Lesson 2

Endogenetic Movements

Answer in brief
1. Given reasons why Earthquakes occur.
Ans. 1. Due to the movements occurring in the interior of the earth,
tremendous tension is created in the earth’s crust.
2. When the tension goes beyond limit, the energy released in the
form of waves.
3. This results in trembling of the earth’s surface due to which
Earthquake occurs.
4. The plates move and collide over each other
5. Plates slides one below the other
6.Fractures are formed in rock layers due to tension in the interior
7. Occurring of volcanic eruptions also caused Earthquake sometimes

2.Explain the classification of internal movements.

Ans:
Basis of Classification Movements
Velocity a) Slow movements ( occurring
continuously) like formation of
mountains and continents
b) Sudden Movements ( in the
form of events) like earthquakes,
volcanoes
Direction a) Horizontal Movements
b) Upward , Downward
Movements
Landforms a) Continent –building ( creating
continents, plateaus and
highlands)
b) Mountain-building ( folding,
faulting)

2. Which type of movements have led to the formation of the

major fold mountains in the world?
Ans. 1. Slow endogenetic movements that occur continuously have
led to the formation of major mountains in the world.
2.The mountain building movements are known as orogenic
movements which is the result of slow earth movements that keep
occurring on the earth’s crust
3. The fold mountains are also a result of slow earth movements
where energy waves are transferred from the interior of the earth.
4. Due to this, the energy waves and pressure works towards each
other in a horizontal direction
5. If the pressure is very high, large-scale folds are formed and its
complexity increases
6. As a result, the surface of the earth gets uplifted and results in
formation of fold mountains.

3. How is the magnitude of the earthquake related to the collapse

of houses?
Ans. 1.The term magnitude of the earthquake means the size of the
earthquake.
2. The high magnitude of earthquake leads to the collapse of
houses on a large scale.
3. The secondary waves reach the earth’s surface after the primary
waves have reached. The waves are more destructive than the
primary waves.
4. The particles lying in the way of these waves move up and down
in the direction of energy transferred as it effects the houses on the
earth surface move up and down and collapse

4. What are the effects of earthquakes?

Ans 1. Cracks / fissures developed on the ground.
2.Causes landslides which leads to sliding of rocks
3.Sometimes, the groundwater changes its course for e.g., well’s
may get water or may dry up.
4.Some areas gets uplifted while some may subside.
5.Tsunamis are generated in oceans. These waves can cause great
loss of life and property in coastal areas.
6.In snow covered areas, avalanches may occur
7. Building collapse and loss of life and property occurs
8. Transportation routes get disrupted
9. Communication system collapses

5. Explain the types of seismic waves.

Ans.
Meaning: 1.When the tension is release at the focus, the released
energy travels in all directions.
2. This energy comes towards the earth surface in the form of waves
known as seismic waves
3.They can be divided into primary, secondary and surface waves.
I-Primary waves
a. These are the first once to reach to surface of the earth.
b. They travel at a very fast speed from the focus of the earthquake in
radial direction.
c. subjected to a P wave, particles in the rock move in directions of
wave to and fro, therefore they are also called forward-backwards
waves.
d. These waves can travel through all states of matter.
II- Secondary waves
a. The waves which reach the earth’s surface after the primary waves
are also called secondary waves.
b. These waves also scatter in all directions from the focus of the
earthquake.
c. Their velocity is lesser than P waves and particles lying in the way
of these waves move up and down in the direction of energy transfer.
d. These waves can travel through only solid medium.
III- Surface waves
a. These waves are generated after the P and S waves reach the
epicentre.
b. They travel in the direction of the circumference of the earth along
the crust. c. They are highly destructive.

4.Expain the types of volcanoes based on periodicity of eruption

Ans. According to the periodicity of volcanic eruption, three types of
volcanoes can be identified.
1.Active volcanoes – If the volcanic eruption is regular even in the
present times, such volcanoes are called active volcanoes. E.g. Mt.
Fujiyama in Japan
2.Dormant volcanoes – When a volcano has not erupted since long
time, but may become active suddenly are called Dormant volcanoes
e.g., Mt. Vesuvius in Italy
3.Extinct volcanoes – These volcanoes which have not erupted in the
past since long and are not likely to erupt in the future are extinct
volcanoes

