[This book is written strictly in accordance with the latest syllabus prescribed by

the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations in and after 2021]

X
B. Nirmala Shastry
Formerly HOD (Mathematics)
Jamnabai Narsee School, Mumbai

Reviewed by

A.C. George
Formerly Principal
Bishop Moore Vidyapith, Mavelikara, Kerala
Published by
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ISBN 978-81-7379-999-0
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First published 2015
Revised edition 2019
Second impression 2020
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 PREFACE
ICSE Mathematics is a textbook series for the students of classes IX and X. The contents of the book
conform to the latest syllabus of Mathematics prescribed by the Council for the Indian School Certificate
Examination, New Delhi.
• In keeping with the needs of students at this level, the language has been kept simple and clear.
• Various illustrative examples have been provided with enough drill work to sharpen the student’s
mathematical skills.
• The numerous exercises are graded from short answer type to application based questions for
adequate practice.
• The key facts, important formulae, rules, hints at the end of each chapter help the students in
answering a variety of questions, especially where more practice is needed.
•
Miscellaneous Exercise at the end of each chapter gives a revision of different types of problems.
• Some historical notes and tricky questions in Do You Know? help in creating an interest in
Mathematics and appreciating the beauty of the subject.
•
Common Errors point out the mistakes often repeated by the students.
With vast experience as a teacher, interactions with students and teachers and support from my family,
this book had been made possible.
I extend my gratitude to the publisher Frank Educational Aids Pvt. Ltd. and the editorial staff for their
support and invaluable suggestions.
I thank my school management and colleagues at Jamnabai Narsee School for their constant encouragement
and support over the years.
Suggestions for further improvement of the books will be gratefully acknowledged and will be taken
up in future editions.

— Author

iii
 SYLLABUS
There will be one paper of two and a half hours duration (b) Solving Quadratic equations by:
carrying 80 marks and Internal Assessment of 20 marks. • Factorisation
The paper will be divided into two sections, Section I • Using Formula
(40 marks), Section II (40 marks). (c) Solving simple quadratic equation problems.
Section I: Will consist of compulsory short answer (iii) Ratio and Proportion
questions. (a) Proportion, Continued proportion, mean
Section II: Candidates will be required to answer four proportion.
out of seven questions. (b) Componendo, dividendo, alternendo,
1. Commercial Mathematics invertendo properties and their
combinations.
(i) Goods and Service Tax (GST)
(c) Direct simple applications on proportions
Computation of tax including problems involving
only.
discounts, list-price, profit, loss, basic/cost price
including inverse cases. Candidates are also (iv) Factorisation of polynomials
expected to find price paid by the consumer (a) Factor Theorem.
after paying State Goods and Service Tax (SGST) (b) Remainder Theorem.
and Central Goods and Service Tax (CGST) - the (c) Factorising a polynomial completely after
different rates as in vogue on different types obtaining one factor by factor theorem.
of items will be provided. Problems based on Note: f (x) not to exceed degree 3.
corresponding inverse cases are also included. (v) Matrices
(ii) Banking (a) Order of a matrix. Row and column
Recurring Deposit Accounts: Computation of matrices.
interest and maturity value using the formula: (b) Compatibility for addition and
n ( n + 1) r multiplication.
I=P ×
2 ×12 100 (c) Null and Identity matrices.
MV = P × n + I (d) Addition and subtraction of 2 × 2 matrices.
(e) Multiplication of a 2 × 2 matrix by
(iii) Shares and Dividends • a non-zero rational number.
(a) Face/Nominal Value, Market Value,
• a matrix.
Dividend, Rate of Dividend, Premium.
(b) Formulae (vi) Arithmetic and Geometric Progression
• Income = number of shares × rate of • Finding their General term.
dividend × FV. • Finding Sum of their first ‘n’ terms.
• Return = (Income/Investment) × 100. • Simple Applications.
Note: Brokerage and fractional shares (vii) Co-ordinate Geometry
not included (a) Reflection
2. Algebra (i) Reflection of a point in a line:
(i) Linear Inequations x = 0, y = 0, x = a, y = a, the origin.
Linear Inequations in one unknown for x ∈ N, W, (ii) Reflection of a point in the origin.
Z, R. Solving (iii) Invariant points.
• Algebraically and writing the solution in (b) Co-ordinates expressed as (x, y), Section
set notation form. formula, Midpoint formula, Concept of
• Representation of solution on the number slope, equation of a line, Various forms of
line. straight line.
(ii) Quadratic Equations in one variable (i) Section and Mid-point formula (Internal
(a) Nature of roots section only, co-ordinates of the centroid
• Two distinct real roots if b2 – 4ac > 0 of a triangle included).
• Two equal real roots if b2 – 4ac = 0 (ii) Equation of a line:
• No real roots if b2 – 4ac < 0 • Slope — intercept form y = mx + c

iv
 • Two-point form (y – y1) = m(x – x1)
Geometric understanding of ‘m’
as slope/gradient/tanθ where θ is
the angle the line makes with the
positive direction of the x axis.
Geometric understanding of ‘c’ as the
y-intercept/the ordinate of the point
where the line intercepts the y-axis/
the point on the line where x = 0.
• Conditions for two lines to be parallel
or perpendicular.
Simple applications of all the above.
3. Geometry
(a) Similarity
Similarity, conditions of similar triangles.
(i) As a size transformation.
(ii) Comparison with congruency, keyword
being proportionality.
(iii) Three conditions: SSS, SAS, AA. Simple
applications (proof not included).
(iv) Applications of Basic Proportionality
Theorem.
(v) Areas of similar triangles are proportional
to the squares of corresponding sides.
(vi) Direct applications based on the above
including applications to maps and models.
(b) Loci
Loci: Definition, meaning, Theorems and
constructions based on Loci.
(i) The locus of a point at a fixed distance from
a fixed point is a circle with the fixed point
as centre and fixed distance as radius.
(ii) The locus of a point equidistant from two
intersecting lines is the bisector of the angles
between the lines.
(iii) The locus of a point equidistant from two
given points is the perpendicular bisector
of the line joining the points.
Proofs not required
(c) Circles
(i) Angle Properties
• The angle that an arc of a circle
subtends at the center is double that
which it subtends at any point on the
remaining part of the circle.
• Angles in the same segment of a circle
are equal (without proof).
• Angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
(ii) Cyclic Properties:
• Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral
are supplementary.
v
• The exterior angle of a cyclic
quadrilateral is equal to the opposite
interior angle (without proof).
(iii) Tangent and Secant Properties
• The tangent at any point of a circle
and the radius through the point are
perpendicular to each other.
• If two circles touch, the point of contact
lies on the straight line joining their
centers.
• From any point outside a circle two
tangents can be drawn and they are
equal in length.
• If two chords intersect internally or
externally then the product of the
lengths of the segments are equal.
• If a chord and a tangent intersect
externally, then the product of the
lengths of segments of the chord is
equal to the square of the length of the
tangent from the point of contact to the
point of intersection.
• If a line touches a circle and from the
point of contact, a chord is drawn, the
angles between the tangent and the
chord are respectively equal to the
angles in the corresponding alternate
segments.
Note: Proofs of the theorems given above are to
taught unless specified otherwise.
(iv) Constructions
(a) Construction of tangents to a circle from
an external point.
(b) Circumscribing and inscribing a circle
on a triangle and a regular hexagon.
4. Mensuration
Area and volume of solids — Cylinder, Cone and
Sphere.
Three-dimensional solids-right circular cylinder,
right circular cone and sphere: Area (total surface
and curved surface) and Volume. Direct application
problems including cost, Inner and Outer volume
and melting and recasting method to find the volume
or surface area of a new solid. Combination of solids
included.
Note: Problems on Frustum are not included.
5. Trigonometry
(a) Using Identities to solve/prove simple algebraic
trigonometric expressions
sin2A + cos2A = 1
1 + tan2A = sec2A
1 + cot2A = cosec2A; 0 ≤ A ≤ 90°
 (b) Heights and distances: Solving 2-D problems
involving angles of elevation and depression
using trigonometric tables.
Note: Cases involving more than two right angled
triangles excluded.
6. Statistics
Statistics — basic concepts, Mean, Median, Mode,
Histograms and Ogive.
(a) Computation of:
• Measures of Central Tendency: Mean,
median, mode for raw and arrayed data.
Mean*, median class and modal class
for grouped data. (both continuous and
discontinuous).
* Mean by all 3 methods included:
Σfx
Direct :
Σf
Σfd
Short − cut : A+ , where d = x − A
Σf
Σft
Step − deviation : A + × i, where t =
   Σ f
(b) Graphical Representation. Histograms and Less
than Ogive.
• Finding the mode from the histogram, the
upper quartile, lower Quartile and median
etc. from the ogive.
• Calculation of inter Quartile range.
7. Probability
• Random experiments
• Sample space
• Events
• Definition of probability
• Simple problems on single events
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
The minimum number of assignments: Two assignments
as prescribed by the teacher.
Suggested Assignments
• Comparative newspaper coverage of different items.
• Survey of various types of Bank accounts, rates of
interest offered.
• Planning a home budget.
• Conduct a survey in your locality to study the
mode of conveyance/Price of various essential
commodities/favourite spots. Represent the data
using a bar graph/histogram and estimate the mode.
• To use a newspaper to study and report on shares
and dividends.
• Set up a dropper with ink in it vertical at a height
say 20 cm above a horizontally placed sheet of plain
paper. Release one ink drop; observe the pattern,
if any, on the paper. Vary the vertical distance and
repeat. Discover any pattern of relationship between
the vertical height and the ink drop observed.
• You are provided (or you construct a model as
shown) — three vertical sticks (size of a pencil) stuck
to a horizontal board. You should also have discs
of varying sizes with holes (like a doughnut). Start
with one disc; place it on (in) stick A. Transfer it to
another stick (B or C); this is one move (m). Now
try with two discs placed in A such that the large
disc is below and the smaller disc is above (number
of discs = n = 2 now). Now transfer them one at a
time in B or C to obtain similar situation (larger disc
below). How many moves? Try with more discs (n
= 1, 2, 3, etc.) and generalise.
A B C
• The board has some holes to hold marbles, red on
x−A one side and blue on the other. Start with one pair.
i Interchange the positions by making one move at a
time. A marble can jump over another to fill the hole
behind. The move (m) equal 3. Try with 2 (n = 2) and
more. Find the relationship between n and m.
Red Blue
• Take a square sheet of paper of side 10 cm. Four
small squares are to be cut from the corners of the
square sheet and then the paper folded at the cuts
to form an open box. What should be the size of the
squares cut so that the volume of the open box is
maximum?
• Take an open box, four sets of marbles (ensuring that
marbles in each set are of the same size) and some
water. By placing the marbles and water in the box,
attempt to answer the question; do larger marbles
or smaller marbles occupy more volume in a given
space?
• An eccentric artist says that the best paintings have
the same area as their perimeter (numerically). Let us
not argue whether such sizes increases the viewer’s
appreciation, but only try and find what sides (in
integers only) a rectangle must have if its area and
perimenter are to be equal (note: there are only two
such rectangles).
• Find by construction the centre of a circle, using only
a 60-30 setsquare and a pencil.
• Various types of “cryptarithm”.
vi
 CONTENTS
UNIT-I: COMMERCIAL MATHEMATICS

1. Goods and Services Tax 1

2. Banking 13

3. Shares and Dividends 20

UNIT-II: ALGEBRA

4. Linear Inequations 30

5. Quadratic Equations 38

6. Ratio and Proportion 60

7. Factorization of Polynomials 75

8. Matrices 84

9. Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 102

UNIT-III: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

10. Reflection 132

11. Section Formula 145

12. Equation of a Straight Line 155

UNIT-IV: GEOMETRY

13. Similarity 179

14. Locus 205

15. Circles 218

16. Constructions 266

UNIT-V: MENSURATION

17. Area and Volume of Solids 271

vii
UNIT-VI: TRIGONOMETRY

18. Trigonometry 298

19. Heights and Distances 314

UNIT-VII: STATISTICS

20. Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 331

UNIT-VIII: PROBABILITY

21. Probability 361

Revision Paper 1 373

Revision Paper 2 376

Revision Paper 3 379

Appendix I: Suggested Projects 382

Appendix II: SI Units (International Symbol of Units) 391

Appendix III: Symbols and Abbreviations 392

Answers 393

Tables 411

viii
 1
UNIT-I: COMMERCIAL MATHEMATICS
GOODS AND SERVICES TAX

Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a single tax If the goods or services are provided within
imposed on the supply and consumption of the same State, then both Central Goods and
goods and on services within India. GST is a Services Tax (CGST) and State Goods and
comprehensive, multi-stage, destination based Services Tax (SGST) would be applicable.
tax that is levied on every value addition. From Hence the tax is equally divided between them.
1st July, 2017, Indian Government has chosen to
1. For Sales
introduce this form of tax like other countries
Output Central GST together GST of
in the world.
Output State GST that item
The Goods and Services Tax (GST), a value
added tax levied on most goods and services, 2. For Purchase
is paid by the consumers, but it is remitted Input Central GST together GST of
to the government by the business selling Input State GST that item
goods and services. Example: In a printing firm, the printing of
A customer who buys a product pays the a brochure costs `2400. What would be the
sale price + GST. amount paid if the GST rate is 5%?
The main objective of incorporating the GST The cost of printing of a brochure = `2400
is to eliminate tax on tax, i.e., double taxation 1
Output Central GST = 2 % of `2400 = `60
which cascades from the manufacturing level 2
to the consumption level. 1
Output State GST = 2 % of `2400 = `60
2
TYPES OF GST GST = `60 + `60 = `120
Thus, for printing of the brochure, the customer
There are three types of taxes under GST:
has to pay = `2400 + `120 = `2520
(i) Central GST, (ii) State GST, and (iii) Integrated
GST. Inter-state Sales
Intra-state Sale is when the sale of goods and Inter-state GST: Purchase from outside state
services is within the same State. In GST, 50% only one tax rate is to be remitted.
of the rate goes to the Central Government and If the goods are provided between two
the rest 50% to the State Government. states, i.e., produced in one state and sold in
For musical instruments, GST is 18%, means another state, then the Integrated Goods and
Central GST 9% Services Tax (IGST) would be applicable on
State GST 9% the transaction.
Example: When a mobile phone is
manufactured in Bengaluru (Karnataka) and
sold in Mumbai (Maharashtra) then IGST at
18% will be applicable. The entire amount of
IGST will go to the Central Government. IGST
is also levied on import and export of goods.
GST RATE
All goods are classified by giving numerical
code called HSN (Harmonised System of
Nomenclature) code and all services are
classified with special code numbers called
SAC (Service Accounting Code).
Government of India has fixed the rates of GST
on different commodities. Goods and Services
are divided into five tax slabs for collection of
taxes.
0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%
Commodities under 0% tax
GST is not charged on essential food items.
Some items like newspapers, printed books,
etc. are also not taxed.
Services of local trains, metro and buses are
also exempted from GST.
Compensation Cess: On a few products
compensation cess is also applicable, e.g.,
motor cars, tobacco, etc.
Composite Tax: (1%, 2% and 5%) Small scale
business firms with turn over up to 1 crore can
opt for this scheme. They cannot collect GST
for sale of their goods.
Advantages of GST
1. Uniformity: Uniform tax law and rate
throughout the country is helpful in the
local and global market.
2. Simplicity at its best replaced the existing
multiple indirect taxes in the nation.
3. Transparency: Because of its transparent
character, it will be easier to administer.
4. The tax has created a harmonious tax
administration between Centre and State
levels.
2 ICSE Mathematics—X
5. Puts India on par with other countries in
the global market.
6. Reduces tax evasion: Each tax payer
registered under GST, files GST return
electronically for every transaction of
purchase and sale.
Disadvantages of GST
1. Petroleum products have been left out
until all states agree to it.
2. Computerised GST: Small businessmen
and taxpayers do not have much
knowledge about online registration and
filing returns, so will require professional
help.
3. Luxury items have become costly, e.g.,
electronic devices like TV, washing
machines, etc.
Collection of GST
Normally under GST, the supplier of the
goods and services is liable to collect tax from
the recipient and remit the same with the
government.
Reverse Charges: In all cases it may not be
possible to collect tax from the customer and
remit to the Government, e.g., when a farmer
sells his agricultural product to a dealer. In such
cases when the supplier does not collect and
remit tax but the dealer who is the recipient
is liable to pay tax on supplies. Such a tax is
called reverse tax.
GST vs VAT
In VAT, the rates were different in different
states of India. But in GST the rates are fixed
by the government and uniform throughout
the country.
Like in VAT, GST is also collected in stages
from everyone involved in sale of goods.
So there is less scope for tax evasion and under
evaluation of goods. All goods have been
grouped under different rate structure. GST
is collected in instalments at each transaction
from production to distribution. Each person
in the chain (manufacturer, distributor,
wholesaler and retailer) deposits GST with the
Government and charges GST from the next
person in the chain on the sale price of goods.
The sale price together with GST charged
becomes the invoice or bill amount.
Input Tax Credit (ITC)
While purchasing goods for resale, a dealer
pays Input GST on the goods. When he sells
these goods he charges the Output GST from
his customers, which he has to deposit in the
Government account. He uses the Input GST
as Input tax credit and deposits only the excess
amount with the Government. Both Centre and
State Governments allow to set off Input Tax
Credit against output tax.
GST paid by dealer to the Government
= Output liability – Input tax credit
Computation of GST
1. Calculate the output GST, i.e., the GST
charged on the sale of goods.
2. Calculate the input GST, i.e., the GST paid
by the dealer on the purchase of all his
goods meant for sale.
Net GST to be paid by the dealer to the
Government
= Output GST – Input GST
A dealer is a person who buys goods or services
for resale. Every dealer registered under GST
has to pay net GST on the sale and purchase
of goods or services.
If the transaction is within a State, i.e., Intra-
state, CGST and SGST are charged equally.
If the purchase and sale are in different States,
IGST is charged. When it is not mentioned if
the sale is inter-state or intra-state, we will
assume it to be intra-state sale.
The manufacturer deposits GST with the
government on selling price of his goods. All
other dealers deposit GST on value added at
each stage or on their profit. The consumer
is the person who actually bears the tax even
though it is collected from others by the
government.
GST when services are provided
GST is applicable when services are provided
as per the rate fixed by the Government.
Transport of passengers by rail in first class
or AC coach, radio taxi, transport of goods by
rail, transport by air, accommodation in hotels,
etc., come under GST.
In cases of services, the person providing the
service charges the recipient the amount of
GST paid by him to the government.
Let us go through some examples to understand
calculation of GST.
Example 1: When a chartered accountant
(CA) provided his services to Mr. Rao in
filing his income returns, his bill for services
was `8260 inclusive of 18% GST. What is the
original amount of the bill? How much is
the GST paid to the State Government by
the CA?
Solution:
Let the original amount of the bill be `x.
x + 18% of x = 8260
118
⇒ x = 8260
100
8260 × 100
⇒ x= = `7000
118
\ Amount of the bill = `7000
SGST = 9% of `7000 = `630
`630 is paid to the State Government by the
CA.
Goods and Services Tax 3
Example 2: When some food was ordered Input SGST = 2.5% of `7200 = `180
from a restaurant, the bill excluding tax was CGST deposited by the shopkeeper
`750. If GST charged is 5%, find the total
amount paid by the consumer. = `(225 – 180) = `45
Solution: SGST deposited by the shopkeeper
Amount of CGST = 2.5% of the bill = `(225 – 180) = `45
2.5
= × `750 = `18.75
100 Example 5: A manufacturer sells a sewing
Amount of SGST = 2.5% of `750 = `18.75 machine to a wholesaler for `5500. The
wholesaler sells it to a shopkeeper for `7500.
Amount paid by the consumer
The shopkeeper makes a profit of `1000 by
= `(750 + 18.75 + 18.75) selling it to a consumer. If GST charged at
= `787.50 each stage is 12%, find (i) the amount of
Example 3: When Mr. Mukherjee stayed in a GST paid by the manufacturer to the Central
hotel for 2 days he had to pay `7080 including Government (ii) the amount of GST received
18% GST. What is the tariff of the hotel for a by the State Government on this machine and
unit of accommodation? (iii) the final price paid by the consumer.
Solution: Solution:
Let the original amount of the bill before tax (i) CGST deposited by the manufacturer
be `x. 6
18 = 6% of SP = × `5500 = `330
∴ x+ x = 7080 100
100
∴ Manufacturer pays `330 to Central
118 x
⇒ = 7080 Government.
100
SGST = 6% of `5500 = `330
7080 × 100
⇒ x= = `6000 (ii) CGST deposited by the wholesaler
118
= 6% of his profit
6000
Tariff of the hotel per day = ` = `3000 6
2 = × `(7500 – 5500) = `120
100
Example 4: A shopkeeper buys certain
quantity of cashew nuts for `7200 and sells it to SGST = 6% of `2000 = `120
a consumer at a profit of 25%. If the rate of GST CGST deposited by the shopkeeper
is 5%, find the GST paid by the shopkeeper 6
= 6% of his profit = × `1000 = `60
to the Central and State Governments. 100
Solution: SGST = 6% of `1000 = `60
25
SP = 7200 + × 7200 = `9000 ∴ Total SGST = `(330 + 120 + 60) = `510
100
2.5 (iii) Price paid by the consumer
Output CGST = 2.5% of SP = × `9000 = `225 = SP + 12% tax charged by the shopkeeper
100
12
Output SGST = 2.5% of `9000 = `225 = `8500 + × 8500
100
2.5
Input CGST = 2.5% of CP = × `7200 = `180 = `(8500 + 1020) = `9520
100
4 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 6: A shopkeeper buys a printer at a Example 7: A manufacturer marks a mobile
discount of 30% on the marked price of `8000. for `6000. He sells it to the wholesaler at 25%
He sells the printer to a customer at marked discount. The wholesaler sells it to a retailer
price. GST charged at each stage is 18%. If at 20% discount on MP. If the retailer sells it
the sales are intra-state, find at MP and GST charged is 12% at every stage.
(i) the GST paid by the shopkeeper to the Find
Central Government. (i) the GST paid to the Central Government
(ii) the price paid by the shopkeeper for the by the wholesaler.
article inclusive of tax.
(ii) the GST paid to the State Government
(iii) the cost to the customer inclusive of tax.
by the retailer.
(iv) the amount of tax received by the State
Government. (iii) the amount which the consumer pays.
Solution: Solution:
It is intra-state transaction.
(i) Cost price to the wholesaler after 25%
∴ CGST = 9% and SGST = 9% discount
(i) Cost to the shopkeeper with 30% discount = 75% of MP
= 70% of MP
75
70 = × `6000 = `4500
= × `8000 = `5600 100
100
Selling price after giving 20% discount
SP charged by the shopkeeper = `8000
= 80% of MP
∴ His profit = `(8000 – 5600) = `2400
CGST deposited by him 80
= × `6000 = `4800
= 9% of `2400 100
Profit = `300
= `216
SGST = 9% of `2400 = `216 CGST paid by wholesaler
(ii) Price paid by the shopkeeper   = 6% of `300 = `18
= Cost + Tax SGST = 6% of `300 = `18
18 (ii) Cost price to the retailer = `4800
= `5600 + × `5600
100
Selling price = `6000
= `(5600 + 1008) = `6608 Profit = `1200
(iii) Price paid by the customer SGST paid by the retailer = 6% of `1200
= Printed price + 18% tax on it
= `72
18
= `8000 + × `8000 = `9440 CGST = 6% of `1200
100
= `72
(iv) The amount of tax received by the State
(iii) Selling price = MP = `6000
Government
∴ The amount paid by the consumer
= 9% of sale price
12
9 = 6000 + × 6000 = `6720
= × 8000 = `720 100
100

Goods and Services Tax 5

Example 8: The printed price of an air
conditioner is `40000. The wholesaler allows
a discount of 10% on it to the shopkeeper.
The shopkeeper sells the AC to a customer at
a discount of 5% on the marked price. GST
is charged at the rate of 28%. The sales are
intra-state. Find
(i) the price inclusive of tax paid by the
shopkeeper.
(ii) the tax paid by the wholesaler to the
State Government.
(iii) the GST paid by the shopkeeper to the
State Government.
(iv) the tax received by the Central
Government.
(v) the total amount paid by the customer
inclusive of tax.
Solution:
Printed price = `40000
(i) The wholesaler gives 10% discount.
∴ SP = 90% of `40000 = `36000
The shopkeeper pays
= `36000 + 28% of 36000
= `(36000 + 10080) = `46,080
(ii) The input tax paid by the shopkeeper =
The output tax received by the wholesaler.
Input tax paid by the shopkeeper
CGST = 14% of `36000 = `5040
SGST = 14% of `36000 = `5040
∴ The tax paid by the wholesaler to the
State Government = `5040
(iii) The shopkeeper sells AC at 5% discount
∴ SP = `40000 – 5% of `40000 = `38000
Output tax received by the shopkeeper
⇒ CGST = 14% of `38000 = `5320
SGST = 14% of `38000 = `5320
6 ICSE Mathematics—X
∴ GST paid by the shopkeeper to the
State Government
= Output SGST – Input SGST
= `5320 – `5040 = `280
(iv) The tax received by the Central Government
= Output tax received by the shopkeeper
= `5320
(v) The total amount paid by the customer
= S
 P charged by the shopkeeper + CGST
+ SGST
= ` (38,000 + 5320 + 5320) = `48640
Example 9: A manufacturer sells an article
with marked price `2000 to a wholesaler at
a discount of 20% on the marked price. The
wholesaler sells it to a retailer at a discount
of 10% on the marked price. The retailer sells
the article to a customer at the marked price.
If the GST paid by the wholesaler is `24, find
(i) the rate of GST.
(ii) the GST paid by the retailer.
(iii) the price paid by the customer.
Solution:
(i) MP = `2000
The wholesaler buys an article at 20%
discount.
∴ CP to the wholesaler = 80% of `2000
= `1600
The wholesaler sells an article at 10%
discount.
∴ SP by the wholesaler = 90% of `2000
= `1800
∴ His profit = `(1800 – 1600) = `200
∴ GST paid by the wholesaler
= r% of `200
r
⇒ × 200 = 24
100
 100 × 24 Solution:
⇒ r=
= 12
200 (i) Total GST = CGST + SGST
∴ Rate of GST = 12%       = `36 + `36 = `72
(ii) The retailer’s profit = `200 GST = 12% of Profit
∴ GST paid by the retailer 12
⇒ 72 = × Profit
= 12% of `200 100
= `24 72 × 100
⇒ = Profit
12
(iii) The price paid by the customer
⇒ Profit = `600
= `2000 + 12% of `2000
∴ CP = SP – Profit
= `2000 + `240 = `2240
= `(6000 – 600)
Example 10: A shopkeeper sells some edible
= `5400
oil for `7200 at its MP. The shopkeeper pays
GST of `120 to the Government. If the GST ∴ Price paid by the shopkeeper
charged throughout is 5%, calculate the price  12 
= `  5400 + × 5400 
paid by the shopkeeper for the oil inclusive 100 
of tax.
= `(5400 + 648) = `6048
Solution:
(ii) His discount = His profit = `600
GST = 5% of profit
Discount
5 % of discount = × 100
`120 = × profit MP
100
600
120 × 100 = × 100 = 10%
Profit = ` = `2400 6000
5
Example 12: A wholesaler buys a TV from a
CP = SP – profit manufacturer for `25000. He marks the price
CP = ` (7200 – 2400) = `4800 of the TV 20% above cost price and sells it to
a retailer at a discount of 10% on the marked
Tax paid at the time of buying price. If the rate of GST is 28%, find
  = 5% of `4800 = `240 (i) the marked price.
Price paid by the shopkeeper (ii) the retailer’s cost price inclusive of tax.
  = `(4800 + 240) = `5040 (iii) the GST paid by the wholesaler.
Example 11: The marked price of an article is
Solution:
`6000 and rate of GST is 12%. A shopkeeper
buys it at a discount and sells it at its marked (i) CP to the wholesaler = `25000
price. If the sales are intra-state and the MP is 20% above CP.
shopkeeper paid `36 under GST to the State
Government, find (i) the amount (inclusive ∴ MP = 20% of `25000 + CP
of GST) paid by the shopkeeper and (ii) the 120
% of discount received by him. MP = × `25000 = `30000
100

