PRE LEARNING CHECK

1. What is a volcano?
Answer: A volcano is a hill, mountain, or fissure from which
molten rocks, volcanic ash, and gases are ejected.

2. What are the different types of volcanoes?

Answer: The different types of volcanoes are composite
volcanoes, cinder cone volcanoes, and shield volcanoes.

3. How is an active volcano different from an inactive volcano?

Answer: Active volcano experiences volcanic activities within the
last 10, 000 years. Inactive volcanoes have not experience
volcanic activities for the last 10, 000 years.
 VOLCANOES AND THE
z
INTERIOR OF EARTH
 VOLCANISM
Refers to any
phenomenon of
eruption of molten lava
onto the surface,
whether from a tall
volcano or simply from
magma that rises
through a crack on a
planet’s lithosphere.
 VOLCANISM
Happens when underground
molten rocks called magma
find a path through the
lithosphere to the surface.

Magma forms in the lower

part of Earth’s crust and the
upper part of the mantle
where rocks are subjected
to tremendous temperature
(6000C - 13000C) and
pressure.
 VOLCANISM

Two reasons why magma rises:

Since molten rocks are generally less dense than

solid rocks, they have a natural tendency to rise.

Magma chamber may be squeezed by tectonic

forces, then moves upward due to pressure.
 VOLCANISM

Volcanoes may be formed when there is a rich

source of magma.

They may be formed not only on land but also

underwater.

The formation of volcanoes are closely associated

with the formation of magma.
Parts of the Volcano
 Parts of the Volcano

Magma - Molten rock

beneath Earth's surface.

Parasitic Cone - A small

cone-shaped volcano
formed by an
accumulation of volcanic
debris.
 Parts of the Volcano

Sill - A flat piece of

rock formed when
magma hardens in a
crack in a volcano.

Vent - An opening in
Earth's surface through
which volcanic
materials escape.
 Parts of the Volcano

Flank - The side of a volcano.

Lava - Molten rock that erupts

from a volcano that solidifies as
it cools.

Crater - Mouth of a volcano -

surrounds a volcanic vent.

Conduit - An underground
passage magma travels through.
 Parts of the Volcano
Summit - Highest point; apex

Throat - Entrance of a volcano. The

part of the conduit that ejects lava and
volcanic ash.

Ash - Fragments of lava or rock

smaller than 2 mm in size that are
blasted into the air by volcanic
explosions.

Ash Cloud - A cloud of ash formed by

volcanic explosions.
Craters are formed by the outward
explosion of rocks and other materials
from a volcano. Calderas are formed by
the inward collapse of a volcano.
z

MAGMA AND
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
Magma is an important material in a volcanic
activity.

Volcanic eruptions are influenced by the type of

magma, which also influences the resulting type
of cone formed.
GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. Which liquid is more viscous? Evaporated

milk or condense milk? Why?

Answer: Condensed milk is more viscous than

evaporated milk, because it flowed over a
shorter distance.
GUIDE QUESTIONS:

2. To which type of magma can you liken the

evaporated milk and the condensed milk?

Answer: The evaporated milk can be likened to

basaltic magma, which flows easily because of
its low viscosity. The condensed milk can be
likened to granitic magma , which resists flow
due to its high viscosity.
Property Basaltic Andesitic Granitic

Silica Content Least (~50%) Least (~50%) Most (~70%)

Viscosity Least intermediate most

Tendency to highest intermediate least

form lava
Tendency to least intermediate highest
form pyroclastic
materials
Magma is an important material in a volcanic
activity.

Volcanic eruptions are influenced by the type of

magma, which also influences the resulting type
of cone formed.
z
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
z

Phreatic Eruptions – driven

by steam produced when
groundwater is heated due to
an underlying heat source.

Involves only water, steam,

and ash with other rock
fragments derived from pre-
existing rocks, without
ejection of fresh magmatic
materials.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
z

Vulcanian eruptions –
result from the release of the
large quantities of
accumulated magmatic gas
which, which lifts fine ash
with great force high into the
air, forming voluminous
cauliflower cloud.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
z

Strombolian eruptions –
weak to violent eruptions
characterized by lava
fountains and outburst of
molten lava.

Typical materials ejected are

egg-shaped.

Eruption cloud is generally

yellowish to white.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
z

Pelean eruptions –
when gas-rich (high
content), pasty (high-
silica content) lava
accumulates to form a
dome on the volcano
edifice or beneath its
surface.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
z

Phreatomagmatic eruptions
– form a high eruption column
with a radially spreading, ring-
shaped horizontal cloud at a
base.

Result from an ejection of

magmatic and steam produce
by the conversion of
groundwater to steam by
ascending magma.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
z

Plinian eruptions –
characterized by voluminous
ejection of pumice and by ash
flow.

Release of gas-rich siliceous

magma accompanied by the
collapse of the of the volcanic
cone – formation of caldera.
 TYPES OF VOLCANOS
z