II. Differentiate between :

1.
Block mountains
1.Block mountains are formed by
the effects of compression due to
which a part of the earth’s crust,
in between two parallel faults, is
lifted.
2.These mountains are formed in
Fold mountains
1.Fold mountains are formed by
the effects of compression due to
which the layers of the soft rocks
form folds and the earth’s surface
gets uplifted
2.These mountains are formed in
the areas where the earth’s crust
consists of huge ,hard rocks.
3.Faults are formed during the
formation of block mountains
4.Hilltops of block mountains are
flat and; thus, they do not have
peaks.
5.Slopes of block mountains are
generally steep
6.Black Forest mountains and
Meghalaya Plateau of India, etc.
are the examples of block
mountains
2.
Primary waves
1.The seismic waves that reach
the earth first, immediately after
the energy is released in the
interior are called Primary
seismic waves.
2.These waves can travel through
all Three mediums namely, solid,
liquid, gaseous
3.The particles lying in the way
of primary waves move to and
fro in the direction of energy
transfer.
4.Comparing to the Secondary
waves, the primary waves are
less destructive.
3.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes occurs due to
tremendous tension created in
the crust of the earth.
During Earthquakes energy is
released in the form of waves
resulting in trembling of earth
surface
High energy is released in the
form of waves in the interior of
the areas where earth’s crust
consists of smaller, soft rocks
3.Faults are not formed during
the formation of fold mountains
4.Hilltops of fold mountains are
conical and thus they do not have
peaks.
5.Slopes of fold mountains can
be gentle or steep
6.The Himalayas, the Aravalli
the Rockies, the Andes, the Alps
etc. are the examples of fold
mountains
Secondary waves
The seismic waves that reach the
Earth after the primary waves are
called secondary seismic waves
They can travel through only
solid medium
The particles lying in the way of
secondary waves move up and
down into the direction of energy
travel.
Compared to primary waves, the
S waves are more destructive
Volcanoes
Volcanoes occur when hot solid
liquid and gaseous material are
thrown out from the mantle on
the earth’s surface
During a volcanic eruption,
molten magma is thrown out on
surface of the earth
Lava is released when the molten
magma comes out on the surface
earth
Earthquakes generate seismic
waves which are divided into
Primary, Secondary and Surface
waves
Earthquakes occur due to
movement and collision of the
plates due to which Earthquakes
may lead to disaster
Based on type of eruption
volcanoes are divided as Central
Vent / Conical volcano and
fissure volcano
Volcanoes occur due to eruption
from the mantle of the earth and
can be disastrous

Q1.GIVE REASONS:
1.There is much difference in the formation of the Meghalaya
Plateau and the Deccan Plateau.
Ans.1.The Meghalaya plateau of India is formed out of a block
mountain whereas the Deccan Plateau is formed out of volcanic
mountains.
2. Block mountains of Meghalaya are formed due to fractures in the
rocks, whereas volcanic mountains of the Deccan Plateau due to
eruption of molten materials.
3.The Meghalaya Plateau is a result of the faulting process creating a
tension on layers of rock due to the horizontal waves.
4.Deccan Plateau is formed due to sudden endogenetic movement
where volcanic plateaus are formed.
5.Block mountains are formed due to the internal movements where
horizontal waves move towards each other in the hard rocks to form
faults due to compression.
6.Whereas Deccan plateau is formed due to eruption where magma
comes out from the cracks and fissures.

2. The Buildings collapse at the foothills of the Himalaya because

of an earthquake. Before collapses they were moving forward and
backward.
Ans.1.If there is an occurrence of an earthquake at the foothills of
Himalayas, the surface of the Earth trembles.
2. The particles lying in the way of primary waves move to and fro in
the direction of energy transfer.
3.On the other hand, the particles lying in the way of secondary waves
move up and down in the direction of energy transfer.
4.Primary waves are the first ones to reach the surface of the Earth
and are followed by the Secondary waves.

3. Most volcanoes are found on the plate boundaries.

 Ans:1.Plate boundaries are directly related to the areas of volcanoes.
Slow movements Sudden movements Horizontal movement s
Upwards & Continent Building Downward movements Mountain
Building Mountain Building Continent Building Earthquakes
Volcanoes Highlands Continents Plateaus Folding Faulting
2.The part of the plate boundary which slides under the crust subdues
and there is loss of material.
3.Plate boundaries are the weakest section of the mantle.
4.Due to endogenous movements, many of the plates are pulled away
from each other.
5.As a result, volcanoes are formed as magma rises upward from the
underline mantle along the gap between the two plates.

4.The Barren Island is becoming conical in shape.

Ans 1. The Barren Island is in the Andaman Sea, dominated by Barren
volcano.
2.Barren volcano was dormant for a long time.
3.But in February,2017 ,it started erupting and its eruption is conical.
4.The lava that spreads around the mouth of the pipe like vent comes
out when it is conical in shape.
5.As a result, cone shaped mountains started forming and conical
volcanic mountains are formed.

5.Volcanic eruptions can cause earthquake.

Ans:1.Areas of earthquake and areas of volcanoes are directly related
to the plate boundaries.
2.Hot solid, liquid and gas materials are thrown out from the mantle
of the earth onto the surface of the earth. This process is called
volcanic eruptions.
3.Due to tension in the interior of the earth, fractures in the rock
layers are formed which leads to the formation of magma.
4.The magma rises upwards from the underline mantle along the gap
between the earth’s crust. When tension increases ,fractures develop
in the rocks.
5.This causes trembling of the earth’s surface and thus earthquakes
are caused due to volcanic eruptions.