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VOLCANO Dt. 23.03.2020

VOLCANO: A volcano is type of vent or which transmits molten rocks called as

Magma from depth to earth surface.

VOLCANIC ERUPTION: In a volcanic eruption, heat concentrated in the Earth's upper

mantle raises temperatures. As a result, the rock melts and the materials with the
lowest melting temperatures are fused to form small, isolated blobs of magma. Then
the magma rise through conduits and fractures, and some ultimately may re-collect
in larger pockets or reservoirs a few miles under the Earth's surface, Increasing
pressure within the basin may drive the magma. As a result, the magma explodes as
lava at the surface through structurally weak zones.

TYPES OF VOLCANOES:

Cinder Cone Volcano: These occur when particles and blobs of lava are ejected
from a volcanic vent. The lava is blown violently into the air and the pieces rain
down around the vent.

Example: Mt. Taal in Philippines; Mt. Cerro Negro in Nicargua

Composite Volcanoes: These volcanoes have a conduit system inside them that
channels magma from deep within the Earth to the surface. They can have clusters
of vents, with lava breaking through walls, or issuing from fissures on the sides of the
mountain.

Example: Mt. Fuji

Shield Volcanoes: These are large, broad volcanoes that look like shields from
above. The lava that pours out of shield volcanoes is thin, so it can travel for great
distances down the shallow slopes of the volcano.

Example: Most Volcanoes in Hawaiian Region. Mt. Mount Kea

Flood Basalt Provinces: These volcanoes outpour highly fluid lava that flows for long
distances.

Example: Deccan Traps of India.

Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanoes: These volcanoes occur in the oceanic areas. Central
portion of the ridge experience frequent eruptions.

Example: Mid-Oceanic ridge in Atlantic Ocean

On the basis frequency of eruption, volcanoes can be classified into:

1. Active: Example- Etna and Stromboli of the Mediterranean Sea

2. Dormant: Example-Vesuvius

3. Extinct: example- Arthur’s Seat, Scotland

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VOLCANO -2 Dt. 24.03.2020

PLATE TECTONICS AS AN EXPLANATION TO VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES

• Most volcanic activity coincides with the active seismic regions of the world and are
clearly associated with plate boundaries

• Type of volcanic activity depends on type of plate tectonic setting

• If plates are mapped out it would correlate significantly with the distribution of volcanoes
around the world

Fig-1

Divergent plate boundaries:

•Splitting and lateral spreading of plates creates fractures and faults

•As a result, pressure is released a melting point is lowered

•Consequently, materials of upper mantle are melted

•These materials move upward as magma under the impact of enormous volume of
accumulated gases and vapor

•This rise of magma along mid oceanic ridges causes fissure eruptions of volcanoes and
constant upwelling of lava

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Convergent plate boundary:

•Associated with explosive type of volcanic eruption

•When two convergent plates collide, the heavier plate is sub ducted below the lighter
plate

•After reaching a certain depth, the sub ducted plate margin melts and magma is formed

• Magma under the impact of enormous volume of accumulated gases and vapour
moves upward as violent volcanic eruption

HAZARDOUS EFFECTS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

1. Loss of human life and livestock

2. Loss of infrastructure

3. Volcanic materials destroy crops, vegetation, divert natural drainage system and creates
health hazards

4. Earthquakes caused before and after volcanic eruptions generate tsunamis

5. Can cause change in radiation balance of the earth and atmosphere and thus lead to
climate change

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