Earth Science:

Processes
Governing The
Earth
Ethel May M. Magallanes, LPT
Teacher
 CONTENTS
01 LANDFORMS 02 TYPES OF FAULT

03 EARTHQUAKE 04 TYPES OF WAVES

05 VOLCANOES 06 ROCK CYCLE

Let’s learn and have fun!

LAYERS OF THE EARTH
The Earth has four distinct layers: the
crust, the mantle, and the core (inner
and outer). They differ in thickness,
temperature, physical state, and
composition. Except for the crust, no
one has ever explored these layers in
person. In fact, the deepest humans have
ever drilled is just over 12 kilometers
(7.6 miles). And even that took 20
years. Still, scientists know a great deal
about Earth’s inner structure.
 01
LANDFORMS
CANYON CLIFF
SAND DUNE BAY
PENINSULA PLATEAU
VOLCANO WATERFALL
02
TYPES OF
FAULT
WHAT IS A FAULT?
The energy inside the Earth move the rock layers by
stretching or tension, compressing and sliding past each other.
As the sand moved, it displaced or disrupted the lines in the
surface. When the energy inside the Earth move the sand, it
also moves the rock layers – which are brittle – and will
create a break or crack in the Earth’s crust. This break in the
crust is known as fault. The next figure shows the different
movement in the crust due to the energy inside the Earth.
TYPES OF FAULT
The cardboards represent the energy inside the Earth.
TYPES OF FAULT
There are several types of fault movements that may cause
changes in the rock layers and the Earth’s surface.

Normal Fault Reverse Fault Strike-slip Fault

 03
EARTHQUAKE
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
Earthquakes are the shaking of the ground produced when
rock materials below the Earth’s surface suddenly moved.
During the last quarter of 2019, Mindanao experienced a
series of strong earthquakes. Based on the above activity,
earthquakes are associated with faults. Most quakes are
unnoticeable by people on Earth's surface. Thousands of
quakes occur every day but are too weak to be felt.
Earthquakes often happen without warning.
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
This sudden movement along the fault can
cause the ground to move forward and
backward, heave up and down, and shift
from side to side. The size of an
earthquake is known as its magnitude. The
higher the number, the more powerful the
earthquake. Seismologists cannot predict
earthquakes but once a quake has
happened, they can pinpoint its starting
point, or epicenter, with accuracy.
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
There are two ways by which we can measure the strength of an
earthquake: magnitude and intensity. Magnitude is proportional
to the energy released by an earthquake at the focus. It is
calculated from earthquakes recorded by an instrument
called seismograph. Intensity on the other hand, is the strength of
an earthquake as perceived and felt by people in a certain locality.
While the Mercalli scale describes the intensity of an
earthquake based on its observed effects, the Richter
scale describes the earthquake's magnitude by measuring
the seismic waves that cause the earthquake.
MERCALLI SCALE
RICHTER SCALE
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?
When an earthquake occurs, it releases energy waves, known
as seismic waves. Scientists use a seismograph to record data
about seismic waves. This yields information that can help
scientists learn not only about earthquake behavior but also
about the structure of Earth itself. Seismic waves are like ripples
that can travel through the inside of the earth and on the surface.
Based on the medium they travel in; earthquake waves can be
classified under two categories: body waves (travel through the
earth) and surface waves (travel on the surface of the earth).
04
TYPES OF
SEISMIC
WAVES
 SEISMIC
WAVES
Body Waves Surface Waves
Primary Waves
or P Waves Love Wave Rayleigh Wave

Secondary Waves
or S Waves
 What can seismic waves tell us?
The different types of seismic
waves can tell us more about the
nature of the Earth’s interior. For
instance, seismologists use the
seismic waves such as the P waves
and S waves to determine the
distance from the source of an
earthquake by getting the
direction and the difference in the
time of arrival of the waves.
 05
ROCK
CYCLE
ROCKS
Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. Rocks are
combined aggregation of minerals. Earth is a solid rock to a
depth of 2,900 kilometers, where mantle meets the liquid
outer core. A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of
one or more minerals. Petrologist classified rocks based on
how they were formed. In general, rocks are classified as
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.
 THREE TYPES OF ROCKS
IGNEOUS METAMORPHIC SEDIMENTARY
It is formed from It forms from pre- It provides information
hardening and existing rocks: either about surface conditions
crystallization of metamorphic, igneous, that existed in the
magma or molten sedimentary or other Earth’s past. Start as
material that metamorphic rocks that sediments carried in
originates deep have been altered by rivers and deposited in
within the earth. agents of metamorphism. lakes and oceans.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Extrusive/Volcanic Intrusive/Plutonic
IGNEOUS ROCKS
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Regional Metamorphism Contact Metamorphism
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
▪ Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of
materials called sediments, accumulate in layers and over
long period of time harden into rocks.
▪ Compaction-due to increase of pressure of layered
sediments it bind together to form the sedimentary rocks.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 06

VOLCANOES
VOLCANOES
The term “volcano” refers to mountain or hill, typically
conical, having a crater or vent in which lava, rock fragments,
hot vapor, and gas are or have been erupted from the earth's
crust. The lava and other volcanic materials originated from
molten materials called magma found beneath the surface of
the Earth. Magma and other volcanic materials are finding its
way to the surface where they are expelled through openings
like cracks and holes. Any activity that includes the movement
of magma towards or onto the surface is called volcanism.
STRUCTURE OF A VOLCANO
Summit Slopes Base

Magma Chamber Main Vent

Conduit Side Vent

Crater Lava
Ash and Gas Cloud
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
There are several ways by which volcanoes can be classified.
They can be classified based on structure and activity.

Based on Structure Based on Activity

Cinder Cone Volcano Active Volcanoes

Composite Volcano Inactive Volcanoes

Shield Volcano Potentially Active Volcanoes

TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Different types of volcanoes erupt differently. They are
generally classified as wet or dry depending on the magma’s
water content. Volcanoes are described according to the style
of eruption as follows:
Phreatic or hydrothermal
Phreatomagmatic Strombolian

Vulcanian Plinian
Signs of an
Impending
Volcanic
Eruption