Volcanoes

According to the Philippine Institute of

Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS),
it is a vent, hill or mountain from which
molten or hot rocks with gaseous material
have been ejected. It is also craters,
depressions, hills or mountains formed by
removal of pre-existing material or by
accumulation of ejected materials.
Origin of the Name VOLCANO

The name 'volcano'

comes from a little
island in the
Mediterranean
Sea called
'Vulcano'.
People in the area thought that the
island was a chimney that led out of
Vulcan's workshop. Vulcan was the
blacksmith for the Roman gods (god
of fire and volcanoes) and when lava
and ash would eject from the
mountain, it was a sign that Vulcan
was hard at work pounding out
weapons for the gods.
Ring of Fire
It is a path along the Pacific
Ocean characterized by
active volcanoes and
frequent earthquakes.
 HOW IS A
VOLCANO
FORMED?
Volcanoes are formed when magma trapped underneath the
Earth’s crust rises to the surface and escapes through cracks.
Pressure builds up inside the Earth. When this pressure is
released, for example, as a result of plate movement, magma
explodes to the surface causing a volcanic eruption. This
escaping liquid rock becomes lava, which solidifies as it travels.
The lava from the eruption cools to form new crust. Over
time, after several eruptions, the rock builds up and a volcano
forms.
three main places where
volcanoes originate
HOT SPOTS are
places within the mantle
where rocks melt to
generate magma. These are
fixed sources of magma
rising beneath a plate
forming volcanic islands.
 three main places where
volcanoes originate
DIVERGENT
PLATE MARGIN,
occurs when plates move
apart. Volcanoes are formed
as magma wells up to fill the
gap, and ultimately new
crust is formed.
 three main places
where volcanoes
originate
CONVERGENT
PLATE
MARGIN, occurs
when oceanic and
continental plates move
together. Magma rises up
through cracks and erupts
into the surface.
EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE VOLCANO

Summit

Slope

Base
 External Parts of a Volcano
Summit - the highest point of a volcano. It has an opening
which may either be a crater or a caldera.
▪ Crater is a funnel-shaped opening at the top of a
volcano where the magma comes out.
▪ Caldera is formed when a part of the wall collapses
following an explosive eruption.
Slope - are the sides or flanks of a volcano that radiate
from the main or central vent. Slopes vary in gradient
depending on the intensity of the volcano’s eruptions and
the materials that are expelled.
Base - the lowest part, bottom, or supporting layer.
INTERNAL PARTS OF THE
VOLCANO
 External Parts of a
Volcano

Crust – outermost layer of the Earth which

the continents are located.
 External Parts of a
Volcano

Main vent– an opening at the surface of the

Earth through which volcanic materials pass
such as:
▪ Lava– molten rock that flows out of a volcano;

▪ Ash cloud– the cloud of ash that forms in the

air after some volcanic eruptions
 External Parts of a
Volcano

Magma chamber - contains magma (molten

rock) deep within the Earth’s crust
 External Parts of a
Volcano

Secondary Vent - opening in the side of a

volcano where some magma may escape
particularly if the main vent becomes
blocked.
CLASSIFICATION OF
VOLCANOES
 ACTIVE
VOLCANOES
Active volcanoes are
those that have erupted
over the last 10, 000 years
and still continue to erupt.
 MOST ACTIVE
VOLCANOES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 1. Mt. Mayon
Location: Albay
Number of historical
eruptions: 50
 2. Mt. Taal
Location: Batangas
Number of historical
eruptions: 33
 3. Mt. Bulusan
Location: Sorsogon
Number of historical
eruptions: 25
 4. Mt.
Makaturing
Location: Lanao Del
Sur
Number of historical
eruptions: 15
 5. Mt. Musuan
Location: Bukidnon
Number of historical
eruptions: 10
 6. Mt. Ragang
Location: Lanao Del
Sur
Number of historical
eruptions: 8
 7. Mt. Didicas
Location: Cagayan
Number of historical
eruptions: 7
 8. Mt. Hibok-
Hibok
Location: Camiguin
Number of historical
eruptions: 7
 9. Mt. Smith
Location: Cagayan
Number of historical
eruptions: 6
10. Mt. Babuyan
Claro
Location: Cagayan
Number of historical
eruptions: 4
 11. Mt.
Banahaw
Location: Quezon
Number of historical
eruptions: 4
 DORMANT VOLCANOES
Dormant volcanoes are those
that have not erupted in a
thousand years but still have the
capability to erupt, as scientific
evidence may show.
HOT SPRINGS
EXAMPLES OF
DORMANT
VOLCANOES
Mt. Pinatubo in Pampanga
Mt. Makiling in Pampanga
Mt. Mariveles in Pampanga
Mt. Apo in Pampanga
EXTINCT VOLCANOES
Volcanoes that no longer
have the capability to erupt,
due to the cessation in
magmatic activity in the
volcano.
Mt. Iraya in
Batanes
 TYPES OF
VOLCANOES
1) CINDER CONES

2) SHIELD VOLCANOES

3) COMPOSITE CONES
 CINDER
CONES
• Also called Pyroclastic
Cones
• They have steep slopes.
 CINDER
CONES
• Wide craters and are
usually small.
• The most abundant of the
three major volcano types.
Mount Paricutin in Mexico
Taal Volcano
 SHIELD
VOLCANOE
• Very large volcanoes.
S • Gentle slopes.
• When seen, they are flat.
• A broad, slightly domed structure
that resembles a warrior’s shield is
formed.
Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii
COMPOSITE
CONES
• Also called
stratovolcanoes
• Large
• Nearly perfect sloped
structure
 The Philippines, because of its geographical
location, is vulnerable to many types of natural
disasters. It is located at the western part of the
Pacific Ring of Fire, a most active part of the earth
characterized by an ocean encircling belt of active
volcanoes and earthquake generators.

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 Task: Local DRRM (Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management) Officer
The West Valley Fault or formerly known as the Marikina Valley Fault
System stretches from the Province of Bulacan to the Province of
Laguna in the South traversing Metro Manila areas. This fault poses a
great danger because it cuts through all the modern and progressive
portions of Manila. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) warned Metro Manila residents of the
possible movement of the West Valley Fault that threatens the entire
National Capital Region.
You are the Local DRRM Officer of Muntinlupa City and tasked to
ensure disaster preparedness this year among public schools in the
city. You are to create any of the following that will be used to educate
and train elementary and high school students in preparation for an
earthquake so they will know to do during an earthquake.
• DEMONSTRATION VIDEO
• BROCHURE