Goods and Services Tax 7

 (ii) He gives 10% discount on MP. (ii) SP = CP + profit
SP charged by the wholesaler He sold it at `1800 + `500 = `2300
He charges the customer
= 90% of MP
2.5
90 Output of CGST = × `2300 = `57.50
= × `30000 = `27000 100
100
2.5
Then retailer’s cost price inclusive of tax Output of SGST = × `2300 = `57.50
100
 28 
= `  27000 + × ` 27000 
 ∴ Net GST paid to the government by
100
the dealer
= `(27000 + 7560) = `34560
= Output GST – Input tax credit
(iii) Profit of wholesaler = `(27000 – 25000)
= `(57.50 + 57.50) – `90
= `2000
= `115 – `90 = `25
CGST paid by the wholesaler
14 (iii) The price paid by the customer
= ` × `2000 = `280 = `(2300 + 115) = `2415
100
Example 14: The price of an article is `5120
SGST paid by the wholesaler
inclusive of GST, at the rate of 28% on its
= 14% of `2000 = `280 listed price. A customer asks the dealer for
Example 13: A dealer from Mumbai buys a a discount on the listed price so that after
silk saree from Chennai at a discount of 10% charging GST, the selling price will be same
on marked price of `2000. The dealer sells it as listed price. What is the amount of discount
to a customer in Mumbai at a profit of `500. which the dealer must allow for the deal?
If the rate of GST is 5%, find Solution:
(i) the price paid by the dealer inclusive of Let the listed price be `x.
GST.
28
(ii) the GST paid by the dealer to the GST = of x
100
government. 28 x 128 x
∴ Price including GST = x + =
(iii) the price paid by the customer. 100 100
128 x
Solution: = 5120
100
(i) Marked price = `2000 40
5120 × 100
Discount = 10% of 2000 = `200 ⇒ x = = 4000
128
∴ CP of the dealer = `1800
∴ The listed price = `4000
Since it is inter-state transaction, IGST is
charged. But the customer wants this to be price
including of GST.
IGST = 5% of 1800 = `90
If reduced price is `100, Price with GST = `128
∴ His input tax credit = `90
∴ The price paid by the dealer Price with GST  Reduced Price

= CP + IGST paid by him 128  100

= `(1800 + 90) = `1890 4000  x

8 ICSE Mathematics—X
 4000 × 100 ∴ IGST = 12% of 46000
⇒ x = = 3125    = `5520
128
Reduced price = `3125 This is the input tax of the dealer in
∴ Discount needed = `(4000 – 3125) = `875 Bengaluru.
(ii) SP = CP + Profit
Example 15: A manufacturer in Punjab
supplies some blankets worth `40000 to SP charged by the dealer
a dealer in Bengaluru at a profit of 15%. = `46000 + `12000 = `58000
The dealer sells these to a shopkeeper in ∴ His output CGST = 6% of `58000
Bengaluru at a profit of `12000. If the rate of = `3480
GST is 12%, calculate His output SGST = 6% of `58000 = `3480
(i) the input GST of the dealer. ∴ GST paid by the dealer to the
(ii) the GST paid by the dealer to the Government
Government. = Output GST – Input GST
(iii) the price paid by the shopkeeper = `(3480 + 3480) – `5520
inclusive of GST.
= `1440
Solution:
(iii) The shopkeeper pays
(i) SP = CP + Profit = `58000 + 12% of `58000
= `(40000 + 15% of 40000) 112
= `46000 = × 58000
100
It is inter-state transaction. = `64960

EXERCISE 1
1. A shopkeeper buys a Braille typewriter for
`40000 and sells it to a consumer for `45000.
If the rate of GST is 5%, find the GST paid by
the shopkeeper to the Government.
2. A dealer buys almonds for `750 and sells it at
profit of 20%. If the rate of GST is 12%, find
the CGST and SGST deposited by him with
the Government.
3. A manufacturer sells a wet grinder to a
wholesaler for `2500. The wholesaler sells it
to a retailer at a profit of `500 and the retailer
sells it to a customer at a profit of `800. If the
rate of GST charged is 12% and all sales are
intra-state, find
(i) the amount of GST received from the
wholesaler by the State Government.
(ii) the amount of GST received from the
retailer by the Central Government.
(iii) the price paid by the customer for the
wet grinder.
4. A manufacturer sells a clock of `5000 to
a wholesaler. The wholesaler sells it to a
retailer and the retailer sells it to a consumer.
GST charged is 18% and profit made at each
stage is `1000. If the sales are intra-state,
calculate
(i) the tax paid by the wholesaler to the
State Government.
(ii) the tax paid by the retailer to the State
Government.
(iii) the total GST collected by the Central
Government on sale of the clock.
5. The cost of a sewing machine for a wholesaler
is `5000. He sells it to a retailer for `6000 and
the retailer sells it to a consumer for `7200. If
Goods and Services Tax 9
 the rate of GST is 12% and all sales are intra-
state, calculate
(i) the tax paid by the wholesaler to the
State Government.
(ii) the amount of SGST deposited by the
retailer.
(iii) the price paid by the consumer for the
machine.
(iv) t h e t a x r e c e i ve d b y t h e C e n t r a l
Government.
6. The marked price of a baby carriage is `12500.
A shopkeeper gets a discount of 30% on the
marked price. He sells it to a customer at the
Marked Price. If the sales are intra-state and
the rate of GST is 18%, calculate
(i) the price paid by the shopkeeper
including tax.
(ii) the price paid by the customer.
(iii) the GST deposited by the shopkeeper
with the Central Government.
7. A manufacturer marks a printer for `12000 and
sells it at 15% discount to a wholesaler. The
wholesaler gives 10% discount on the Marked
Price to a shopkeeper. The shopkeeper sells it
at the Marked Price and GST charged is 12%.
If all sales are intra-state, find
` (i) the price paid by the wholesaler
inclusive of tax.
(ii) the amount of GST deposited with the
Central Government by the
(a) wholesaler
(b) retailer
(iii) the price paid by the consumer.
8. The marked price of edible oil is `3000. A
manufacturer in Hyderabad sells it to a
wholesaler in Hyderabad at a discount of 25%
on the Marked Price. The wholesaler sells it
to a retailer in Mumbai at a discount of 15%
on the Marked Price. The retailer sells it to a
consumer in Mumbai at Marked Price. If the
GST charged is 5%, calculate
10 ICSE Mathematics—X
(i) the amount of GST paid to the Central
Government by (a) the manufacturer
(b) the retailer
(ii) the GST paid by the wholesaler to the
Government.
(iii) the price paid by the consumer for the
oil.
9. When Rao ordered some medicines the bill
was `840, which included 12% GST.
(i) What was the price of the medicines
before tax?
(ii) How much GST was paid to the Central
Government?
10. A shopkeeper in Delhi bought a TV from a
wholesaler in Mumbai at a discount of 20%
on the listed price of `25000. The shopkeeper
offers a discount of 10% on the listed price to
his customer in Delhi. If GST is 28%, find
(i) the amount paid by the customer for
the TV.
(ii) the GST to be paid by the shopkeeper
to the Government.
11. A shopkeeper buys an article at a discount
of 20% on the marked price of `2000. The
shopkeeper offers a discount of 12% on the
MP to his customer. If GST charged is 5%, and
all sales are intra-state, find
(i) the GST collected from the shopkeeper
by the Government.
(ii) the amount paid by the customer for
the article.
(iii) the amount of tax received by the
Central Government.
12. A manufacturer sells binoculars for `3750 to a
wholesaler, who sells it to a retailer at a profit
of 12%. The retailer sells it to the customer at
a profit of `600. If the rate of GST is 18% and
all sales are intra-state, find
(i) the GST paid by the wholesaler to the
Central Government.
 (ii) the price paid by the retailer inclusive
of tax.
(iii) the total GST received by the State
Government.
(iv) the price paid by the customer.
13. The list price of a hand bag is `3000. A
distributor from Kolkata sells it to a trader
in Mumbai at 20% discount on the list price.
The trader sells it to a customer in Mumbai
at the list price. The GST charged is 12%, find
(i) the GST deposited by the trader with
the Central Government.
(ii) the price paid by the trader to the
distributor inclusive of tax.
14. A retailer sells a granite block for `40000 and
the GST charged is 12%. If the retailer pays a
GST of `960 to the Government, find the price
paid by the retailer for the article inclusive of
tax.
15. The marked price of a clock is `4000. A
shopkeeper sells it at the MP. If the rate of
GST at every stage is 18% and the GST paid
by shopkeeper is `288 to the Government,
then at what price inclusive of tax did the
shopkeeper buy it from the wholesaler?
16. The marked price of a mobile is `9000 and
the rate of GST is 12%. A shopkeeper buys it
at a discount and sells it to a customer at the
marked price. If the shopkeeper pays a GST
of `36 to the Central Government, find the
following:
(i) The price paid by the shopkeeper
inclusive of tax.
(ii) The % of discount received by the
shopkeeper.
17. The marked price of a computer is `30000 and
the rate of GST is 18%. A shopkeeper buys it
at a discount and sells it to a customer at the
marked price. If the shopkeeper pays `540 as
GST to the State Government, calculate the
following:
(i) The price paid by the shopkeeper
inclusive of tax.
(ii) The % of discount received by the
shopkeeper.
(iii) The price paid by the customer.
18. A wholesaler buys a TV from a manufacturer
for `25000. He marks the price of the TV 20%
above his cost price and sells it to a retailer
at a 10% discount on the marked price. If the
rate of GST is 28%, find:
(i) the marked price
(ii) the retailer’s cost price inclusive of tax.
(iii) the GST paid by the wholesaler to the
State Government.
19. Ayush purchased a computer for `28320
which included 20% discount on the list price
and 18% tax under GST on the remaining
price. Find the list price of the computer.
20. A wholesaler buys a clock from a manufacturer
for `4000. He marks the price of clock 25%
above his cost price and sells it to a retailer
at a 10% discount on the marked price. If the
rate of GST is 18%. Find
(i) the marked price.
(ii) the retailer’s cost price inclusive of tax.
(iii) the GST paid by the wholesaler.
21. Kunal purchased a washing machine when a
discount of 5% was given on its marked price
of `42000. Rate of GST was 18%. Find
(i) the price paid by Kunal.
(ii) the amount of CGST and SGST shown
in the tax invoice.
22. SGST on an AC is 14% and the price of the
AC including GST is `57600. What is the
(i) rate of GST?
(ii) price of AC before GST?
(iii) amount of GST?
23. The list price of an article is `588 which
includes 12% GST. A customer bargains with
the shopkeeper to reduce the price so that
she can pay `588 inclusive of GST. Find the
reduction in price.
Goods and Services Tax 11
 24. The price of an article is `4410 inclusive of
GST, at the rate of 5% on its listed price. A
customer asks the dealer for a discount on
the listed price so that after charging GST, the
selling price will be same as listed price.
(i) What is the list price?
(ii) What is the amount of discount which
the dealer must allow for the deal?
25. A manufacturer sells a camera for `10000 to a
dealer. The dealer sells it a customer at a profit
of 12%. If all transactions are within the state
and the rate of GST is 28%, calculate
(i) the GST paid by the dealer to the State
Government.
(ii) the total tax received by the Central
Government.
(iii) the price paid by the customer.

POINTS AT A GLANCE
1. Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an indirect tax levied at every point of sale of goods or services.
The rates are 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.

2. Intra-state sales: When the sale of goods and services is within the same state CGST and SGST are
levied, e.g., if the rate of GST is 5% then CGST = 2.5% and SGST = 2.5% are levied on the sale price
of goods and services. State and Central Government share the amount of GST equally.

3. Inter-state sales: When the sale of goods is from one state to another state, then Integrated Goods
and Services Tax (IGST) is levied which goes to the Central Government.

4. GST paid by each dealer = Tax Collected by him at the time of sale
 – tax paid by him at the time of purchase
= Output GST – Input GST

12 ICSE Mathematics—X
 BANKING
A bank is an institution which carries on
business by accepting deposits of money,
safeguarding it and lending it to others at
a higher rate of interest. People deposit the
surplus of their money in banks and receive
interest on it. Now a days more functions are
carried out by the bank.
Some of the main functions of a bank are:
(i) Receiving money from people
(ii) Giving loans
(iii) Transferring money from one place to
another
(iv) Receiving payments for services like
electricity, telephone, gas bill, school fees
and income tax
(v) Renting safe deposit lockers
(vi) Giving loans for purchase of cars,
ornaments and house
(vii) Providing foreign exchange and traveller’s
cheques
(viii) Opening various types of bank accounts.
Types of Bank Accounts
(i) Savings Bank Account
(ii) Current Account
(iii) Fixed Deposit Account
(iv) Recurring Deposit Account
Saving Bank Account, as the name suggests,
encourages the habit of saving among people.
2
Earlier interest was paid on the minimum
balance in the account from 10th to the end
of the month.
Since April 2010, the banks have been giving
interest on the balance on each day and not on
the minimum balance of the month from 10th
as done before.
Current Account is meant for businessman
and companies who have daily banking
transactions. In this account, a customer can
deposit any amount of money and withdraw
any amount as many times as needed, provided
there are enough funds in the account. This
type of account is used for the purpose of
business and not for saving.
In Fixed Deposit Account, money is kept for
a fixed period and is paid at a higher rate of
interest. But one cannot withdraw the money
till the end of the period.
In this chapter, we deal with Recurring Deposit
Account only.
Recurring Deposit Account (or Cumulative
Time Deposits)
In this account, a person deposits a certain sum
of money every month for a certain period of
time. At the the end of this period he will get
the money deposited by him with interest. It is
a good scheme for salaried people as the rate
of interest paid is also larger than that of the
savings bank account.
If a person deposits `500 at the beginning of Solution:
every month for a period of 6 months, the first Pn(n + 1)
Qualifying sum = , where n = 24 months
deposit of `500 remains with the bank for 6 2
months, the second deposit of `500 with the  24 × 25 × 800 
bank for 5 months and so on. The last monthly = `    (P = `800)
 2 
deposit remains for 1 month with the bank.
= `(12 × 25 × 800)
\ The first `500 will earn interest for 6 months 1 9
I = (12 × 25 × 800) × × = `1800
the next for 5 months and so on. 12 100
\ Equivalent Principal = (500 × 6) + (500 × 5) Amount = P
n + Interest
+ (500 × 4) + (500 × 3) + (500 × 2) + (500 × 1)      = `(24 × 800) + `1800 = `21,000
= 500(6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1)
6×7 II. Finding the rate of interest
= 500 × = `10,500.
2
Example 2: Shivangi deposits `500 every
n(n + 1)
[Using 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = ] month in a recurring deposit scheme and
2
1
receives `16,550 at the end of 2 years.
The interest and amount paid are calculated 2
as follows:
Calculate the rate of interest given by the
n(n + 1)P
Qualifying sum = bank.
2
Solution:
1. where n = No. of months of the 1
n = 2 years = 30 months, P = `500
Recurring Deposit Scheme 2
2. P = Amount of monthly n(n + 1)P 30 × 31 × ` 500
deposit Qualifying sum = =
2 2
n(n + 1) r 30 × 31 × 500 R 1
3. Interest  = P × × \ SI = ` × ×
2 × 12 100 2 100 12
Amount  775 R
 =
paid at the  4
4. end of the 
 Maturity value = Pn + Interest Amount = Pn + Interest
specified 
 775 R
period  16550 = (30 × 500) +
4
775 R
I.  Finding the maturity amount 16550 –15000 =
4
Example 1: Sanjana opens a recurring 2
deposit scheme and deposits `800 per month 1550 × 4
R = = 8%
for a period of 2 years. If the rate of interest 775
is 9% p.a., find the amount payable at the end
of 2 years. \ R = 8%

14 ICSE Mathematics—X
III. Finding the monthly deposit \ x = `2500
Example 3: Fateh deposits a certain sum of The monthly deposit = `2500
money every month in a recurring deposit
account for 2 years. If the bank pays interest IV. Finding the time
at 10% p.a. and Fateh receives `66,250 as the
Example 4: Puneet has a recurring deposit
maturity value of the account, what sum of
money did he pay every month? account in a bank and deposits `400 per
month. If he receives `10,100 at the time of
Solution:
maturity, find the time for which the account
Method 1: Let the monthly deposit be `100. is held if the rate of interest is 5% p.a.
\ P = `100 Solution:
n = 24 months Let n = no. of months
n(n + 1)P 24 × 25 × `100
Qualifying sum = = P = `400, r = 5%
2 2
 24 × 25 × 100  1 10 n(n + 1)P
I = `   × × = `250 Qualifying sum =
 2  12 100 2
n(n + 1)400
Amount = Pn + Interest = = (n2 + n)200
2
= `(24 × 100 + 250) = `2650 1 5
If maturity amount, then monthly deposit and I = 200(n2 + n) × ×
12 100
5
`2650 `100 = (n2 + n)
6
`66,250 x
Now, Pn + Interest = Amount
66250 × 100
⇒ x = ` = `2500 5(n2 + n)
2650 400n + = 10100
6
The monthly deposit = `2500 2400n + 5n2 + 5n
= 10100
Method 2: (Algebraic method) 6
Let the monthly deposit be `x.
5n2 + 2405n – 60600 = 0 (÷ by 5)
24 × 25 × x

Qualifying sum = n2 + 481n – 12120 = 0
2
24 × 25 x 1 10 5x n2 + 505n – 24n – 12120 = 0
I = × × =
2 12 100 2
n(n + 505) – 24(n + 505) = 0
Amount = nx + I
5 x 48 x + 5 x (n – 24)(n + 505) = 0
66250 = 24x + =
2 2 \ n = 24
66250 × 2 = 53x
Time = 24 months = 2 years
66250 × 2
=x
53

Banking 15
Example 5: Mohan has a recurring deposit
account in a bank for 2 years at 6% p.a. simple
interest. If he gets `1200 as interest at the time
of maturity, find:
(i) the monthly installment.
(ii) the amount at the time of maturity.
\   x = = `800
Solution:
(ii) The amount of maturity = Pn + Interest
Let the monthly deposit be `x.
(i) n = 2 years = 24 months, r = 6% p.a.
=
EXERCISE 2
1. Archana deposited `400 per month for 3 years
in a bank’s recurring deposit account. If the
bank pays interest at the rate of 11% p.a., find
the amount she gets on maturity.
2. Mr Antao has a two year deposit account in
a bank where he deposits `900 per month.
Find the amount received by him at the time
of maturity, if the rate of interest is 5% p.a.
3. Joseph has an account in recurring deposit
scheme for 2 years. He deposits `1500 per
month. If the rate of interest is 8% p.a.,
calculate the amount he would receive at the
time of maturity.
4. Mrs Ramani has a three year recurring deposit
account in the State Bank. She deposits `600
per month. Calculate the amount she would
receive at the time of maturity if the rate of
interest is 9% p.a.
5. Rajesh deposits `1000 every month in
a recurring deposit account for 3 years.
Calculate the rate of interest if the matured
value is `40,440.
12. Shriya opened a cumulative deposit scheme
6. Ravina deposits `600 per month in a recurring
deposit scheme for 2 years. If she receives
`15,450 at the time of maturity, calculate the
rate of interest per annum.
16 ICSE Mathematics—X
Pn ( n + 1)
 SI = r 1
× ×
2 100 12
2
x × 24 × 25 6 1 3x
1200 = × × =
2 100 12 2
1200 × 2
3
= 800 × 24 + 1200
`20400
7. Vineeta deposits `800 per month in a
cumulative deposit account for 3 years. If
the amount payable at the time of maturity
is `31,464; calculate the rate of interest.
8. Mr Madhav Rao gets `6455 at the end of one
year when he deposits `500 per month in a
recurring deposit scheme. Find the rate of
interest.
9. Zaheeda deposits a certain sum of money,
every month in a recurring deposit account
for 2 years. If she receives `37,875 at the time
of maturity and the rate of interest is 5%, find
the monthly deposit.
10. Srinidhee deposits a certain sum of money
every month in the recurring deposit scheme
for 5 years at 6% p.a. If the amount payable
to her at the time of maturity of the account
is `55320, find the monthly instalment.
11. Mr Rathod opened a recurring deposit account
in a bank paying 12% p.a. At the end of 2 years,
he received `6750. Calculate the monthly
deposit.
with a bank for 3 years. If the rate of interest is
8% p.a. and the bank pays `1776 as interest at
the time of maturity. Find the monthly deposit
and the maturity value of the investment.
 13. Sonya deposits `300 per month at 8% p.a. in
a bank and receives `4740 on maturity of the
account. Find out the total time for which the
recurring deposit account is held.
14. Arnav deposits `500 every month at 12% p.a.
in a bank in a recurring deposit scheme. The
bank pays `5275 on maturity. Find the time
for which the account is held.
15. Ritika deposits `200 every month in a
recurring deposit scheme at 8% p.a. If she
gets `1648 as the maturity amount, find the
period for which the account is held.
16. Mr Motasha opens a recurring deposit
account of `600 per month at 12% p.a. If he
is paid `7668 as maturity amount, how many
instalments does he need to pay?
17. Anuradha invests `500 every month in a
recurring deposit scheme for 3 years. The
interest earned is `2220. Find the rate of interest
and the maturity value of the investment.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1
1. Kishore opened a recurring deposit account in a bank and deposited `800 per month for 1 years.
2
If he received `15,084 at the time of maturity, find the rate of interest per annum.

2. Salma deposited `200 per month for 3 years in a recurring deposit scheme. If she received `8088 at
the time of maturity of the account, find the rate of interest per annum.

3. Mr Shetty deposits a certain sum of money each month in a recurring deposit account of a bank.
If the rate of interest is 10% per annum and Mr Shetty gets `17,340 from the bank after four years,
find the value of his monthly instalment.

4. Mr Rathod opens a recurring deposit account in a bank. If the rate of interest is 7% per annum and
he receives `5150 from the bank after two years, calculate the value of his monthly deposit.

5. Riz opens a recurring deposit account in a bank which gives simple interest of 8% p.a. He receives
`20,220 from the bank after 3 years. Find the monthly deposit.
6. Find the maturity value of a recurring deposit scheme when Mr Rao deposits `300 every month at
1
8% p.a. for 2 years.
2

7. Jainil opens a recurring deposit account in a bank of `400 per month. How many instalments does
he have to pay to get a maturity of `8560 if the bank pays a simple interest of 8% p.a.?
1
8. Madhuri deposits `800 every month for 2 years in a recurring deposit scheme. The interest earned
2
is `2790. Calculate the rate of interest and the maturity value of the investment.

Banking 17
 BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
1. Mr R K Nair gets `6,455 at the end of one year at (i) The interest paid by the bank.
the rate of 14% per annum in a recurring deposit
(ii) The rate of interest. [2011]
account. Find the monthly instalment. [2005]
8. Kiran deposited `200 per month for 36 months
2. Mohan deposits `80 per month in a cumulative
in a bank’s recurring deposit account. If the bank
deposit account for six years. Find the amount
pays interest at the rate of 11% per annum, find
payable to him on maturity, if the rate of interest
the amount she gets on maturity. [2012]
is 6% per annum. [2006]
9. Mr Britto deposits a certain sum of money each
3. Saloni deposited `150 per month in her bank for
month in a Recurring Deposit Account of a bank.
eight months under the Recurring Deposit Scheme.
If the rate of interest is of 8% per annum and Mr
What will be the maturity value of her deposit,
Britto gets `8088 from the bank after 3 years, find
if the rate of interest is 8% per annum and the
the value of his monthly instalment. [2013]
interest is calculated at the end of every month?
[2007] 10. Shahrukh opened a Recurring Deposit Account
4. David opened a Recurring Deposit Account in a in a bank and deposited `800 per month for
bank and deposited `300 per month for two years. 1½ years. If he received `15,084 at the time of
If he received `7725 at the time of maturity, find maturity, find the rate of interest per annum.
the rate of interest per annum. [2008] [2014]

5. Mrs Goswami deposits `1000 every month in a
recurring deposit account for 3 years at 8% interest
per annum. Find the matured value. [2009]
6. Mr Gupta opened a recurring deposit account in
a bank. He deposited `2500 per month for two
years. At the time of maturity he got `67,500. Find
(i) the total interest earned by Mr Gupta.
(ii) the rate of interest per annum. [2010]
7. Ahmed has a recurring deposit account in a bank.
He deposits `2,500 per month for 2 years. If he
gets `66,250 at the time of maturity, find
11. Katrina opened a recurring deposit account with
a Nationalised Bank for a period of 2 years. If the
bank pays interest at the rate of 6% per annum
and the monthly instalment is `1000, find the:
(i) interest earned in 2 years.
(ii) matured value. [2015]
12. Mr. Richard has a recurring deposit account in a
bank for 3 years at 7.5% p. a. simple interest. If he
gets `8325 as interest at the time of maturity, find
(i) the monthly deposit
(ii) the maturity value. [2018]

COMMON ERRORS
365
1. When interest is ` , the answer can be wrongly expressed as `182.5 instead of `182.50,
2
1
or writing `92 as `92.30 instead of `92.33. Answer for money if in decimal should be
3
expressed correct to 2 decimal places, unless it has to be expressed to nearest rupee.
1
2. Forgetting to take time as while calculating interest.
12

18 ICSE Mathematics—X
 POINTS AT A GLANCE
 Recurring Deposit Account
n(n + 1)P
1. Qualifying sum = , where n = no. of months, P = monthly deposit
2

n(n + 1) r
2. SI = P × ×
2 × 12 100
3. Amount = Pn + SI

DO YOU KNOW?
n (n + 1)
1. 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + (n – 1) + n = = Sum of the first n natural numbers.
2

2. 2 + 4 + 6 + ..... + (2n – 2) + 2n = n(n + 1) = Sum of the first n even numbers.

3. 1 + 3 + 5 + ..... + (2n – 3) + 2n – 1 = n2 = Sum of the first n odd numbers.
The first formula above is used in Recurring Deposit Account.
The second formula can be derived by taking out 2 common from the terms and using the first.
2n (n + 1)
2 + 4 + 6 + ..... + 2n = 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + ..... n) = = n (n + 1)
2

The third formula can be derived from the following:

Sum of first 2n natural numbers – Sum of first n even numbers = Sum of first n odd numbers
(1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 2n) – (2 + 4 + 6 + ..... + 2n)

= – n (n + 1) = 2n2 + n – n2 – n

= n2 = Sum of first n odd numbers

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777 – 1855), a German mathematician, astronomer and physicist was the first
to prove the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.
When he was a small child, his teacher asked his class to find the sum 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 100. Within a few
seconds he gave the answer as 5050.

He wrote the numbers as shown below and added.

1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 49 + 50
100 + 99 + 98 + ..... + 52 + 51
101 + 101 + 101 + ..... + 101 + 101
and found that there were 50 pairs of 101.

