Pre-Assessment

Choose the letter of the best

answer.
Which characteristic of magma
mainly determines its
explosiveness?
a. color
b. Amount
c. Temperature
d. silica content
Which characteristic of magma
mainly determines its
explosiveness?
a. color
b. Amount
c. Temperature
d. silica content
Which of the following characteristics of
a volcano depends on its magma
emission?

a. age
b. size
c. shape
d. location
Which of the following characteristics of
a volcano depends on its magma
emission?

a. age
b. size
c. shape
d. location
 Which of the following factors
associated with huge volcanic eruptions
may cause the decrease in the Earth’s
average temperature for a few years?
a. heat
b. light
c. acid rain
d. volcanic ash
 Which of the following factors
associated with huge volcanic eruptions
may cause the decrease in the Earth’s
average temperature for a few years?
a. heat
b. light
c. acid rain
d. volcanic ash
 A thick layer of volcanic ash can be
heavy enough to collapse the roofs of
buildings because ash ________.

a. is solid.
b. cannot be blown by winds.
c. becomes heavier as it cools.
d. consists of tiny fragments of rocks
that becomes heavy as they file up.
 A thick layer of volcanic ash can be
heavy enough to collapse the roofs of
buildings because ash ________.

a. is solid.
b. cannot be blown by winds.
c. becomes heavier as it cools.
d. consists of tiny fragments of rocks
that becomes heavy as they file up.
Which of the following is an
active volcano in the
Philippines?
a. Apo in Davao
b. Bud Datu in Sulu
c. Isarog in Camarines Sur
d. Kanlaon in Negros Oriental
Which of the following is an
active volcano in the
Philippines?
a. Apo in Davao
b. Bud Datu in Sulu
c. Isarog in Camarines Sur
d. Kanlaon in Negros Oriental
GETTING TO KNOW
VOLCANOES
What is a volcano?

Volcanoes
Mt. Mayon
 What is a volcano?
 A volcano is a mountain where lava (hot, liquid rock)
comes from a magma chamber under the ground. A
volcano usually has a summit, a slope and base.
 Most volcanoes have a volcanic crater at the top.
When they are active, materials pour out of it. This
includes lava, steam, gaseous compounds of sulphur,
ash and broken rock pieces.
 Volcanoes erupt when magma and pressure come
together, and the pressure blows off the top of the
solid rock, and the magma pours out.
ANATOMY
How to classify
volcanoes?
 PHIVOLCS
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

VOLCANOES
ACTIVE INACTIVE
 CLASSIFICATION
O Active volcanoes are those that have a record
of eruption within the last 600 years or those
that erupted 10, 000 years ago based on
analyses of their materials.
O Inactive volcanoes, on the other hand, are
those that have not erupted for the last 10,000
years and their physical form is being changed
by agents of weathering and erosion through
formation of deep and long gullies.
PHIVOLCS
country has more than a
hundred volcanoes as of 2013

Twenty-three are
active
Perform the next activity
to classify the volcanoes
according to their record
of eruption.
 ASSIGNMENT
O two 300 ml bottled softdrinks (must be sealed
before using)
O two 300 ml bottled cooking oil
O two identical small basins
 Types of Volcanoes:
O SHIELD VOLCANOES
O Shield volcanoes are built out of layers of lava from
continual eruptions (without explosions). Because the lava
is so fluid, it spreads out, often over a wide area. Shield
volcanoes do not grow to a great height, and the layers of
lava spread out to give the volcano gently sloping sides.
Shield volcanoes can produce huge areas of basalt, which is
usually what lava is when cooled.
O Even though their sides are not very steep, shield volcanoes
can be huge. Mauna Kea in Hawaii is the biggest mountain
on Earth. If it is measured from its base on the floor of the
sea, Mauna Kea is even taller than Mount Everest, the
tallest mountain on land.
Mauna Loa, Hawaii
 Types of Volcanoes:
O STRATOVOLCANOES
O A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a
tall, conical volcano. It is built up of many layers of
hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash.
O Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes have a steep
profile and periodic eruptions. The lava that flows
from stratovolcanoes cools and hardens before
spreading far. It is sticky, that is, it has high viscosity.
The magma forming this lava is often felsic, with high-
to intermediate levels of silica, and less mafic magma.
Big felsic lava flows are uncommon, but have travelled
as far as 15 km (9.3 mi).
Mt. Mayon, Philippines
 Types of Volcanoes:
O CINDER CONES
O Cinder cones are built from ejected lava fragments.
They have a steep slope, wide crater and are the
most abundant of the three major volcano types.
O A cinder cone is a steep conical hill of loose
pyroclastic fragments, such as either volcanic
clinkers, volcanic ash, or cinder that has been built
around a volcanic vent. The pyroclastic fragments
are formed by explosive eruptions or lava
fountains from a single, typically cylindrical, vent.
Paricutin, Mexico
 CALDERA
O A caldera is a volcanic feature formed
by the collapse of a volcano into itself,
making it a large, special form of
volcanic crater. A caldera collapse is
usually triggered by the emptying of the
magma chamber beneath the volcano,
as the result of a large volcanic
eruption.
CALDERA
CALDERA
Primary factors affecting the
volcanoes’ eruptive style:
O Magma’s temperature
O The higher the temperature of magma is, the
lower is its viscosity.
O Chemical composition
O Magmas with high silica content are more
viscous than those with low silica content.
O Amount of dissolved gases it contains
O Gas dissolved in magma tends to increase its
stability to flow.
Types of Volcanic Eruptions
O Phreatic or hydrothermal
O Phreatomagmatic
O Strombolian
O Vulcanian
O Plinian
 PHREATIC OR
HYDROTHERMAL
A phreatic eruption, also called a phreatic explosion,
ultravulcanian eruption or steam-blast eruption, occurs
when magma heats ground or surface water. The
extreme temperature of the magma causes near-
instantaneous evaporation to steam, resulting in an
explosion of steam, water, ash, rock, and volcanic
bombs.
 PHREATIC OR
HYDROTHERMAL
 PHREATOMAGMATIC

