I.

General Type Of Volcano According to Shape of Cone

Shield Cone - are very low and very broad and gently sloping volcano.
- Form from hot, runny lava that is erupted from the volcano through its summit
and the many side vents and fissures through the volcano flanks (
Example : Musuan Peak

The type of eruption produced in Shield Cone:

- Icelandic Eruptions or Fissure Eruptions - all terms for volcanic eruptions
that flood the surface of the Earth with massive amounts of very hot, very thin,
runny lava.
- The lava comes out of the ground through long cracks in the surface called
fissures.

- Hawaiian Eruption - many fissures bringing lava to the surface

- known for their beautiful fire mountain
- the lava flows is very hot, thin, and runny which allows fast flowing lava
flows
- have the greatest quantity of lava pouring out of the main vent at the volcano
summit, not along side fissures
- build the cone steeper and higher

Cinder Cone - name from the material that forms them cinders
- Simplest volcanic formation
- They form from explosion of red, hot magma cinders and ash
- Very rarely rise to more than 1,00 feet above the surrounding landscape
- Known for their very violent, explosive, exciting eruption
Example: Jolo Island in Southwestern Mindanao/Sulu Archipelago

The type of Eruption produced in Cinder Cone

- Strombolian Eruption - named for the volcanic island off Tyrrhenian Sea of
the coast of Italy
- Short lived explosive eruption that shoot very thick and pasty lava into the air
along with bursts of steam and gas
- Has been named “Lighthouse of the Mediterranean” because it erupts every
20 minutes
- usually produce little or no lava because of this the cones that are produced by
this type of eruption is very steep

- Vulcanian Eruption - named after the island of Vulcano off the coast of Italy.
This is the same island that gave the name “Volcano”.
 - contain high dark clouds of steam and gas
- usually build a steep sided cone that is more symmetrical than a cinder
cone.The more symmetrical cone is called a stratovolcano

Stratovolcano or Composite Volcano - formed from a combination of eruption

- First the volcano will have an explosive eruption that ejects huge amount of
steam, gas and ash
- Large stratovolcano - will be built with many layers of ash and lava
Example : Mayon Volcano in the eastern portion of the province of Albay
Bulusan Volcano in the south central part of Sorsogon

The type of Eruption produced in Stratovolcano

- Pelean Eruption - named for the catastrophic eruption on the Island of
Martinique in the Caribbean Sea in 1902.
- The eruption and the pyroclastic flow that followed killed 29,000 people
almost instantly. "Glowing clouds' ' of gas and ash flew down the mountain at
over 70 miles per hour. The cloud was so full of ash that it was heavier than air
and hugged the ground as it approached the coast. The temperatures were
probably around 700 degrees F. which would annihilate everything in its path.
- The only person to survive was a prisoner that was sentenced to death. The
only reason he survived was that he was imprisoned in a very thick walled cell
and the only door faced away from the explosion.
- Plinian Eruption - most explosive of the eruption type
- characterised by a very high ash cloud that rises upwards to 50,000 feet
(almost 10 miles) high. Very deadly pyroclastics flows are also part of plinian
eruption

II. Viscosity
Viscosity
- resistance to flow (opposite of fluidity).
- Viscosity depends primarily on the composition of the magma, and
temperature.
- Lower temperature magmas have higher viscosity than higher
temperature magmas (viscosity decreases with increasing temperature of
the magma).\
High Viscosity

- Thick
- Does Not flow easily

Low Viscosity

- Thin
- Flow more easily

Magma/ Eruption Style

Basaltic Magma - thin and runny

- Low viscosity (Least explosive)

- produces the volcanic rock called basalt

- eruptions from these volcanoes are relatively gentle in nature

-These eruptions are not very explosive and do not pose as great of a threat to human
life.

Andesitic and Rhyolithic Magma - higher viscosity

- produces rocks called rhyolite and andesite from stratovolcano

-due to the higher amounts of trapped gasses and the higher viscosity.This leads to an
increased pressure beneath the surface as the magma attempts to rise. This ultimately
leads to more destructive and explosive eruptions, even though the magma might not
travel very far due to its viscosity

III. Flow of gas

Magma contains dissolved gases that are released into the atmosphere during eruptions.
Gases are also released from magma that either remains below ground (for example, as an
intrusion) or is rising toward the surface. In such cases, gases may escape continuously into
the atmosphere from the soil, volcanic vents, fumaroles, and hydrothermal systems.
At high pressures deep beneath the earth’s surface, volcanic gases are dissolved in molten
rock. But as magma rises toward the surface where the pressure is lower, gases held in the
melt begin to form tiny bubbles. The increasing volume taken up by gas bubbles makes the
magma less dense than the surrounding rock, which may allow the magma to continue its
upward journey. Closer to the surface, the bubbles increase in number and size so that the gas
volume may exceed the melt volume in the magma, creating a magma foam. The rapidly
expanding gas bubbles of the foam can lead to explosive eruptions in which the melt is
fragmented into pieces of volcanic rock, known as tephra. If the molten rock is not
fragmented by explosive activity, a lava flow will be generated.

Together with the tephra and entrained air, volcanic gases can rise tens of kilometers into
Earth’s atmosphere during large explosive eruptions. Once airborne, the prevailing winds
may blow the eruption cloud hundreds to thousands of kilometers from a volcano. The gases
spread from an erupting vent primarily as acid aerosols (tiny acid droplets), compounds
attached to tephra particles, and microscopic salt particles.