VOLCANOES

Are Volcanoes Mountains?

Mountain
A mountain results from the movement and
opposition of tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are
always in motion, often moving several
centimeters annually. When two tectonic plates
move against each other and collide, the earth’s
crust thickens and deforms. Due to the collision
pressure, some of the land mass is pushed
upwards forming a mountain.
Volcano
A volcano results from collection
of lava after several volcanic eruptions.
Hot magma flows through a vent and cools
upon reaching the surface of the earth. A
volcanic mountain is made up of lava and
piles of rocks.
- May erupt violently
 VOLCANO
•is an opening on the Earth’s
crust where molten
materials are ejected into
the Earth’s surface
 HOW DO VOLCANOES FORM?
1. SUBDUCTION
the sideways and
downward movement
of the edge of a plate
of the earth's crust into
the mantle beneath
another plate
 HOW DO VOLCANOES FORM?
2. HOTSPOTS
a region of Earth’s
upper mantle that
upwells to melt
through the crust to
form a volcanic
feature
 PARTS OF A VOLCANO
• Cone – a mountainous accumulation of
volcanic ejecta on the surface
The cone is consists of 3 parts:
1. summit – the apex or the highest point
2. slope – side of the volcano
3. base – the lowest part
PARTS OF A VOLCANO

highest point
summit

side
slope

lowest
base
 PARTS OF A VOLCANO
• Crater – a steep-walled depression
found on the summit of a volcano
Caldera – larger craters caused by
a violent explosion causing the
summit to collapse
PARTS OF A VOLCANO

crater caldera
 PARTS OF A VOLCANO
• Vent – a fissure or fracture on
the summit (main vent) or on
the slope (side vent) where
lava is ejected
 PARTS OF A VOLCANO
• Magma chamber – a reservoir
of magma (molten rocks)
within the Earth’s crust beneath
a volcano
 PARTS OF A VOLCANO

crater summit

side vent slope

main vent
base

magma
chamber
 VOLCANIC MATERIALS
• Magma
- molten rocks underneath the
ground
• Lava
- molten rocks that reached the
surface
 VOLCANIC MATERIALS
• Tephra/pyroclasts
- Collectively, loose material thrown
from a volcano is referred to
as tephra. Individual fragments are
referred to in general terms
as pyroclasts, so sometimes tephra is
also referred to as pyroclastic debris.
 VOLCANIC MATERIALS
• Volcanic ash and gas
- Particles less than 2 mm in diameter
are called volcanic ash; main
component of volcanic gas emissions is
water vapour, followed by carbon
dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2),
and hydrogen sulphide (H2S).
 CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
1. According to shape/structure
Shield volcano – formed from
the accumulation of lava that
oozes out of the volcano
- low-viscosity materials and basalt are emitted and these spread
far from the vent.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
VOLCANOES
1. Shield volcano

Mauna Loa

Mt. Kanlaon Mauna Kea

 CLASSIFICATION OF
VOLCANOES
1. According to shape/structure
Cinder cone volcano – built
from lava fragments; have
steep slopes and wide crater
 CLASSIFICATION OF
VOLCANOES
2. Cinder cone volcano

Taal Volcanoes
 CLASSIFICATION OF
VOLCANOES
1. According to shape/structure
Composite volcano – or
stratovolcano; large nearly perfect
slope structure made up of alternate
layers of lava and cinder.
- the magma has high viscosity thus cools fast and does not spread far from
the vent.
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
3. Composite volcano

Mt. Mayon Mt. Pinatubo

 CLASSIFICATION OF
VOLCANOES
2. According to activity
(PHIVOLCS – Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology)
a. Active - volcanoes that
have erupted in recent history or
are showing signs of activity
 CLASSIFICATION OF
VOLCANOES
2. According to activity
(PHIVOLCS – Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology)
b. Inactive – volcanoes that have
not erupted for the last 10,000
years
VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES

38 June 5 2017
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Sept 1948 – July 1953

42 Dec 20 2017

11
52 Jan – March 2018

34 January 2020