NPTEL KD Week 1-Lecturenote

DRILLING AND BLASTING TECHNOLOGY
Lecture No: 1 – INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING AND BLASTING
Dr. KAUSHIK DEY

DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING
IIT KHARAGPUR
1
INTRODUCTION
 Overview:
Drilling and blasting both the technologies are being used from the middle
age. Even, the use of the explosives and drilling were observed since ancient
civilizations.
In our day to day life, most of us are well accustomed with these two terms
and often practice them.
Let us see where, in general, we accomplish these two practices.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

Department of Mining Engineering 2
INTRODUCTION
 Drilling Overview contd.:
So, we can understand that drilling is basically the technology of creating a
hole.
And the challenges are lying in the technology of creating a hole with, the
variable factors like, ‘diameter of hole’, ‘length of hole’, ‘driven through what
medium’, ‘how fast the holes will be driven’ and ‘what is the economics’.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
With the invent of modern machines, fantastic achievements are observed.
Worlds longest drilled hole: Sakhalin-I Odoptu OP-11 Well (offshore the
Russian island Sakhalin) – Oil borehole,
12,345-metre-long made in 2011
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
Worlds deepest drilled hole: Kola Superdeep Borehole 12,262 metres
(40,230 ft) in 1989 and still is the deepest
artificial point on Earth. (Experimental)
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
Worlds biggest (diameter) drilled hole: Orlovski Tunnel, Russia 19.250 metres
(diameter) in 2011 and driven by TBM
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
So this proves our present days drilling technology has advanced significantly.
However, this present course is being offered to enable the student to
understand the drilling technology required for blasting purposes to excavate
the rock.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
 Learning Objectives:
 To understand the rock as a medium through which the drilling will be
done.
 To understand the available theories of drilling technology.
 To understand the different types of drill machines and their components.
 To understand different drilling pattern for surface excavation.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
 Learning Objectives contd.:
 To understand different drilling pattern for underground excavation.
 To calculate the performances of a drill machine
 To calculate the economics/financial appraisal of drilling technology
 To select the most suitable drill machine.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
 Learning Outcome:
It is expected that after going through this course a student is able to -
 Estimate the easiness of a rock medium for drilling
 Identify the different drill machine components
 Select suitable drilling pattern
 Estimate/calculate the drilling rates
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
 Optimize the performance of drill machines
 Calculate the costing of drilling operation
 Selection and scheduling of drill machines
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
 Text books:
 Jimeno C. L., Jimeno E. L. and Carcedo F. A. , 1995, Drilling and Blasting of
Rocks, A A Balkema
 Azar J.J. and Robello Samuel G. , 2007, Drilling Engineering, PennWell
Books
 SME Mining Engineering Handbook, 2011, Published by SME
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
 Text books:
 Ajoy K. Ghose, G. K. Pradhan, 2000, Advances in Drilling and Blasting
Techniques, MINTECH Publications
Dr. Kaushik Dey

Lecture No: 2 – INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING AND BLASTING
Dr. KAUSHIK DEY

