Earthquake happens when there is a transform and convergent plate boundaries so in effect there will

be a sudden shaking of the ground sometimes causing a great destruction as a result of movements
within.

mountain range is a geographic area containing numerous geologically related mountains. Most
mountain ranges are built along plate boundaries where the plates are crashing together. This collision
of tectonic plates can result in a crumpling of the crust or buckling of the crust over a zone of
subduction.

The point on the Earth's surface vertically above the hypocenter or focus is called epicenter. It is the
point where an earthquake or underground explosion originates. In seismology, the epicenter is the
point on the Earth's surface directly above the point where the fault begins to rupture, and in most
cases, it is the area of greatest damage. However, in stronger earthquakes, the length of the fault
rupture is much longer, and damage can be spread across the rupture zone.

The world’s earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the Earth’s surface. They tend to be
concentrated in narrow zones. Majority of volcanoes are found along the edges of some continents. The
volcanoes found in the Pacific Ring of Fire are formed by the tectonic plates that move toward each
other. The epicenter of an earthquake is usually found along plate boundaries. The plates that are
moving in opposite directions and slide against each other, resulting in earthquakes.

• Most mountain ranges are typically located either in the Pacific Ring of Fire or “Alpide Belt”. The

Pacific Ring of Fire or the Circum-Pacific Seismic Belt is a horseshoe-shaped region in the Pacific

Ocean basin that is characterized large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

• The plates are in constant motion. As they interact along their margins, important geological

processes take place, such as the formation of mountain ranges, earthquakes, and volcanoes.
good afternoon im (name) and I’ll be explaining the rs among earthquakes and mountain belts
Earthquakes are natural vibrations of the ground, occurred by a sudden release of energy causes seismic
waves which are also usually caused by tectonic plates or an underground rock that suddenly slips on a
fault where it fractures or breaks.

The distribution of the volcanoes, earthquakes and major mountain belts are not random. They tend to
be concentrated in narrow zones.
Majority are found along the edges of some continents or in close proximity of the borders of the
tectonic plates. – pacific ring of fire and mid atlantic.

Given from what I’ve heard – there are 5 major mountain belts, Cascades – Appalachians – Andes – Alps
and Himalayas. In addition, we also hav90re tasman, north American cordillera, urals and many more.

Back to the location and distribution, all of them are connected because of what we call plate tectonics.
The plates are in constant motion. As they interact along their margins, important geological processes
take place, such as the formation of mountain ranges, earthquakes, and volcanoes. But how?
this is because of the boundaries that push away – move closer – slide each other and the most
dangerous interaction would be subduction. - This collision(kolisiyon)of tectonic plates can result in a
crumpling of the crust or buckling of the crust. So, yes, all of these happen in the same area.

With these movements, we, humans, are also affected – which might injure and kill us or destroy our
buildings and houses. Thus people are finding ways on how to manage or coexist with it. Like
seismographs to detect and record. richter scale, moment magnitude scale and other scales to identify
magnitude and intensity. Buildings being designed to sway so they wont be easily destroyed. people
especially us filipinos, should be educated and be aware.

VOLCANOES
• A volcano is a vent or opening in the crust of a planet like earth that allows magma, heated gases,
and other things to erupt.
• Volcanoes usually form as tectonic plates collide or drift apart to form a long crack, or rift. Or they
can just “pop up” at a hot spot.
• Every volcano has a distinct size, shape, eruption types, duration, rock type, and features.
Similarities are the release of gases, pieces of material, and heat.
Structures of Volcanoes
• Magma Chamber • Laccolith
• Crater / Caldera • Ash Cloud
• Vent • Sill
• Secondary volcanic vents / Parasitic cone

TYPES OF
VOLCANOES
Submarine are underwater vents or fissures in
volcano the Earth's surface from
which magma can erupt. Also
known as seamounts.
Stratovolcano known to be violent and produce
or composite such explosive eruptions due to it’s
high gas build up in the magma – in
which releases such deadly
pyroclastic flows when pressure
increases.
Shield Volcanoes classified as wide and broad, and
Low viscosity, fluid lava often seeps
out of them slowly. Tends to
release molten rock rather than
deadly gasses
Calderas it has a large depression/crater
wherein usually magma present in
the magma chamber underneath
the volcano is expelled.
[ bonus : Dome volcano, Fissure, Cinder, Maar ]

• Volcanoes are not randomly distributed. Most are concentrated on the equator, along island chains,
or beneath the sea, forming long mountain ranges(or the boundaries of tectonic plates). 70% of the
world’s volcanoes are found near the Pacific Ring of Fire.
• In the Philippines, volcanoes follow a certain linearly pattern – it is because of the trenches and
convergent PH & Pacific Boundary.
• MAGMA VS LAVA: Magma is molten rock that is underground and Lava is the molten rock that
breaks through the Earth’s surface.
When is a volcano considered active?
•The volcano has erupted within historical times.
•Accounts of eruptions were documented.
•The volcano has erupted at least once within the last 10 000 years.
BONUS:
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOCS)
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
QUESTIONS
-What is the relationship among the locations of volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and mountain
ranges? Locations of volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and mountain ranges are related to plate
boundaries. Tectonic plate movements in these boundaries as well as nearby faults and trenches are the
primary cause of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and formation of mountain ranges. Knowledge about
the locations of volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain ranges may help us manage the risk that they
may bring to human life.

-How do we know the continents moved?

-Why do tectonic plates move?
-How does GPD helps in measuring tectonic plate movement?
-What are Volcanoes?
-What is the main function of PHILVOLCS?
-Which countries have the most Volcanoes?
-Why do people still live near volcanoes?
-How will you describe the volcanoes of Hawaii?
-Where and how do volcanoes occur?