TITLE: Television-Based Instruction for Grade 8 - Science

TOPIC: Forces
SEGMENT:
LENGTH: 35 minutes
TV ANCHOR: Corazon Ma. M. Muñoz
SCRIPT WRITERS: Corazon Ma. M. Muñoz

MELC: Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the
mass of the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion.
(Week 1 S8FE-Ia-15)

LESSON OBJECTIVE:
1. Define force;
2. Infer the effects of force; and
3. Identify the forces acting on the object.

VIDEO AUDIO
OBB
Program ID
PROGRAM INTRO
Good day, our dear learners of Catbalogan City Division!
Anchor
I am Teacher Heart, and I will be your learning companion for Grade 8
Science. Welcome to today’s lesson.

I hope you have your module with you at this time as we are about to
discover new learning today. Let us enjoy the rest of the session!

Today, we will investigate the relationship between the amount of force

Supported with screencast of applied and the mass of the object to the amount of change in the
PPT object’s motion. To be able to achieve this competency, we first need to
define force; perform/ infer the effects of force; and identify the forces
acting on the object.

Anchor Shall we start?

Anchor I have here some pictures to show you. Can you tell in which pictures
you think force can be observed?

Supported with screencast of A is a picture of a girl sitting on a chair

PPT PowerPoint Presentation B is a picture of a boy pushing on a wall; and
C is a picture of a woman throwing a ball

If you answered A, B or C, you are correct. All of these pictures show

Anchor force. Do these give you an idea of what force is? Very Good!!

Force is simply a push or a pull that acts on an object. It does not

necessarily lead to motion, meaning not all objects where force is
applied moves.

Supported with screencast of
simulation
In Grade 7, you have inferred from the different activities conducted the
relationship between displacement, velocity, and acceleration. A good
example of which is when a car starts moving. At first it speeds up,
when it nears a stop sign, it slows down. This shows that the car is
covering different displacements at equal time intervals, hence it is not
moving in constant velocity, which means that the car is accelerating.

Page 1 of 6
 The moving and the slowing down of the car have displacement,
velocity and acceleration. Now, let’s start learning about force.
Anchor
Most of the motions we come across in our daily life are caused
primarily by FORCE.
Anchor
To better understand this let us do this simple activity.

Supported with screencast of
PPT and simulation
I have here a ball on top of the table and you will have to give me an
answer to the different conditions I will give to the ball.
 In condition A, is the ball at rest? Answer A for yes or B for No.
The answer is A, yes, the ball is at rest. Good job!
 Now, how can you make the ball move? Option A, the ball has to be
pushed or pulled. Or Option B, the ball has to be pulled only. That’s
right, the answer is Option A, for the ball to move, it has to be
pushed or pulled.
 In condition B, what happens to the ball when you push it with
enough force? Option A, the ball moves in the same direction as the
force. Or Option B, the ball does not move. Fantastic, the answer is
Option A, it will move in the same direction as the force.
 In condition C, while it is moving, how can you make the ball stop?
Option A, exert a force opposite the motion of the ball. Or Option B,
the ball has to be pushed in the same direction of its motion. Good
answer! The answer is Option A, you need to apply a force opposite
the motion of the ball for it to stop.
 In condition D, how can we make the ball change direction? Option
A, the ball has to be pushed sideways. Or Option B, the ball has to
be pushed in the same direction of its motion. Perfect, the answer is
Option A, the ball has to be pushed sideways for it to change
direction.

Before we proceed, let us first watch these few reminders from the
World Health Organization.
INFOMERCIAL
(How to keep safe amidst the
pandemic)
SIYENSYASKWELA
Prog ID

LESSON PROPER

Anchor Welcome back! In the previous activity, you have observed that the ball
moves once you push or pull it. This is called force.

Supported with screencast of
PPT and simulation
Let us try to examine this further. Consider a ball on top of a table. The
ball will not move when there is no force applied to it. If you push the
ball, it will move or roll across the surface of the table. And when it is
again pushed in the direction of its motion, it moves faster and even
farther. But when you push it on the other side instead, opposite to the
direction of its motion, the ball may slow down and eventually stop.
Lastly, when you push it in a direction different from its original
direction of motion, the ball also changes its direction. In conclusion,
force can make the ball, or any object move, move faster, stop, or
change its direction of motion. But, does this occur always? Can force
always effect change in the state of motion of an object?