\  Answer = 101 × 50 = 5050

Banking 19
 SHARES AND DIVIDENDS
To start a company, a large sum of money is
required which an individual may not be able
to raise. Then some people join together to form
a company and divide the estimated money
(the capital required) into smaller units. Each
unit is called a share and sold to people who
are called shareholders of the company and
they are issued share certificates. At the end of
the financial year, some of the profits made by
the company is distributed to the shareholders.
This amount is called the dividend.
Note: A shareholder is entitled to a share in the profits
of the company and to a portion of the value of that
company in case of liquidation.
Face Value: The value of a share is called the
face value (FV) or nominal value. This value
is constant.
The rate of dividend is expressed as a
percentage of the nominal value of a share
per annum.
Market Value: The price at which a share can
be bought at a particular time is called the
market value (MV). It keeps varying depending
on the performance of the company.
(i) When the market value of a company is
more than its face value, then the share is
sold at a premium. Premium is the extra
amount charged over the face value of the
share.
MV = FV + Premium
3
(ii) When the market value is less than its
face value, then the share is sold at a
discount. Discount is the amount, by
which the face value is reduced.
MV = FV – Discount
(iii) When the market value of a share is equal
to its face value, then the share is sold at
par.
MV = FV [when sold at par]
Annual Dividend is a part of the profit of the
company given to a shareholder in a year. It is
calculated as a percentage on the face value of
the share and on the number of shares.
Rate of Return on investment is the yield%
calculated by a shareholder. It can be used to
compare the return from different companies.
If the shares are bought at a premium, the
rate of return will be lower than the dividend
declared by the company. The rate of return
will be higher than the dividend declared
by the company if the shares are bought at a
discount.
Sale Proceeds is the amount of money collected
by selling shares of a company.
Formulae
Amount Invested
1. No. of shares =
Market Value of 1 share
 2. Annual Dividend or Annual Income Example 2: Anupama invests `3240 in
= Rate of Dividend × No. of shares × Face buying `50 shares of a company giving a
dividend of 12%. At the end of the year she
Value
Annual Income receives `288 as dividend. At what price did
3. % Return = × 100 she buy the shares?
Investment
Solution:
4. d% × FV = r% × MV
where, d = Rate of Dividend Let the no. of shares bought be n.
FV = Face Value Annual income = d% × No. of shares × FV
r = Rate of return 6

MV = Market Value 12
`288 = × n × ` 50
5. % increase in return on original investment 100
2
Increase in Income
= × 100 288
Original Investment = n
6
6. Sale Proceeds = No. of shares sold ⇒ n = 48 shares
× SP of each share Investment ` 3240
MV = =
No. of shares 48
Note: 8% `100 share at `120 means
The Face value of 1 share = `100 = `67.50
The Market value of 1 share = `120
The dividend on 1 share = 8% Example 3: Find the dividend per cent
Example 1: Calculate the amount invested declared by a company if `100 share is quoted
if 500, `10 shares are bought at a premium of at `104 and an investment of `3120 fetches an
25% from a company. If the dividend declared annual dividend of `240.
is 8%, find the annual income and % return Solution:
on the investment.
Investment
Solution: No. of shares =
MV
No. of shares = 500, FV = `10 ` 3120
= = 30
Premium = 25% of FV = `2.50 `104
\ MV = FV + Premium = `(10 + 2.5) = `12.50 Annual income = d% × No. of shares × FV
Amount invested = No. of shares × MV d
` 240= × 30 × `100
= 500 × `12.50 = `6250 100
240
Annual income = d% × No. of shares × FV =d
30
8
= × 5 0 0 × 10
`10 = `400 \ d = 8%
10 0
Example 4: How much should Roopa invest
d% × FV = r% × MV in 12% of `100 shares selling at a premium of
8 × 10 = r × 12.50 `10 to get an income of `600 from the shares?
8 × 10 Solution:
=r
12.50 Let the no. of shares be n.
Annual Income = d% × No. of shares × FV
32
\ r = = 6.4%
5
Shares and Dividends 21
 12 Investment in second company = `(12000 – 7800)
`600 = × n × ` 100
100
= `4200
50 = n ` 4200
\ MV = = `21
200
\ No. of shares = 50
Example 7: Srinidhee invested `3132 in `100
Amount of Investment = No. of shares × MV share at a premium of `16 giving a dividend
= 50 × `110 = `5500 of 8%.
Example 5: Anand buys `20 shares of a (i) Find her annual dividend from these
company which pays 9% dividend at such shares.
a price that he gets a return of 12% on his (ii) If she later sold the shares at `140 each,
investment. At what price did he buy the find her gain on selling the shares.
share? Solution:
Solution: Investment ` 3132
No. of shares = = = 27
FV = `20, r = 12%, d = 9% MV `116

d% × FV = r% × MV (i) Annual income = d% × No. of shares × FV

9 × `20 = 12 × MV 8
= × 27 × `100 = `216
9 × 20 100
` = MV
12 (ii) Profit on each share = SP – CP
\ MV = `15 = `(140 – 116) = `24
Example 6: Arvind invested `12,000 in \ Profit on selling 27 shares = `24 × 27 = `648
shares. He invested `7800 in 9% (`50) shares Example 8: Kalyani invests `9000 partly in
at `60 and the remaining in 10%, `25 shares. 5%, `100 shares sold at `80 and the remaining
If the total annual income is `1085, find the in 6%, `50 shares at `70. If the total annual
price at which he bought `25 shares. dividend is `480, find the amount invested in
Solution: each.
` 7800 Solution:
No. of shares of first company = = 130
` 60
9 I Company II Company
Annual income of first company = × 130 × ` 50
d = 5% d = 6%
100

= `585 FV = `100 FV = `50

\ Annual income of second company MV = `80 MV = `70
= `(1085 – 585) = `500
Let the investment \ Investment
Let the no. of shares of second company be n.
be x.    = 9000 – x
10 x
× n × ` 25 = `500 No. of shares = No. of shares
100 100
500 × 10 9000 − x
\ n = = 200   =
25 70

22 ICSE Mathematics—X
  5 x  (i) Increase in income = `(787.50 – 500)
Total Annual income =  × × 100 
 100 80  = `287.50
 6 9000 − x 
+ × × 50  (ii) % increase in his return on original
 100 70 
` 287.50
5x (9000 − x) investment = × 10 0 = 2.875%
+3 = 480 `1000 0
80 70
35 x + 24 (9000 − x) Example 10: Which is a better investment:
= 480
560 'Buying `100 share at `80 giving 5% dividend'
or 'buying `50 share at `60 giving 9%
35x – 24x + 24 × 9000 = 560 × 480 dividend'?
11x + 216000 = 268800
11x = 52800 Solution:
x = 4800 To find which is better investment, we compare
\ Investment in the first Co. = `4800 the percentage return of the two companies.
and Investment in the second Co. = `(9000 – 4800)
First Company:
= `4200
FV = `100, MV = `80, d = 5%
Example 9: Arjun invests `10,000 in `25
d × FV 5 × `100
shares standing at `40. After one year he Rate of return = =
receives a dividend of 8% and immediately MV ` 80
sells the shares at `42 each. He invests the sale 25 1
proceeds in a new company with `10 share = = 6 %
4 4
quoted at `12 giving 9% dividend.
Second Company:
(i) Find his change in income. FV = `50, MV = `60; d = 9%
(ii) The percentage increase in his return on 9 × ` 50 15 1
his original investment. Rate of return = = = 7 %
` 60 2 2
Solution:
Investment `10000 \ Buying shares in the second company is
No. of shares = = = 250
MV ` 40 better.

8 Example 11: Parineeta buys 500, `20 shares

Annual income = × 250 × ` 25 = `500
100 at a discount of 20% and receives a return of
Sale proceeds = No. of shares sold × SP 10% on her money. Calculate:
= 250 × `42 = `10,500 (i) the amount invested by her.
MV of the second company = `12 (ii) the rate of dividend paid by the company.
\ No. of shares of the second company
(iii) the annual dividend.
Sale Proceeds `10500 Solution:
 = = = 875
New MV `12
FV = `20,
9
Annual income of second Co. = × 875 × `10
100 20
Discount = 20% of FV = × ` 20 = `4
100
= `787.50
Shares and Dividends 23
\ MV = `(20 – 4) = `16 increased his income by `2000. Find the value
(i) Investment = No. of shares × MV of x.

= 500 × `16 = `8000 Solution:

No. of shares = x, FV = `100, d = 10%
r % × MV 10 × `16
(ii) Dividend, d = = = 8% 10
× `100 × x = `10x
FV ` 20 Annual income =
100
8
(iii) Annual Income = × 5 0 0 × ` 20 = `800.
10 0 Selling price of share = FV – discount
=
`(100 – 25) = `75
Example 12: Shriya invested her savings in \ Sale proceeds
companies A and B. 40% of the money in
 = SP of a share × No. of shares sold = `75x
buying `100 shares at a premium of 20%
giving 10% dividend and 60% of the money in New company’s MV = `80
company B buying 8%, `10 share at a discount \ No. of shares of the new company
of 10%. Sale Proceeds 75 x 15 x
= = =
(i) If she bought 40 shares of company A, New MV 80 16
how many shares of company B did she
Annual income of new company
buy?
(ii) Find her annual dividend from each 15 x 16
= × × ` 100 = `15x
company. 16 100

Solution: \ Change in income = `(15x – 10x) = `2000

MV of company A = FV + premium 5x = 2000
  = `(100 + 20) = `120 x = 400
\ 400 shares were sold.
40 shares of company A were bought.
Example 14: Priyanka invested `8000 in 7%,
Investment in Co. A = MV × No. of shares `100 shares at `80. After a year she sold these
  = `120 × 40 = `4800 shares at `75 each and invested the proceeds
(including her dividend) in 18%, `25 shares
10 at `41. Find
Annual income from Co. A = × 40 × `100 = `400
100
60 (i) her dividend for the first year
Investment in Co. B = × ` 4800 = `7200
40 (ii) her annual income on shares in the
` 7200 second year.
(i) No. of shares of Co. B = = 800
`9
8 (iii) the percentage increase in her return on
(ii) Annual Income from Co. B = × 800 × `10
100 her original investment. (2006)
= `640 Solution:
Investment `8000
(i) No. of shares = = = 100
Example 13: Arjun sold x shares of `100 MV `80
paying 10% dividend at a discount of 25%
and invested the proceeds in `100 shares 7
Annual Income = × 100 × `100 = `700
paying 16% dividend, quoted at `80 and thus 100

24 ICSE Mathematics—X
(ii) Sale proceeds = No. of shares sold × SP
= 100 × `75 = `7500
No. of shares of 2nd Co.
7500 + 700 8200
= = = 200
41 41
18
Annual income = × 200 × ` 25 = `900
100
EXERCISE 3
1. Ravina invested `5880 in 8%, `10 shares at `21.
Find the annual income from her investment.
2. A company declares a dividend of 12% on
`100 share, which is quoted at a premium of
`25. Vineeta buys 60 shares.
(i) How much is her investment?
(ii) What is her annual dividend?
(iii) Find the rate of return on her investment.
3. A company with 20,000 shares of `50 each,
declares dividend of 8%.
(i) What is the total dividend paid by the
company?
(ii) What will be the annual income of
Ahmed, who has 25 shares in the
company?
(iii) If he received only 5% on his investment,
find the price paid by him for each
share.
4. Dhairya invests `1680 in buying shares
of nominal value `25 and selling at 12%
premium. The dividend on the shares is 15%
p.a. Calculate
(i) the number of shares he buys.
(ii) the dividend he receives annually.
5. A dividend of 9% is declared on `20 shares
selling at a certain price. If the rate of return
1
is 7 %, calculate
2
(i) the market value of the share
(ii) the amount to be invested to obtain an
annual dividend of `1260.
6. Amrita buys 52 shares of nominal value `100
available at `132.
(iii) % increase in return on original investment
Increase in Income
=
Original investment
` 900 − ` 700
= × 100
` 8000
20 0 1
= ×10 0 = 2 %
80 0 0 2
(i) What is her investment?
(ii) If the dividend is 12%, what will be her
annual income?
(iii) If she wants to increase her annual
income by `240, how many extra shares
should she buy?
7. Akshaj invested `90,000 in 9%, `100 shares
quoted at `125. When the market value of
these shares rose to `150. He sold some shares,
just enough to raise `7500. Calculate
(i) the number of shares he still holds.
(ii) the dividend due to him on these shares.
8. Krishna invested `48,000 in `100 shares at
a discount of `20 paying 9% dividend. At
the end of one year, he sold the shares at a
premium of `20. Find
(i) the annual dividend.
(ii) the profit earned including his dividend.
9. How much should Kalyani invest in `5 shares
selling at `6.50 to obtain an annual income of
`200, if the dividend declared is 8%?
10. A company’s share of `50 is selling at `80.
If Mohan wants to get an annual income of
`400, how much money should he invest if
the dividend declared by the company is 8%?
11. By investing `4000 in (`10) shares paying
8%, Madhusudan Rao obtained a dividend
of `200. At what price did he buy the share?
12. Ram Kapoor invested `8000 in shares. He
invested `5000 in 7% (`100) shares at `125
and the remaining in 8%, `50 shares. Find the
price at which Ram bought `50 share if the
total dividend from the companies is `480.
13. A and B invest `16000 each in buying shares
of two companies. A buys 12%, hundred-
Shares and Dividends 25
 rupee shares at `80 and B buys ten-rupee
share at par. If both receive equal dividends
at the end of the year, find the rate of
dividend received by B.
14. Amar invests `27,000 in 12% shares of `100
selling at `90. His brother Samar also invests
the same amount in `20 shares selling at `27.
If the annual income of both the brothers from
the shares is same, find the rate of dividend
received by Samar.
15. Suryanarayana invests `1600 in `50 shares
selling at `40 and receives an annual dividend
of `200 from the shares. Calculate
(i) the number of shares bought.
(ii) the rate of dividend given by the
company.
16. If a `50 share of a company is quoted at `60
and the dividend declared is 9%,
(i) Find the percentage return on investment.
(ii) How much should be invested to get an
annual income of `270?
17. Ananya invests `4400 in hundred-rupee shares
at `110 paying a dividend of 10% p.a. She
sells the shares when the price rises to `114
and reinvests the proceeds in 12%, `50, shares
selling at `60. Find the change in her income.
18. Arnav sells 60, twenty-rupee shares of a
company paying 12% p.a. at `27 each and
invests the proceeds in 9%, `50 shares selling
at `45. Find the change in his income.
19. Ritika invests `10,080 in 6%, hundred-rupee
shares at `112. Find the annual dividend.
When the shares fall to `96, she sells the shares
and invests the proceeds in 10%, ten-rupee
shares at `8. Find the annual income from
these shares.
20. Mihir owns 150 shares (par value `25) of a
company which declares a dividend of 12%.
What is his dividend from these shares? If he
sells the shares at `40 and invests the proceeds
in 8% of `100 shares at `80, what is the change
in his income?
21. Annapurna sold 20 shares of face value `100
at `119 giving 7% dividend and invested the
proceeds in 8%, `100 shares selling at `85.
What was the difference in annual income?
26 ICSE Mathematics—X
22. Rajeev invested equal sums in companies A
and B. Company A gives a dividend of 5%
on `100 shares selling at `90 and B gives a
dividend of 7% on `100 shares selling at `120.
If his income from B exceeds the income from
A by `10, how much does he invest in each?
23. Supriya invests `15,000, partly in shares of
9% of `20 shares at `24 and partly in 8% of
`50 shares at `45. If her total income from the
shares is `1200, how much has she invested
in each?
24. A man invested `45,000 in 15%, `100 shares
quoted at `125. When the market value of
these shares rose to `140, he sold some shares,
just enough to raise `8,400. Calculate
(i) the number of shares he still holds.
(ii) the dividend due to him on these
remaining shares. [2004]
25. Anil buys a `100 shares at `150 and gets 8%
profit on his investment. Find the percentage
of dividend declared by the company. If he
buys 350 shares of the company, find his
annual income.
26. Anand invested `7800 in shares of a company
paying 9% dividend. He bought `50 shares at
a premium of 20%. Find his annual income
from the shares and rate of interest on his
investment.
27. Deepika bought 80 shares of `50 each at a
discount of 10%. When the company declared
8% dividend, she collected the annual dividend
and sold the shares when the price rose to `60
each. Calculate
(i) her annual dividend.
(ii) the profit made by selling the shares.
28. Shradha sold x shares of `100 paying 15%
dividend at a premium of 60% and invested
the proceeds in shares of normal value `50
quoted at 4% discount, paying 18% dividend.
Her income increased by `900. Find the value
of x.
29. Arjav invested `24,000 in `50 shares bought at
4% discount giving 10% dividend. After one
year he sold the shares at `65 and invested
the proceeds (including his dividend) in
`100 shares sold at `70 giving 11% dividend.
 Calculate
(i) the change in annual dividend.
(ii) the percentage increase in return on
original investment.
30. Mr Sagar wants to invest `54,000 in buying
shares. Company A sells `100 shares at a
premium of `20 giving 9% dividend and
company B sells `25 shares at a premium of
`2, giving 9% dividend. Which company is
better for him to invest in? What would be
his annual dividend from this company?
31. Rohit invested `9600 in `100 shares at `20
premium paying 8% dividend. He sold
the shares when the price rose to `160. He
invested the proceeds in 10% of `50 at `40.
Find the
(i) original number of shares.
(ii) sale proceeds.
(iii) new number of shares.
(iv) change in the two dividends.  [2015]

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. Ashish buys 70 shares available at `125 (par value `100).
(i) How much is his investment?
(ii) If the dividend is 7.5%, what will be his annual income?
(iii) If he wants to increase his income by `105, how many extra shares should he buy?
2. Ankur invests `8800 in buying shares of face value `100 each, at a premium of 10%. If he earns
`1200 at the end of the year as dividend, find
(i) the number of shares. (ii) the rate of dividend. [2001]
3. Aryan buys `40 shares in a company paying 12% dividend. He buys the shares at such a price that
he gets 16% return on his investment.
(i) At what price did he buy each share? (ii) If he bought 50 shares, find his annual income.
4. Arjun invests `60,000 in 12%, `100 shares quoted at `125. When the market value of these rose to
`140 each, he sold enough shares to raise `11,200. Calculate
(i) the number of shares he still holds. (ii) the annual income on these shares.
5. Priya invests equal sums of money in companies A and B. Company A gives 7% dividend on `100
shares selling at `80 and company B gives 10% dividend on `100 shares selling at `120. If her annual
income from A exceeds the income from B by `200, how much does she invest in each?
6. Salman invests a sum of money in `50 shares, paying 15% dividend quoted at 20% premium. If his
annual dividend is `600, calculate
(i) the number of shares he bought. (ii) his total investment.
(iii) the rate of return on his investment. [2014]
7. Arpit invests `7500 in `100 shares selling at a premium of `50, paying 10% dividend. After one
year, he sells these shares for `175 each and invests the proceeds in `20 shares selling at `25. If the
rate of dividend is 9%, find the change in income.
8. A man invested `24,000 in `50 shares bought at 4% discount giving 10% dividend. After 1 year, he
sold the shares at a premium of `10 and invested the proceeds in `100 share selling at `80. Thus
his annual income increased by `500. Find the rate of dividend of the new company.
9. Mr Parekh invested `52,000 in `100 shares at a discount of `20 paying 8% dividend. At the end of
one year, he sells the shares at a premium of `20. Find
(i) the annual dividend. (ii) the profit earned including his dividend. [2011]
10. Mr. Varma invests `9600 in 5%, `100 shares at `80. After a year he sold these shares at `90 each and
invested the proceeds (including his dividend) in 9%, `50 shares at `57. Calculate

Shares and Dividends 27

 (i) his dividend for the first year. (ii) his annual income in the second year.
(iii) the percentage increase in his return on his original investment.
11. Mr Ram Gopal invested `8,000 in 7%, `100 shares at `80. After a year he sold these shares at `75
each and invested the proceeds (including his dividend) in 18%, `25 shares at `41. Find:
(i) his dividend for the first year. (ii) his annual income in the second year.
(iii) the percentage increase in his return on his original investment. [2006]

BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS

1. Mr Sharma has 60 shares of nominal value `100
and he decides to sell them when they are at a
premium of 60%. He invests the proceeds in shares
of nominal value `50, quoted at 4% discount,
paying 18% dividend annually. Calculate:
(i) the sale proceeds
(ii) the number of shares he buys [1995]
(iii) his annual dividend from these shares.
2. A man invests a sum of money in `100 shares,
paying 15% dividend, quoted at 20% premium.
If his annual dividend is `540, calculate:
(i) his total investment;
(ii) the rate of return on his investment. [1996]
3. A lady holds 1800, `100 shares of a company that
pays 15% dividend annually. Calculate her annual
dividend. If she had bought these shares at 40%
premium, what percentage return does she get on
her investment. Give your answer to the nearest
integer. [1997]
4. A company with 10,000 shares of `100/- each,
declares an annual dividend of 5%.
(i) What is the total amount of dividend paid
by the company?
(ii) What would be the annual income of a man,
who has 72 shares, in the company?
(iii) If he received only 4% on his investment,
find the price he paid for each share.[1998]
5. A dividend of 9% was declared on `100 shares
selling at a certain price. If the rate of return is
7½%, calculate:
(i) the market value of the share;
(ii) the amount to be invested to obtain an
annual dividend of `630. [2000]
6. A man wants to buy 62 shares available at `132
(par value of `100).
(i) How much should he invest?
(ii) If the dividend is 7.5%, what will be his
annual income?
(iii) If he wants to increase his annual income
by `150, how many extra shares should he
buy? [2002]
7. A man invests `20,020 in buying shares of nominal
value `26 at 10% premium. The dividend on the
shares is 15% per annum. Calculate:
(i) The number of shares he buys.
(ii) The dividend he receives annually. [2003]
(iii) The rate of interest he gets on his money.
8. Mr Tiwari invested `29,040 in 15% `100 shares
quoted at a premium of 20%. Calculate:
(i) The number of shares bought by Mr Tiwari.
(ii) Mr Tiwari’s income from the investment.
(iii) The percentage return on his investment.
 [2005]
9. Ajay owns 560 shares of a company. The face
value of each share is `25. The company declares
a dividend of 9%. Calculate:
(i) The dividend that Ajay will get.
(ii) The rate of interest on his investment, if Ajay
had paid `30 for each share. [2007]
10. A company with 4000 shares of nominal value of
`110 each declares an annual dividend of 15%.
Calculate:
(i) The total amount of dividend paid by the
company.
(ii) The annual income of Shah Rukh who holds
88 shares in the company.
(iii) If he received only 10% on his investment,
find the price Shah Rukh paid for each share.
 [2008]
11. Amit Kumar invests `36,000 in buying `100 shares
at `20 premium. The dividend is 15% per annum.
Find:
(i) The number of shares he buys
(ii) His yearly dividend
(iii) The percentage return on his investment.

28 ICSE Mathematics—X
 Give your answer correct to the nearest whole 14. Salman buys 50 shares of face value `100 available
number. [2009] at `132.
12. Vivek invests `4500 in 8%, `10 shares at `15. He (i) What is his investment?
sells the shares when the price rises to `30, and
(ii) If the dividend is 7.5%, what will be his
invests the proceeds in 12% `100 shares at `125. annual income?
Calculate
(iii) If he wants to increase his annual income
(i) the sale proceeds. by `150, how many extra shares should he
(ii) the number of `125 shares he buys. buy? [2013]

(iii) the change in his annual income from
15. Ashok invested `26400 on 12%, `25 shares of a
dividend. [2010]
company. If he receives a dividend of `2,475, find
13. A man invests `9600 on `100 shares at `80. If the
the:
company pays him 18% dividend, find:
(i) the number of shares he buys. (i) number of shares he bought.
(ii) his total dividend. (ii) market value of each share. [2016]
(iii) his percentage return on the shares. [2012]

POINTS AT A GLANCE
 Shares
1. FV = MV if a share is bought at par.
2. FV + Premium = MV (a) If premium is given in rupees, then directly add.
(b) If premium is given as a percentage, calculate it on the face value and then add the
amount of premium to it.
Investment
3. FV – discount = MV 4. No. of shares =
MV
5. Annual dividend = d% × No. of shares × FV
6. d × FV = y × MV, where y is yield % and d is dividend %.
Annual Dividend
7. Yield % or % return on investment = × 100
Investment
8. (i) Proceeds = Amount collected by selling shares = No. of shares sold × MV of each
= Investment in the new company
(ii) Only when mentioned add the annual income of first company to the proceeds to get investment
in the second company.
Increase in Income
9. % increase in return on Original Investment = × 100
Original Investment

DO YOU KNOW?
An Interesting Prime Number 73939133
Take out the last digit from the number, you will get 7393913. It is a prime number. Again remove the last digit
you will get 739391, which is also a prime number. So on each time when the last digit is removed, you still get
a prime number.
Mersenne Prime Numbers
Primes of the form 2n – 1, where n is a Prime number are called Mersenne Primes.
For example, 22 – 1 = 3, 23 – 1 = 7, 25 – 1 = 31, etc.
These are named after Marin Mersenne, a French monk who began the study of these numbers in the early 17th
century.
Shares and Dividends 29
 4
UNIT-II: ALGEBRA
LINEAR INEQUATIONS

When two unequal quantities are compared
and a mathematical statement of the form x > y,
x ≥ y, x < y, x ≤ y is made, it is called an
inequation.
Observe that x > y is same as y < x.
If x and y are two real numbers, then
1. x > y, if and only if x – y is positive.
Examples:
(i) 8 > 5, since 8 – 5 = 3 > 0
(ii) –3 > –4, since –3 – (–4) = –3 + 4 = 1 > 0
3 1 3 1 1
(iii) > , since − = > 0
4 2 4 2 4
2. x < y, if and only if y – x is positive.
Examples:
(i) 2 < 7, since 7 – 2 = 5 > 0
When an inequality involving one real variable
x is given, the problem is to find the solutions
that satisfy the inequality. The set of solutions
is known as the Solution set. The solution set
depends on the Replacement set.
Replacement set is the set from which the
value of the variable is to be chosen.
Solution set is a subset of the replacement set
which satisfies the given inequation.
The variable x can belong to different sets of
numbers.
where N = Set of Natural
e.g., x ∈ N
Numbers = {1, 2, 3,...}
where W = Set of Whole
or x∈W
Numbers = {0, 1, 2, 3,...}

(ii) – 4 < –1, since –1 – (– 4) = –1 + 4 = 3 > 0 where I = Z = Set of Integers
or x ∈ Z or I
= {..., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3,...}
3 4 4 3 16 − 15 1
(iii) < , since − = = >0
4 5 5 4 20 20 or x∈R where R = Set of Real Numbers

Some more examples of inequations are:

x + 3 > 5 or x – 2 ≤ 1, etc.
The general forms of linear inequations, where
a, b, c are real numbers, are
(i) ax + b > c; (ax + b) is greater than c
(ii) ax + b < c; (ax + b) is less than c
(iii) ax + b ≥ c; (ax + b) is greater than or equal
to c
(iv) ax + b ≤ c; (ax + b) is less than or equal
to  c
1
R contains all the rational numbers (e.g., 0, ,
2
–2, 3.75) and all the irrational numbers (e.g.,
2 , 3 7 , π ).
All these numbers can be represented on
the number line. When x ∈ W or I or N, the
solution set is written in Roster form, i.e., by
listing the elements.
e.g., when –2 ≤ x < 4 is the given inequation.
Replacement Set Solution Set Representing on the Number line

N {1, 2, 3}

W {0, 1, 2, 3}

I or Z {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

R {x | –2 ≤ x < 4, x ∈ R}

Observe:
• the arrows on both sides of the number line. e.g., 5x + 3 > 18 3x – 4 ≤ 14
• the thick dots when x ∈ N, W or I. ⇒ 5x > 18 – 3 ⇒ 3x ≤ 14 + 4
• the shaded part of the number line when x∈R with
hollow and darkened circles. ⇒ 5x > 15 ⇒ 3x ≤ 18
• one extra number on each side of the solution set
of numbers. Multiplication—Division Rule
Rule 2: When each term of an inequation is
Remarks
multiplied or divided by the same positive
1. The solution set depends on the replacement set.
e.g., In the first case when x∈N, even though number, the sign of inequality remains the same.
–2 < x, we do not take –2, –1, 0 because they are
not natural numbers. e.g.,  4x ≥ 8 x
<3
2. For real numbers, solution set is written in set- 2
builder form because between any two real 4x 8 x
⇒ ≥ ⇒ 2  < 3 × 2
numbers there are infinite real numbers that 4 4 2
cannot be listed.
But when x ∈ W or I or N, they can be listed in ⇒   x ≥ 2 ⇒ x<6
Roster form.
3. On the number line for those that can be listed,
Rule 3: If both sides of the inequation are
thick dots are put for the numbers which are in multiplied or divided by the same negative
the solution set. number, the sign of inequality reverses.
4. For real numbers from –2 up to 4, the number line
is shaded but to show that 4 is not included ‘O’ (a
e.g., –3x > 9 –x
hollow circle) is put and for –2 which is included ≤3
‘’ (a darkened circle) is marked.
2
–3 x 9 –x
5. At least one extra number on each side of solution ⇒ < ⇒ × (–2) ≥ 3 × (– 2)
set of numbers is marked on the number line. –3 –3 2
i.e., when x ∈ I, –3 and 4 are also marked ⇒ x < –3 ⇒ x ≥ – 6
  on the number line.
and when x ∈ R, –3 and 5 are also marked Rule for Reciprocals
   on the number line.
Rule 4: If both sides of an inequation are
6. Arrows are indicated on both sides of the number
line to show that it is a line and not a line segment. positive or both negative, sign of inequality
gets reversed when their reciprocals are taken.
SOLVING LINEAR INEQUATIONS
(i) x > y, then
1 1 . e.g., 5 > 3, then 1 < 1 .
<
Addition—Subtraction Rule x y 5 3
Rule 1: When a term is transferred from one 1 1
(ii) x < y, then < . e.g., –2 < –1, then
side to another side of the inequation, the sign 1 x y
of the term changes. > − 1.
–2
Linear Inequations 31
 Steps to Solve a Linear Inequation in One
Variable
Fig. 4.1
1. Simplify both sides by opening brackets
Observe on the number line that the numbers
and collecting like terms.
on the left side are smaller than the numbers
on their right. 2. Take LCM if there are fractions or multiply
by power of 10 to change decimals to
Note: (i) When whole numbers.
Do not cancel ‘‘–’’ sign on both sides, instead both 3. Collect all terms containing the variable
terms can be transposed to other side and written as: on one side and constants on the other
–3x < –9 –3x < –9 side.
9 < 3x or 3x > 9
4. Make the coefficient of the variable 1.
⇒ 3 < x       ⇒ x > 3  
(ii) When –2x > 10 + 3x
5. Write the solution set according to the
replacement set.
–2x and 10 are transposed to other side to make
the x term positive. 6. Represent the solution on the number
–10 > 2x + 3x line.
–10 > 5x Example 1: Find the solution set for the
–2 > x or x < –2 following inequations and represent on the
number line when x ∈ N.
To represent a fraction on the number line
when x ∈ R (i) 2x + 7 < 15
Examples: (ii) 4 – 2x ≤ 4x – 14
1
(i) To represent 4 on the number line, Solution:
3
make 3 equal parts between 4 and 5 and (i) 2x + 7 < 15
mark the first point after 4. 2x < 15 – 7
2x < 8
0 1 2 3 4