Phreatomagmatic eruptions are volcanic eruptions

resulting from interaction between magma and water.
They differ from exclusively magmatic eruptions and
phreatic eruptions. Unlike phreatic eruptions, the
products of phreatomagmatic eruptions contain
juvenile (magmatic) clasts.
PHREATOMAGMATIC
 STROMBOLIAN

A Strombolian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption

with relatively mild blasts, having a volcanic explosivity
index of about 1 to 3. Strombolian eruptions consist of
ejection of incandescent cinders, lapilli, and lava
bombs, to altitudes of tens to a few hundreds of metres.
STROMBOLIAN

Anak Krakatoa, Indonesia

 VULCANIAN

A Vulcanian eruption is a short, violent, relatively small

explosion of viscous magma (usually andesite, dacite, or
rhyolite). This type of eruption results from the
fragmentation and explosion of a plug of lava in a
volcanic conduit, or from the rupture of a lava dome
(viscous lava that piles up over a vent).
VULCANIAN

Anak Krakatoa, Indonesia

 PLINIAN
The largest and most violent of all the types of volcanic eruptions
are Plinian eruptions. They are caused by the fragmentation of
gassy magma, and are usually associated with very viscous
magmas (dacite and rhyolite). They release enormous amounts of
energy and create eruption columns of gas and ash that can rise
up to 50 km (35 miles) high at speeds of hundreds of meters per
second. Ash from an eruption column can drift or be blown
hundreds or thousands of miles away from the volcano. The
eruption columns are usually shaped like a mushroom (similar to
a nuclear explosion) or an Italian pine tree; Pliny the Younger, a
Roman historian, made the comparison while viewing the 79 AD
eruption of Mount Vesuvius, and Plinian eruptions are named for
him.
 PLINIAN

Mount St. Helens, Washington, United States

Energy from the volcano
O Since our country is a home to more than a
hundred volcanoes, energy has been tapped
from them. Actually, the Philippines ranks
second in the world’s production of geothermal
energy. According to the Department of
Energy, 14.4% of the country’s total power
generation is produced from geothermal
energy. The production of electricity from
geothermal energy is cheaper than the
electricity production using natural gas, coal,
and hydropower.
What is geothermal energy?
O The Earth is believed to be extremely
hot from within. This heat from the
Earth’s interior is a source of energy
called geothermal energy. The heat of
the Earth warms up water which is
trapped in rock formations beneath
its surface.
 How is geothermal energy
generated?
O Geothermal energy is generated in
two ways:
O geothermal power plants and
O geothermal heat pumps.

O They differ in the depth of heat

source to produce energy.
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS
O the heat from deep inside the Earth is used
to produce steam to generate electricity
compared with geothermal heat pumps that
use the heat coming from close to the
Earth’s surface to heat water or provide
heat for buildings.
 In the Philippines, geothermal power
plants are used to generate electricity in:
O Tiwi (Albay)
O Kidapawan (North
Cotabato)
O Calaca (Laguna)
O Tongonan (Leyte),
O Bago City (Negros
Occidental)
O Valencia (Negros
Oriental)
O Bacon (Sorsogon). The figure 14 below shows the Mak-Ban
Geothermal Power Plant in Laguna.
Power plants are built in an area where it is
particularly hot just below the surface such as
near a group of geysers,hot springs, or volcanic
activity.
O The following steps are followed to generate electricity
in a geothermal power plant:
1. Wells are drilled deep into the Earth to pump steam or
hot water to the surface.
2. When the water reaches the surface, the drop in
pressure causes the water to turn into steam.
3. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a
generator that produces electricity.
4. Cooling tower cools the steam which it condenses back
to water.
5. The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to
begin the process again.
How do volcanic eruptions affect
society?
O Volcanic eruption is often associated with negative
effects.
O It can cause loss of lives and properties. As the lava
flows or pyroclastic materials are ejected in the air, they
can destroy anything in their way. Actually, it has a good
and a bad side. For example, the eruption of Pinatubo in
1991, one of the longest volcanic eruptions, has caused
the decrease in the Earth’s surface temperature for almost
two years. The strong winds during its eruption spread
the aerosol particles from the plume around the globe.
The result was a measurable cooling of the Earth’s
surface for a period of almost two years.
How do volcanic eruptions affect
society?
O Volcanoes also affect people positively. For
example, the eruption of Pinatubo Volcano has
created spectacular scenery in its wake.
O Likewise, the eruption of Musuan Volcano in
Bukidnon has produced very rich soils for
farmingyears after its eruption in 1867.
O People became creative also by making
earthenware out of the ashfall from the
Pinatubo Volcano eruption.
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
O According to the Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS),
the government agency tasked with
monitoring earthquakes and volcanoes in the
country, the following are commonly observed
signs that a volcano is about to erupt. These
may vary from one volcano to another.
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with
rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors;
2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam
emission from white to gray due to entrained ash;
3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the
crater;
4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground
fissuring due to magma intrusion;
5. Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from
the summit area which not attributable to heavy rains;
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of
vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes;
7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g.,
Bulusan and Canlaon) and crater lake (e.g., Taal) near
the volcano;
8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of
springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano;
9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano; and,
10. Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation
of old ones; appearance of solfataras.
mhartie.cm@gmail.com