IIT KHARAGPUR
14
INTRODUCTION
 Blasting Overview contd.:
So by observing these videos, we can understand that blasting is basically the
technology of exploding explosive material.
The moment we speak the word explosive, the common people understand
that this is a chemical substance which explode if it comes in contact with a
heat/flame. Further we also understand that if it is exploded intentionally, it
is called blasting/firing etc. If it is accidental it is called explosion.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
History of explosive is dated back to ancient civilization of China, where the
explosive was made first and used for amusements.
The use of explosives are till date confined with –
 War/terrorism
Military Blasting
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
 Building demolition
 Excavation of rock material
Commercial Blasting
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
This present course is limited to the commercial blasting for rock excavation
only. The objective of this blast is to
- fragment the rockmass in a desirable size distribution.
- Throw the fragmented rock judiciously
Currently, India is consuming around few million tonnes of explosives only for
rock excavation every year.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
Rock is fragmented and blasted by utilizing the shock energy releases from
the explosive instantaneously.
The biggest problem associated here is its uncontrolled energy release which
demands careful and judicial handling of the same.
In fact, it is strongly recommended that a person must know the explosive
technology thoroughly to achieve 100 % safety during blasting.
.
Dr. Kaushik Dey
INTRODUCTION
 Learning Objectives:
 To understand the rock as a blasting medium which would be fragmented
properly.
 To understand explosive and its accessories.
 To understand the blasting terminologies
 To understand explosive-rock interaction.
 To understand theory of rock blasting
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
 To understand the blast design criteria
 To design a blast round for surface excavation
 To design a blast round for underground excavation
 To understand the specific requirements of blasting in explosive
environment.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
 To measure and calculate the performance of a blast round
 To calculate the financial appraisal of a blast
 To understand and assess the environmental impact of blasting
 To understand the special methods of rock blasting.
 To understand the safety precautions in blasting and explosive handling
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
It is expected that after going through this course a student is able to -
 Design a blast round for rock excavation irrespective of the geo-mining
condition
 Evaluate the performance of a blast
 Estimate/evaluate the environmental impact blasting
 Evaluate the economics of the blasting
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
 Optimize the performance of blast design for surface and underground
rock excavation
 Design the standard operating procedure for rock blasting
 Design the standard operating procedure for explosive handling
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
 Text books:
 Jimeno C. L., Jimeno E. L. and Carcedo F. A. , 1995, Drilling and Blasting of
Rocks, A A Balkema
 Langefors, U. and Kihlström, B. 1978. The Modern Techniques of Rock
Blasting, John Wiley and Sons, New York,
 Blasters Handbook, 1955, Technical Service section, Canadian Industries
 SME Mining Engineering Handbook, 2011, Published by SME
Dr. Kaushik Dey

INTRODUCTION
 Reference books:
 Gustafsson, R. 1973. Swedish Blasting Technique. SPI Gothenburg, Sweden
 Bhandari, S. 1997. Engineering Rock Blasting Operations, A. A. Balkema,
Rotterdam, Brookfield
 Pradhan G. K. 1996, Explosives and Blasting Techniques, Minetech
Publication
Dr. Kaushik Dey

Lecture No: 3 – ROCK FORMATION
KAUSHIK DEY
IIT KHARAGPUR
27
STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
• The study of the structure of the earth focuses on its layered
structure and the variations in the density and temperature at
various depths.
• The shape of the earth is that of a spheroid with mean equatorial
radios of 6378.388 km and polar radios of 6356.912 km.
• Normally the radios of the earth is taken as 6371 km.
• Direct observation of the interior of the earth is not possible as the
interior becomes hotter with depth which is convincingly indicated
by the volcanic eruptions.
• Studies like Seismology and other important sources, revealed that
the earth’s body comprises several layers, which are like shells
resting one above the other.
Dr. Kaushik Dey
• These layers are distinguished by their physical and chemical
properties, particularly their thickness, depth, density, temperature,
metallic content and rocks.
• The layered structured of the earth developed during the process of
its transformation from a hot gaseous state to the present state.
• During the process, the heavier material sank down and the lighter
material floated up and consequently because of the differential
densities of the materials constituting the earth, they got separated
and formed layers of different destiny.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

• Broadly, the earth's interior has been divided into three major
parts:
• The Crust
• The mantle
• The Core
Dr. Kaushik Dey

 The Crust
• It is the top most layer of the earth.
• Its thickness over the oceanic areas is generally 5 to 10 km, whereas
on the continental area, it is 35 km and the thickness ranges from
55 to 70 km in orogenic belts.
• The Crust of the earth is sub
divided into sub-layers as
• Sial
• Sima
Dr. Kaushik Dey

 Sial
• It is known as the Upper-continental-Crust.
• It consists of layers of rocks like igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic, which are exposed at land surfaces.
• It is rich in silica and aluminum .
• Its composition is usually granitic to grano-diorotic.
• Conrad Discontinuity separates the sial-layer from the under lying
sima-layer.
• This discontinuity is a second order discontinuity and is located is
about 22 km.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