Fig. 4.2 2x 8
<
2 2
2
(ii) To represent 3 on the number line,
5 x<4
\
make 5 equal parts between 3 and 4, and Solution set = {1, 2, 3}
mark the second point after 3. (ii) 4 – 2x ≤ 4x – 14
1 2 3 32 4 4 + 14 ≤ 4x + 2x
5
Fig. 4.3 18 ≤ 6x
Observe: • to make 2 parts, draw one line between 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
18
the two numbers. ≤ x
• to make 3 parts, draw two lines between
6
the two numbers.
3 ≤ x
• to make 4 parts, draw three lines between
the two numbers and so on. Solution set = {3, 4, 5,...}
32 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 2: If x ∈ R, solve the following Since x ∈ I,
inequation and represent it on the number Solution set = {–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
line:
3x – 3 < 27 – 2x ≤ 3x + 7
Fig. 4.4
Solution:
Example 4: The diagram represents two
Here, we split the sum into two parts. inequations A and B on real number lines.
3x – 3 < 27 – 2x and 27 – 2x ≤ 3x + 7
3x + 2x < 27 + 3 27 – 7 ≤ 3x + 2x
5x < 30 20 ≤ 5x
30 20
x < ≤ x
5 5 (i) Write down A and B in set-builder
x < 6 4 ≤ x notation.
Solution set = {x : 4 ≤ x < 6, x ∈ R} (ii) Represent A ∩ B and A ∩ B′ on two
different number lines. [1995]
3 4 5 6 7 Solution:
Remember to: (i) A = {x : –2 < x < 4, x ∈ R}
(i) put arrows on both sides of number line.
B = {x : 1 < x < 6, x ∈ R}
(ii) put one extra number on each side, i.e., 3
and 7. (ii) A ∩ B = The set which is common to both
(iii) mark a darkened circle on 4 to show it is A and B.
included and a hollow circle on 6 to show We observe that it is from 1 to 4.
it is not included. 1 is in both A and B \ It is in A ∩ B.
(iv) write a solution set in set-builder notation
4 is not in A \ It is not in A ∩ B.
because x ∈ R.
\ A ∩ B = {x : 1 ≤ x < 4, x ∈ R}
Example 3: Find the solution set of the
following inequation and represent it on the 0 1 2 3 4 5
number line, where x ∈ I:
1 x 1 5 B′ is a set with all numbers which are not in B.
–2 ≤ – 1 <
6 3 6 6 B′ on the number line is to the left of 1 and on
Solution: the right side of 6.
1 x 1 5 \ A ∩ B′ contains numbers from –2 to 1.
–2 ≤ – 1 and x – 1 1 <
6 3 6 3 6 6 –2 is in A and also in B′.
–13 x 7 x 7 5
≤ – – < \ –2 is in A ∩ B′.
6 3 6 3 6 6
1 is in B ⇒ 1 is not in B′
–13 7 x x 5 7
+ ≤     < + \ 1 is not included in A ∩ B′.
6 6 3 3 6 6
x x \ A ∩ B′ = {x : –2 ≤ x < 1, x ∈ R}
–1 ≤     < 2
3 3
–3 ≤ x     x < 6

Linear Inequations 33
Example 5: Given P = {x : 5 < 2x – 1 <_ 11,
a b
(iii) If a > b, then > .
x ∈ R} and Q = {x : – 1 <_ 4x + 3 < 23, x ∈ I}. c c
Represent P and Q on number lines. Write (iv) If a – c < b – d, then a + d < b + c.[1997]
down the elements of P ∩ Q.[1996]
Solution:
Solution: Set P (i) If a > b, then a – c > b – c. True
because when equal quantities are added
5 < 2x – 1 2x – 1 ≤ 11
or subtracted, the sign of inequality does
6 < 2x 2x ≤ 12
not change.
3 < x x ≤ 6
(ii) If a < b, then ac < bc. False
\ P = {x | 3 < x ≤ 6, x ∈ R} If c is a negative number when both sides
of inequality are multiplied by a negative
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 number, the sign of inequality reverses.
Set Q If a < b then ac > bc, when c is negative.
e.g., –3 < 5 but –3 × –1 > 5 × –1 or 3 > –5
–1
≤ 4x + 3 4x + 3 < 23
–4
≤ 4x 4x < 20 a b
(iii) If a > b, then > . False
≤ x
–1 x < 5 c c
Q = {–1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4} If c is a negative number, dividing both
sides of inequality by negative number
changes the inequality.
\ P ∩ Q = {4} 8 –4
e.g., 8 > – 4 but < –4<+2
–2 –2
Example 6: State giving reasons whether the
(iv) If a – c < b – d, then a + d < b + c. True
following statements are True or False. Here
Transposing –c and –d to other side of
a, b, c, d are real numbers and c ≠ 0.
inequality does not change the sign of
(i) If a > b, then a – c > b – c. inequality.
(ii) If a < b, then ac < bc.

EXERCISE 4
I. Solve the following inequations and represent the solution set on the number line where x ∈ R:
1. 3x + 5 < 6x – 4 2. 1 – 2x ≥ 9 – 4x 3. 17 – 2x ≤ 3x – 8
5 11 – 2 x 15 – 3 x
4. 11 + 1 x ≤ 4 + 3x 5. x – 2(3x – 1) > 2(x – 2) – x 6. ≥
6 5 6
II. Write the solution set for the following inequations:
1. 9 ≤ 1 – 2x where x ∈ {–3, –4, –5, –6} 2. 3 – 2x ≥ x – 12 where x ∈ N
4x x
3. 18 ≤ 4x – 2, x ∈ I 4. – 2 ≤ – 1 , x ∈ I
3 3

34 ICSE Mathematics—X
 5. 25 – 4x ≤ 16. Find the smallest value of x when (i) x ∈ R, (ii) x ∈ Z.
6. 19 – 4x < 3, x ∈ prime numbers less than 15
III. Solve the following inequations. Represent the solution set on the number line.
1. 1 ≤ 25 – 2x < 5x – 40, x ∈ Z 2. –8 ≤ x – 7 ≤ 2(2 – x), x ∈ W
3. 11 ≤ 15 – 2y < 23, y ∈ Z 4. 12 ≥ 2 – 5y > 2(y – 2) – y, y ∈ I
1 3x + 1 5
5. –2 < – ≤ 3 , x ∈ R 6. –2 ≤ 2x – 3 < 1, x ∈ R
2 4 8
7. –5 < 2x + 1 ≤ 5, x ∈ R 8. –2 < 3 – 2x ≤ 5, x ∈ R

2 1 1
9. –5 < x – 2 ≤ 7 – 2x, x ∈ N 10. –1 ≤ x + < 4 , x ∈ W
3 3 3
2 x 1 –1 2x 1
11. –2 ≤ – ≤ 1 , x ∈ N 12. ≤ + 1 < , x ∈ R
3 2 6 5 5 5

IV. Solve for x and write the solution set for the following inequations and represent it on the
number line.
1. 1 ≥ 15 – 7x > 2x – 27, x ∈ R 2. 2 – x ≤ 5 – 2x < x – 1, x ∈ R
14 4 x
3. 3 x + > – 2 ≥ 2x – 4, x ∈ R 4. x – 2 ≤ 3(x – 2) + 5 < 8 – x, x ∈ R
3 3
5. 4x – 3 ≤ 2x + 7 < 6x – 1, x ∈ Z 6. 22 – 2x ≥ 1 + x > 4 – x, x ∈ I
8x 14
7. x − 3 ≤ + 2 ≤ 2 x + , x∈ I   [2009] 8. 13 x − 5 < 15 x + 4 < 7 x + 12, x∈ R  [2015]
3 3

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
Solve for x and write the solution set for the following inequations (Qs 1–5). Also represent it on the
number line.
x 4x x
1. –15 < 1 – 4x < 9, x ∈ Z 2. –4 < – 2 ≤ – 1 , x ∈ R
3 3 3
1 2x 5 1 x 1 1
3. –2 ≤ – ≤ 1 , x ∈ N   [2001] 4. – ≤ – 1 < , x ∈ R
2 3 6 3 2 3 6
5. x + 5 ≤ 2x + 3 ≤ 12 – x, x ∈ N
6.
Find P ∩ Q and represent on the number line.
P = {x : 8x – 1 > 5x + 2, x ∈ N} and Q = {x : 7x – 2 ≥ 3(x + 6), x ∈ N}
7. A = {x : –3 ≤ x ≤ 5, x ∈ R}, B = {x : –1 < x < 8, x ∈ R}. Represent
(i) A ∩ B (ii) A ∩ B′ on different number lines.
Write down:
(iii) the least value of A ∩ B′ (iv) the greatest value of A ∩ B.

Linear Inequations 35
 8. Solve the following inequation and represent the solution set on the number line.
3x 2
   4x –19 < – 2 ≤ x – , x ∈ R [2012]
5 5

9. Given A = {x : –1 < 2x – 5 < 11, x ∈ R}, B = {x : –11 ≤ 3x – 2 ≤ 10, x ∈ R}

(i) Represent A and B on number lines.
(ii) Also represent A ∩ B on the number line.
10. Find the values of x, which satisfy the inequation.
5 1 4x 5

−3 < − ≤ 2 , x ∈ I. Graph the solution set on the number line.
6 6 3 6

BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS

1. Solve the following inequation, and graph the 2 1 1

solution set, on the number line:
−2 ≤ x + < 3 ; x ∈ R  [2007]
3 3 3
2x – 3 < x + 2 ≤ 3x + 5, x ∈ R. [1998]
10. Solve the given inequation and graph the solution
2. Solve the inequation: on the number line:
2y – 3 < y + 1 ≤ 4y + 7; y ∈ R. [2008]
5
12 + 1 x ≤ 5 + 3x, x ∈ R. 11. Solve the following inequation and represent the
6
solution set on the number line:
Represent the solution on a number line. [1999]
1 2x 5
3. Solve the inequation: –3 ≤ 3 – 2x < 9, x ∈ R.
−3 < − − ≤ , x ∈ R. [2010]
2 3 6
Represent your solution on a number line. [2000]
4. Solve the following inequation, and graph the 12. Solve the following inequation and represent the
solution on the number line: solution set on the number line:
2x – 5 ≤ 5x + 4 < 11, x ∈ R [2002] 2x – 5 ≤ 5x + 4 < 11, where x ∈ I [2011]
5. Solve 2 ≤ 2x – 3 ≤ 5, x ∈ R and mark it on a number 13. Solve the following inequation, write the solution
line. [2003] set and represent it on the number line:
6. Given that x ∈ I, solve the inequation and graph x x 1 1
− ≤ − 1 < , x ∈ R
[2013]
the solution on the number line: 3 2 3 6
x−4 x 14. Find the values of x, which satisfy the inequation

3 ≥ + ≥ 2 [2004]
2 3 5 1 2x

−2 < − ≤ 2, x ∈ W. Graph the solution
7. A = {x : 11x – 5 > 7x + 3, x ∈ R} and 6 2 3
B = {x : 18x – 9 ≥ 15 + 12x, x ∈ R}. set on the number line. [2014]
Find the range of set A ∩ B and represent it on a 15. Solve the following inequation and write the
number line. [2005] solution set:
8. Given that x ∈ R, solve the following inequality x+1
and graph the solution on the number line:   – 3 (x – 7) ≥ 15 – 7 > ,x∈R
3
–1 ≤ 3 + 4x < 23 [2006] Represent the solution on a real number line.
9. Solve the following inequation and graph the [2016]
solution on the number line.

36 ICSE Mathematics—X
 COMMON ERRORS
1. Cancelling minus sign on both sides of an inequality.
2. Not remembering that when divided by a negative number, the inequality changes.
3. In the sums of the following kind, forgetting that the minus sign between the fractions is for
both terms in the second fraction.
1 3x + 1 5
−2 ≤ − ≤3
2 4 8
2 − 3 x − 1 29
−2 ≤ ≤
4 8

3 x + 1 to the other side    e.g. 3 x + 1 1 1 5 3x + 1

or, preferably transpose — ≤ 2 + and − 3 ≤
4 to make it positive 4 2 2 8 4

POINTS AT A GLANCE
 Inequations

1. WIN R—Real Numbers

W = Whole Numbers = {0, 1, 2, ...} Consist of integers, fractions, decimals and
I = Integers = Z = {..., –3, –2, –1, –0, 1, 2, 3,...} irrational numbers.
N = Natural Numbers = {1, 2, 3, ...} Between every two real numbers, there are
Write solution set in Roster form. infinite real numbers.
Put thick dots on the number line for numbers in \ Write solution set-in set-builder form.
the solution set.
Note: At least show one number extra on each
side of solution set numbers on the number line.

2. Do not cancel – sign of an inequation. Here, transpose the number to other side to make the x term positive.
3. Remember if you divide by a negative number, the sign ‘<’ changes to ‘>’ and vice versa.
4. If a > b, then a + c > b + c where c is positive or negative.
5. If a > b, then (i) ac > bc if c is positive 6. If a > b, then (i) ac > bc if c is positive
(ii) ac < bc if c is negative (ii) ac < bc if c is negative

DO YOU KNOW?
My son and daughter were born on the same date but not in the same year. On their birthday, last year, my son
who is elder of the two was (x + 4) years old and my daughter was (3x – 6) years old. Find the possible values of x.
Son is older than daughter.
\ x + 4 > 3x – 6
10 > 2x
5 > x
x = 0, 1 and 2 are not possible because 3x – 6 will then be negative or 0.
\ x = 3 or 4

Linear Inequations 37
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
An equation in which the highest power of the
variable is two is called a quadratic equation.
e.g., 2x2 + 3x – 5 = 0, 4x2 – 25 = 0, x2 = 36,
2
x– = 1, etc., are all quadratic equations.
x
The standard form of a quadratic equation in
one variable x is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c
are real numbers and a ≠ 0.
e.g., 7x2 + 19x – 6 = 0 is a quadratic equation
in standard form.
It has two solutions which are called the roots
of the equation. If a is a root of the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0, then x = a must satisfy the
equation, i.e., when x = a is substituted in the
equation it becomes aa2 + ba + c = 0.
Solving a Quadratic Equation by
Factorisation
Example: When we substitute x = 6 in the
quadratic equation x2 – 4x – 12 = 0.
LHS = 62 – 4(6) – 12 = 36 – 24 – 12 = 0 = RHS
\ 6 is a root of the equation.
Solution Set the set of elements giving the
two roots of a quadratic equation is called its
solution set.
Zero product rule when product of 2 root
numbers a and b is zero, i.e., if ab = 0 then
a = 0 or b = 0.
e.g., if (x – 6) (x + 2) = 0 then
either (x – 6) = 0 or (x + 2) = 0
⇒ x = 6 or x = – 2
5
A quadratic equation can be solved by
factorising the equation.
STEPS
To solve a quadratic equation by factorisation
(i) Remove all fractions and square root and
put it in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
(ii) Factorise (ax2 + bx + c) into two linear
factors.
(iii) Equate each factor to zero.
(iv) Use the zero product rule and solve the
equation.
Remember the following while factorising the
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
(i) If product ac is positive, b is split up into
two parts such that they add up to b and
their product = ac, both of same sign as b.
For example, 4x2 + 22x + 10 = 0
4x2 + 20x + 2x + 10 = 0
and 3x2 – 16x + 16 = 0
3x2 – 12x – 4x + 16 = 0
(ii) If product ac is negative, b is split into
two parts one +ve and other –ve whose
difference is b and product is ac. The
sign of bx goes to the term with larger
coefficient of x.
For example, 2x2 + 3x – 9 = 0
2x2 + 6x – 3x – 9 = 0
and 3x2 – 10x – 8 = 0
3x2 – 12x + 2x – 8 = 0
Example 1: Solve x2 – 3x = 0. 4x2 – 7x + 3 = 0
Solution: 4x2 – 4x – 3x + 3 = 0
x2 – 3x = 0 4x(x – 1) – 3(x – 1) = 0
x(x – 3) = 0 (x – 1) (4x – 3) = 0
\ x = 0  or x – 3 = 0 x – 1 = 0 or 4x – 3 = 0
x = 0   or   x = 3 3
x = 1 or x =
Solution set = {0, 3}. 4
 3
Example 2: Solve: 4x2 = 25. Solution set = 1,  .
Solution:  4

4x2 = 25 Example 5: Solve 3x – 2 = 3 x + 10 .

4x2 – 25 = 0 Solution:
(2x + 5) (2x – 5) = 0
Squaring both sides of the given equation,
2x + 5 = 0  or  2x – 5 = 0
(3x – 2)2 = 3x + 10
2x = –5  or   2x = 5
−5 5 9x2 – 12x + 4 – 3x – 10 = 0
x = or    x =
2 2 9x2 – 15x – 6 = 0
9x2 – 18x + 3x – 6 = 0
 −5 5  9x(x – 2) + 3(x – 2) = 0
Solution set =  ,  .
 2 2 (9x + 3)(x – 2) = 0
Example 3: Solve 3x2 – 8x – 80 = 0. 9x + 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
−3 −1
Solution: x = = or x = 2
9 3
3x2 – 8x – 80 = 0 −1
3x2 – 20x + 12x – 80 = 0 is rejected because
3
x(3x – 20) + 4(3x – 20) = 0  −1 
RHS = 3 x + 10 = 3   + 10 = 9 = 3 and
(3x – 20) (x + 4) = 0  3 
3x – 20 = 0 or x + 4 = 0  −1 
LHS = 3x – 2 = 3   − 2 = –3.
20  3 
x =  or  x = – 4
3 Note: When symbol is put only positive root is
 20  taken.
Solution set =  , − 4  .
3  Example 6: Solve 2(a + 2)2 – 5(a + 2) = 12.
Example 4: Solve 2x – 1 = 3x – 2 . Solution:
Let a + 2 = x
Solution: 2
\ 2x – 5x – 12 = 0
Squaring both sides of the given equation,
2x2 – 8x + 3x – 12 = 0
( )
2
(2x – 1)2 = 3x − 2 2x(x – 4) + 3(x – 4) = 0
4x2 – 4x + 1 = 3x – 2 (x – 4) (2x + 3) = 0

Quadratic Equations 39
 Example 9: If one root of the quadratic
−3
x = 4 or x = equation mx2 – 9x – 10 = 0 is 2, find the value
2
of m, and also find the other root.
But a = x – 2
−3 Solution:
\ a = 4 – 2 or a = −2
2 x = 2 is a root of mx2 – 9x – 10 = 0.
−7
a = 2 or a = m(2)2 – 9(2) – 10 = 0
2
4m – 18 – 10 = 0
 −7 
Solution set = 2, .
 2  4m = 28
Example 7: Solve (2x – 9)2 = 49. \ m = 7
Solution: The equation is 7x2 – 9x – 10 = 0.
Method 1: 7x2 – 14x + 5x – 10 = 0
(2x – 9)2 = 49 7x(x – 2) + 5(x – 2) = 0
⇒ 2x – 9 = 7 or 2x – 9 = –7
(x – 2) (7x + 5) = 0
2x = 16  or 2x = 2 −5
x = 2 or 
x = 8 x = 1 7
Solution set = {8, 1}. −5
\ Other root = .
Method 2: 7
(2x – 9)2 = 49
Example 10: Without solving quadratic
4x2 – 36x + 81 – 49 = 0 equation 5x2 – 18x – 8 = 0, find whether x = 4
4x2 – 36x + 32 = 0 is a root of this equation.
x2 – 9x + 8 = 0 [÷ by 4] Solution:
x2 – 8x – x + 8 = 0 If x = 4 is the root of the equation, x = 4 should
(x – 8) (x – 1) = 0 satisfy the given equation when x is substituted
by 4.
x = 8 or 1
Example 8: Frame a quadratic equation \ LHS = 5x2 – 18x – 8
−2 = 5(4)2 – 18(4) – 8
whose roots are and 5.
3
= 5 (16) – 72 – 8
Solution: = 80 – 80
−2
x =  or x = 5
3 = 0 = RHS
3x = –2  x – 5 = 0 \ x = 4 is a root of the equation.
3x + 2 = 0
\ (3x + 2) (x – 5) = 0 Example 11: Solve for y:
3x2 + 2x – 15x – 10 = 0 y+2 y–1 1
+ = 7 .
3x2 – 13x – 10 = 0 y–3 y–4 2

40 ICSE Mathematics—X
Solution: The given equation becomes:
The given equation can be written as: 1 25
y + =
( y + 2) ( y − 4) + ( y − 1) ( y − 3) 15 y 12
=
( y − 3) ( y − 4) 2 y2 + 1 25
2 2 =
y − 2y − 8 + y − 4y + 3 15 y 12
=
2
y − 7 y + 12 2
12y2 + 12 = 25y
2 (2y2 – 6y – 5) = 15 (y2 – 7y + 12) 12y2 – 25y + 12 = 0
12y2 – 16y – 9y + 12 = 0
4y2 – 12y – 10 = 15y2 – 105y + 180
4y (3y – 4) – 3 (3y – 4) = 0
11y2 – 93y + 190 = 0 (3y – 4) (4y – 3) = 0
11y2 – 55y – 38y + 190 = 0 4 3
y =  or 
11y(y – 5) – 38 (y – 5) = 0 3 4
(y – 5) (11y – 38) = 0 x 4 x 3
38 ⇒ =  or =
y = 5 or  x+1 3 x+1 4
11
x 16 x 9
 38  = =
Solution set = 5, . x+1 9 x+1 16
 11 
9x = 16x + 16 16x = 9x + 9
Example 12: Solve for x:
7x = –16 7x = 9
2 x 2 + 3 x – 9 2 = 0.
−16 9
x = x =
7 7
Solution:
 −16 9 
2 x 2 + 3 x − 9 2 = 0 Solution set =  , .
 7 7
2 x 2 + 6 x − 3 x − 9 2 = 0 Example 14: Solve:
( ) (
2 x x + 3 2 − 3 x + 3 2 = 0 ) (x2 + 2x)2 – 11 (x2 + 2x) + 24 = 0.
(x + 3 2)( 2 x − 3 ) = 0 Solution:

x + 3 2 = 0 or 2 x − 3 = 0 Let x2 + 2x = a
3 a2 – 11a + 24 = 0
⇒ x = −3 2 ⇒  x =
2 a2 – 8a – 3a + 24 = 0
 3  (a – 8) (a – 3) = 0
Solution set = −3 2 , .
 2 a = 8 or a = 3
⇒ x2 + 2x = 8 x2 + 2x = 3
Example 13: Solve:
x2 + 2x – 8 = 0 x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
x x +1 1 x2 + 4x – 2x – 8 = 0 x2 + 3x – x – 3 = 0
+ = 2 ,  x ≠ 0 and x ≠ –1.
x +1 x 12
x(x + 4) – 2(x + 4) = 0 x(x + 3) – 1(x + 3) = 0
Solution: (x + 4) (x – 2) = 0 (x + 3) (x – 1) = 0
x x+1 1 x = – 4 or 2   x = – 3 or 1
Let = y ⇒  =
x+1 x y Solution set = {– 4, –3, 2, 1}.
Quadratic Equations 41
 EXERCISE 5A
1. Solve the following equations by factorisation: 4. Solve the following equations:
(i) x2 – 6x – 40 = 0 (ii) x2 + 16x – 132 = 0 x 2 3 2x 3
(i) = (ii) + =2
(iii) 3x2 – 41x + 60 = 0 (iv) 6x2 + 13x – 5 = 0 7 25 − 6x x−1 x+1 5
(v) 7x2 – 9x – 90 = 0 (vi) 3x2 – 14x + 15 = 0 1 2 7
(iii) + =
2. Solve for x: x+1 x+3 4x
(i) 9 x 2 − 25 = 12 (ii) x + 27 = x – 3 4x − 8 8 2 3 17
(iv) − = 0 (v) + =
x 3x − 3 x + 1 x + 2 6x
(iii) 3 x + 52 = x + 4 2 4 7 x−3 x−2 1
(vi) + = (vii) − =
x x+2 6 x−2 x 15
3. Solve for a: x x−5 1
(viii) + = 2
(i) (a + 1)2 + 3(a + 1) = 10 x−5 x 6
(ii) 2(a + 2)2 – 5(a + 2) = 12 x 3
(ix) +6 = 5
(iii) 5(a – 3)2 – 2(a – 3) = 24 3 x
(iv) 3(a – 1)2 + 4(a – 1) = 15 5. Solve for y:
(v) 7(a + 3)2 – 9(a + 3) = 10 (i) (y – 4) (y – 6) = 15 (ii) (y + 4) (y + 2) = 24
(vi) (x2 + 3x)2 – 2(x2 + 3x) – 8 = 0 (iii) (3y + 5)2 = 16 (iv) 5x2 + 8 x − 4 5 = 0

Solving Quadratic Equation by

Formula Method −b ± b2 − 4 ac
x =
In the 11th century, Indian mathematician 2a
Sridharacharya solved the quadratic equation
For quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 by using “Completing
the Square” method. −b ± b2 − 4 ac
the Quadratic Formula is
ax2 + bx + c = 0 2a
Multiplying both sides by 4a, Observe that there are two values of x. They
4a2x2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0 −b + b2 − 4 ac −b − b2 − 4 ac
are and .
4a2x2 + 4abx = – 4ac 2a 2a
(2ax)2 + 2(2ax)b + b2 = b2 – 4ac
[Adding b2 to both sides to make
the LHS a perfect square]
(2ax + b)2 = b2 – 4ac
\ 2ax + b = ± b2 − 4 ac

[Taking square root on both sides]

2ax = −b ± b2 − 4 ac
Sridharacharya
42 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 15: Solve the following equation
and give your answer correct to 2 decimal − ( −6) ± ( −6)2 − 4 (1) ( −18)
places. =
2×1
  5x2 – 3x – 4 = 0     [2012]
Solution: Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, = 6 ± 36 + 72
2
we get
6 ± 108 108 = 10.39, from square 
a = 5, b = –3, c = – 4 =  
2 root page of log book 
−b ± b2 − 4 ac 6 + 10.39 6 − 10.39
x = =  or 
2a 2 2
− ( −3) ± ( −3)2 − 4(5) ( −4) 3 ± 89 16.39 − 4.39
= = = or = 8.195 or –2.195
2×5 10 2 2

From powers and  = 8.20 or –2.20, answer correct to 3

3 ± 9.434   significant figures.
= factorials page of log 
10 Note: The last zeros in a decimal number are significant.
 book, 89 = 9.434 
 

3 + 9.434 3 − 9.434 NATURE OF ROOTS OF THE EQUATION

= or 
10 10
The expression b2 – 4ac is called the discriminant
− 6.434
= 12.434 or  of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
10 10 is denoted by D(delta–Greek letter) or D. Now,
= 1.2434 or –0.6434 there are 3 possibilities:

= 1.24    or –0.64, answer to 2 D = 0 or D > 0 or D < 0

decimal places. 1. If D = b2 – 4ac = 0, the roots are real and

equal.
2. If D = b2 – 4ac > 0, the roots are real and
Example 16: Solve and give answer correct to
unequal.
3 significant figures. [2011]
(i) If b2 – 4ac is a perfect square, the roots
Solution:
are rational and unequal.
18 (ii) If b2 – 4ac is not a perfect square, the
x− = 6
x roots are irrational and unequal.
x2 – 18 = 6x 3. If D = b2 – 4ac < 0, then roots are imaginary
(Multiplying each term by x) (not real).
x2 – 6x – 18 = 0; a = 1, b = – 6, c = –18
The above information can be shown in the
diagram as follows:
−b ± b2 − 4 ac
x = D = Discriminant = b2 – 4ac
2a

Quadratic Equations 43
 D
(iii) 2x2 – 9x + 13 = 0
Here, a = 2, b = – 9, c = 13
D = b2 – 4ac = (–9)2 – 4(2) (13)
If
2
– 4ac > 0, If
2
– 4ac = 0, If
2
– 4ac < 0,
Real and unequal Real and equal Imaginary roots = 81 – 104 = –23 < 0
roots roots e.g., , etc. \ Roots are imaginary.
(iv) 7x2 – 7x – 42 = 0
Here, a = 7, b = –7, c = – 42
2
If – 4ac is a If
2
– 4ac is not a D = (–7)2 – 4(7) (– 42) = 49 + 1176
perfect square, perfect square,
Rational and unequal Irrational and unequal = 1225 > 0 and a perfect square
roots roots \ Roots are rational and unequal.
e.g,. 36 = 6, e.g,. 41, 59 are irrational.
Example 18: Without solving the following
49 = 7 are rational.
quadratic equation, find the value of ‘m’ for
Example 17: Find the nature of roots of the which the given equation has real and equal
following equations without solving: roots.
 x2 + 2(m – 1)x + (m + 5) = 0
(i) 5x2 – 8x – 12 = 0
Solution:
48 a = 1, b = 2(m – 1), c = m + 5
(ii) 3 x + = 24
x D = b2 – 4ac = 0 if roots are equal.
(iii) 2x2 – 9x + 13 = 0 \ [2(m – 1)]2 – 4(1)(m + 5) = 0
(iv) 7x2 – 7x – 42 = 0 4(m2 – 2m + 1) – 4m – 20 = 0
Solution: 4m2 – 8m + 4 – 4m – 20 = 0
(i) 5x2 – 8x – 12 = 0 4m2 – 12m – 16 = 0
Here, a = 5, b = – 8, c = –12 (Dividing by 4)
D = b2 – 4ac = (– 8)2 – 4(5)(–12) m2 – 3m – 4 = 0
= 64 + 240 m2 – 4m + m – 4 = 0
= 304 > 0 but not a perfect m( – 4) + 1(m – 4) = 0
square (m – 4) (m + 1) = 0
\ Roots are irrational and unequal. \ m = 4 or –1
48 Example 19: Without solving the following
(ii) 3x + = 24
x equations, find the value of ‘m’ for which the
given equation has real roots.
3x2 + 48 = 24x
[Multiplying both sides by x] (i) 3x2 – mx + 27 = 0
2
3x – 24x + 48 = 0 (ii) mx2 – 5x + 3 = 0
x2 – 8x + 16 = 0 [Dividing by 3] Solution:

Here, a = 1, b = – 8, c = 16 (i) a = 3, b = –m, c = 27

D = b2 – 4ac = (– 8)2 – 4(1) (16) If roots are real, b2 – 4ac > 0
= 64 – 64 = 0 (–m)2 – 4(3)(27) > 0
\ Roots are real and equal. m2 – 324 > 0
44 ICSE Mathematics—X
 m2 > 324 Solution:

m > 324  or m < − 324 If the roots are equal, D = 0.

