Nature and Types of

Volcanoes
By: Group 1
What will we learn today??
STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

NATURE OF VOLCANOES

TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Welcome to the……
STRUCTURE OF
THE EARTH
The Crust
The crust is the outermost
solid part of the earth. The
crust floats on top of the
mantle. It is composed of
basalt-rich oceanic crust
and granitic-rich
continental crust.
The Mantle
The portion of the interior beyond
the crust is called the mantle.
It is in a solid state. It has a density
higher than the crust portion. The
mantle is almost 2900 kilometers
thick and comprises about 83% of
the Earth's volume. It is composed
of several different layers.
The Core
The outer core is liquid and has
a density of about 11 g/cc. It
surrounds the inner core and
has an average thickness of
about 2250 kilometers. The
outer core of Earth is liquid.
Evidence for a fluid outer core
includes seismology which
shows that seismic shear-waves
are not transmitted through the
outer core. Although having a
composition similar to Earth's
solid inner core, the outer core
remains liquid as there is not
enough pressure to keep it in a
solid state.
The Core
The inner core is believed to be
composed of an iron–nickel
alloy with some other elements.
The inner core of Earth, the very
hot, very dense ball of iron and
nickel that lies about 3,485
kilometers (2,165 miles) below
Earth's surface.
Welcome to……
NATURES OF
VOLCANOES
NATURES OF VOLCANOES
MAGMA CHAMBER
 is a large underground pool of
magma. Under pressure the
magma in the chamber can rise
up the main vent which is the
central tube through the volcano.
BEDROCK
 (sometimes referred as a
country rock) crustal rock where
the entire volcanic structure was
formed.
NATURES OF VOLCANOES

PIPE ASH LAYERS

 (also called conduit) - an  layers of ashes that settled
underground passage where along the volcanic flanks and
magma travels through from the base that were spewed during
magma chamber. Sometimes the eruption.
magma travels through some
fissure in the volcanic slope
where it hardens an form a sill.
NATURES OF VOLCANOES

ASH LAVA LAYERS

 fragments of lava or rock,  layers of lava that hardens
smaller than 2 mm in size that along the slope of a volcano due
are blasted into the air by to its previous eruption.
volcanic explosions.
NATURES OF VOLCANOES
LAVA FLOW
 lava that flows down into the
volcanic slope and its base
when magma is deposited into
the earth's surface.
VENT
 an opening in the volcanic crater
through which volcanic
materials escape. Below this is
the throat or the entrance of the
volcano leading to the conduit
and to the magma chamber.
NATURES OF VOLCANOES