 Sima
• It is known as the Lower-Continental-Crust.
• Its thickness is about 22 km.
• It has two parts.
• Outer Sima
• Inner Sima
• Together they are basaltic in composition and this layer is rich in
silica and magnesium.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

 The Mantle
• It is separated from the overlying crust by the Mohorovic-
Discontinuity which is a first-order discontinuity.
• Its thickness is about 2865 km. It forms 83% of the earth by volume
and 68% by mass.
• It is the source-region of the most of the earth’s internal energy and
of forces responsible for ocean-floor spreading, continental drift,
orogeny and major earthquakes.
• The material is olivine-pyroxene complex, which exists in a solid
state.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

 The Mantle
• Within the mantle, a number of second order discontinuity have
been located, which are
• Density break at 80 km depth: changes in density from 3.36 to
3.87.
• Gravity break at 150 km death: gravity changes from 984
cm/s^2 to 974 cm/ s^2 till it reaches at depth of 1200 km.
• At 700 km depth, there changes the capability of the materials
in storing amount of elastic-strain energy.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

 The Mantle
• Repetiti discontinuity: At 950 km depth. It marks the lower
limit of the very rapid rise in the velocity of seismic vibrations.
• Gravity-break: At 1200 km depth, gravity attains its minimum
value i.e. 974 cm/s^2, thereafter it rises upto 1068 cm/s^s at
the core-boundary.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

 The Core
• It is separated from the mantle by the Guttenberg Weichert
Discontinuity and extends upto the centre of the earth.
• It consists of three parts:

• Outer core: it extends from 2900 to 4982 km. It is considered to
be in a state of homogeneous fluid and it does not
transmit S-waves.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

 The Core
• Middle core: it is a transition layer. Extends from 4982 km to
5121 km. The martials is in a fluid to semi-fluid
state.
• Inner core: it is believed to contain metallic nickel and iron and

is called nife. It is probably solid with a density of
about 18. Its thickness is 1250 km.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

KAUSHIK DEY
IIT KHARAGPUR
39
ROCK GEOLOGY
 Geology
• Geology (geo: ‘earth’, logos: ‘knowledge or study of’) is the study of
planet Earth.
• The science of geology is generally divided into three sub
disciplines:
• Physical (the study of Earth materials and processes),
• Historical (the study of the origin and development of the
Earth), and
• Environmental (the interrelationship of humans and the Earth).
Dr. Kaushik Dey

ROCK GEOLOGY
 What the Earth is made of
• The solid Earth is composed of rocks and minerals.
 Minerals
• A homogeneous, naturally-occurring, solid, and generally inorganic
substance with a definable chemical composition and an orderly
internal arrangement of atoms.
• Rocks are Earth materials made from minerals.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

ROCK GEOLOGY
 Common Rock forming minerals
• There are thousands of different kinds of minerals, but over
95% of the earth's crust is igneous rock, and the igneous rocks
usually contain no more than a few minerals.
Quartz Feldspar Mica Pyroxene Amphibole Olivine

 Other common rock-forming minerals
• Calcite, Clays, Magnetite, Pyrite, Talc
Dr. Kaushik Dey

ROCK GEOLOGY
 Identification of Minerals
• Although there are X-ray diffraction machines and electron
microscopes, normally minerals are identified by its physical
properties.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

ROCK GEOLOGY 4 Crystal habit: A
 Minerals properties description of a mineral’s
1 Colour consistent shape
2 Streak 3 Luster
Dr. Kaushik Dey

ROCK GEOLOGY
 Minerals properties
5 Hardness
6 Specify gravity: The
weight of a substance
divided by the weight
of an equal volume of
water
Dr. Kaushik Dey