⇒ m > 18 or m < –18 (c – a)2 – 4(b – c) (a – b) = 0
(ii) a = m, b = –5, c = 3 c2 – 2ac + a2 – 4(ab – ac – b2 + bc) = 0
If roots are real,
c2 – 2ac + a2 – 4ab + 4ac + 4b2 – 4bc = 0
b2 – 4ac > 0
(–5)2 – 4(m)(3) > 0 a2 + 4b2 + c2 – 4ab – 4bc + 2ac = 0

25 > 12m But, this is the expansion of (a – 2b + c)2.

25 1 \ (a – 2b + c)2 = 0
> m or m < 2
12 12
⇒ a – 2b + c = 0
Example 20: If the roots of the equation \ a + c = 2b.
(b – c) x2 + (c – a) x + (a – b) = 0 are equal, then
prove that 2b = a + c.

EXERCISE 5B
1. Solve for x. Give your answer correct to 2 4. Without solving the following equations, find
decimal places. the value of p, for which the given equation has
(i) x2 – 5x – 8 = 0 (ii) x2 – 9x – 12 = 0 equal roots.
1 2
(iii) x + = 3 (iv) 2x − = 7 (i) 4x2 + (p – 2)x + 1 = 0
x x
2 2 (ii) 9x2 + (p + 3)x + 1 = 0
(v) 5x – 3x = 9 (vi) x + 7x – 10 = 0
2
(vii) 4x – 9x – 12 = 0 (viii) x2 – 11x + 25 = 0 (iii) (p – 3)x2 – 2(p – 3)x + 2 = 0

2. Solve and give your answer correct to 3 (iv) (p + 6)x2 + (p + 3)x + 1 = 0

significant figures. (v) (p + 6)x2 + (p – 2)x + 1 = 0
(i) x2 – 4x + 1 = 0  [2003] (vi) px2 – 4x + 2 = 0
(ii) x2 – 4x – 8 = 0 (iii) x2 – 3x – 9 = 0
5. Without solving the following equations, find
(iv) x2 – 5x – 10 = 0  [2005, 2013] the value of k for which the given equation has
1
(v) 2x − = 7   [2006] real roots.
x
2
(vi)  4x – 7x + 2 = 0  [2009] (i) kx2 – 5x + 1 = 0

(vii) 5x(x + 2) = 3 (ii) x2 – kx + 9 = 0

(viii) (x – 1)2 – 3x + 4 = 0 [2011] (iii) x2 – x – k = 0
(ix) (x – 4)2 – 5x – 3 = 0
6. (i) If x = 2 is one root of the equation (k – 3)x2 –
3. Find the nature of roots of the following kx – 8 = 0, find the value of k. Also, find the
equations without solving: other root of the equation.
(i) 3x2 – x – 14 = 0 (ii) 2x2 – 3x + 9 = 0 (ii) If x = 4 is one root of (k + 2)x2 – (5k + 2)x – 4
(iii) 3x2 – 9x + 5 = 0 (iv) x2 – 30x + 225 = 0 = 0, find the value of k. Also, find the other
root of the equation.
(v) 5x2 – 8x – 12 = 0 (vi) 3x2 – 18x + 27 = 0

Quadratic Equations 45
Problems on Quadratic Equations \ x2 – 8x = 180
A word problem is solved by translating the x2 – 8x – 180 = 0
words of the problem to an algebraic equation
x2 – 18x + 10x – 180 = 0
and then solving it.
x(x – 18) + 10(x – 18) = 0
I. Problems Based on Numbers (x + 10)(x – 18) = 0
Example 21: The sum of two natural numbers ⇒ x = 18; x = –10 is rejected
7 ⇒ y2 = 8 × 18 = 144
is 14 and the sum of their reciprocals is .
24 y = 12
Find the numbers.
The two numbers are 18 and 12.
Solution:
Let one number be x. The other number is Example 23: A two-digit positive number is
14 – x. such that the product of its digits is 8. If 18 is
1 1 7 added to the number, the digits interchange
Sum of their reciprocals = + =
x 14 − x 24 their places. Find the number.
Solution:
14 − x + x 7
= Let the ten's place digit be x and unit's place
x (14 − x) 24
digit be y. Their product = xy = 8
14 × 24 = 7x (14 – x)
8
2 × 24 = x(14 – x) \ y = ...(i)
x
(Dividing both sides by 7)
Tens Units Number
x2 – 14x + 48 = 0 Original x y 10x + y
x2 – 8x – 6x + 48 = 0 Reverse y x 10y + x

x(x – 8) – 6(x – 8) = 0 According to the given condition,

Original no. + 18 = Reverse no.
(x – 8)(x – 6) = 0 ⇒ x = 8 or 6
10x + y + 18 = 10y + x...(ii)
\ 14 – x = 6 or 8
10x + y + 18 – 10y – x = 0
\ The two numbers are 8 and 6.
9x – 9y + 18 = 0
Example 22: The difference of squares of two
natural numbers is 180. The square of the ⇒ x – y + 2 = 0 [Dividing by 9]
smaller number is 8 times the larger number. 8
Find the numbers. x− +2= 0
x
Solution: 8
[Substituting y = from (i)]
x
Let the larger number be x and smaller number
be y. x2 + 2x – 8 = 0
2
x + 4x – 2x – 8 = 0
\ x2 – y2 = 180
(x + 4) (x – 2) = 0
Square of smaller no. = 8 times the larger no. x = – 4 (rejected) or 2
y2 = 8x
46 ICSE Mathematics—X
 8 The number = 10x + x + 1 = 11x + 1
If x = 2, y = = 4
2 Product of no. and ten's digit
\ The two-digit number = 10x + y
= 10 × 2 + 4 = 24.
Example 24: In a two-digit number, the
unit's digit exceeds its ten's digit by 1, and
the product of the given number and its ten's
digit is 280. Find the number.
Solution:
Let the ten's digit be x.
\ Unit's digit = x + 1
EXERCISE 5C
1. Find two consecutive positive even numbers,
the sum of whose squares is 452.
2. The sum of two numbers is 9. Eighteen times
the sum of their reciprocals is also 9. Find the
numbers.
3. The difference of squares of two numbers is
112. The square of the smaller is 9 times the
larger number. Find the numbers.
4. The sum of squares of two numbers is 208.
The square of the larger number is 18 times
the smaller number. Find the numbers.
5. A two-digit positive number is such that the
product of the digits is 24. If 18 is subtracted
from the number, the digits are reversed. Find
the number.
II. Geometrical Problems
Example 25: The sum of areas of two squares
is 225 m2. If the difference of their perimeters
is 12 m , find the length of sides of the squares.
= (11x + 1)x = 11x2 + x = 280
11x2 + x – 280 = 0
11x2 – 55x + 56x – 280 = 0
11x (x – 5) + 56 (x – 5) = 0
(x – 5) (11x + 56) = 0
−56
x = 5; x = invalid.
11
\ The number = 56.
6. The sum of squares of three consecutive
natural numbers is 434. Take the middle
number as x and frame an equation in x, and
solve it to find the three numbers.
7. A natural number is 2 2 more than its
3
reciprocal. Find the number.
8. A two-digit number is 4 times the sum of its
digits and is 16 more than the product of its
digits. Find the number.
9. The numerator of a fraction is 2 less than
its denominator. If 3 is added to each of the
numerator and the denominator, the fraction
increases by 1 . find the fraction.
18
Solution:
Let the side of the bigger square be x and the
side of smaller square be y.
Sum of their areas
= x2 + y2 = 225 ...(i)
Quadratic Equations 47
Difference of their perimeters
= 4x – 4y = 12 ...(ii)
\ x – y = 3
x = y + 3
Substituting this value of x in the first equation,
we get
(y + 3)2 + y2 = 225
y2 + 6y + 9 + y2 – 225 = 0
2y2 + 6y – 216 = 0
y2 + 3y – 108 = 0 [divide by 2]
y2 + 12y – 9y – 108 = 0
y(y + 12) – 9(y + 12) = 0
(y – 9)(y + 12) = 0
y = 9 and rejecting y = –12 as length cannot
be negative.
\ x = 9 + 3 = 12
The sides of the square are 9 m and 12 m.
EXERCISE 5D
1. The perimeter of a rectangle is 60 cm. Take x
as the breadth and express length in terms of
x. If the area of the rectangle is 216 cm2,
the value of x.
2. The length of a verandah is 3 m more than
its breadth. The numerical value of its area is
equal to the numerical value of its perimeter.
Find the dimensions of the verandah.
3. The area of a hall is 288 m2. If the length were
increased by 6 m and the breadth decreased
by 4 m, the area would be unaltered, find the
length of the room.
4. A rectangular park has a jogger’s path of
uniform width around it on the outside. If the
48 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 26: The length of a rectangle
exceeds the breadth by 5 m. If the length
was decreased by 4 m and the breadth was
doubled, then the area would be increased
by 40 m2. Find the length.
Solution:
Let the breadth be x metres.
\ length = x + 5
New length = x + 5 – 4 = x + 1
New breadth = 2x
New area = 2x(x + 1)
Original area + 40 = New area
x(x + 5) + 40 = 2x(x + 1)
x2 + 5x + 40 = 2x2 + 2x
x2 – 3x – 40 = 0
(x – 8)(x + 5) = 0
\ x = 8; x = –5 is rejected
Length = 8 + 5 = 13 m.
area of the path is 258 m2 and the dimensions
of the park are 21 m by 16 m, find the width
find of the path.
5. The length of a rectangular garden is twice
the length of a square garden and its breadth
is 2 m less than that of the square. The area
of the rectangular garden is 21 m2 more than
that of the square. Find the dimensions of the
rectangle.
6. Bimal wishes to start a 200 m2 rectangular
garden. Since he has only 50 m barbed wire,
he fences three sides of the garden letting his
house compound wall act as one of the longer
sides of the garden. Find the dimensions of
the garden.
III. P
 roblems based on Pythagoras of radius 12 cm touches three sides of the
Theorem rectangle. The smaller circle of radius x cm
Example 27: A wire of length 60 cm is touches two sides of the rectangle and the
bent to form a right-angled triangle and its larger circle at T. P and R are the centres of
hypotenuse is 26 cm. Find the other two sides the circles. Write PQ, PR and MN in terms of
of the triangle. x. Frame an equation in x and solve it.
A D
Solution:
Perimeter of the triangle = 60 cm P T
Q R

26 B M N C
x

Solution:
34 –x
Radius PM = 12 cm, radius RN = x
Hypotenuse = 26 cm \ PQ = 12 – x
\ Sum of other two sides = 34 cm PR = PT + TR = 12 + x
Let one side be x \ the other side = 34 – x MN = 27 – (BM + NC)
Using Pythagoras theorem, = 27 – (12 + x) = 15 – x
x2 + (34 – x)2 = 262 \ QR = 15 – x
x2 + 1156 – 68x + x2 = 676 Using Pythagoras theorem in DPQR,
2x2 – 68x + 480 = 0 PQ2 + QR2 = PR2
x2 – 34x + 240 = 0 [divide by 2] (12 – x)2 + (15 – x)2 = (12 + x)2
2
x – 10x – 24x + 240 = 0 144 – 24x + x2 + 225 – 30x + x2 = 144 + 24x + x2
(x – 10)(x – 24) = 0 x2 – 78x + 225 = 0
\ x = 10 or 24 x2 – 75x – 3x + 225 = 0
The other two sides are 10 cm and 24 cm. (x – 75)(x – 3) = 0
Example 28: ABCD is a rectangle where x = 75 or 3
AB = 24 cm and AD = 27 cm. The larger circle \ radius = 3 cm; x = 75 is not possible.

EXERCISE 5E
1. If the perimeter of a right-angled triangle is and with centre C has radius 20 cm. If ∠BAC
40 cm and its hypotenuse is 2 cm longer than = 90°, frame an equation in x and solve for it.
one side, find the lengths of the sides of the
3. PR = 25 cm. With P and R as centres, two circles
triangle.
of radii 12 cm and 7 cm are drawn. A third circle
2. Three circles with centres A, B
with centre Q and radius x
B and C touch externally each A cm is drawn touching the P
R
other. The radius of circle with first two circles externally
centre A is x cm, radius of circle C
and ∠PQR = 90°. Find the Q
with centre B has radius 6 cm radius x.

Quadratic Equations 49
 4. A wire of length 72 cm is bent to form a
right-angled triangle of hypotenuse 30 cm.
Find the lengths of the other two sides.
5. Cyclist A moves at a speed of x km/h from
a place in the eastern direction. Cyclist B
IV. Problems on Age
Example 29: The age of a grandmother is
square of her granddaughter’s age. Four years
ago, she was 15 times the child’s age. Find
their present ages.
Solution:
Let the present age of the girl be x.
\ Her grandmother’s age = x2.
Grandmother Granddaughter
Present age x2 x 5 years ago
4 years ago x2 –4 x–4
According to the given condition,
x2 – 4 = 15(x – 4)
x2 – 15x + 56 = 0
(x – 7)(x – 8) = 0
x = 7 or 8
\ The present ages are 7 years, 49 years
or 8 years, 64 years
EXERCISE 5F
1. A woman is six times as old as her son. Two
years ago, the product of their ages was 84.
Find their present ages.
2. The sum of ages of a mother and her daughter
is 40 years. Five years ago, the mother ’s
age was square of her daughter’s age. Find
their present ages. By taking x years as the
daughter’s present age, frame an equation in
x and solve for x.
3. Three years ago, a father’s age was square of
his son’s age. Six years hence, his age will be
thrice his son’s age. Find their present ages.
50 ICSE Mathematics—X
moves at (x + 3) km/h from the same place
towards the northern direction. If after
2 hours the distance between them is 30 km,
find the value of x.
Example 30: Five years ago, a woman’s age
was the square of her son’s age. Four years
hence, her age will be thrice that of her son’s
age. Find
(i) the age of son five years ago.
(ii) the present age of the woman.
Solution:
Let the age of the son five years ago be x.
\ The woman’s age = x2.
Woman Son
x2 x
Present age x2 + 5 x+5
4 years hence x2 + 9 x+9
x2 + 9 = 3(x + 9)
x2 – 3x – 18 = 0
(x – 6)(x + 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 6
(i) The age of son 5 years ago
= x = 6 years
(ii) The present age of mother
= x2 + 5 = 62 + 5 = 41 years
4. Four years ago, a father’s age was square of
his daughter’s age. Nine years hence, his age
will be 2 more than thrice his daughter’s age.
Find their present ages.
5. Ms S Rao has two sons. At present her age is
equal to the sum of the squares of their ages.
Seventeen years hence, she will be twice her
older son's age. Find the present ages of her
sons if their age difference is 1 year.
6. 10 years ago, Amina's age was square of her
sister's age. Eleven years hence, she will be 6 years
older than her sister. Find their present ages.
V. Problems on Speed Solution:
Example 31: A plane travels a distance of
D
2400 km at a certain speed. But on the return Distance Speed Time =
trip due to bad weather, it reduces its speed S
by 50 km/h and covers the same distance in Winter 264 km x km/h 264
hours
12 minutes more than that of onward journey. x
Find the original speed of the plane. 264
Summer 264 km (x + 8) km/h hours
Solution: x+8
Let the original speed of the plane be x km/h. Difference in time = 22 minutes
Distance Speed Time
264 264 22
2400 − = hours
Onward 2400 km x km/h hours x x+8 60
x
(x – 50) 2400    [Dividing by 22]
Return 2400 km hours 12 12 1
km/h x − 50 − =
x x+8 60
12 12 ( x + 8) − 12 x 1
Difference in time = 12 minutes = hours =
60 x ( x + 8) 60
2400 2400 12 60[ 12x + 96 − 12x ] = x(x + 8)
− =
x − 50 x 60
96 × 60 = x(x + 8)
Note the fraction with smaller denominator is
\ x2
+ 8x – 5760 = 0
bigger. So, it comes first in the equation.
x2 + 80x – 72x – 5760 = 0
Dividing by 12,
(x + 80) (x – 72) = 0
200 200 1
− = x = – 80 is rejected, x = 72
x − 50 x 60
\ Its speed in winter = 72 km/h
200 x − 200 ( x − 50) 1
=
x ( x − 50) 60 Observe:
• When numerator is same, the fraction with
10000 × 60 = x2 – 50x
smaller denominator is larger.
\ x2 – 50x – 600000 = 0 264 264
\ Difference in time = − .
x2 – 800x + 750x – 600000 = 0 x x+8
• Both these are in hours.
(x – 800)(x + 750) = 0
\ Convert 22 minutes to hours by dividing by 60.
\ x = 800
\ Speed of onward journey = 800 km/h. Example 33: A boat goes 12 km downstream
and returns moving upstream to the same spot
Example 32: In winter, a train travels a 1
distance of 264 km at a certain speed. In after 4 hours. The speed of the current is
2
summer, it travels 8 km/h faster than in winter
and takes 22 minutes less than in winter. Find 2 km/h. Find the speed of the boat in still
its speed in winter. water.
Quadratic Equations 51
Solution: 4 4 3
+ =
Let the speed of the boat in still water be x+2 x−2 2
x km/h.
4( x − 2) + 4( x + 2) 3
D =
Distance Speed Time = ( x + 2) ( x − 2) 2
S
8x 3
(x + 2) 12 =
2 2
Downstream 12 km hours x −4
km/h x+2
(x – 2) 12 16x = 3x2 – 12
Upstream 12 km hours 3x2 – 16x – 12 = 0
km/h x−2
3x2 – 18x + 2x – 12 = 0
1
Total time taken = 4 hours 3x(x – 6) + 2(x – 6) = 0
2 (x – 6)(3x + 2) = 0
12 12 9 −2
+ = \ x = 6, x = is invalid
x+2 x−2 2 3
[Dividing by 3] The speed of the boat in still water = 6 km/h.

EXERCISE 5G
1. A train covers 120 km at a uniform speed.
If its speed had been increased by 15 km/h,
it would have covered the distance in 40
minutes less. Find the original speed.
2. A motorist leaves his home at 8 a.m. to a place
90 km away. If he drives at an average speed
of (x – 5) km/h, he will be 15 minutes late for
his appointment. If driving at (x + 10) km/h,
he will be 15 minutes too early. Find the value
of x and the time fixed for the appointment.
3. A plane flies a distance of 1600 km at a certain
speed. On the return journey, due to bad
weather, as the speed was reduced by 40 km/h
it took 1 hour 20 minutes more than the onward
journey. Find the speed of the onward journey.
4. A boy takes 24 minutes less by cycling to
school than when he walks. The distance
between his school and residence is 3 km. If
he cycles 10 km/h faster than he walks, find
his walking speed.
5. The distance by road between two places A
and B is 240 km and by rail is 200 km. The
speed of a train is 10 km/h more than a car’s
speed and thus it takes 2 hours less than the
car to travel the distance from A to B. Find
the speed of the train.
6. A plane travels a distance of 1200 km at a
certain speed. But on the return trip its speed
was increased by 80 km/h and hence it took
30 minutes less than the onward journey. Find
the original speed.
7. A boy cycles to his friend’s house, 8 km away,
against the wind which blows at 6 km/h.
After some time he returns and notes that
the double trip took him 2 hours 30 minutes.
Find the boy’s cycling speed in still air if on
the return trip he cycles with the wind.
8. The speed of a boat in still water is 9 km/h. It
goes 15 km downstream and returns moving
upstream in 3 hours 45 minutes. Find the
speed of the stream.
9. In a Marathon race, Sudhir ran 48 km at
an average speed of x km/h and Madhav
ran the race 3 km/h faster than Sudhir and
finished the race 32 minutes before Sudhir.
Solve for x.
10. A passenger train leaves a station at 6 a.m.
followed by an express train which leaves at
6:30 a.m and travels 20 km/h faster than the
passenger train. The express train arrives at
a station 90 km away, fifteen minutes before
the passenger train. Calculate their speeds.

52 ICSE Mathematics—X
VI. Miscellaneous Examples 1 1
\ In 1 hour, the two pipes fill and
Example 34: Chaitanya invested some money x x−3
in `100 shares paying 9% dividend. If the (respectively) of the tank.
market value was `15 less, he would have Total time = 3 hours 36 minutes
earned 2% more return on his investment.
36 3 18
Find the market value of the share. = 3 = 3 = hours
60 5 5
Solution:
5
d% × FV = r% × MV \ In 1 hour, of tank is filled by both pipes.
18
where d% = Rate of dividend 1 1 5
r% = Rate of return \ + =
x x−3 18
Let MV be `x.
x−3+x 5
\ New MV = `x – 15 =
x ( x − 3) 18
d% × FV 9 × 100
Rate of return = = (2x – 3)18 = 5(x2 – 3x)
MV x
36x – 54 = 5x2 – 15x
9 × 100
New rate of return = 5x2 – 51x + 54 = 0
x − 15
5x2 – 45x – 6x + 54 = 0
Difference in the rate of return = 2%
5x(x – 9) – 6(x – 9) = 0
900 900 (x – 9)(5x – 6) = 0
− = 2
x − 15 x 6
x = 9 or 
900 x − 900 ( x − 15) 5
= 2 6
x ( x − 15) x = is not possible because 3 hours less than
5
6
will be negative.
13500 = 2(x2 – 15x) 5
\ x2 – 15x – 6750 = 0 \ The time taken by the two pipes are 9 hours
and 6 hours respectively.
x2 – 90x + 75x – 6750 = 0
x(x – 90) + 75(x – 90) = 0 Example 36: Amrita bought some pens for
`360. When the price of each was reduced by
(x – 90) (x + 75) = 0
`3, she could buy 6 more pens for the same
\ x = 90; –75 not valid cost of `360. Find the original cost of the pen.
MV of the share = `90. Solution:
Example 35: One pipe can fill a tank in Let the original cost of each pen be `x.
3 hours less than the other. The two pipes can Total Cost of No. of pens
fill the tank in 3 hours 36 minutes. Find the cost each pen
time each pipe would take to fill the tank.
360
Solution: Original `360 `x
x
Let one pipe can fill the tank in x hours. 360
Later `360 `(x – 3)
\ Second pipe can fill the tank in (x – 3) hours. x−3

Quadratic Equations 53
Since 6 more pens could be bought, 120 x − 100 ( x − 10)
360 360 = 1
\ − = 6 x ( x − 10)
x−3 x
120x – 100x + 1000 = x2 – 10x
[Observe that the fraction with
smaller denominator is taken first] x2 – 10x – 20x – 1000 = 0
60 60 x2 – 30x – 1000 = 0
− = 1 [Dividing by 6]
x−3 x x2 – 50x + 20x – 1000 = 0
60 x − 60( x − 3) (x – 50)(x + 20) = 0
= 1
x ( x − 3) x = 50
\ Number of vases bought = 50.
60x − 60x + 180 = x2 – 3x
Example 38: In an auditorium, the number
x2 – 3x – 180 = 0 of rows was equal to the number of seats
x2 – 15x + 12x – 180 = 0 in each row. When the number of rows was
(x – 15)(x + 12) = 0 doubled and the number of seats in each row
x = 15; –12 not possible was reduced by 12, then the number of seats
increased by 1300. How many rows were
\ The original cost of each pen is `15. there? How many seats were there?
Solution:
Example 37: Some glass flower vases were
bought for `6000. Ten were damaged during Let the number of rows be x.
transporting. The remaining were sold for \ The number seats in each row = x.
a total profit of `1200 by selling each for Total number of seats = x2
`60 more than what was paid for. Find the
number of vases bought. Arrangement No. of No. of Total no.
Solution: rows seats in of seats
each row
Let x vases be bought. Original x x x2
Total money No. of Price of Later 2x x – 12 2x (x – 12)
vases each
Original no. of seats + 1300 = New no. of seats
6000
Buying `6000 x ` x2 + 1300 = 2x(x – 12)
x
2x2 – 24x – x2 – 1300 = 0
`(6000 + 1200) 7200
Selling x – 10 ` x2 – 24x – 1300 = 0
= `7200 x − 10
x2 – 50x + 26x – 1300 = 0
Difference in price of each = `60
x(x – 50) + 26(x – 50) = 0
SP of each – CP of each = Profit on each
(x – 50) (x + 26) = 0
7200 6000
− = 60 x = 50; x = –26 (invalid)
x − 10 x
\ No. of rows = x = 50
120 100
− = 1 [Dividing by 60] No. of seats = x2 = 2500.
x − 10 x
54 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 39: A piece of cloth costs ` 75. If the
length of the cloth had been 2 m longer and
each metre costs `10 less the cost would have
remained same. How long is the piece?
Solution:
Let the length of the piece be x metres.
75
\ Cost of 1 m of cloth = ` .
x
If cloth is (x + 2) metres long,
75
cost of each metre = ` . \ Length of the cloth = 3 m.
x+2
EXERCISE 5H
1. A man bought some books for `1200. When
the price of each rose by `30, he could buy 2
books less for `1200. Find the original price
of the book.
2. The total cost of some pizzas in a school
canteen was `3000. When the price of each
pizza was increased by `15, ten fewer pizzas
could be bought for the same cost of `3000.
Find the original price of each pizza.
3. A person has `9600 for his daily expenses on a
tour. If his tour exceeds by 4 days, he must cut
his daily expenses by `200. Take the number
of days of his tour as x, frame an equation in
x and solve it.
4. 6400 notebooks were distributed among some
children. Had there been 80 children less, each
would have received 4 more books. Take the
number of books received by each child as x,
frame an equation in x and solve for it.
5. x calculators were bought by a shopkeeper for
`4800. Two were damaged. The remaining
75 75
Difference in price = − = 10
x x+2
75 x + 150 − 75 x
= 10
x( x + 2)
150
\ = x2 + 2x
10
x2 + 2x – 15 = 0
(x + 5) (x – 3) = 0
x = 3
were sold each for `40 more than he had
paid for. He thus made a profit of `800 on
the whole transaction. Frame an equation in
x and solve for it.
6. A man bought x chairs for `6000. He kept
one for his use and then sold the remaining,
each for `60 more than what he had paid for.
Thereby he made a profit of `1200 on the whole
transaction. How many chairs did he buy?
7. Some members of a club decided to go for
a picnic and hired a bus for `6000. If 5 more
members had joined, it would have cost each
one `40 less for the bus. How many members
went for the picnic?
8. For a total cost of `42,000, x number of mobile
phones were bought. But when the price of
each went up by `200, for the same amount
now 5 less mobiles could be bought. Frame an
equation in x and solve it. Also find the new
price of the mobile.
Quadratic Equations 55
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. Solve the following equations:
(i) 7x2 – 8x – 12 = 0 (ii) 8 (a + 2)2 + 18 (a + 2) = 5
2. Find the nature of roots of the following equations without solving.
(i) 2x2 – 3x + 4 = 0 (ii) 3x2 – 30x + 75 = 0
3. Without solving the following equations, find the value of 'p' for which the equation has real and
equal roots.
(i) 25x2 – 2px + (p – 4) = 0 (ii) (p – 4) x2 + 2px + 18 = 0
4. Solve the following equations and give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.
1
 (i) x + =2 (ii) (x – 3)2 + 3x – 15 = 0
5x
5. (i) Find the value of k for which x = 3 is a solution of (k + 2)x2 – kx + 6 = 0. Also find the other root
of the equation. [2015]
(ii) If x = 2 is one root of the quadratic equation (k + 1)x2 – kx – 10 = 0, find the value of k and also
the other root.

