SCIENCE REVIEWER:

Types of Volcanoes:

Volcano= Roman god, Vulcan, who was the god of fire.

Volcanoes- windows to the earth’s interior, enabling scientists to know more about the depths of the earth.
They are elevated landforms from where lava and other rock fragments, steams, gasses, and other
pyroclastic materials are ejected.

Note: Volcanoes are not only found in land but also in the ocean floor.

It forms when magma reaches

the Earth’s surface, causing
eruption of lava and ash.

They occur at destructive

and constructive plate
boundaries.

There are three major types of volcanoes based on their shapes:

Cinder Cone- studies of the structure of the environment including climate, landforms, and other natural
patterns.

Composite- also called “Stratovolcanoes” because they are made from many layers (statra) rocks,
ashes, and hardened lava. In addition, volcanic mudflows (lahars) can make up some of the layers.

● Very explosive eruptions because of the intermediate to felsic magma types (high velocity, high
silica, low melting temperature).
● Steeper near the summit, but slope more gently near the base of the mountain.
● Typically found on island arcs and continents at subduction zones.
● Broad bases and steep sides usually have a large crater at the top and are formed by alternating
layers of magma and ash?
Shield- Shield volcanoes have the shape of a warrior's shield lying flat on the ground: very broad with
large bases. This is due to the low viscosity of the magma. They are not as steep as composite volcanoes
but are often greater in volume.

● Shield volcanoes are found commonly in oceanic areas, such as Hawaii. The Big Island of Hawaii
is made up of five huge shield volcanoes.
● Although these eruptions are usually relatively quiet, there can be large explosions when magma
comes into contact with groundwater, vaporizing the water instantly.

Lava Dome- considered as secondary cones. They form when magma below the surface has great
upward pressure. The domes are commonly composed of felsic magma, but can also be intermediate.

Volcanologists classify volcanoes based on how much activity has been recorded over time.

ACTIVE VOLCANO
-An active volcano is currently erupting or has erupted in recent history. Active volcanoes can have
eruptions of gasses, pyroclastic material, tephra, and lava.

INACTIVE(DORMANT) VOLCANO
-A dormant volcano is not presently erupting, and has not erupted in recent history. There is still potential
for renewed activity, because there still may be magma moving or cooling deep inside the volcano

EXTINCT VOLCANO
-An extinct volcano has not erupted in recent history and is unlikely to erupt again. Wind and water have
broken and smoothed the shape of the mountain. The magma has drained below the surface or cooled
inside the volcano.

Key Notes:
Dormant volcanoes
➢ Also called a sleeping volcano because it is presently inactive but could erupt again.

Pacific Ring Of Fire

➢ The Ring of Fire is a region around much of the rim of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic
eruptions and earthquakes occur. The Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped belt about 40,000 km
long and up to about 500 km wide.
➢ More than 75% of the 859 active volcanoes in the world are located in the Circle of Fire (Ring of
Fire).

Volcanic Ash
➢ A pyroclastic material that will travel farthest from the volcano's vent.

➢ The 1991 cataclysmic Plinian eruption of Mt. Pinatubo was the second largest eruption in the
twentieth century with a Volcanic Explosivity Index rating of 6. (True)
Caldera
➢ A formation that would most likely result from a single violent or devastating volcanic eruption.
Climate Change and Global Warming:

Climate change is a long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns, long-term alteration of
temperatures, and typical weather patterns in place.

Global warming is the long-term warming of the planet’s overall temperature. It is mostly caused by
increasing concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.

Global warming and climate change have been interchangeably used but the two are not the same.

Greenhouse Effect

Natural Greenhouse Effect

➔ The greenhouse effect is a natural process in which atmospheric gasses trap the sun’s heat and
warm the Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere. This makes Earth hospitable for life.

Human Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

➔ Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels for transportation and electricity generation, are
increasing the greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. This enhances the greenhouse effect,
trapping the extra heat in Earth’s atmosphere and slowly warming the planet.

Mitigation and Adaptation

➔ Mitigation- reducing climate change–involves reducing the flow of heat-trapping greenhouse

gasses into the atmosphere.
➔ Adaption- adapting to life in a changing climate–involves adjusting to actual or expected future
climate.