GEO VOLCANOES PROJEKT

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zgh79qt/revision/3

● definition: A volcano is an opening in a planet or moon’s crust through which

molten rock, hot gasses, and other materials erupt. Volcanoes often form a hill
or mountain as layers of rock and ash build up from repeated eruptions.
● where do they occur ? Volcanoes are found on both land and the ocean floor.
When volcanoes erupt on the ocean floor, they often create underwater
mountains and mountain ranges as the released lava cools and hardens.
Volcanoes on the ocean floor become islands when the mountains become so
large they rise above the surface of the ocean. Volcanoes usually form along
plate boundaries, where tectonic plates are either moving towards or away
from one another:Divergent (or constructive) boundaries - this is where
two plates move away from one another. Magma rises up to fill the gaps
between.Convergent boundaries - this is where two plates move towards
one another. The oceanic crust sinks beneath the continental crust at a
subduction zone - a point where one crustal plate is forced beneath
another. As the oceanic crust sinks into the mantle, it creates magma, which
rises to form an explosive volcano. Hot spots are areas on Earth where
magma is hotter than surrounding magma. It is located over a mantle or an
area under the rocky outer layer of Earth, called the crust,

● types-activity: active, dormant, erupting, extinct- Active volcanoes have a recent

history of eruptions; they are likely to erupt again. Dormant volcanoes have
not erupted for a very long time but may erupt at a future time. Erupting
volcanoes erupt magma which is called lava. Extinct volcanoes are not
expected to erupt in the future.
● types-structure: stratovolcanoes- created by eruptions and following effusions of
lava, they are made of layers of lava volcanic fragments of different size
shield volcanoes- they produce only lava, volcanoes are not steep because the lava is
very fluid when erupted, they do not explode
● structure: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpf9mnb/revision/2
● + - effects: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpf9mnb/revision/3
● monitoring:https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpf9mnb/revision/5
● lava flow-

SOURCES:
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/volcanoes/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpf9mnb/revision/1
https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/shield-volcanoes-0
https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP/lava-flows-destroy-everything-their-path
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/pyroclastic-flow/
https://www.britannica.com/science/lahar
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/vei.html
https://sierra.sitehost.iu.edu/papers/2013/hamdan.pdf
Volcanoes are openings in a planet or moon's crust through which molten rock, hot
gasses and other materials erupt. They form a hill or mountain as layers of rock and
ash build up from repeated eruptions.

They are found on ocean floors and land. They occur on plate boundaries, where
tectonic plates are moving towards each (convergent boundaries) other or away
(divergent boundaries).
Hotspot is a place where intense heat in the mantle rises towards the crust. When
magma reaches the surface it creates volcanoes.

active- recent eruption history of eruption, they are likely to erupt again.
dormant- these volcanoes have not erupted in a long time but may erupt in the future.
extinct- these volcanoes are expected not to erupt in the future.
eruptive- volcanoes that erupt magma (lava).

stratovolcanoes- created by eruptions and following effusions of lava, they are made
of layers of lava, volcanic fragments of different sizes.
shield volcanoes- they produce only lava, volcanoes are not steep because the lava is
very fluid when erupted, they do not explode.

magma chamber- place where the molten rock is stored beneath the ground.
main vent- channel through which magma travels to reach the Earth's surface.
secondary vent- some magma can escape through the side of the volcano, particularly
when the main vent is blocked. crater- this is found at the top of a volcano, where the
magma erupts from.
secondary cone- cone that builds up around secondary vents.
ash- powdery residue left after the burning of a compound.
steam and gas- clouds which are pushed out of the volcano.
volcanic bombs- large blocks of hot rock thrown from a volcano.

Scientists monitor volcanoes so they can predict their eruption. They use
seismometers- measures earthquakes occurring near an eruption.
tiltmeters and GPS satellites- monitor any changes in landscape, volcanoes tend to
swell near eruption.
They measure temperatures- volcanoes become hotter when magma starts to rise.

CASE STUDY - Eyjafjallajökull :

One of Iceland's many volcanoes located right next to two tectonic plates- the North
American plate and European plate, erupted on 20th march 2010 for the first time. The
second time it was under the ice cap near the summit (highest point of a hill) on 14th
march 2010. This eruption caused melting of ice leading to flooding in the city. The
reaction of magma and melted ice created a cloud of volcanic ash and gas. It spread
out because of winds to the Faroe Islands, Norway and Sweden. This eruption caused
several economical, environmental and social impacts on the whole world. Many
companies lost millions of dollars- airlines, tourism businesses… Many travel
companies gained money because the airplanes were canceled. People had to evacuate
from their homes and roads were shut due to the flooding. The positive impact of this
eruption was the prevention of emissing 2.8m tons of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere.

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SOURCES:
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/volcanoes/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpf9mnb/revision/1
https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/shield-volcanoes-0
https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP/lava-flows-destroy-everything-their-path
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/pyroclastic-flow/
https://www.britannica.com/science/lahar
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/vei.html
https://sierra.sitehost.iu.edu/papers/2013/hamdan.pdf
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