Solve the following by framing the equations.
6. A boy is excited about his birthday which is approaching. He collects 1 leaf on the first day of the
month, 2 leaves on the second day and 3 leaves on the third day of the month and so on. On his
birthday, he finds that he has collected 210 leaves in all. On which day of the month is his birthday?
7. A passenger train takes 2 hours 30 minutes more than an express train for a journey of
600 km. The speed of the express train is 8 km/h more than the passenger train. Find the speed of
the passenger train.
8. A grocer bought some baskets of fruit for `1500. Five baskets of fruit were lost in transit. He sold
each of the rest for `10 more than he paid for them and made neither profit nor loss. Find the
number of baskets of fruit bought.
9. A man’s stride is x cm long and his wife’s stride is 15 cm shorter. He covers 30 m in 10 steps less
than his wife. Frame an equation in x and solve it.
10. A two-digit positive number is such that the product of its digits is 18. If 27 is subtracted from it,
the digits interchange their places. Find the number.

BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS

1. A train covers a distance of 600 km at x km/h. Had
the speed been (x + 20) km/h, the time taken to
cover the distance would have been reduced by
5 hours. Write down an equation in x and solve
(ii) If car A uses 4 litres of petrol more than car
it to evaluate x. [1996]
2. Car A travels x km for every litre of petrol, while
car B travels (x + 5) km for every litre of petrol.
(i) Write down the number of litres of petrol
used by car A and car B in covering a
distance of 400 km.
B in covering the 400 km, write down an
equation in x and solve it to determine the
number of litres of petrol used by car B for
the journey. [1997]

56 ICSE Mathematics—X
 3. The distance by road between two towns A and B,
is 216 km, and by rail it is 208 km. A car travels at
a speed of x km/h and the train travels at a speed
which is 16 km/h faster than the car. Calculate:
(i) The time taken by the car to reach town B
from A, in terms of x;
(ii) The time taken by the train, to reach town
(ii) The number of seats in the auditorium after
B, from A, in terms of x;
(iii) If the train takes 2 hours less than the car, to
reach town B, obtain an equation in x, and
solve it.
(iv) Hence, find the speed of the train. [1998]
4. A trader buys x articles for a total cost of `600.
(i) Write down the cost of one article in terms
of x. If the cost per article were `5 more, the
number of articles that can be bought for
`600 would be four less.
(ii) Write down the equation in x for the above
situation and solve it to find x. [1999]
 [2005]
5. The hotel bill for a number of people for overnight
stay is `4800/- If there were 4 more, the bill each
person had to pay would have reduced by `200/-.
Find the number of people staying overnight.
 [2000]
6. Solve for x and give your answers correct to
2 decimal places.
   x2 – 10x + 6 = 0 [2001]
7. An aeroplane travelled a distance of 400 km at an
average speed of x km/h. On the return journey,
the speed was increased by 40 km/h. Write down
(ii) The present age of the woman.
an expression for the time taken for:-
(i) The onward journey;
(ii) The return journey.
If the return journey took 30 minutes less than
the onward journey, write down an equation in
x and find its value. [2002]
8. In an auditorium, seats were arranged in rows and
columns. The number of rows was equal to the
number of seats in each row. When the number
of rows was doubled and the number of seats in
each row was reduced by 10, the total number of
seats increased by 300. Find:
(i) The number of rows in the original
arrangement.
re-arrangement. [2003]
9. Solve the equation 3x2 – x – 7 = 0 and give your
answer correct to two decimal places. [2004]
10. P and Q are centres of circles of radius 9 cm and
2 cm respectively. PQ = 17 cm. R is the centre of
a circle of radius x cm, which touches the above
circles externally. Given that ∠PRQ = 90°, write
an equation in x and solve it. [2004]
11. By increasing the speed of a car by 10 km/h, the
time of journey for a distance of 72 km is reduced
by 36 minutes. Find the original speed of the car.
12. A shopkeeper buys a certain number of books
for `720. If the cost per book was `5 less, the
number of books that could be bought for `720
would be two more. Taking the original cost of
each book to be `x, write an equation in x and
solve it. [2006]
13. Five years ago, a woman’s age was the square
of her son’s age. Ten years hence her age will be
twice that of her son’s age. Find:
(i) The age of the son five years ago
[2007]
14. Some students planned a picnic. The budget for
the food was `480. As eight of them failed to join
the party, the cost of the food for each member
increased by `10. Find how many students went
for the picnic. [2008]
15. The speed of an express train is x km/h and the
speed of an ordinary train is 12 km/h less than
that of the express train. If the ordinary train takes
Quadratic Equations 57
 one hour longer than the express train to cover a
distance of 240 km, find the speed of the express
train. [2009]
16. Without solving the following quadratic equation,
find the value of ‘p’ for which the roots are
equal.
   px2 – 4x + 3 = 0 [2010]
17. `480 is divided equally among ‘x’ children. If
the number of children were 20 more then each
would have got `12 less. Find ‘x’. [2011]
18. A car covers a distance of 400 km at a certain
speed. Had the speed been 12 km/h more, the
time taken for the journey would have been
1 hour 40 minutes less. Find the original speed
of the car. [2012]
19. Without solving the following quadratic equation,
find the value of ‘m’ for which the given equation
has real and equal roots.
x2 + 2 (m – 1) x + (m + 5) = 0.
[2012]
20. Without solving the following quadratic equation,
find the value of ‘p’ for which the given equation
has real and equal roots:
   x2 + (p – 3) x + p = 0. [2013]
21. A shopkeeper purchases a certain number of
books for `960. If the cost per book was `8 less,
the number of books that could be purchased for
`960 would be 4 more. Write an equation, taking
the original cost of each book to be `x, and solve
it to find the original cost of the books.
[2013]
22. A two digit positive number is such that the
product of its digits is 6. If 9 is added to the
number, the digits interchange their places. Find
the number.
[2014]
23. Sum of two natural numbers is 8 and the
2
difference of their reciprocals is . Find the
numbers. 15
[2015]
24. `7500 were divided equally among a certain
number of children. Had there been 20 less
children, each would have received `100 more.
Find the original number of children. [2018]
25. The product of two consecutive natural numbers
which are multiples of 3, is equal to 810. Find the
two numbers. [2019]

POINTS AT A GLANCE
1. Standard form of Quadratic Equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0.

−b ± b2 − 4 ac
The roots are .
2a

(i) Use powers and factorial page to find the square root of the numbers from 1–99 and round off only in
the end as asked in the question.

(ii) If it is a 3-digit number, see square root page (1st line).

(iii) If asked to leave in surd (root) form, simplify 63 = 9×7 = 3 7.

(iv) In significant figures, remember the last zero in a decimal number is significant. e.g., 2.703 answer to
3 significant figures is 2.70.

(v) When one of the answers is negative, the minus sign should not be forgotten in the final answer.

58 ICSE Mathematics—X
 2. Word Problems – Remember to put the fraction with smaller denominator first.
6400 6400
e.g., − = 28 =1
x x + 14
↑ ↑
smaller smaller
denominator denominator
3. In speed problems, convert minutes to hours because the speeds of car, train, plane, etc., are given in km/h.
e.g., Difference in time = 20 minutes.
20 1
= = hour
60 3

4. If a and b are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the equation can be written as (x – a) (x – b) = 0.
On simplification, the quadratic equation with the given roots can be written in the standard form.
5. If roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
(i) equal, then b2 = 4ac or D = 0.

(ii) real, then b2 ≥ 4ac or D ≥ 0.

(iii) imaginary, when D < 0.

6. (i) If D > 0 and a perfect square, roots are rational and unequal.

(ii) If D > 0 and not a perfect square, roots are irrational and unequal.

DO YOU KNOW?
BRAHMAGUPTA (598–670 AD)
Brahmagupta was a famous Indian mathematician born in 598 AD in Ujjain. He
gave many operations on zero. He is considered as the founder of Numerical
Analysis. He framed laws to solve simple and quadratic equations. His famous
book is “Brahma Sphuta Sidhanta”. Brahmagupta’s formula for the area of a cyclic
quadrilateral is ( s − a) ( s − b) ( s − c ) ( s − d) , where a, b, c, d are the length of sides.
1
S = Semi-perimeter = (a + b + c + d) A
2
For a general quadrilateral with sides a, b, c and d, a d

Area = ( s − a) ( s − b) ( s − c ) ( s − d) − l C
D
1 
where, l = abcd cos2  (A + B) 
2 
b c Brahmagupta

A = angle between a and d B

B = angle between b and c

Quadratic Equations 59
 RATIO AND PROPORTION
6
RATIO 5. The order of the terms in a ratio is
A ratio is a comparison of two or more important.
quantities of the same kind and with the same e.g., Rajiv’s and Vikrant’s marks in a test
units. Ratio of two numbers a and b is the are 18 and 16 respectively. If ratio of their
a marks is asked and if Rajiv’s name comes
quotient, i.e., .
b first in the ratio, then his marks should
a
The ratio of a to b is written as a : b = , where come first in the ratio.
b
6. Ratio is taken only between positive
a is called the antecedent and b is called the
quantities.
consequent. a and b are called the terms in the
ratio. 7. Value of a ratio remains the same when
both the terms are multiplied or divided
Facts about Ratio by the same number.
1. Ratio of two similar quantities is found. a ka a a k
= and = ,k≠0
e.g., We do not find the ratio between b kb b b k
height of a student and his marks.
Remarks:
2. The ratio should be expressed in its lowest
1. If two numbers are in the ratio 2 : 3, it does
terms.
not imply that first number is 2 and the second
50 25 number is 3. It can be assumed that the two
e.g., = = 25 : 6
12 6 numbers are 2k and 3k, where k is a common
factor of the numbers.
3. No units are written in a ratio. e.g., If the ratio of ages of a child and a father is
e.g., If areas of two triangles are 32 cm2 1 : 4, it is absurd to assume that the child is 1 year
and 18 cm2, we write their ratio as old and the father is 4 years old.
32 : 18 = 16 : 9. 2. In the same problem, two ratios cannot be
assumed to have same common factor x.
4. When two quantities are in different e.g., Let ratio of pocket money of 2 boys be
units, first convert them into same units. 3 : 4 and their expenditures are in the ratio
2 : 3. If pocket money is assumed as 3x and 4x,
e.g., 2 hours : 45 minutes
it is wrong to assume that expenditure is 2x and
3 3x. Instead use another variable and assume 2y
= 2 hours : hours = 8 : 3
4 and 3y as expenditure.
 Example 3: The incomes of A and B are in
x2 + y2 17
Example 1: If = , find the value of the ratio 5 : 8. Each saves `1000 and the ratio of
x2 – y2 8
their expenditures is 8 : 13. Find their incomes.
x3 + y3
 (i) x : y    (ii) [2014] Solution:
x3 – y3 Let the incomes of A and B be 5x and 8x.
Solution: \ Expenditure = Income – Savings
x2 + y 2
(i) = 17 = 5x – 1000 and 8x – 1000
2 2 5 x − 1000 = 8
x −y 8 \
8 x − 1000 13
8x2 + 8y2 = 17x2 – 17y2
13(5x – 1000) = 8(8x – 1000)
8y2 + 17y2 = 17x2 – 8x2
65x – 13000 = 64x – 8000
25y2 = 9x2 x = 5000
25 x2 \ Their incomes are `25,000 and `40,000
= respectively.
9 y2
x 5

\ =  or x : y=5:3 Example 4: In an examination, the ratio of
y 3
passes to failures is 18 : 1. If 10 more had
x3 y 3 x3 appeared and 30 more had passed, the ratio
+ +1
x3 + y 3 y3 y3 y3 of passes to failures would be 31 : 1. Find the
(ii) = =
x3 − y 3 x3 y 3 x3 total number of candidates who appeared for
− −1 the examination.
y3 y3 y3
3 Solution:
5 125 + 27
  +1 Let the number of failures be x.
=  3  = 27
\ The number of passes = 18x
5
3 125 − 27
  −1 27 The total no. = x + 18x = 19x
3
No. of No. of Total
152 76
= = passes failures number
98 49
Original 18x x 19x
Example 2: Two numbers are in the ratio New 18x + 30 Total – No. 19x + 10
3 : 4. If 4 is subtracted from each term, then condition of Passes
the ratio becomes 5 : 7. Find the original 19x + 10 –
numbers. (18x + 30) =
Solution: x – 20
Let the two numbers be 3x and 4x. 18 x + 30 31
3x − 4 5 New ratio of passes to failures = =
= x − 20 1
4x − 4 7
\ 18x + 30 = 31(x – 20)
7(3x – 4) = 5(4x – 4) 18x + 30 = 31x – 620
21x – 28 = 20x – 20 620 + 30 = 31x – 18x
21x – 20x = 28 – 20 13x = 650
x = 8 x = 50
\ The numbers are 3 × 8 = 24 and 4 × 8 = 32. \ Total number of candidates = 19x = 950
Ratio and Proportion 61
PROPORTION a c
+ 1 = + 1
Proportion describes how two quantities are b d
related to each other. When two ratios are  (Adding 1 to both sides)
equal, then the four quantities are said to be a+b c+d
=
in proportion. b d
If a : b : : c : d, then a, b, c and d are said to a c
Dividendo If = ,
be proportional and d is called the fourth b d
proportional. a and d—the first and last terms a c
are called the extremes and b and c, the means. then − 1 = − 1
b d
If      a : b = c : d  (Subtracting 1 from both sides)
a−b c−d
then ad = bc =
b d
Product of extremes = Product of means Componendo and Dividendo
Continued Proportion a c a+b c+d
If   = , by componendo = ...(i)
a b c d b d b d
(i) If = = = = … then a, b, c, d, e, … a−b c−d
b c d e    by dividendo = ...(ii)
b d
are said to be in continued proportion. Now dividing (i) by (ii),
a b
(ii) If = , then a, b, c are in continued a+b c+d
b c = or (a + b) : (a – b) = (c + d) : (c – d)
a−b c−d
proportion.
Example 5: If a, b, c, d are proportional,
b2 = ac prove that
b is called the mean proportion of a and c, and 5a + 7b 5c + 7d
=
c is called the third proportional to a and b. 5a − 7b 5c − 7d

Properties of Proportion Solution:

a c Method 1:
If a : b = c : d, then = . a c
b d Given = . Let each ratio = k
b d
Now taking reciprocal on both sides, we get
\ a = bk and c = dk
b d
Invertendo  = or b : a = d : c 5a + 7 b 5(bk ) + 7 b
a c LHS = =
5a − 7 b 5(bk ) − 7 b
Alternendo If a : b = c : d, then a : c = b : d.
a c b(5 k + 7) 5 k + 7
or = = =
b d b(5 k − 7) 5 k − 7
a b 5c + 7 d 5(dk ) + 7 d
then = RHS = =
c d 5c − 7 d 5(dk ) − 7 d
d(5 k + 7) 5 k + 7
Componendo If a : b = c : d, then = =
a c d(5 k − 7) 5 k − 7
=
b d \ LHS = RHS
62 ICSE Mathematics—X
Method 2: 6a 6c
a c =
Given = 8b 8d
b d
5a 5c a c
= \ =
7b 7d b d
5 Example 8: Use properties of proportion to
(Multiplying both sides by )
7 solve for x.
5a + 7 b 5c + 7 d
\ = x2 − x + 1 14( x − 1)
5a − 7 b 5c − 7 d =
x2 + x + 1 13( x + 1)
 (Using componendo and dividendo)
Solution:
1 1 2 x2 − x + 1 14 x − 14
Example 6: If a + c = 2b and + = , then =
b d c 2 13 x + 13
x + x+1
prove that a : b = c : d.
(x − x + 1) + (x 2 + x + 1)
2
Solution: =
2 2
( x − x + 1)−( x + x + 1)
1 1 2
Given  + = (14 x − 14) + (13 x + 13)
b d c 
d+b 2 (14 x − 14) − (13 x + 13)
\ =
bd c (By componendo and dividendo)
cd + bc = 2bd 2 ( x 2 + 1) 27 x − 1
=
cd + bc = (a + c)d [Substituting 2b = a + c] − 2x x − 27
(x2 + 1)(x – 27) = (–x)(27x – 1)
cd + bc = ad + cd
 (By cross-multiplying)
bc = ad
c a x 3 + x − 27x 2 − 27 = − 27x 2 + x
\ =  or a : b = c : d.
d b x3 – 27 = 0
x3 = 27
3a + 4b 3a − 4b \ x = 3
Example 7: If = , then prove
3c + 4d 3c − 4d
a4 + 9 5
a c Example 9: If = , using properties of
that = . 6a2 3
b d
proportion solve for a.
Solution:
3a + 4b 3a − 4b Solution:
=
3c + 4d 3c − 4d a4 + 9 + 6a2 5+3
=
3a + 4b 3c + 4d 4
a + 9 − 6a 2 5−3
= (By alternendo)
3a − 4b 3c − 4d
 (Using componendo and dividendo)
Applying componendo and dividendo,
( a2 + 3)2 8
(3a + 4b) + (3a − 4b) (3c + 4d) + (3c − 4d) = =4
= 2
( a − 3) 2 2
(3a + 4b) − (3a − 4b) (3c + 4d) − (3c − 4d)
Taking square root on both sides,

Ratio and Proportion 63

 a2 + 3 a2 + 3 3x + 1 25
= 2 or = –2 =  (Squaring both sides)
a2 − 3 a2 − 3 x+1 9

a2 + 3 = 2a2 – 6 a2 + 3 = –2a2 + 6 9(3x + 1) = 25(x + 1)

9 = a2 3a2 = 3 27x + 9 = 25x + 25
\ a = ± 3 a2 = 1 2x = 16
a = ± 1 \ x = 8

a3 + 3ab2
172 x 3 + 48 x y 3 + 75y
Example 10: If = , find a : b. Example 12: If = ,
2
3a b + b 3 171 12 x 2 + 64 15y 2 + 125
calculate x : y.
Solution:
Using componendo and dividendo, Solution: Using componendo and dividendo,

( a3 + 3ab2 ) + (3a2b + b3 )172 + 171 ( x 3 + 48 x) + (12 x 2 + 64) ( y 2 + 75 y) + (15 y 2 + 125)

= =
3 2 2 2
( a + 3ab ) − (3a b + b ) 172 − 171 ( x 3 + 48 x) − (12 x 2 + 64) ( y 2 + 75 y) − (15 y 2 + 125)

( a + b) 3 343 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 48 x + 64 y 3 + 15 y 2 + 75 y + 125
= =
( a − b) 3 1 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 48 x − 64 y 3 − 15 y 2 + 75 y − 125

Taking cube root on both sides, ( x + 4)3 ( y + 5)3

=
a+b ( x − 4)3 ( y − 5)3
= 7
a−b x+4 y+5
∴ =
a + b = 7a – 7b x−4 y−5
b + 7b = 7a – a Again, using componendo and dividendo,
8b = 6a x+ 4 +x− 4 y+ 5 + y− 5
=
a 8 4 x +4− x +4 y +5− y +5
= =
b 6 3 2x 2 y x 4
= ⇒ =
∴      a : b = 4 : 3 8 10 y 5
3 x + 1 + x + 1 = 4, use x:y=4:5
∴
Example 11: If
3x + 1 − x + 1 Example 13: If a, b, c are in continued
properties of proportion and solve for x. proportion, prove that
Solution: (i) (a + b + c)(a – b + c) = a2 + b2 + c2
3x + 1 + x + 1 4
= a2 + ab + b2 a
3x + 1 − x + 1 1 (ii) =
2 2 c
b + bc + c
( 3x + 1 + x + 1 ) + ( 3x + 1 − x + 1 ) 4+1
= pa2 + qab + rb2 a
( 3 x + 1 + x + 1) − ( 3 x + 1 − x + 1) 4 −1 (iii) =
2 2 c
pb + qbc + rc
 (Using componendo and dividendo)
Solution:
2 3x + 1 5
= a b
2 x+1 3 Given =  ⇒ b2 = ac
b c
64 ICSE Mathematics—X
 (i) LHS = (a + b + c)(a – b + c)
x 2 – y 2 + z2
= (a + c)2 – b2 = y 4.
–2 –2 –2
x –y +z
= a2 + 2ac + c2 – b2
Solution:
= a2 + 2b2 + c2 – b2
x y
(Substituting ac = b2) Given =  ⇒ y2 = xz
y z
= a2 + b2 + c2 = RHS
x2 − y2 + z2 x 2 − xz + z 2
LHS = =
(ii) Substituting for b2 in LHS, 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
− 2 + 2 2
− + 2
x y z x xz z
a2 + ab + b2 a2 + ab + ac
LHS =
=
b2 + bc + c 2 ac + bc + c 2 [Substituting y2 = xz]
a( a + b + c) a
= = = RHS x 2 − xz + z 2
c( a + b + c) c = = x2 z2
2 2
z − xz + x
2 2
pa + qab + rb x2 z2
(iii) LHS =
pb2 + qbc + rc 2 = y4 = RHS
pa 2 + qab + r( ac ) Example 16: If x =
6pq
, find the value of
=
p( ac ) + qbc + rc 2 p+q
x + 3 p x + 3q
+ .
(Substituting b2 = ac) x − 3 p x − 3q
a( pa + qb + rc) a Solution:
= = = RHS 6pq
c( pa + qb + rc) c Given x =
p+q
Example 14: If a, b, c are in continued x 6 pq
proportion, prove that =
3p 3 p ( p + q)
3
 ab + bc + ac 
  = abc  (Dividing both sides by 3p)
 a+b+c  x 2q
=
Solution: 3p p+q
a b x + 3p 2q + ( p + q )
Given =  ⇒ b2 = ac =
b c x − 3p 2q − ( p + q)
3 3
 ab + bc + ac   ab + bc + b2 
LHS =   =    (Using componendo and dividendo)
 a+b+c   a+b+c  x + 3p 3q + p
3 \ = …(i)
 b ( a + c + b)  x − 3p q−p
=   = b3 = b. b2 6pq
 a + b + c  Given x =
p+q
    = bac = RHS x 6 pq
=
3q 3q( p + q)
Example 15: If x, y and z are in continued
proportion, prove that  (Dividing both sides by 3q)

Ratio and Proportion 65

 x 2p 3a − 4b + 3c − 4d
= Example 18: Given =
3q p+q 3c − 4d
x + 3q 2 p + ( p + q) 3a + 4b + 3c + 4d
= , show that a, b, c, d are in
x − 3q 2 p − ( p + q) 3c + 4d
proportion.
x + 3q 3p + q
= …(ii) Solution:
x − 3q p−q 3a − 4b + 3c − 4d 3a + 4b + 3c + 4d
=
x + 3 p x + 3q 3q + p 3 p + q 3c − 4d 3c + 4d
+ = +
x − 3 p x − 3q q−p p–q Using dividendo,

[Adding (i) and (ii)] (3a − 4b + 3c − 4d ) − ( 3c − 4d )

=
3q + p 3 p + q 3c − 4d
= − (3a + 4b + 3c + 4d ) − ( 3c + 4d )
q−p q– p
3c + 4d
[Observe that + changed to – because 3a − 4b 3a + 4b
=
3c − 4d 3c + 4d
denominator of second fraction is changed]
Using alternendo,
= (3q + p) − (3 p + q)
q−p 3a − 4b 3c − 4d
=
2q − 2 p 2(q − p) 3a + 4b 3c + 4d
= = =2
q−p q−p Using componendo and dividendo,
Example 17: Using properties of proportion, (3a − 4b ) + (3a + 4b ) (3c − 4d ) + (3c + 4d )
solve for x: =
( 3a − 4b) − ( 3a + 4b) ( 3c − 4d) − ( 3c + 4d)
x2 + x – 3 4 x2 + 3x – 2
= 6a 6c
x–3 3x – 2 =
−8b −8d
Solution: a c
\ = .
[Observe that the denominator on each side is b d
a part of the numerator.]
\ Using dividendo will be useful.
Example 19: Sachin, Simon and Dhanush
(x 2
) (
+ x − 3 − x − 3 ) together scored 152 runs in a T-20 match. Their
x−3 scores are in continued proportion. Simon
and Dhanush together scored 8 runs more
=
( 4x2 + 3x − 2 ) − ( 3x − 2 ) than Sachin. Find their individual scores.
3x − 2
x2 4x2 Solution:
=
x−3 3x − 2 Let Sachin’s score be x.
3x3
– 2x2
= 4x3 – 12x2 Dhanush’s score be y.
x3 2
– 10x = 0
x2 (x – 10) = 0 \ Sachin’s score = x + y – 8
\ x = 0 or 10 Their total score = 152

66 ICSE Mathematics—X
∴ (x + y – 8) + x + y = 152 b3 = 8 × 24 × 242
2x + 2y = 160 b3 = 23 × 243
x + y = 80 ... (i) ⇒ b = 2 × 24 = 48
Sachin’s Score = x + y – 8 = 80 – 8 = 72 24 2 24 × 24
and a = = = 12
Sachin’s, Simon’s and Dhanush’s b 48
scores are in continued proportion
\ The two numbers are 12 and 48.
∴      72 x
=
x y Example 21: If a, b, c, d are proportional,
      x2 = 72y prove that
       x2 = 72(80 – x) from (i) 11a + 15b 3a2 x – 5b2 y
=
x2 + 72x – 5760 = 0 11c + 15d 3c 2 x – 5d 2 y
(x + 120) (x – 48) = 0
Solution:
∴ x = 48 (–120 not possible) a c
Given = . Let each ratio = k
∴ Simon’s score = x = 48 b d
Dhanush’s score = y = 80 – 48 = 32 \ a = bk and c = dk
11a + 15b 11bk + 15b
Example 20: Find two numbers such that the LHS = =
11c + 15d 11dk + 15d
mean proportional between them is 24 and
third proportional to them is 192. b (11k + 15) b
= =
d (11k + 15) d
Solution:
Let the two numbers be a and b. 3 a 2 x − 5b 2 y 3b2 k 2 x − 5b2 y
Their mean proportion = 24 RHS = =
3c 2 x − 5d 2 y 3d 2 k 2 x − 5d 2 y
\ a : 24 = 24 : b
24 2
ab = 242 ⇒ a = ...(i) b2 (3 k 2 x − 5 y ) b
b = =
d 2 (3 k 2 x − 5 y ) d
[Keep 242 as it is, don’t multiply]
Their third proportional = 192
\ LHS = RHS.
\ a : b = b : 192
b2 = 192a...(ii) a + 2b + a – 2b
Example 22: If x = , using
24 2 a + 2b – a – 2b
Substituting a = in equation (ii),
b
properties of proportion show that
24 2
b2 = 192 ×
b bx2 – ax + b = 0.
b3 = 192 × 242 Solution:
 [Split up 192 with 24 as a factor x a + 2b + a − 2b
Given = .
because you already have 242] 1 a + 2b − a − 2b