To accurately describe the forces acting on an object, let us examine the

Page 2 of 6

Supported with screencast of
PPT and simulation
Supported with screencast of
PPT and simulation
Supported with screencast of
PPT and simulation
Supported with screencast of
PPT and simulation
Supported with screencast of
PPT and simulation
Supported with screencast of
PPT and simulation
Supported with screencast of
PPT and simulation
figure.
This figure shows how force acts on a ball, but you need to be familiar
with the following terms:
 First is magnitude – this refers to the size or strength of the force. It
is commonly expressed in Newton for Meter-Kilogram-Second or
MKS system, Dyne for Centimetre–Gram–Second or CGS system
and pounds for Foot–Pound–Second or FPS system. In the
International System of Units, Newton is commonly used which is
named after Sir Isaac Newton, an English physicist and
mathematician.
 Second is direction – this points to where the object goes. The
direction of the arrowhead indicates the direction of the force. The
length of the arrow represents the amount of force or relative
magnitude, the shorter the arrow the smaller the force, the longer
the arrow, the bigger the force.
 Third is the point of application – this is the location of where the
force is applied.
 Last is the line of action – this is the straight line passing through
the point of application and is parallel to the direction of force.
There are two Types of Force, namely, contact forces and non-contact
forces. Contact forces are forces where objects touch or contact with
each other. On the other hand, Non-contact forces are forces where
objects do not touch or contact with each other. These forces act over a
zone or area called field.
The following are examples of contact forces.
a. Applied
b. Friction
c. Normal
d. Tension
Applied force is a force given to a person or object by another person
or object. Its symbol is F depending on who or what applies force to the
object. If a boy applies a force to a wall, we denote it with FBOY.
Friction is the force acting against or opposite an object in contact with
which makes the movement of the object slow down. Friction always
opposes the motion of an object. Its symbol is written as Ff. Air
resistance denoted by FAIR is an example of frictional force of the air
against a flying kite, airplanes, parachutes or those in skydiving sports.
For free-falling objects, this force is always considered negligible,
meaning the magnitude is unnoticeable.
Normal force is the force that acts perpendicular to the surface of the
object in contact with. Its symbol is FN.
Tension is the force applied to string, rope, chain or cable. Its symbol is
T.
Next are examples of non-contact forces.
Gravitational Force (Fg) is the force of attraction between two objects.
In the case of the Earth, this gravitational force causes objects to fall
down to the ground. It makes satellites and smaller objects stay in orbit
near the more massive planets. The mass and distance of the two objects
affect the gravitational force that holds them. The bigger the masses of
Page 3 of 6
 the objects are the bigger is the gravitational force between them. The
closer the objects are the greater is the gravitational force between them.

As shown in the figure which illustrates gravitational force between the

Supported with screencast of Earth and the Moon, the Earth has bigger gravitational force over the
PPT and simulation Moon.

Furthermore, the weight of an object, denoted by W, is an example of

Supported with screencast of
PPT and simulation
the gravitational force of the Earth towards the object. In the figure, the
weight of a book (WBOOK) is illustrated. However, the weight of an
object depends on the mass of the celestial body where the object is
attracted to. Meaning, we seem to be lighter when we are on the moon
than on the Earth.

Magnetic Forces are forces exerted on a field of attraction or repulsion

Supported with screencast of
PPT and simulation
as in the case of magnets and other magnetic materials. Magnets and
magnetic materials have two poles – the north and south poles.
Attraction may occur when two poles are not the same, a positive and a
negative while repulsion takes place with the same poles, positive-
positive and negative-negative.

Anchor Are you with me so far? At this point we have just discussed the
different types of forces.

Now these forces mentioned can be described as balanced or

Anchor unbalanced forces. To describe a force, you must know two things.
You must know the magnitude and the direction of the force.

Supported with screencast of Balanced Forces are forces that are equal in magnitude but opposite in
PPT and simulation the direction. Balanced forces do not cause a change in motion. When
balanced forces act on an object at rest, the object will not move.

Just like in a tug of war game there will be no change in motion if the
two teams are exerting equal forces.

Supported with screencast of On the other hand, unbalanced forces are forces that cause a change in
PPT and simulation the motion of an object. Unbalanced forces are not equal and in opposite
direction.

