Our Dynamic Earth

WE CAN:
Describe internal forces such as volcanoes,
earthquakes, faulting, and plate movements that
are responsible for the earth’s major geological
features such as mountains, valleys, etc.
 Look and Wonder
How could these mountains
have formed?

Volcanic eruptions
or pressure from
below could have
formed these
mountains.
 What makes up Earth?

Scientists have gathered evidence

from earthquakes and volcanoes to
form a model of Earth’s interior.
Earth is made of layers that differ in
composition, thickness, and
temperature.
Core
The central part
of Earth. The
outer core is
made up of
liquid metals
(molten). The
inner core is
made of solid
metals.
 Mantle
It is a thick
layer of solid
and molten
rock that lies
around the
core and under
the crust.
Crust
It is the thin
layer of solid
rock that
makes up the
outermost
part of Earth.
The Layers of Earth
• Crust
• Upper Mantle (lithosphere)
• Lower Mantle (asthenosphere)
• Outer Core
• Inner Core
 Hydrosphere
All the Earth’s
liquid and
solid water,
including
oceans, lakes,
rivers,
glaciers, and
water located
underground.
 Geological Features
&
Earth’s Crust
• Earth’s crust makes up the surface of Earth.
The surface of Earth includes all the
continents and the ocean floor. Geological
features are found on the surface of Earth.
 Geological Feature

A physical structure on Earth’s surface.

Ex. Mountains, Valleys, Ridges
 Are the continents moving?

A hundred years ago, Alfred Wegner, a German geologist, noticed that the continents
looked like the pieces of a jig saw puzzle. He felt that the continents were once altogether
and broke apart over time. This is called the Theory of Continental Drift.
 Plate Tectonics

A theory that explains how forces deep

within Earth can cause the ocean floors
to move.
 What causes tectonic plate
movement?
• Earth can cause ocean floors to spread and
continents to move. The lithosphere is made
of huge plates of solid rock. Earth’s
continents rest on these plates.
 Fault

Is a break or crack in the rock located along boundaries

between tectonic plates where movements take place.
Fault types.mov - YouTube
 In the middle of the ocean where the plates are moving
apart, magma is pushed up from the mantle toward the
surface.

Magma: Hot, melted rock that is pushed

up from the mantle toward the surface.
 Volcanic Mountain
• Volcanic Mountains are
formed when molten
rock (magma) deep
within the earth, erupts,
and piles upon the
surface. Magma is
called lava when it Mt. St. Helens
breaks through the
earth's crust. When the
ash and lava cools, it
builds a cone of rock.
Rock and lava pile up,
layer on top of layer
Mauna Kea
 Fault Block Mountain
• Fault-block mountains are formed by the
movement of large crustal blocks when forces
in the Earth's crust pull it apart. Some parts of
the Earth are pushed upward and others
collapse down.
• Mountains form when plates
Push against each other

• Ex. Sierra Nevada

 Folded Mountains
• Fold mountains are mountain ranges that
are formed when two of the tectonic plates
that make up the Earth's crust push together
at their border.
• Mountains form when rock fold together
• Great Smokey & Himalayas
Earthquake

Is a sudden
movement of
the Earth’s
crust.
 Earthquakes- Cause
• The rock on both sides of a fault is pushed
and pulled by forces in the crust.
• Usually rocks on both sides of a fault are
stuck together. When layers of rock that are
stuck together suddenly slip, an earthquake
occurs.
 Earthquakes- Continued
• Earthquakes happen along the boundaries of
tectonic plates because the pressure from
the movement of the plates pushes on faults.
 An earthquake is a sudden
movement of the Earth’s
crust. Rock that has been
stuck together suddenly slips.
Slipping occurs along a fault
under the Earth’s surface.
Most earthquakes occur less
than 80 km under the
surface but can go as deep as
644 km.
The place where slipping Earthquakes happen along the
begins is called the boundaries of tectonic plates
because the pressure from the
earthquake’s focus.
movement of the plates
Waves of energy ripple pushes on nearby faults.
outward from the focus
directly above the focus.
The point above the focus
where the waves begin is
called the epicenter.
 Tsunami

Huge waves produced by underwater

earthquakes.
For thousands, even millions of years, little
pieces of our earth have been eroded--broken
down and worn away
by wind and water. These little bits of our earth
are washed downstream where they settle to the
bottom of the rivers, lakes, and oceans. Layer
after layer of eroded earth is deposited on top of
each. These layers are pressed down more and
more through time, until the bottom layers
slowly turn into rock.
Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have
"morphed" into another kind of rock. These
rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks.
How do sedimentary and igneous rocks change?
The rocks are under tons and tons of pressure,
which fosters heat build up, and this causes
them to change. If you examine metamorphic
rock samples closely, you'll discover how
flattened some of the grains in the rock are.
orbit: 149,600,000 km (1.00 AU) from Sun At the equator, the Earth's surface moves
diameter: 12,756.3 km mass: 5.972e24 kg 40,000 kilometres in 24 hours.

Did you know that the

Earth is revolving
around the sun at 30
km/sec!

When to plates
collide, an Earth
quake will
happen.
Thank You!
Ms.Vrenely S. Alcaraz
MAED 1- SCIENCE