Ratio and Proportion 67

Using componendo and dividendo, 3a 3 − 7 b 3 3d 3 k 9 − 7 d 3 k 6
x+1 RHS = =
= 7 a 3 + 3b 3 7 d 3 k 9 + 3d 3 k 6
x−1
( a + 2b + ) (
a − 2b + a + 2b − a − 2b ) =
d 3 k 6 (3 k 3 − 7)

( a + 2b + a − 2b ) − ( a + 2b − a − 2b ) d 3 k 6 (7 k 3 + 3)

2 a + 2b \ LHS = RHS.
x+1
=
x−1 2 a − 2b (ii) If a, b, c, d are in continued proportion
2
x + 2x + 1 a + 2b a = b = c . Let each = k
=  [Squaring both sides] b c d
x2 − 2 x + 1 a − 2b
\ c = dk , b = ck = (dk)k= dk2
( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) and a = bk = (dk2)k = dk3
=
( x2 + 2 x + 1 ) − ( x2 − 2 x + 1 ) LHS = (a2 + b2 + d2) (b2 + c2 + d2)
( a + 2b ) + ( a − 2b )
= (d2 k6 + d2 k4 + d2 k2) (d2 k4 + d2 k2 + d2)
( a + 2 b) − ( a − 2 b)
2 ( x 2 + 1) 2 a = [d2 k2 (k4 + k2 + 1)] [d2 (k4 + k2 + 1)]
=
2 (2 x) 2 (2b)
d4 k2 (k4 + k2 + 1)2
=
2
2 b ( x + 1) = 2 ax
RHS = (ab + bc + cd)2
bx2 – ax + b = 0.
= (dk3.dk2 + dk2.dk + dkd)2
Example 23: If a, b, c, d are in continued
proportion, prove that = (d2 k5 + d2 k3 + d2 k)2
3a – 7d 3a3 – 7b3 = [d2 k (k4 + k2 + 1)]2 = d4 k2 (k4 + k2 + 1)2
(i) =
7a + 3d 7a3 + 3b3
\ LHS = RHS
Example 24: What same number should be
(ii) (a2 + b2 + c2) (b2 + c2 + d2) = (ab + bc + cd)2 subtracted from 23, 30, 57 and 78 so that the
Solution: remainders are in proportion? [2004]
a b c Solution:
(i) Given = = . Let each ratio = k.
b c d Let the number subtracted be x.
\ c = dk 23 − x 57 − x
\ =
b = ck = (dk) k = dk2 30 − x 78 − x
a = bk = (dk2) k = dk3
(23 – x) (78 – x) = (57 – x) (30 – x)
3a − 7 d 3dk 3 − 7 d
LHS = =
7 a + 3d 7 dk 3 + 3d 1794 – 78x – 23x + x 2 = 1710 – 30x – 57x + x 2
d (3 k 3 − 7)
= 1794 – 101x = 1710 – 87x
d (7 k 3 + 3)
68 ICSE Mathematics—X
 1794 – 1710 = 101x – 87x
= ( a2 + ac )( ac + c 2 ) (Substituting b2 = ac)
84 = 14x
= a( a + c ) c ( a + c )
x = 6.
\ 6 should be subtracted from each of the = ( a + c ) ac = ( a + c ) b2
numbers. = (a + c)b = ab + bc
Example 25: Three numbers are in continued
Example 27: If a, b, c are in continued
proportion. If the middle number is 18 and the
proportion, prove that
sum of first and last is 39, find the numbers.
a 2 +b 2 +c 2
Solution: = a – b +c
Let the first number be a. a +b +c
\ The last number = 39 – a. Solution:
a 18 a, b, c are in continued proportion
=
18 39 − a a b
= = k (say)
a (39 – a) = 182 b c
39a – a2 = 324 =b ck and=a b=k ck 2
\ a2 – 39a + 324 = 0 a2 + b2 + c 2 c 2 k 4 + c 2 k 2 + c 2
a2 – 12a – 27a + 324 = 0 LHS = =
a+b+c ck 2 + ck + c
(a – 12) (a – 27) = 0
\ a = 12 or 27. c 2 ( k 4 + k 2 + 1) c( k 4 + 2 k 2 + 1 − k 2 )
= =
The three numbers are 12, 18 and 27. c ( k 2 + k + 1) ( k 2 + k + 1)

Example 26: If b is the mean proportion c ( k 2 + 1)2 − ( k )2 

=  2 
of a and c, prove that (ab + bc) is the mean ( k + k + 1)
proportion between (a2 + b2) and (b2 + c2).
( k 2 + 1 + k) ( k 2 + 1 − k)
Solution: =c = c( k 2 − k + 1)
2
a b ( k + 1 + k)
Given =  ⇒  b2 = ac
b c RHS = a – b + c = ck2 – ck + c
Mean proportion of (a2 + b2) and (b2 + c2)
= c(k2 – k + 1)
= ( a2 + b2 )(b2 + c 2 )
\ LHS = RHS

EXERCISE 6
1. (i) Two numbers are in the ratio 4 : 5. If 4
2. The ages of two people are in the ratio 4 : 5.
is added to each term, the ratio becomes
Sixteen years hence, the ratio of their ages will be
25 : 31. Find the original numbers.
6 : 7. Find their present ages.
(ii) Two numbers are in the ratio 8 : 9. When
12 is subtracted from each term, the ratio 3. The ratio of monthly pocket money of A and
becomes 6 : 7. Find the original numbers. B is 6 : 5 and the ratio of their expenditure is
(iii) Ratio of two numbers is 8 : 13. If 14 is 11 : 9. If each saves `50, find their monthly
added to each, the ratio becomes 2 : 3. pocket money.
Find the numbers.
Ratio and Proportion 69
 4. In an examination, the ratio of passes to 10. If a, b, c, d are in proportion, prove that
failures is 8 : 1. If 10 less had appeared and 30 4 a + 7 b 4c + 7 d a c
more had passed, the ratio would have been (i) = [Hint: Use = = k]
4 a − 7 b 4c − 7 d b d
15 : 1. How many students had appeared for
a−c a
the examination? (ii) =
b−d b
5. Find the mean proportion between:
3 a 2 + 5c 2 a
(iii) =
(i) 2a3 and 50ab4 b
3b2 + 5d 2
x 108y 4 ab + cd a 2 + c 2
(ii) and (iv) =
3y 2 x ab − cd a 2 − c 2

(iii) 46 − 10 and 46 + 10 a+c a2 + c 2

(v) =
b+d b2 + d 2
x−y x2 y 2
(iv) and 2
x+y x − y2 a 2 + ac + c 2 b2 + bd + d 2
(vi) =
a 2 − ac + c 2 b2 − bd + d 2
6. Find the third proportional to:
ma + nb mc + nd
(i) 8a3 and 12a2b2 (vii) = where m ≠ 0
ma − nb mc − nd
a b
(ii) + and a2 + b2 and n ≠ 0.
b a
11. Using properties of proportion prove that
7. (i) If (2x – 1) is the third proportional to a c
= if
(x – 1) and (x + 1), find the value of x. b d
(ii) If (x + 1) is the mean proportion between 9 a + 4b 9 a − 4b
(i) =
(x – 3) and (x + 7), find the value of x. 9c + 4d 9c − 4d

8. (i) What same number should be added (ii) (5a + 8b)(5c – 8d) = (5a – 8b)(5c + 8d)
to 2, 5, 10 and 19 so that the resulting
numbers are proportional? pa 2 + qb2 pa2 − qb2
(iii) =
(ii) What same number should be subtracted pc 2 + qd 2 pc 2 − qd 2
from each of the four numbers 8, 12, 18 a+b+c+d a+b
(iv) =
and 30 so that the remainders are in a+c a
proportion? [Hint: Use dividendo]
(iii) Which number should be subtracted
from each of 11, 23 and 53 in order that 12. If a, b, c are in continued proportion, prove
the remainders would be in continued that
proportion? 2 a 2 + 8 ab + 5b2 a
(i) = [Hint: Use b2 = ac]
9. (i) F i n d t wo n u m b e r s w h o s e m e a n 2
2b + 8bc + 5c 2 c
proportion is 16 and the third proportion
(ii) (a2 + b2) : (b2 + c2) = a : c
is 128.
(ii) Find two numbers a and b whose (iii) abc(a + b + c)3 = (ab + bc + ac)3
mean proportion is 12 and their third
a2 − b2 + c 2
proportional is 96. (iv) = b4
a −2 − b−2 + c −2

70 ICSE Mathematics—X
 (v) (a + b + c)(a – b + c) = a2 + b2 + c2 [2015]
x 3 + 12 x y 3 + 27 y
(ii) If
  = , find x : y [2015]
(vi)
1
+
1
+
1
=
a
+
b
+
c 6 x 2 + 8 9 y 2 + 27
a3 b3 c 3
b2 c 2 c 2 a2 a2 b2
a 3 + 3a 14
(iii) If = , solve for a.
13. Using properties of proportion, solve for x. 2
3a + 1 13
x+2 − x−3 1
(i) = x 3 + 27 x 63
x+2 + x−3 5 (iv) If = , solve for x.
2
9 x + 27 62
5x + 6 + 4 x + 1
(ii) =7 x4 + 1 41
5x + 6 − 4 x + 1 (v) If = , solve for x.
2x 2 9
2x + 1 + x − 3 x4 + 9 25
(iii) =4 (vi) If = , solve for x.
2x + 1 − x − 3 6x 2 24

5x + 2 x − 1
(iv) =4 (vii) If 7 a + 2b = 5 , find a : b.

5x − 2 x − 1 7 a − 2b 2

2a + 1 + 2a − 1 8ab , find the value of

16. (i) If x =
14. (i) If x = , then show that
2a + 1 − 2a − 1 a+b
x + 4 a x + 4b
+ .
x2 – 4ax + 1 = 0. x − 4 a x − 4b
a 2 + ab + a 2 − ab 4 6
(ii) If x = , then show (ii) x = , find the value of
2 2
a + ab − a − ab 2+ 3
that bx2 – 2ax + b = 0.
x+2 2 x+2 3
+ .
a+x + a−x x−2 2 x−2 3
(iii) If y = , then
a+x − a−x 17. (i) Three numbers are in continued
2 ay
show that x = . proportion and the middle number is
y2 + 1
24. If the sum of the first and the third
a + 3b + a − 3b is 52, find the numbers.
(iv) If x = , then
a + 3b − a − 3b (ii) The geometric mean (mean proportion)
of two numbers is 18 and their sum is
show that 3bx2 – 2ax + 3b = 0. [2007]
39. Find the numbers.
a2 + b2 + a2 − b2
(v) Given x = , a b c
2 2 2 2 18. If = = , show that
a +b − a −b b c d
2a2 x a3 + b3 + c 3 a
prove that b2 = 2 . [2010] (i) =
x +1 3
b +c +d 3 3 d
Use properties of proportion for the following: (ii) (b + c)2 = (a + b)(c + d)
a 3 + 3ab2 x 3 + 3 xy 2
15. (i) If = , 3a + 5d 3 a 3 + 5b 3
2 3 2 3
3a b + b 3x y + y (iii) =
x y 8a − 7 d 8 a3 − 7 b3
prove that = .
a b
Ratio and Proportion 71
19. If (a + 2b + c), (a – c) and (a – 2b + c) are in 22. If 9x – 5y = 3x + 10y,
continued proportion, show that b is the mean (i) Find the value of x : y.
proportional between a and c. Using properties of proportion, find the
20. Raju, Umesh and Sammi together score 190 values of
runs in a match. Their individual scores are 7 x + 5y 4 x2 + 9 y 2
in continued proportion. Umesh and Sammi (ii) (iii)
7 x − 5y 4 x2 − 9 y 2
together score 10 runs more than Raju. Find
their individual scores. x2 + 2 y 2
23. If = 17, find:
21. Using properties of proportion, solve for x. x2 − 2 y 2

(i) x 2 x3 + 3y 3
(i)     (ii)
y 2 x3 − 3y 3
2 x2 + x − 5 x2 + x − 6
(ii) = 24. Find the values of a and b in the following if
x−5 x−6
(i) a, 12, 18, b are in continued proportion.
[Hint: Use only dividendo]
(ii) a, 12, b, 192 are in continued proportion.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
a5 + b5 122 , using properties of proportion find a: b.
1. If =
5 5 121
a −b
2. If a, b, c, d are proportional, then prove that
1/2
7 a + 3b 7 c + 3d  4 a 2 − 5c 2  c
(i) = (ii)  2  =
7 a − 3b 7 c − 3d  4b − 5d 
2 d

3. What number must be subtracted from 7, 10, 12 and 18 so that the resulting numbers are in
proportion?
x+5+ x−2
4. Using properties of proportion, solve for x, = 7.
x+5− x−2
5. If a, b and c are in continued proportion, prove that

3a 2 − 4 ab + 5b2 a a2 + b2 + c 2 a−b−c
(i) = (ii) =
3b2 − 4bc + 5c 2 c (a + b + c ) 2 a+b+c
5a + 11b 5a − 11b
6. Prove that a, b, c, d are in proportion if = .
5c + 11d 5c − 11d
7. Find two numbers a and b whose mean proportion is 6 and their third proportional is 48.
3 a+1 + 3 a−1
8. If x = , prove that x3 – 3ax2 + 3x = a.
3 a+1 − a−13

3
9. If a + 3a = 234 , using properties of proportion, solve the equation.
3a 2 + 1 109
10. If a, b, c are in continued proportion, then prove that (a2 – b2) (b2 + c2) = (b2 – c2) (a2 + b2).
11. Given (x + 3) is the mean proportion between (x – 1) and 2x, find the value of x.

72 ICSE Mathematics—X
 BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
a c 3 a − 5b 3c − 5d 10. 6 is the mean proportion between two numbers
1. Given = , prove that =
b d 3a + 5b 3c + 5d x and y, and 48 is the third proportional to x and
[2000] y. Find the numbers. [2011]

2. Two numbers are in the ratio of 3 : 5. If 8 is added

11. The monthly pocket money of Ravi and Sanjeev
to each number, the ratio becomes 2 : 3. Find the
are in the ratio 5 : 7. Their expenditures are in
numbers. [2001]
the ratio 3 : 5. If each saves `80 every month, find
3a + 4b 3a − 4b a c their monthly pocket money. [2012]
3. If = , prove that = . [2003]
3c + 4d 3c − 4d b d
a+1 + a−1
4. What number must be added to each of 12. If x = , using properties of
a+1 − a−1
the numbers 6, 15, 20 and 43 to make them
proportional? [2005, 2013]
proportion show that x2 – 2ax + 1 = 0. [2012]
8 a − 5b 8 a + 5b a c 13. Using the properties of proportion, solve for x,
5. If = , prove that = . [2008]
8c − 5d 8c + 5d b d x4 + 1 17
given = . [2013]
6. What least number must be added to each of 2x 2 8
the numbers 5, 11, 19 and 37 so that they are in
proportion? [2009] 14. If (3a + 2b) : (5a + 3b) = 18 : 29, find a : b. [2016]
a3 + 3ab2 63
7. Given that 3 = . 15. If b is the mean proportion between a and c, show
b + 3a 2 b 62
a4 + a2 b2 + b4 a2
that: = [2017]
Using Componendo and Dividendo, find a : b. b4 + b2 c2 + c4 c2

[2009] 7 m + 2n 5
16. If = , use properties of proportion to
7m – 2n 3
8. If x, y, z are in continued proportion, prove that find the value of
( x + y )2 x
= . [2010] m 2 + n2
( y + z) 2 z (i) m : n (ii) [2018]
m2 – n2

9. Using componendo and dividendo, find the value 17. Using properties of proportion, solve for x. Given
3x + 4 + 3x − 5
of x: = 9 [2011] 2x + 4x2 − 1
that x is positive: =4 [2018]
3x + 4 − 3x − 5
2x − 4x2 − 1

COMMON ERRORS
1. Students forget to use componendo and dividendo on both sides.
2. While using componendo and dividendo, care is not taken by putting brackets nor the
signs of the terms at right place, especially in the denominator.
3. When two different ratios are given, e.g., 5 : 4 as income ratio and 3 : 2 as expenditure
ratio, both ratios are taken with same factor x as 5x, 4x and 3x, 2x instead of 3y and 2y.

Ratio and Proportion 73

 POINTS AT A GLANCE
1. If a : b = c : d, then d = 4th proportional

2. Using “k” method:

a c
If = = k or if a, b, c, d are proportional,
b d
then a = bk and c = dk

3. If a, b, c are in continued proportion, then a : b = b : c or b2 = ac or b = ac . c is the third proportion and b is

the mean proportion.

a b
4. If = = k or a, b, c are in continued proportion, then a = ck2 and b = ck.
b c
a c
5. Componendo and Dividendo method is used to prove = . It is applied on both sides of the given ratio.
b d
6. When asked to use properties of proportion, do not cross-multiply the given fractions.
7. When the terms in the denominator are a part of the numerator then use only dividendo to prove a : b = c : d

DO YOU KNOW?
GOLDEN RATIO
Golden Ratio is 1 : 1.618. A golden rectangle with sides in this ratio, has been considered to have a particularly
pleasing shape. It has the property that the removal of a square from one end leaves a rectangle that has the same
shape, i.e., the same ratio of sides.
1.618
The length of the diagonal of a regular pentagon with unit side length is the
number on golden ratio.

When Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,... is considered, it has two 1

interesting properties. Firstly each number is the sum of the previous two
numbers and secondly, each number when divided by the previous number
approximates 1.618 which is the Golden Ratio or Divine Ratio, and is symbolised
by the Greek letter phi.

Divine ratio comes up in art, architecture, aesthetics to botany, biophysics and business administration today. The
sequence is observed in spiral arrangement of leaves in some plants, the distribution of florets in cauliflowers and
patterns in sunflower heads, buttercups, poppy heads, wild rose petals, pine cones and pomegranate seeds. In
animals, it is said to be seen in the spiral formation of deep sea nautical shells, various coral formations, twists in
antelope and ram horns, and a few fish and penguin body structure ratio. The proportion of the limbs of many
animals—especially humans as codified by Leonardo da Vinci in his Vitruvian Man drawings—again approximate
Divine Ratio.

74 ICSE Mathematics—X
 FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS
POLYNOMIAL
A polynomial is an algebraic expression of
terms with each term consisting of a real
number multiplied by a positive power of a
variable such as 2x3, 7x, 8y2, 9z.
xn
An expression of the form an + an–1 xn–1
+ ...
+ a1x + a0 is a polynomial in x of degree n if
an ≠ 0, where a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers
and n is a non-negative number. Degree of a
polynomial cannot be negative. It is denoted
by f(x) or a function of x, i.e., f(x) depends on x.
In the polynomial,
7
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient
 + Remainder
f(x) = (x – a) . g(x) + r
\ f(a) = (a – a) . g(x) + r
= 0 + r = r
\ When f(x) is divided by (x – a), then
remainder = f(a) which is the value of f(x) at
x = a.
Example: To find the remainder when 6x2 – x – 2
is divided by (x + 2), we substitute x = –2 in
the given polynomial.

f(x) = anxn + an – 1 xn – 1 + ... + a1x + a0 f(x) = 6x2 – x – 2

l anxn,an – 1 xn – 1, ..., a1x, a0 are called the f(–2) = 6(–2)2 – (–2) – 2
terms of the polynomial.
= 24 + 2 – 2
l an, an – 1,
..., a1, a0 are called the coefficients
of the polynomial. = 24 = remainder

l If an ≠ 0, the degree of the polynomial is This can be verified by actual division.

n. 6 x – 13
________________
l The degree of a polynomial is zero if it
consists of only one term which is a non-
x+2 ) 6x2 – x–2

zero constant term, i.e., when an, an – 1, ..., 6 x 2 + 12 x

a2, a1 are all zero, then the polynomial has (–) (–)
only one term a0. _________________
–13 x – 2
Remainder Theorem –13 x – 26
If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x – a), the ( +) ( +)
remainder is f(a). __________
Let g(x) be the quotient when f(x) is divided The remainder = 24
______
by (x – a) and r be the remainder.
If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (ax + b), then Example 1: Find the remainder when
 –b  4x3 + 6x2 – 8x – 10 is divided by (2x + 1).
the remainder is f   , i.e., we substitute
 a  Solution:
–b
x= in the polynomial to get the remainder. f(x) = 4x3 + 6x2 – 8x – 10
a 3 2
 –1   –1   –1   –1 
Example: If f(x) = 6x2 – x – 2 is divided by \ f   = 4 ×   + 6   – 8   – 10
 2   2   2   2 
(2x + 3), then
 –3   –3   –3 
2  –1  1 8
f   = 6   –   – 2 = 4   + 6   + – 10
 2   2   2   8  4 2

27 3 –1 3
= + –2 = + + 4 – 10
2 2 2 2
30 –1 + 3 – 12
= – 2 = 13, is the remainder. = = –5, the remainder
2 2
Note: The Remainder theorem is used to find the
remainder without actually dividing the polynomial Example 2: If the remainder is 7 when
with the given divisor. 2x3 – 3x2 + ax – 5 is divided by (2x – 3), find
the value of a.
Factor Theorem
Solution:
When a polynomial f(x) is divided by (ax + b), f(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + ax – 5
3
the remainder = f  −b  and if the remainder Remainder = f  
 a  2
3 2
 −b  3 3 3
f   = 0, then (ax + b) is a factor of polynomial = 2   – 3   + a   – 5 = 7
 a  2 2 2
27 9 3a
f(x). 2× – 3× + –5 =7
8 4 2
Conversely, if (ax + b) = 0 a factor of f(x), then
27 27 3a
the remainder will be zero when f(x) is divided – + –5 =7
4 4 2
by (ax + b).
3a
Example: If f(x) = 6x2 – x – 2 is divided by = 12
2
(3x – 2), 12 × 2
a =
2 2 2
2 3
f   = 6   –   – 2 \ a = 8
3 3 3
2
4 2 Example 3: When 3x3 + ax2 + bx – 6 is divided
= 6 × – –2
9 3 by (x + 2), the remainder is 20 and (x – 2) is a
3 factor of the polynomial. Find a and b.
8–2
= –2 Solution:
3
f(x) = 3x3 + ax2 + bx – 6
= 2 – 2 = 0 = remainder
\ (3x – 2) is a factor of 6x2 – x – 2. When (x + 2) divides f(x), the remainder = 20
76 ICSE Mathematics—X
\ f(–2) = 3(–2)3 + a(–2)2 + b(–2) – 6 Example 5: Prove that (x – 2) is a factor of
= 20 = remainder x3 – 7x + 6. Hence, factorise the given
–24 + 4a – 2b – 6 = 20 expression.
4a – 2b = 50 Solution:
÷ by 2, 2a – b = 25 ....(i) If (x – 2) is a factor, then f(2) will be zero.
(x – 2) is a factor of the polynomial.
f(x) = x3 – 7x + 6
\ f(2) = 3(2)3 + a(2)2 + b(2) – 6 = 0
24 + 4a + 2b – 6 = 0 f(2) = 23 – 7(2) + 6
4a + 2b = –18 = 8 – 14 + 6
÷ by 2, 2a + b = –9 ....(ii) = 14 – 14 = 0 = remainder
Adding the two equations, we get \ (x – 2) is a factor.
2a – b = 25
Using Synthetic Division Method [or Horner’s
2a + b = –9
Method]
   4a = 16
Here only coefficients of f(x) are written and
a = 4
divided by 2, since (x – 2) is a factor.
and b = – 9 – 2a  [from (ii)]
= – 9 – 2(4) = –17 f(x) = x3 + 0x2 – 7x + 6
\ a = 4 and b = –17 2 1 0 –7 6
Example 4: What should be subtracted from 0 2 4 –6
the polynomial 2x3 + 5x2 – 11x – 10 so that 1 2 –3 0 ← Remainder
(2x + 7) is a factor? 
Solution: These are the coefficients of the quotient.
Let a be subtracted from the given polynomial. \ Quotient = x2 + 2x – 3
\ f(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 – 11x – 10 – a
Steps for solving:
Since (2x + 7) is a factor,
3 2 1. Write all the coefficients of f(x).
 –7   –7   –7 
\ f   = 2   + 5   2. Always write 0 below the first coefficient,
 2   2   2 
i.e., 1 in this case.
 –7 
– 11   – 10 − a = 0 3. Add the numbers 1 + 0 = 1.
 2 
 –343   49  77 4. Now multiply the divisor 2 with 1, we
2  + 5  + – 10 = a get 2. Put it below the second coefficient
 8   4  2
0. [Note there is no x2 term].
–343 245 77
    + + – 10 = a 5. Add 0 and 2 to get 2 (in the third row).
4 4 2
–343 + 245 + 154 – 40 6. Multiply 2 × 2 = 4, write it below – 7.
    =a
4 7. Add – 7 + 4 = – 3 (in the third row).
–383 + 399 16
    =a ⇒ =a 8. Multiply 2 × – 3 = – 6 and put – 6 under
4 4
the last coefficient 6.
\ a = 4 should be subtracted.
Factorization of Polynomials 77
 9. 6 – 6 = 0 which is the remainder.
3 2
10. The first 3 numbers in the last line are the 1 1 1 1
f   = 2   +   – 13   + 6
coefficients of the quotient. 2 2 2 2
\ 1x2 + 2x – 3 = Quotient, when divided by  1  1 13
2 + – +6
 (x – 2) =  8  4 2
4
\ f(x) = (x – 2) [x2 + 2x – 3]
1 + 1 – 26 + 24
= (x – 2) [x2 + 3x – x – 3] =
4
= (x – 2) [x(x + 3) – 1(x + 3)]
26 – 26
= (x – 2) (x + 3) (x – 1) = =0
4
Example 6: Using the Remainder theorem, \ (2x – 1) is a factor.
factorise completely the following polynomial 1
3x3 + 2x2 – 19x + 6. In synthetic division, we divide by .
2
Solution: 1 2 1 –13 6
f(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 – 19x + 6 2 0 1 1 –6
f(1) = 3(1)3 + 2(1)2 – 19(1) + 6 = –8 2 2 –12 0
\ (x – 1) is not a factor. 2 x 2 + 2 x – 12
\ Quotient = = x2 + x – 6
f(2) = 3(2)3 + 2(2)2 – 19(2) + 6 2
= 24 + 8 – 38 + 6
Note: When the divisor is a fraction. To get the quotient
= 38 – 38 = 0 we divide by 2, the denominator of the fraction.
\ (x – 2) is a factor.
Quotient = x2 + x – 6
Using synthetic division,
= x2 + 3x – 2x – 6
2 3 2 –19 6
0 6 16 –6 = x(x + 3) – 2(x + 3)
3 8 –3 0 ← Remainder = (x + 3)(x – 2)
\ Quotient = 3x2
+ 8x – 3 \ f(x) = (2x – 1) (x + 3) (x – 2)
= 3x2 + 9x – x – 3
= 3x(x + 3) – 1(x + 3) Example 8: If (3x + 1) is a factor of
= (x + 3) (3x – 1) 3x3 + 4x2 – 35x – 12, factorise the expression.

\ f(x) = (x – 2)(x + 3)(3x – 1) Solution:

Example 7: Prove that (2x – 1) is a factor of Given that (3x + 1) is a factor.

