = m1v1 + m2v2
total momentum after collision (denoted by an apostrophe (‘ ) read as “prime”)
Σp’ = p1’ + p2’
Σp’= m1v1’ + m2v2’ (mass is still the same, only the v changes)
Applying the law of conservation of momentum for this system, it can be
stated that:
Total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after
collision. This statement can also be expressed as:
Σp = Σp’
p1 + p2 = p 1 ’ + p 2 ’
m1v1+ m2v2 = m1v1’ + m2v2’
where; m1= mass of object 1
v1 = velocity of object 1 before collision
m2= mass of object 2
v2 = velocity of object 2 before collision
v1’ = velocity of object 1 after collision
v2’ = velocity of object 2 after collision
Example:
1.) A marble of mass m1= 0.04 kg, moving with a speed v1 = 2.0 m/s
strikes a second marble, initially at rest, of mass m2= 0.04 kg. As a result of the
collision, the first ball comes to rest and the second ball moves in the opposite
direction. What is the velocity of marble 2?
Given:
m1= 0.04 kg m2= 0.04kg
v1 = 2.0 m/s v2= 0 (initially at rest)
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v1’ = 0 since the first ball comes to rest after collision

v2’ = ?
Sol’n: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1’ + m2v2’
0.04 kg (2.0 m/s) + 0.04 kg (0) = 0.04 kg (0) + 0.04kg v2’
𝒎
0.08 kg = 0.04kg v2’
𝒔
0.04kg = 0.04kg
𝑚
v2’ = 2.0
𝑠
The law of conservation of momentum is one of the most important laws
in Physics, it explains the movement of billiards balls, the scattering of bowling
pins by a bowling ball, behavior of gas molecules, the basic structure of the
atom, and the mass of particles within the atom.
Moreover, it also describes explosions, consider the interaction of a bullet
when it is fired from a gun. Initially, the
gun and the bullet are both at rest. After
the explosion, the bullet moves out of
the gun with a great velocity and the
gun recoils and moves backward. Both
the gun and the bullet have equal
amount of momentum and move in
opposite directions.
The same principle also applies in
rocket propulsion, small amounts of
bullet gas are ejected at high velocity from the tail of the rocket. The massive
rocket increases its velocity forward to keep the momentum of the system
constant.
COLLISIONS IN ONE DIMENSION
Collisions fall into three categories:
1. Elastic Collision – wherein the KE and momentum are conserved, ex gas
particles inside a closed container continuously collide inside the walls
of the container.
2.) Inelastic Collision– for bodies involved in this type of collision, only
momentum is conserved, ex. 2 cars collided and coupled after collision.
-It does not conserve kinetic energy. Some KE is lost due to heat,
sound, and so forth.
 9

3. Completely inelastic collision, which the objects stick together afterward,

thus a maximum amount of KE is lost.
Momentum is conserved in all collisions as well as in all explosions. When
two or more objects collide, their final total momentum equals their total
momentum. The essential effect of collision is to redistribute the total momentum
of the colliding objects.
The second category is the most complicated to analyze since the total
energy before collision will not be equal to the total energy after collision. We will
only discuss the elastic and the completely inelastic collisions.
Coefficient of Restitution
Coefficient of restitution (e) is a number that is a variable with no units and
ranges from 0 to 1. Representing the following collision with the coefficient of
restitution:
 Perfectly elastic collision: e = 1
 Partially elastic/ inelastic collision: 0 < e <1
 Perfectly inelastic collision: e= 0

EXERCISES for Conservation of Momentum in Collisions

𝒎
1. A 0.02-kg ball moving to the right at 0.25 makes an elastic head-on
𝒔
𝒎
collision with a 0.44-kg ball moving to the left at 0.15 . After the
𝒔
𝒎
collision, the smaller ball moves to the left at 0.16 . What is the velocity
𝒔
of the 0.44-kg ball after collision?

WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

The word work has variety of meanings. It means different things to different
people. To some, mere application of force is already considered as work. But in
physics, work is done only when a force is applied to a body and moves it. Work is
the product of the force and the displacement resulting from application of force. It
is a scalar quantity because it has magnitude but no direction. In symbols, it is
expressed as
W = Fd
where F is the force component in the direction of the displacement and d is the
displacement.
Thus, no matter how much force you exert on something if it
doesn’t move or there is no displacement then no work is done.

If the displacement is in the x direction, then there is a component of

the force also in the x direction. Work is expressed as
W = Fx d x
If the displacement is in the y direction, then the work is written as
W = Fy d y
If the angle between the force F and the displacement x is θ, then
Fx = F cos θ
 10

F F

θ θ

F cos θ F cos θ

X
And so the work done is W = Fx dx = (F cos θ) dx
But if F is perpendicular to d, θ=900, and cos θ = 0, so in this case W = 0.

Thus, this waiter proudly says

Work Done Against Gravity

(This work depends only on the height, not on
the path).
The work needed to lift an object of
mass m against gravity is easy to figure out.
The force of gravity on the object is simply its weight w = mg. Therefore the force
that must be exerted to lift the object has the same magnitude of mg and is in the
same direction as the height h to which the object is raised.
Since Fx = mg, x = h, and cos θ = cos 0= 1, the work done is
W = mgh
To lift an object of mass m to the height h requires the work mgh.
The preceding definition is a great help in clarifying the effects of forces.
Unless a force acts through a displacement, no work is done no matter how great
the force. (Although we may get tired after pushing a wall for a long time, we still
have done no work on the wall if the wall remains in place).
The SI unit of Work is the joule, abbreviated J. One joule is the work done by
a force of 1N acting through a distance of 1m. That is,
𝒎²
1 joule = 1J = 1N-m or kg
𝒔²
The joule is named after the English scientist James Joule (1818-1889) and is
pronounced “jool”. To raise an apple from your waist to your mouth takes about 1 J
of work.
SAMPLE Problems:
1. Eating a banana enables a person to perform about 4.0 x 104 J of work.
How high can a 60-kg man climb if energized by eating a banana?
𝒎²
Given: W = 4.0 x 104 J or kg
𝒔²
m = 60 kg Find: h
Sol’n: _W_ = mgh
mg mg
 11

𝒎²
h = 4.0 x 104 kg
𝒔²
𝒎
60 kg ( 9.8 )
𝒔²
𝒎²
= 4.0 x 104 kg
𝒔²
𝒎
588 kg
𝒔²
h = 68.03 m

2. Niel pulls a toy 3.0 m across the floor by a string, applying a force of 0.50
N. During the first meter, the string is parallel to the floor, in the next two meters,
the string makes an angle of 250 with the horizontal direction. What is the total
amount of work done by Niel on the toy?
Given: d1 = 1.0 m d2 = 2.0 m
F = 0.5N
Θ = 250
Find: W1 = F d W2 = F d cos Θ
= 0.5N (1.0m) = 0.5N (2.0m) cos 25
W1 = 0.5 N.m or J = 1.0N.m (0.9063)
W2 = 0.91N.m
WT = W1+ W2
= 0.5 J+ 0.91 N.m
WT = 1.41 J

POWER
How do you feel after running upstairs in a few seconds? How about after
walking slowly upstairs for a few minutes?
When you walk up a flight of stairs, you do work
because you are lifting your body up the stairs. You do
the same amount of work whether you walk or run. The
work done is the same in either case because the net
result is that you lifted up the same weight to the same
height. But you know that if you ran up the stairs you
would be more tired than if you walked up. To
understand this difference, you need to know how fast the work is done.
Power is the rate of doing work.
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑾
Power = or P=
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕
When you go up the stairs fast. You expend more energy in a shorter time
than when you go slowly.
𝙹
Power is measured in joules per second or watts W. Aside from these,
𝒔
other related units are used.
𝙹
1 joule per second ( ) = 1 watt (W)
𝒔
 12