Supported with screencast of Suppose that one of the teams in tug of war exerts greater magnitude of
PPT and simulation force on the ground than the other team, the forces applied on the
ground would no longer be equal. One would be able to pull the other
team in the direction of the larger force.

Supported with screencast of At any one time, there may be several forces acting on an object. Net
PPT and simulation force or resultant force is the sum of all forces acting on an object. Two
or more forces in the same line of action exerted on an object are
balanced if their effects cancel each other.

Supported with screencast of When an object is at rest, a zero net force would make the object
PPT and simulation remains at rest. Moreover, when the object is moving, a zero net force
would make the object maintain its velocity at a given time interval.

Supported with screencast of
PPT and simulation
On the other hand, when the net force is not zero, the object’s velocity
will change. A net force exerted to an object at rest may cause the object
to move. In a moving object, a net force will increase its velocity when
the force is in the same direction of its motion. If the net force is in the
opposite direction of the object’s motion, the force will reduce the

Page 4 of 6
 object’s velocity. When the net force acts sideways on a moving object,
the direction of the object’s velocity changes.

Anchor At this point we have learned the concept of force. And you are
thinking, what can I do with that information? Let me show you further.

When we combine or add forces to determine the net or resultant force,

Supported with screencast of we will limit to those forces which act along the same line of action.
PPT and simulation The algebraic signs + and – are used to indicate the direction of forces.
Unlike signs are used for forces acting in opposite directions, Let us
observe the figure on screen.

The force of gravity (Fg) and the normal force (FN) are assigned opposite
Supported with screencast of signs. FN is given a positive (+) sign while Fg is given a negative (-)
PPT and simulation sign. If both Fg and FN are given a magnitude value of 3N, then the net
force along this line (vertical) is represented by Σ F.

To solve for the net force, you get the sum of all the forces exerted in
Supported with screencast of the object. The symbol sigma, Σ, means you add all the existing forces
PPT and simulation in the same line of action. However, you cannot add a vertical force to a
horizontal force.

Supported with screencast of In this figure we can add the two forces, normal and gravitational force
PPT and simulation since they are in the same vertical line of action.

Supported with screencast of
PPT and simulation
If the net force equates to zero, they are considered balanced. If the net
force is not equal to zero, the forces are not balanced. This unbalanced
force would cause a change in a body’s state of motion. Suppose one
side in the tug-of-war, team A exerts 250 N while the other side, Team
B exerts 300 N. To get the net force, just get the sum of the forces
acting on the object. And the answer would be positive 50 N to the right
where a greater force is applied.

This means that Team B won the game, since the F net = 50 N in the
Supported with screencast of direction of Team B (to the right). The negative sign (-250 N) in the
PPT and simulation solution means the force is exerted in the opposite side (to the left).
Always remember to write the magnitude and direction of the force.

QUIZ/STUDENTS’
PARTICIPATION

Anchor So that’s it for our discussion on forces.

Let us now check if you learned something on this episode, let us have a
5 item quiz.

Anchor Be ready with your paper or notebook and pen. The questions and the
options will be flashed on screen while being read. Choose the correct
answer from the options and write the letter of your answer on your
paper or notebook. Let us begin.

1. Which is NOT a unit of force?

Supported with screencast of A. Dyne B. Joules C. Newton D. Pound
PPT and simulation
The answer is option B.

2. What refers to how large or strong is the force?

A. magnitude C. velocity of the object
Page 5 of 6
 B. line of action D. direction of the force

The answer is option A.

3. What force is always directed opposite to the motion of an object?

A. Friction B. Gravitational C. Magnetic D. Tension 19

The answer is option A.

4. What force pulls an object back to the Earth?

A. Applied B. Gravitational C. Magnetic D. Tension

The answer is option B.

5. Which surface would be easiest for a bicycle to move

A. Sand B. Grass C. Muddy road D. Concrete road

The answer is option D.

I hope you answered all the questions correctly. If you were not able to
Anchor answer all the questions correctly, you may go back to your module and
review the lesson.
CLOSING BILLBOARD/ It has been a wonderful time being with you our dear learners. See you
ANNOUNCEMENTS/EXTRO again in our next episode for new learning opportunities

I am your learning companion for today, Teacher Heart.

We heal as One, We Learn as One through BAYANIHANDS.

Page 6 of 6