ROCK GEOLOGY
 Minerals properties
7 Fracture: The mineral breaks in no consistent manner
8 Cleavage: The tendency of a mineral to break along a

plane of weakness in the crystal lattice
Dr. Kaushik Dey

ROCK GEOLOGY
 Rock
• Rock is an aggregate of minerals which are naturally occurring
substances having a fixed chemical composition and molecular
structure.
• Thus, minerals control much of the rock behavior.
• Some minerals are strong, resistive to deterioration and formed
rocks of similar properties. On the other hand, some minerals are
softer in nature and hence, formed weaker rocks.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

 Intact rock and rockmass
• Intact rock is defined in engineering terms as rock containing no significant
fractures. However, on a small scale it is composed of grains in the form of
microstructure being governed by the basis of rock forming process.
• In antinomy words, Intact rock is continuous, homogeneous, isotropic, and
linear elastic.
• Rockmass includes joints, fractures, cracks and other geological
discontinuities in the rock matrix.
• In antinomy words, rockmass is discontinuous, inhomogeneous
(heterogeneous), anisotropy, non-linear elastic etc.
Dr. Kaushik Dey

 Rock as a geological material
• In geological terms, rock can be considered as particulate substance
such as sand/clay particles or in large form as mountains, tectonic
plates, planetary cores etc.
• The process are dynamic and continuous. The process begins with
molten magma (from within the earth) forms the rock, and then
continues with the rocks being broken down into soil. Again, soil can
convert back to rock formed by three main origins:
• igneous rock from magma
• Sedimentary rock from sediments lithification
• Metamorphic rock through metamorphism due to high pressure
and temperature.
Dr. Kaushik Dey
KAUSHIK DEY
IIT KHARAGPUR
50
 Igneous Rocks
• Igneous rocks are formed from solidification and cooling of magma.
This magma can be derived from partial melts of pre-existing rocks in
either a planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting of rocks is
caused by one or more of three processes namely; an increase in
temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition.
• Igneous comes from word “ignis” meaning fire, it is therefore not
surprising that igneous rocks are associated with volcanic activity and
their distribution is controlled by plate tectonics.
Faculty Name
Department Name 51
 Igneous Rocks
• One of the appealing aspects of the plate tectonics is that it accounts
for reasonably well for the variety of igneous rocks and their
distribution (Carlson et al, 2008). Divergent plates are usually
associated with creation of basalts and gabbros especially in the
oceanic crust e.g. in the mid-Atlantic ridges. While in the intra-
continental areas you can have wide aray of rocks from basic,
intermediate to the acidic rocks. In the convergent plates usually
granites and andesites magmas are produced e.g. In the South
America, Indonesia etc.
Faculty Name
Department Name 52
 Igneous Rocks
• Igneous rocks are divided into two main categories: Plutonic (intrusive)
rock and volcanic (extrusive). Plutonic or intrusive rocks result when
magma cools and crystallizes slowly within the Earth's crust.
• Volcanic or extrusive rocks result from magma reaching the surface
either as lava or fragmental ejecta and then cools very rapidily.
• Magma fro which minerals crystallize is rich in silicon, oxygen,
aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium
elements.
• Igneous rocks make up approximately 95% of the upper part of the
earth’s crust, but they are buried on the earth’s surface by a relatively
thin layer of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Faculty Name
Department Name 53
 Igneous Rocks
• Igneous rocks make up approximately 95% of the upper part of the
earth’s crust, but they are buried on the earth’s surface by a relatively
thin layer of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
• Common igneous rocks are granite, basalt, diorite, andesite, rhyolite,
gabro, kimberlite and others.
 Sedimentary Rocks
• Rocks exposed to atmosphere are subjected to physical, chemical , and
biological weathering. The process of weathering results in
disintegration rock into boulders, cobbles, pebbles, gravels, granule,
sand or even soil.
Faculty Name
Department Name 54
• All rocks disintegrates slowly as a result of mechanical weathering and
chemical weathering. Mechanical weathering is the breakdown of
rocks into particles without producing changes in the chemical
composition of the minerals in the rocks. Chemical weathering is the
breakdown of rock by chemical reaction and changes in the chemical
composition.
• The weathered material transformed back into rock through the
hardening process called induration or lithification, thus forming the
second major category of rocks called sedimentary rock.
Faculty Name
Department Name 55
• Sedimentary rocks cover the 75% of the earth’s surface, but count for
only 5% of the rock in the earth’s crust.
• There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks:
• Clastic sedimentary rocks: breccia, conglomerate, sandstone and
shale
• Chemical sedimentary rocks: dolomite, rock salt, limestones, iron
ores
• Organic sedimentary rocks: coal, oil shale and some limestone.
Faculty Name
Department Name 56
 Metamorphic Rocks
• Metamorphic rocks are basically rocks that have experience change
due to high pressure and temperature below zone of diagenesis.
• The metamorphic processes generally improve the engineering
behavior of these rocks by increasing their hardness and strength.
Above 200o C, heat causes minerals to re-crystalize. Pressure forces
some crystals to re-orient.
• The combined effect of re-crystalization and re-orientation usually lead
to foliation.
• The common metamorphic rocks are which are foliated are slate,
schist, gneiss and non-foliated rocks are quartzite and marbles.
Faculty Name
Department Name 57
 Rock vs Soil
• Rock and soil are two broad category of geo-material.
• Soil is formed by the disintegration of rock by weathering activities of
nature.
• Thus, the composition of both rock and soil are the same, but physical
and mechanical behaviors differ significantly.
Faculty Name
Department Name 58
magma
Cooling and
Melting
hardening
Metamorphic Igneous
rocks rocks
High
temperature Weathering
and and erosion
pressures
Sedimentary Soils and