1000 W = 1 kW
1 horsepower (hp) = 746 watts
1 kilowatt-hour = 1 KWh = 3.60 x 106 J = 3.60 MJ
The unit of power, watt (W), was named after the Scottish mathematician
and engineer James Watt – the man who greatly improved the steam engine
developed in 1712.
Although horsepower is not an SI unit, it
is often used in measuring the power of
engines, it is widely used in to express the
power of large machines. The earliest use of
steam engine was to pump water from mines,
this work had previously been done by horses,
so the power of any give engine was estimated
as equal to that of so many horses.
Sample Problem:
a.) Arnaldo climbs a flight of stairs in 1.5 min. If he weighs 450 N and the
stairs is10 m from the ground, how much power will he develop?
Given: t = 1.5 min = 90 s
F = 450 N
d = 10 m
Find: P
Solution:
𝑾 𝑭• 𝒅 (𝟒𝟓𝟎𝑵)(𝟏𝟎𝒎) 𝑱
P= = = = 50 or 50 W
𝒕 𝒕 𝟗𝟎 𝒔 𝒔

EXERCISES for Work and Power (Copy and answer the following questions).
1. Put a dot (•) before the item if work is done to an object or person.
( ) a boy running across the playground
( ) a mother dancing with her baby in her arms
( ) a basket being lifted
( ) a person in an ascending elevator
( ) a stone whirled around a horizontal circle
( ) a big box dragged across the floor
( ) a girl walking up the stairs
2. Complete the table to show some typical work values for different tasks.

Task Force Distance Work Done

opening a drawer 10 N 0.2 m
closing a door 25 N 1.0 m
lifting a bag 30 N 0.5 m
throwing a ball 10 N 5.0 m
climbing the stairs 500 N 4.0 m

3. How much power is required to do 1680 J of work in one minute?

4. A crane lifts an 1800-kg load of scrap metals to a distance of 15 m in 20 s.
How much power is used in delivering the load? (Find W first W =PE =mgh).
(Ans: P = 13, 230W )
 13

ENERGY
Energy is the property that gives something the capacity to do work.
When we say that something has energy, we mean it is able (directly or
indirectly) to exert a force on something else and do work on it. On the other hand,
when we do work on something, we add to it an amount of energy equal to the
work done. The unit of energy is the same as the unit of work, the joule (J).
There are three broad categories of energy:
1. Kinetic energy, the energy something possesses by virtue of its motion.
2. Potential energy, the energy something possesses by virtue of its position.
3. Rest energy, the energy something possesses by virtue of its mass.

In these descriptions the word something was used instead of object because
such nonmaterial entities as force fields and massless particles may also possess
energy.
Kinetic Energy: The energy of motion.
Anything that is moving has kinetic energy (KE). A ball that is thrown leaves
the thrower’s hand with a certain velocity and gains kinetic energy as velocity
increases. The kinetic energy depends on the mass and speed of the body. Thus,
𝟏
KE = 𝟐 mv2.
This equation reveals that the kinetic energy of an object is directly
proportional to the square of its speed. This means that if the speed of an object is
doubled, its kinetic energy is increased by a factor of four which also means that it
takes four times the work to double the speed. Similarly, it takes four times the
work to stop an object moving twice as fast.
Sample Problem:
“Pag binato ka ng tinapay, dapat cheeseburger!” If you throw a cheeseburger
𝑚
deluxe weighing 0.1 kg at 10 , how much kinetic energy have you given it?
𝑠
Given: m = 0.1 kg
𝑚
v = 10 Find: KE
𝑠
𝟏
Solution: KE = 𝟐 mv2
1 𝑚
= (0.1 kg) (10 )2
2 𝑠
𝑚²
= (0.05 kg) 100
𝑠²
𝑚2
KE = 5.0 kg =5 N-m or 5.0 J
𝑠2
You gave that cheeseburger 5 joules of energy by throwing it. Now, if
someone’s going to eat the cheeseburger, then he will gain energy.

Potential Energy: The energy of position.