LAVA ASH CLOUD

 magma that reaches the earth’s
surface.
 the ashes and cinders at the
summit or flanks (slopes) of a
volcano that are ejected into the
atmosphere during a volcanic
eruption.
Welcome to……
TYPES OF
VOLCANOES
STRATOVOLCANO
(Composite Cone
Volcanoes)
Stratovolcanoes such as Mayon Volcano
in the Philippines, Mount Momotombo in
Nicaragua, and Ol Doinyo Lengai in
Tanzania are steep cones built by both
pyroclastic and lava-flow eruptions.
Stratovolcanoes are composed of
volcanic rock types that vary from basalt
to rhyolite, but their composition is
generally andesite. They may erupt
many thousands of times over life spans
of millions of years. A typical eruption
begins with ash explosions and ends
with the extrusion of thick, viscous lava
flows.
SHIELD VOLCANOES
Structures of this type are large, dome-
shaped mountains built of lava flows. Their
name derives from their similarity in shape to
a warrior’s shield lying face up. Shield
volcanoes are usually composed of basalt.
Small shield volcanoes may form rapidly from
almost continuous eruptions, but the larger
shields are formed over a span of about 1
million years by hundreds of thousands of
effusive eruptions of fluid lavas from their
summits and rift zones. The slopes of shield
volcanoes are gentle, seldom exceeding 6°.
The summits, which are nearly flat, are
generally indented by cliff-walled craters or
calderas.
SUBMARINE
VOLCANO
(Hydrothermal vents)
These structures occur in various forms,
but many are cone-shaped seamounts.
These flat-topped seamounts are called
guyots. Most of the active submarine
volcanoes that are known occur at
shallow depths beneath the sea. They
are recognized because their explosive
eruptions can be detected and located
by hydrophones.
CALDERAS
Most calderas—large circular or oval
depressions more than 1 km (0.6 mile) in
diameter—have been formed by inward
collapse of landforms after large amounts of
magma have been expelled from
underground. Many are surrounded by steep
cliffs, and some are filled with lakes. The
terms crater and caldera are often used
synonymously, but calderas are larger than
craters. A crater can occur inside a caldera,
as at Taal Lake in the Philippines, but not the
reverse. Calderas are often associated with
large eruptions (those producing volumes of
10 cubic km [2.4 cubic miles] or more) of
dacitic or rhyolitic magma that form
pyroclastic plateaus.
COMPLEX VOLCANO
Such structures are mixed landforms. In most
cases, they occur because of changes either
in eruptive habit or in the location of the
principal vent area. A stratovolcano may form
a large explosion crater that later becomes
filled by a lava dome, or several new cones
and craters may develop on a caldera’s rim.
One stratovolcano may have multiple
summits when individual cones overlap one
another. The Three Sisters volcanic complex
in Oregon is an example of a complex
volcano with three summits.
PYROCLASTIC
CONES OR CINDER
CONE VOLCANO
The fragments cool sufficiently during their
flight through the air so that they do not weld
together when they strike one another.
Generally, the crater from which the cinder
fragments were ejected is located in the
center of the cone. In areas with strong
prevailing winds, however, the crater may be
upwind of the cone. The rock type involved in
pyroclastic cones is generally basalt or
basaltic andesite, and the eruption type is
either the moderately explosive Vulcanian or
the gentler Hawaiian, which produces high
lava fountains.
VOLCANIC FIELDS
Such areas have many geologically
young cinder cones or other features
that have not been individually identified
as separate volcanoes. If the conduits
through which magma ascends to the
surface are scattered over a broad area,
many short-lived volcanoes are formed
rather than a major volcano with
repeated eruptions. The area in which
Parícutin formed is a volcanic field with
dozens of prehistoric—but geologically
young—cinder cones and lava flows.
The most likely place for the birth of a
new volcano is in a known volcanic field.
LAVA DOMES
Landforms of this sort consist of steep
domal mounds of lava so viscous that
the lava piles up over its vent without
flowing away. The rock types that form
lava domes are generally andesites,
dacites, or rhyolites. Somehow these
viscous lavas have lost much of their
gas content in prior eruptions or during a
slow rise to the surface. Even so, it is
not unusual for an actively growing lava
dome to have an explosive eruption that
disrupts all or part of the dome. Many
lava domes grow by internal intrusion of
lava that causes swelling and
overstepping of the dome.
FISSURE VENTS
In Iceland the volcanic vents often are long
fissures parallel to the rift zone where
lithospheric plates are diverging. Renewed
eruptions generally occur from new parallel
fractures offset by a few hundred to
thousands of meters from the earlier
fissures. This distribution of vents and
voluminous eruptions of fluid basaltic lava
usually build up a thick lava plateau rather
than a single volcanic edifice. These vents
produce low ramparts of basaltic spatter on
both sides of the fissure. More isolated lava
fountains along the fissure produce crater
rows of small spatter and cinder cones. The
fragments that form a spatter cone are hot
and plastic enough to weld together, while
the fragments that form a cinder cone
remain separate because of their lower
temperature.
SUPERVOLCANOES
a volcanic center that has had an eruption
of magnitude 8 on the Volcano Explosivity
Index (VEI), meaning that at one point in
time it erupted more than 1,000 cubic
kilometers (240 cubic miles) of material. In
the early 2000's, the term “supereruption”
began being used as a catchy way to
describe VEI 8 eruptions. Explosive events
of this size erupt so much magma that a
circular-shaped collapse feature, called a
caldera, forms above the evacuated
magma storage region. The largest (super)
eruption at Yellowstone (2.1 million years
ago) had a volume of 2,450 cubic
kilometers. Like many other caldera-
forming volcanoes, most of Yellowstone’s
many eruptions have been smaller than
VEI 8 supereruptions, so it is confusing to
categorize Yellowstone as a “supervolcano.”
TIME FOR
QUESTIONS!!!
WIN A PRIZE!!
Answer 2: Stratovolcanoes are characterized
by explosive eruptions due to the viscosity of
their magma, which often contains high levels
of silica. In contrast, shield volcanoes have less
viscous magma, leading to more effusive
eruptions with lava flowing more freely, creating
broad, gently sloping landscapes.
Answer: Magma is molten rock
beneath the Earth's surface.
When it erupts onto the surface,
it is called lava, and this process
is associated with volcanic
activity.
Answer: A volcano is a
geological formation in the
Earth's crust that allows molten
rock, ash, and gases to escape
from below the surface.
 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

ANY QUESTIONS OR CLARIFICATION

JUST RAISE YOUR HAND