rocks sediments
Pressure and
cementation
59
DISCONTINUTIES IN THE ROCKMASS
• The Term discontinuities refers to joints, bedding planes, schistosity,
folds and other similar defects in a rock. A rockmass consists of rock
matrix and combination of any of such discontinuities.
 Fractures and Joints
• Fractures are the planer surfaces along which rocks have been broken
causing two separate blocks. The surface may not have cohesion or
may contain foreign materials which causes cohesion.
• A group of such fractures is termed as joint set.
• Two or more joint set affecting the same volume of rock is considered
as joint system.
60
 Faults
• Geological faults are planner rock surfaces along which one side has
moved relatively to other side.
• Generally, faults are termed to those shear fractures or zones which
extend over meter of distance or more.
• The faults are classifieds
• Dip-slip fault
• Strike slip fault
• Diagonal-slip fault
• Rotational fault
61
 Folds
• Folds are the wavy form of crustal rockmass and are commonly
observed in sedimentary formation.
• Based on appearance there are 20 different folds.
• Anticline, syncline, inclined, vertical, recumbent, isoclined,
overturned, chevron, box, monocline, structural tress,
anticlinorium, synclinorium, geanticline, gesosyncline, basin,
dome, drag, fan and pitching.
• The folds those are oriented concave downward they are called
anticline and those are concave upward they are called syncline.
62
 Bedding planes
• Bedding planes is defined as a plane of separation between layers and
stratification plane.
• Therefore, bedding plane is a discontinuity separating different rocks
formed in a horizontal or near-horizontal layers over geological time.
63
STRIKE, DIP AND DIRECTION OF DIS-CONTINUTIES
 Strike
• Strike is the direction of the line that is formed by the intersection of
the plane of the rock bed with a horizontal surface.
 Dip
• The dip is the angle between the geological surface and the horizontal,
and is measured in a vertical plane oriented perpendicular to the strike
 Dip direction
• The direction of the dip is called sip direction.
• Strike and dip are 900 apart.
64

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DRILLING AND BLASTING TECHNOLOGY

Lecture No: 1 – INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING AND BLASTING

Dr. KAUSHIK DEY

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. KAUSHIK DEY

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

 Excavation of rock material

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

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• It consists of three parts:

Dr. Kaushik Dey

• Inner core: it is believed to contain metallic nickel and iron and

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Quartz Feldspar Mica Pyroxene Amphibole Olivine

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

8 Cleavage: The tendency of a mineral to break along a

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Dr. Kaushik Dey

Sedimentary Soils and

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