An object in an elevated position is said to have gravitational potential
energy: Gravitational potential energy (PEg) is the energy an object possesses at a
height h, above some zero reference level. In equation, this is written as:
 14

PEg = mgh
In calculating gravitational potential energy, it is the height lifted against
gravity that matters, not the actual distance moved. The amount of gravitational
potential energy an object has is a relative quantity. Its value depends on how we
define the height, that is, what height we take as the zero value.

TYPES OF POTENTIAL ENERGY

1.) Chemical Energy – the energy possessed by the atoms or molecules of a
substance and is released or changed into other forms when the substance
undergoes a chemical reaction.
It is also the energy that depends on the composition of the substance.
2.) Elastic Potential Energy – the energy possessed by an object like a spring or any
other elastic material due to its condition. Ex. a spring when compressed,
work is done on the spring to compress it and in the process it acquires
potential energy.
𝒌𝒙²
- According to Hooke’s law = F = , force (F) varies over the distance x and k
𝟐
is a proportionality/spring constant.
3.) Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) – a type of potential energy due to a
body’s elevation from the ground, a body placed higher above the ground
can do greater work as it moves downward from its initial position.
- Formula: GPE = mgh , where m = mass, h = height and g = acceleration due
to gravity = 9.8m/s2
Sample Problem:
What is the gravitational potential energy of a 0.5 kg ball soon to be dropped
from a 15 m high building?
Given: m = 0.5 kg
h = 15 m Find: PEg
𝑚
g = 9.8 𝑠2
Solution: PEg = mgh
𝒎
=(0.5 kg)(9.8 𝟐 )(15 m)
𝒔
𝑚2
PEg = 73.5 kg 2 𝑜𝑟 J
𝑠
Exercises for Kinetic and Potential Energy(write the given, unknown formula and
encircle your final answer with unit).
1. An object has a mass of 5.0 kg. Calculate the potential energy 3.0 m above
the ground.
𝒎
2. Find the kinetic energy of a 115-kg ostrich running at 15 .
𝒔
𝑚
3. A raindrop of mass 1.0 mg falls at 3.0 when there is no wind. Find its KE
𝑠
𝑚
when a wind of 5.0 is blowing. (Convert 1.0 mg to kg first).
𝑠
Conservation of Energy: A fundamental Law of Nature
In many situations, we have a simple transformation of energy. When energy
changes from one form to another, the amount of energy stays the same.
 15

When you throw a ball straight up, some of the chemical energy stored in
your body is transferred to the ball as kinetic energy. As the ball rises up, it loses
kinetic energy and gains potential energy. At the highest point, the ball is
momentarily at rest. All of its kinetic energy changes into potential energy. As the
ball falls to the ground, potential energy is changed back into kinetic energy. Then,
as the ball is brought to rest by the ground, its kinetic energy is changed into
internal (heat) energy and sound energy.

(The figure shows the increase in potential energy is equal to the decrease in kinetic
energy.The total amount of energy remains the same after the interaction).
The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the system is called
mechanical energy.
In a conservative system, the total mechanical energy is constant. In this
system, only conservative forces (a force is said to be conservative if the total work
done in moving an object from an initial to a final position is zero) are present and,
therefore, a decrease in potential energy is equal to an increase in kinetic energy,
and vice versa.
This is now expressed in the law called the law of conservation of mechanical
energy which states that:
The sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy in a conservative
system is constant and equal to the total mechanical energy of the
system.
In symbols, TE = PE + KE, where TE is the total energy.
In an isolated system where there are no mechanical energy losses due to
friction, ΔKE = ΔPE
This means that all the kinetic energy and potential energy before an
interaction equal all the kinetic energy and potential energy after interaction.

KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf

𝟏 𝟏
mvi2 + mghi = mvf2 + mghf
𝟐 𝟐
 16

Sample Problem:
A 50-kg box falls from a bridge and lands in the water 20 m below. Find its
(a) initial PE
(b) maximum KE
(c) KE and PE 15 m above the water, and
(d) velocity upon reaching the water.
Solution:
(a) Initial PE is taken from the top. Therefore,
PEi = mgh
𝑚
= (50kg) (9.8 ) (20 m)
𝑠2
PEi = 9 800 J
(b) The maximum KE is equal to the total PE at the top. Therefore,
KEmax = 9800 J
(c) At the height 15 m above the water,
PE = mgh
𝑚
= (50 kg)(9.8 2) (15 m)
𝑠
PE = 7350 J
The KE can be solved by using the law of conservation of mechanical energy.
TE = PE + KE
Therefore,
KE = TE – PE
= 9800 J – 7350 J
KE = 2450 J
Take note that the total energy is 9800 J since, at the top, PE is maximum and
KE is zero. So,
TE = 9 800 J + 0 = 9800 J
And, conversely, upon reaching the water, KE is maximum and PE is zero.

(d) The velocity upon reaching the water is

𝒎𝟐
𝟐 𝑲𝑬 𝟐 (𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝙹) √𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝟐 𝒎
v=√ =√ = = 19.80
𝒎 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝒈 𝟓𝟎 𝒔
The KE used is 9800 J at the bottom; the KE is maximum.
The simple oscillation of a pendulum also demonstrates conservation of energy. As
the pendulum bob swings to and fro, potential energy and kinetic energy are
constantly being exchanged. At the highest point on one side, the bob has
maximum potential energy and zero kinetic energy. Asit swings down, it loses
potential energy and gains kinetic energy. At the lowest position, all its potential
energy changes into kinetic energy. When the bob swings to the same vertical
height on the other side, all its kinetic energy changes back into potential energy.
The total mechanical energy of the bob (potential and kinetic) remains constant
throughout. Hence, energy is conserved.
 17

(The figure shows PE and KE are conserved

in moving objects, like the oscillating
pendulum).

Exercises:(write the given, unknown

formula and encircle your final answer with
unit).

1. A 40-kg ball is pulled to one side until it

is 1.5 m above its lowest point. What will be the
velocity as it passes through its lowest point?
(See figure on the right). Find PE first, PE=KE ,
𝟐 𝑲𝑬
v=√
𝒎

VII. ASSESSMENT

I. Matching Type: Match column A with column

B, write the letters only.
Column A Column B
1.) Momentum A. F x d
2. Elastic collision B. N.m
3. Impulse C. Rate of doing work
4. KE d. e = 0
5. Joule E. product of m and v
6. Work f. J/s
7. Power G. equal to the total momentum after
8. Inelastic collision collision
9. Ʃp h. ΔKE
𝒎𝒗²
10. Energy by virtue of position i.
𝟐
11. Watt j. 746 watts
12. Horsepower k. KE is conserved
13. Total energy L. mgh
𝒎
14. Hooke’s law m. kg
𝒔²
15. -ΔPE O. PE+ KE
𝒌𝒙²
P. F =
𝟐
R. Ft
II. Problem Solving, show your solution (write the given, unknown formula and
encircle your final answer with unit).
𝒎
1. Calculate the momentum of a 100-kg missile traveling at 100 eastward.
𝒔
𝒎
2. A 2500-kg bus from Laguna moves at 25 to Makati. What is the
𝒔
momentum of the bus?
 18

3. Automobile companies often test the safety of cars by putting them

through crash tests to observe the integrity of the passenger compartment. If
𝒎
a 1100-kg car is sent toward a cement wall with a speed of 15 𝒔 and the
impact stops the car in 0.09 s, with what average force is it brought to a stop?
4. Kian whizzes around the ice-skating rink and suddenly sees his small
brother Kyro at rest directly in his path. Rather than knock him over, he picks
Kyro up and continues in motion without stopping. Consider both Kian and
Kyro as parts of one system, and there are no outside forces acting on it.
Answer the following:
Before Collision:
mass (kg) 𝐦 𝐦
velocity ( 𝐬 ) momentum (kg. )
𝐬
Kian m1= 60 v 1= 3 (a)
Kyro m2= 35 v 1= 0 (b)
Total Momentum (c)

After Collision:
(d) Does Kian’s speed increase or decrease?
(e) Does Kyro’s speed increase or decrease?
(f) What is the total mass of the boys?
(g) What is the total momentum of the boys?
(h) What is the new speed of both boys after collision?
m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+ m2) v2’ – since they moved as one after the collision
WORK, POWER AND ENERGY
1. A porter pulls a 10-kg luggage along a level road for 5.0 m by exerting a
force of20 N at an angle of 300, with the horizontal shoulder through a vertical
distance of 1.5 m and carries it for another 5.0 m. How much work does he do in (a)
pulling, (b) lifting and(c) carrying the luggage on his shoulder?
2. An electric motor develops 65 kW of power as it lifts a loaded elevator 17.5
m in 35 s. How much force does the motor exert? ( Note: W= Pt, F= W/d)
3. In 1932 five members of the Polish Olympic ski team climbed from the 5th
to the 102nd floor of the Empire State Building, a distance approximately 350 m, in
21 min. If one of these men had a mass of 70 kg, how much power did he develop
during the ascent? (Convert 21 minutes first into seconds and recall W = PE= mgh ).
𝑚
4. A bullet moving at 500 𝑠 has a KE of 2500 J and a PE of 0.50 J at a certain
moment. What is the bullet’s mass and how high above the ground is it at that
moment? (Ans: m= 0.02kg)

IX. SUMMARY/ Reflection

Write a summary of what have you learned in this module in your notebook.
 19

The collision
X. ENRICHMENT

Simple Machines
A machine is a device that transmits force or torque for a definite purpose.
All machines, however complicated, are actually combinations of only three basic
machines: the lever, the inclined plane, and the hydraulic press. Thus the train of
gears that carries power from the engine of a car to its wheels is a development of
the lever; the screw jack that can raise one end of the car from the ground is a
development of an inclined plane; and the brake system that permits a touch of the
foot to stop the car is the development of the hydraulic press.
The Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA) of a machine is the ratio between
the output force Fout it exerts and the input force Fin that is furnished to it.
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
Actual Mechanical Advantage =
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆

𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒕
AMA =
𝑭𝒊𝒏
When AMA > 1, means that the output force exceeds the input force.
When AMA < 1, means that the output force is smaller than the input force.
Usually the AMA is greater than 1, which makes it possible for a relatively
small applied force to accomplish a task ordinarily beyond its capacity. However,
sometimes an AMA less than 1 is useful. An example is a pair of scissors, where the
range of motion is increased at the expense of a reduced force.
The Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA) of a machine is its mechanical
advantage under ideal conditions. The AMA, on the other hand, takes into account
friction and any other dissipative factors that may be acting. Because these factors
can never be entirely eliminated, the AMA of every machine is less than its IMA.
The ratio of the distances is the inverse of the ratio of the forces. The effect
of friction is always to increase the input force Fin needed to produce a given output
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑺𝒊𝒏
force Fout, but the distance ratio does not change. Hence we can use to
𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒕
define IMA.
𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑺
= 𝑺 𝒊𝒏
𝑭𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒖𝒕

𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Ideal Mechanical Advantage =
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑺𝒊𝒏
IMA =
𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒕
The efficiency of the machine is equal to the ratio of its actual and ideal
mechanical advantages.
𝑨𝑴𝑨
Efficiency = x 100%
𝑰𝑴𝑨
In some machines, such as the lever, the efficiency may be very close to
100%, whereas in others, such as the screw jack, it may be 10% or less.
 20

XI. REFERENCES:

Beiser, A. (1992). Modern Technical Physics. 6th ed. Addison-Wesley

Publishing Company.
Navaza, D. C. & Valdes, B. J. (2001). Physics. 2nd ed. Phoenix Publishing House.
Padua, A. L. & Crisostomo, R. M. (2005). Practical and Explorational Physics.
Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
Pancer, R. O. (2014). Competency-Based Learning Plans in Physics (Vol. 1).
Santos, G.N. C. & Ocampo, J.P. (2003). e – Physics. Rex Book Store, Inc.
Sotto, R. L. (2005). Physics. SIBS Publishing House, Inc.

Prepared by:

MYLA B. BALBERONA Checked by:

Subject Teacher
MR. RAUL O. PANCER
HT-II, Science Department