2x3 + x2 – 13x + 6 and hence factorise the given –1
polynomial. \ Divide by .
3
Solution: –1 3 4 –35 –12
Let us show that (2x – 1) is a factor of 3 0 –1 –1 12
f(x) = 2x3 + x2 – 13x + 6 3 3 –36 0 ← Remainder

78 ICSE Mathematics—X
 \ (x – 3) and (x + 5) are factors of the given
3 x 2 + 3 x – 36
\ Quotient = = x2 + x – 12 polynomial. f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx – 30
3
\ f(3) = 33 + a × 32 + b × 3 – 30 = 0
= x2 + 4x – 3x – 12
= x(x + 4) – 3(x + 4) = 27 + 9a + 3b – 30 = 0

= (x + 4) (x – 3) \ 9a + 3b = 3
3a + b = 1 ...(i)
\ f(x) = (3x + 1)(x + 4)(x – 3)
and f(–5) = (–5)3 + a(–5)2 + b(–5) – 30 = 0
Example 9: When the two polynomials
x3 – px2 + x + 6 and 2x3 – x2 – (p + 3)x – 6 are –125 + 25a – 5b – 30 = 0
divided by (x – 3), the remainder is same. Find \ 25a – 5b = 155
the value of p. [2010]
Dividing by 5, we get
Solution:
5a – b = 31 ...(ii)
Let the two polynomials be f(x) and g(x).
Adding the equations,
f(x) = x3 – px2 +x+6
3a + b = 1
f(3) = 33 – p(3)2 + 3 + 6 5a – b = 31
= 27 – 9p + 9           8a   = 32
\ a = 4
= 36 – 9p = Remainder
and b = 5a – 31
and g(x) = 2x3 – x2 – (p + 3)x – 6
= 5(4) – 31
g(3) = 2(3)3 – 32 – (p + 3)3 – 6 = 20 – 31 = –11
= 54 – 9 – 3p – 9 – 6 \ a = 4 and b = –11

= 30 – 3p = Remainder

\ 36 – 9p = 30 – 3p Example 11: Using factor theorem, factorise

the following polynomial:
36 – 30 = 9p – 3p
  x3 + 10x2 – 37x + 26
6 = 6p
p = 1 Solution:
26 has factors 1, 2, 13 and 26.
Example 10: (x2 + 2x – 15) is a factor of
x3 + ax2 + bx – 30. Find the values of a and b. \ Trying if (x – 1) is a factor.

Solution: f(1) = 13 + 10(1)2 – 37(1) + 26

x2 + 2x – 15 = x2 + 5x – 3x – 15 = 37 – 37 = 0
= x(x + 5) – 3(x + 5) \ (x – 1) is a factor.
= (x – 3) (x + 5)

Factorization of Polynomials 79
Using division method to find other factors, Substituting k = 13 in f(x), we get

x 2 + 11x − 26 f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 13x + 10

x−1 ) x 3 + 10 x 2 − 37 x + 26
Now to verify if (x + 5) is a factor,
f(–5) = (–5)3 + 2(–5)2 – 13(–5) + 10
3 2
x −x
= –125 + 50 + 65 + 10
( −) ( + )
= –125 + 125 = 0
11x 2 − 37 x
\ (x + 5) is also a factor.
2
11x − 11x Example 13: What should be added to
( −) ( +) 2x3 + 5x2 – 28x – 18 so that (x – 3) is a factor
− 26 x + 26 of the resulting polynomial?
− 26x + 26 Solution:
( + ) ( −) Let the number added be k.
0 f(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 – 28x – 18 + k
Since (x – 3) is a factor,
Quotient = x2 + 11x – 26
f(3) = 2(3)3 + 5(3)2 – 28(3) – 18 + k = 0
= x2 + 13x – 2x – 26
54 + 45 – 84 – 18 + k = 0
= (x + 13) (x – 2)
99 – 102 + k = 0
\ f(x) = (x – 1) (x + 13) (x – 2)
\      k = 3
Thus, 3 should be added.
Example 12: Find the value of k if (x – 2) is a
factor of x3 + 2x2 – kx + 10. Hence, determine
Example 14: Given that (x + 2) is a factor of
whether (x + 5) is also a factor.
(3x + 4)3 – (5x + a)3, find the value of a.
Solution: Solution:
f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – kx + 10 f(x) = (3x + 4)3 – (5x + a)3
Since (x – 2) is a factor, Since (x + 2) is a factor,
\ f(2) = 23 + 2(2)2 – k(2) + 10 = 0 f(–2) = [3(–2) + 4]3 – [5(–2) + a]3 = 0
8 + 8 – 2k + 10 = 0   (– 6 + 4)3 – (–10 + a)3 = 0
(–2)3 = (a – 10)3
2k = 26
–2 = a – 10
k = 13
\ a = 8

EXERCISE 7
1. Find the remainder in the following when (iii) 4x3 – 8x2 – x + 9 is divided by (2x – 1)

(i) 5x3 + 3x2 – 12x – 8 is divided by (x – 2) (iv) 8x3 + 6x2 – 5x – 3 is divided by (2x + 3)

(ii) 3x3 + 2x2 – 5x + 17 is divided by (x + 3) 2. What number should be subtracted from

2x3 – 5x2 + 5x so that (2x – 3) is a factor?
80 ICSE Mathematics—X
 3. Find the value of a when
(i) 3x3 + ax2 – 5x + 2 is divided by (x + 2),
the remainder is 4.
(ii) 2x3 + 3x2 + ax – 2 is divided by (2x – 3),
the remainder is 7.
(iii) (x – 2) is a factor of x3 + 2x2 + ax – 6. Also
verify if (x + 3) is also a factor.
(iv) (x + 3) is a factor of 3x3 + ax2 – x – 12.
Verify if (3x + 4) is also a factor.
(v) (x – 4) is a factor of x3 + ax2 + 14x – 8.
Hence verify if (x – 2) is also a factor.
4. Determine the values of a and b in the
following if:
(i) (x – 1) and (x – 2) are factors of
x3 – ax + b.
(ii) (x – 3) and (x + 1) are factors of
x3 + ax2 + bx + 9.
(iii) (x + 1) is a factor of 2x3 + ax2 + bx – 2
and when this polynomial is divided
by (x + 2), the remainder is –12.
(iv) (x – 3) is a factor of x3 + ax2 + bx – 9
and when it is divided by (x – 2), the
remainder is 1.
(v) (x2 – 4) is a factor of 5x3 + ax2 + bx – 12.
Hence, find the other factor.
(vi) (x2 + x – 2) is a factor of 3x3 – x2 + ax + b.
5. In the following prove that:
(i) (x + 3) is a factor of x3 + 3x2 – 4x – 12.
Hence, factorise the expression fully.
(ii) (x + 2) is a factor of 2x3 – 3x2 – 8x + 12.
Hence, factorise it fully.
(iii) (x – 1) is a factor of x3 – 3x + 2. Hence,
fully factorise the polynomial.
(iv) (x – 2) is a factor of x3 – 15x2 – 4x + 60.
Hence, factorise it.
(v) (x + 2) is a factor of 6x3 + 19x2 + 11x – 6.
Hence, factorise it.
6. Using the factor theorem, factorise completely
the following polynomials:
(i) x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 12
(ii) x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6
(iii) 2x3 – 9x2 – 11x + 30
(iv) 6x3 + 5x2 – 3x – 2
(v) 3x3 + 2x2 – 19x + 6
(vi) 12x3 – 29x2 + 7x + 6
7. Find the value of a in the following
polynomials when
(i) x3 + ax2 – x – 2 and ax3 + x2 – 6x – 4 are
divided by (x – 2), the remainder is
same.
(ii) x3 – 3x2 + ax – 4 and 3x3 + ax2 – 8x – 26
are divided by (x – 2), the remainder is
same.
(iii) 2x3 – ax2 – 3x – 7 and ax3 – 3x2 – 8x – 19
are divided by (x – 3), leave the same
remainder.
(iv) ax3 + 3x2 + 5x – 2 and x3 + 2x2 + ax – 12
leave the same remainder if divided by
(x + 2).
(v) 2x3 + x2 + ax + 60 and x3 + ax2 + 2x – 24
leave the same remainder if divided by
(x + 3).
8. Find the value of k in the following
polynomials when
(i) (x + 3) is a factor of (5x + 4)3 – (3x + k)3.
(ii) (x – 2) is a factor of (3x + 7)3 – (4x + k)3.
9. What number should be added to the
polynomial:
(i) x3 – 3x2 + x so that (x – 2) is a factor of the
resulting polynomial?
(ii) 2x3 + 5x2 + 4x so that (x + 3) is a factor of
the resulting polynomial?
10. (i) Find the values of p and q if (x + 2) is a factor
of f(x) = x3 + px2 + qx + 6 and f(1) = 24.
(ii) Find the values of a and b if (x – 2) is a factor
of
f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + 26 and f(3) = 32.
Factorization of Polynomials 81
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. If 2x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 5 is divided by (2x + 1), find the remainder.
2. What number should be added to 3x3 – 4x2 – 5x so that (x – 2) is a factor?
3. What number should be subtracted from 4x3 + 6x2 – 5x so that (x – 1) is a factor?
4. Find the value of k in the given expression if (x + 3) is a factor of 2x3 + kx2 – x + 24.
5. When ax3 + 5x2 – 2x + 27 is divided by (x + 4), the remainder is –13. Find the value of a.
6. Find the values of a and b if (x – 1) is a factor of ax3 – x2 + bx + 6 and when this polynomial is divided
by (x – 3), the remainder is 30.
7. Find the values of a and b if (x + 2) is a factor of f (x) = ax3 – x2 – 20x + b and f (4) = 84.
8. Prove that (x – 5) is a factor of 2x3 – 3x2 – 29x – 30. Hence, factorise the expression fully.
9. Using the factor theorem, factorise the polynomial 3x3 + 19x2 + 16x – 20 completely.
10. Find the value of p if 5x3 + px2 – x – 3 and 3x3 – 4x2 – 3x + p have the same remainder when divided
by (x – 2).
11. Find the value of a if (x + 4) is a factor of 3x3 + ax2 – 18x + 8. Hence, verify if (x – 1) is also a factor.
12. Find the value of k if (x + 2) is a factor of 3x3 + kx2 – 18x + 40. Hence, factorise the expression.

BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS

1. Find the remainder when 2x3 – 3x2 + 7x – 8 is 8. Show that (x – 1) is a factor of x3 – 7x2 + 14x – 8.
divided by x – 1. [2000] Hence, completely factorise the above expression.
2. Find the value of the constants a and b, if  [2007]
(x – 2) and (x + 3) are both factors of the expression 9. If (x – 2) is a factor of 2x3 – x2 – px – 2
x3 + ax2 + bx – 12. [2001] (i) find the value of p.
3. Using Factor theorem, show that (x – 3) is a factor
(ii) with the value of p, factorize the above
of x3 – 7x2 + 15x – 9. Hence, factorise the given expression completely. [2008]
expression completely. [2002]
10. Given that x + 2 and x + 3 are factors of 2x3 + ax2
4. Find the value of a, if (x – a) is a factor of + 7x – b. Determine the values of a and b. [2009]
x3 – a2x + x + 2. [2003]
11. Use the Remainder Theorem to factorise the
5. Use the factor theorem to factorise completely following expression:
  x3 + x2 – 4x – 4. [2004]    2x3 + x2 – 13x + 6 [2010]
12. Find the value of ‘k’ if (x – 2) is a factor of
6. (x – 2) is a factor of the expression x3 + ax2 + bx + 6.
   x3 + 2x2 – kx + 10
When this expression is divided by (x – 3), it
Hence determine whether (x + 5) is also a factor.
leaves the remainder 3. Find the values of a
and b. [2005]  [2011]

7. Show that 2x + 7 is a factor of 2x3 + 5x2 – 11x – 14. 13.

Using the Remainder Theorem, factorise
Hence factorise the given expression completely, completely the following polynomial.
using the factor theorem. [2006]    3x3 + 2x2 – 19x + 6 [2012]

82 ICSE Mathematics—X
 14. If (x – 2) is a factor of the expression 2x3 + ax2 +
bx – 14 and when the expression is divided by
(x – 3), it leaves a remainder 52, find the values
of a and b. [2013]
15. Using the Remainder and Factor Theorem,
factorise the following polynomial:
   x3 + 10x2 – 37x + 26 [2014]
16. Find ‘a’ if the two polynomials ax3 + 3x2 – 9 and
2x3 + 4x + a, leave the same remainder when
divided by x + 3. [2015]
17. Using remainder theorem, find the value of k if
on dividing 2x3 + 3x2 – kx + 5 by x – 2 leave a
remainder 7. [2016]
18. Use remainder theorem to factorize the following
polynomial: 2x3 + 3x2 – 9x – 10 [2018]

COMMON ERRORS
1. While finding a and b when it is given that (x + 2) is a factor of the given polynomial, after
substituting x = –2 in the polynomial students forget to equate the expression to zero.
or
When the remainder is given, equating the expression with the remainder is forgotten.
2. Putting commas between the factors is wrong.

POINTS AT A GLANCE
1. To prove that (x – a) is a factor of a polynomial f (x), substitute x = a in f (x) and show that f (a) = 0.
2. If a polynomial f (x) is divided by (x + a) and the remainder ‘r’ is given, then substitute x = – a in f (x) and
equate it to remainder ‘r’.
3. After finding the first factor of f (x), use division method or synthetic division method to find the quotient
after dividing by the factor. Then, further factorise the quotient by splitting the middle term of the trinomial.
4. In synthetic division, when you divide by a fraction, the third line does not give the coefficients of the quotient.
Divide these numbers in the third line by the denominator of the fraction (divisor) to get the coefficients of
quotient.
5. (i) While factorising a trinomial, if the last term (constant term) is positive, the middle term is split into
two terms of same sign, i.e., both positive or both negative.
e.g., x2 – 9x + 18 = x2 – 6x – 3x + 18  or   x2 + 7x + 12 = x2 + 4x + 3x + 12
(ii) If the last term is negative, the middle term is split into one positive and the other negative number.
e.g., x2 – 2x – 24 = x2 – 6x + 4x – 24  or   x2 + x – 6 = x2 + 3x – 2x – 6

DO YOU KNOW?

POLYNOMIAL

The word polynomial was introduced in Latin by Franciscus Vieta. A polynomial is

an expression of finite length constructed from variables and constants, using only the
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and non-negative integer exponents.
Babylonians used base 60 numbers system called sexagesimal system for their calculations.
It is because of this 1 hour is 60 minutes and 1 minute is 60 seconds. 60 is the smallest
number with 12 factors (or divisors) and 12 is the smallest number with 6 factors. Franciscus Vieta

Factorization of Polynomials 83
 MATRICES
8
MATRIX 73 90 65  ← 1st row
 
A matrix is a set of numbers arranged in rows 80 75 86  ← 2 nd row
and columns in a rectangular array. ↓ ↓ ↓
The numbers which are called the elements of col1 col 2 col 3
the matrix are enclosed in brackets ( ) or [ ].
The horizontal lines are called rows and the
A matrix is denoted by capital letters. vertical lines are columns. The order of this
Order of a Matrix matrix is 2 × 3, i.e., 2 rows and 3 columns. (It
has 6 elements.)
If a matrix, contains m rows and n columns,
then it is called a matrix of order m × n Types of Matrices
(m by n). An element appearing in i-th row and
1. Row Matrix: When a matrix has only one
j-th column is written as aij.
row, it is called a row matrix.
An m × n matrix has m rows and n columns. e.g., [4 5 6] is a row matrix of order 1 ×  3.
It can be written as 2. Column Matrix: If a matrix has only one
column, it is called a column matrix.
 a11 a12 ... a1n 
  1 
 a21 a22

... a2 n   
  2 a
  e.g.,     and   
  3 b 
 am1 am 2 ... amn   
 4 
The first number in the subscript indicates
the row and the second number indicates the Order is 4 × 1 Order is 2 × 1
column. 3. Rectangular Matrix: A matrix in which
Consider the following example. the number of rows is not equal to the
number of columns is called a rectangular
Subject English Maths Science
matrix.
7 3 
Anil has scored 73 90 65  
1 2 3   5 2
Beena has scored 80 75 86 e.g.,  
4 5 6   4 1 
This information can be written in matrix form
as: Order is 2 × 3   Order is 3 × 2
 4. Square Matrix: A matrix which has an 1 8 
equal number of rows and columns is 1 3 5   
e.g.,  If A =   , then A′ =  3 9  .
called a square matrix.
8 9 6   5 6 
7 2 9 
2 3  
e.g.,            3 1 8  Observe that the order of matrix A here is
 1 5  4 6 0  2 × 3 and the order A’ is 3 × 2.

   Order is 2 × 2   Order is 3 × 3 Equal Matrices

5. Null Matrix or Zero Matrix: If each Two matrices are called equal matrices if
element of a matrix is zero, it is called (i) both matrices have the same order, and
a zero matrix or a null matrix. It can be
a row or column matrix or a square or a (ii) the corresponding elements of both the
rectangular matrix. matrices are equal.
0  1 2  a 2 
  0 0  0 0 0  e.g., If A =   and B =  ,
e.g., [0 0]  0        b −5  3 −5 
 0 0 0 0 0 
0 
then A = B only if a = 1 and b = 3.
6. Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix in
which all its elements are zero except OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
those in the principal diagonal is called
Addition of Matrices
a diagonal matrix.
Two matrices can be added only if their order
6 0 0  is same. Their sum is obtained by adding the
3 0       
e.g.,   , 0 5 0  corresponding elements of the matrices.
0 4  0 0 2  Example: Marks of I and II term exams of
different subjects of 2 students are given below.
7. Unit or Identity Matrix: A square matrix Their sum can be found as follows:
in which the principal diagonal’s (starting
English Maths Science
with the first number and ending with the
Chitra  48 70 65 
last) elements are 1 and all other elements
Dariyus  60 50 68 
are zero. It is denoted by I.
English Maths Science
1 0 0 
1 0   +  60 85 70 
I2×2 =   and I3×3 = 0 1 0   65 
0 1  0 0 1 
68 62
 48 + 60 70 + 85 65 + 70 
=  
Transpose of a Matrix 60 + 65 50 + 68 68 + 62 
A matrix obtained by interchanging the 108 155 135 
 =  
rows and columns of a given matrix is called 125 118 130 
transpose of a matrix. A′ is called the transpose
Observe that the corresponding subject’s marks
of A and is denoted by A′.
are added.

Matrices 85
Additive Inverse Associative Property of Addition
When the sum of two matrices A and B (of 7 6   –2 3 
the same order) is a null matrix, then A is the Example 3: If A =  , B =   and
5 4   4 –5 
additive inverse of B and B is the additive
inverse of A. 1 2
C=   ., find
Thus, if A + B = Null matrix = B + A.  –3 –4 
Then each is the additive inverse of the other.
(i) A + (B + C)  (ii) (A + B) + C
 2 –3 
Example 1: If A =   , find its additive Solution:
–4 5  7 6  −2 + 1 3 + 2 
inverse. A + (B + C) =  + 
 5 4   4 − 3 −5 − 4 
Solution:
−2 3  7 6  −1 5  6 11 
–A =   is the additive inverse of A, =  +  =  
 4 −5   5 4   1 −9  6 −5 

 2 −3  −2 3  7 − 2 6 + 3   1 2 
because  +  (A + B) + C =  + 
 −4 5   4 −5   5 + 4 4 − 5   −3 −4 

 2 − 2 −3 + 3  0 0  5 9   1 2  6 11 
=   =   =  +  =  
 −4 + 4 5 − 5  0 0  9 −1  −3 −4  6 −5 
A + (–A) = O = (–A) + A where O is a null matrix. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
Commutative Property of Addition Addition of matrices is associative.
 4 –5   7 6 3 6 7 1 
Example 2: If A =   and B =  , Example 4: If A =  , B =   and
 –3 2   –1 8   4 9   2 5 
find A + B, B + A and write your observation.
8 9 
Solution: C=   , find A – B + C.
 3 2 
 4 + 7 −5 + 6   11 1 
A + B =   =   Solution:
 −3 − 1 2 + 8   −4 10   3 −6  7 1  8 9 
A – B + C =  − + 
 −4 9   2 5   3 2 
 7 + 4 6 − 5  11 1 
and B + A =   =  
 −1 − 3 8 + 2   −4 10   3 − 7 + 8 −6 − 1 + 9 

=  
\ A + B = B + A 4 − 2 + 3 9 − 5 + 2 

Addition of matrices is commutative.

4 2
=  
5 6

86 ICSE Mathematics—X
 [Remember do not add B + C and subtract  3−2 5 − 4 1 1 
 A – B =  = 
from  A. 3 − 7 + 8 = 11 – 7 = 4 or –4 + 8 = 4  −1 − ( −1) 8 − 9  0 −1
(not 3 – 15)].
Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix
Subtraction of Matrices
Matrix A can be multiplied by a real number k,
If two matrices A and B are of the same order i.e., kA can be obtained by multiplying every
then these are compatible for subtraction. Their element of A by k.
difference A – B can be found by subtracting
the elements of B from the corresponding 3 1 
e.g., If B =   , then
elements of A.  −2 4 
 3 5  2 4
e.g., If A =   and B =   , then 5 × 3 5×1  15 5 
 −1 8   −1 9  5B =  = 
 5 × ( −2) 5 × 4   −10 20 

EXERCISE 8A

3 4 1 2 2 3 4
1. If A =   and B =   , find 5. A =   . Write the transpose of A.
5 6  7 8  5 6 7 
(i) A + B  (ii) A – B
Can you find the sum of A and A′? Give
reason.
9 8 
2. If P =   , find 6. Write the order of the following matrices
7 6 
and classify them:
(i) P′  (ii) P + P′  (iii) P – P′ 1 2 3 
(i) [3 4 5] (ii)  
4 5 6
1 a   −2 3  6 1
3. Given M =  , N =   . Find a   4
7 −8   b 5 (iii) 7 2  (iv)  
8 3   −1
 −1 2  2 3 1 0
and b if M + N =  . (v)   (vi)  
 9 −3   −5 6 0 1 

10 a 6   −5 3 d  0 0 0 
4. Given A =  , B =  , (vii)  
11 7 b  c −4 2  0 0 0 

 −4 5  2 3 6 7 
e 1 5 7. If A =  , B =  , C =  ,
M =   and A – B = M, find the  1 −2   −7 −8  8 9 
9 f 1

find A – B + C.
values of a, b, c, d, e and f.

Matrices 87
Solving Matrix Equations  2 − 3 −5 − 2  −1 −7 
=  =  
Let A and B be two given matrices. To find the 4 5 1 ( 4)
 − − −   −1 5 
matrix X when an equation A + X = B is given,
we proceed in the same way as we solve an
equation in Algebra.  4 7 2 –1 
Example 6: If  –M =   + M,
X = B – A  –5 6  7 4 

or if the equation is A – X = B, then A – B = X.

find the matrix M.
3 2   4 –1   2 4  Solution:
Example 5: If   + X= – ,
5 –4  7 9   3 8   4 7   2 −1
find the matrix X.  −  = M + M
 −5 6   7 4 
Solution:  4 − 2 7 − ( −1) 
  = 2M
3 2   4 − 2 −1 − 4   −5 − 7 6−4 
  + X =  
 5 −4  7 − 3 9 − 8   2 8
\ 2M =  
 2 −5   3 2   −12 2 
\ X =  − 
 4 1   5 −4  Dividing each by 2,
 1 4
M =  
 −6 1 

EXERCISE 8B
 5 −3  4 1  x + 10 y 2 − 4 y   3 x + 4 −3 
1. Given A =   and B =   , find (ii)   =  
2 6   −1 −3   3 − z 1   z−5 1
A + 2B.
 2 −1  −3 2  1 0 
 1 5  2 −3  6. A =  , B =   and C =  .
2. Given M =   and N =   , find 2 0   4 0 0 2 
 −3 0  4 6 

Find the matrix M if A + M = 2B + C. [2004]
2M – 3N.
7. Find the values of x and y if:
 3 −4   −1 2  3 4  1 y   7 0
3. If A =   and B =   , find the matrix 2 + = 
2 9   6 3  5 x  0 1  10 5 
M such 2A – M = 3B.  1 4 3 2 
8. If   + 2M = 3   , find the
5 3 2 3  −2 3  0 −3 
4. If P =   and Q =   , find the matrix matrix M. [2008]
1 7  4 1
M such that P – M = 2M – 2Q.  1 −2 
9. Given A =  .
5. Find x, y, z in the following:  −3 4 
 3 x − 2 5 x   x + 4 4 y 2 − 1
(i) Find the matrix B so that A + B is a
(i)  = 
 0 z − 1  0 −8  zero matrix.

88 ICSE Mathematics—X
 (ii) Find the matrix C so that A + C = A. 14. Solve for x and y:
(iii) Find the matrix D so that A + D =  x  1  −4   1 
Identity matrix. 3  +  = 
 −2  2  8   y 
 4 4 2 1  15. Find the matrix X if:
10. If A =   and B =   , find matrix
 −2 6   3 −2   5 6 7 4 
2X +   = 3 
D such that 3A – 2B + 2D = 0. −2 3   0 −5 

8  9 7 −1 −3 5 
3  4  
11. Simplify:    6  −  −6  16. Given  +A=  − A. Find the
2
 4 
3
 0  2 0   4 6
matrix A.
 3 −4  17. Solve for p and q:
12. Let A =  .
5 6  2 p  5q  −3 
Find: (i) A + A’   (ii) A’ – A 3  −   =  
 4   3 p  6 
where A’ is the transpose of A.
18. Solve for x and y:
13. Simplify:
1   4 x  16 
2 1 4  +   =  
1 10 
41 − 6 3 +  
2x 3y  18 
    5 5 
 4   2 

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES 60 + 75 + 48  183 

Let us consider the following example of =  = 
 90 + 90 + 12  192 
quantities of 3 vegetables bought and their
respective prices in 2 weeks. \ `183 is spent in the 1st week and `192 in the
Weights in kg
Beans Potatoes Tomatoes 2nd week in buying vegetables.
 2 5 4
st
 1 week In the above example,
A=   2nd week first matrix has order 2×3
 3 6 1
second matrix has order 3×1
 Prices in ` per kg
\ The resultant matrix is of order 2 × 1.
 30  Beans
2 5 4   Multiplication of AB is possible because each
A=   B = 15  Potatoes quantity of vegetable had a corresponding rate
3 6 1  12  Tomatoes to multiply with. Each entry in the row of A is
multiplied by a corresponding entry in column
To find the total cost of the vegetable in 2 B, i.e., the no. of columns in A = 3 = the no. of
weeks, we multiply the quantity of vegetables rows in B.
with their prices and add. Two matrices A and B can be multiplied,
(2 × 30) + (5 × 15) + (4 × 12) i.e., Product AB is possible if the number of
\ We get A × B =  
(3 × 30) + (6 × 15) + (1 × 12)  columns in A = number of rows in B.

Matrices 89
e.g., If Am × n × B n ×q
Multiply elements of the second row of
A with the elements of second column
Product AB is possible here. of B.
Order of product matrix = m × q (7 × 2) + (8 × 4) = 14 + 32 = 46 is the last
5 6  1 2  number in the matrix P.
Example 7: If A =   and B =  ,
 7 8   3 4   23 34 
\ P=A×B=  
 31 46 
find A × B.
Solution: a b   p q
Example 8: If M =   and N =  ,
A B
c d  r s
5 6 1 2 
Let    = P = Product matrix find M × N.
 7 8  3 4 
Solution:
1. Multiply elements of 1st row of A with
 a b   p q   ap + br aq + bs 
corresponding elements of 1st column of     =  
B and add.  c d   r s   cp + dr cq + ds 
(5 × 1) + (6 × 3) = 5 + 18 = 23. This is the
 a a a a 
first element in the product matrix P. Note:
Note: To
To find
findthe
theproduct matrixP P= = 11 11 12 12 = A
productmatrix = ×AB,×
 a21a21 a22a22 
5 6 1 2 
  
 7 8 3 4  follow thethe
B, follow subscript of the
subscript elements
of the of P:
elements of P:
To get a11, multiply elements of first row of A with
2. Similarly, multiply elements of 1st row corresponding elements of first column of B.
of A with corresponding elements of 2nd
column of B and add. To get a12, multiply first row of A with second column
of B.
(5 × 2) + (6 × 4) = 10 + 24 = 34. This is
To get a21, multiply second row of A with first column
the second number in the first row of the
of B.
product.
To get a22, multiply second row of A with second
 23 34  column of B.
P=  
 ... ... 
Properties of Matrices Multiplication
3.  5 6   1 2  1. Multiplication of Matrices is not
  
 7 8 3 4  Commutative.
Now do the same way with second row i.e., AB ≠ BA
of A and first column of B.
(7 × 1) + (8 × 3) = 7 + 24 = 31 is the first Example 9: Verify that AB ≠ BA if the
number in the second row of P. matrices
 3 1 7 4 
A=   and B =  .
5 6 1 2 
4.   
 –2 5  2 6 
 7 8 3 4 

90 ICSE Mathematics—X
Solution: If any matrix A2 × 2 is multiplied by identity
 3 1  7 4  matrix I2 × 2, then the product is matrix A2 × 2
A × B =     itself.
 −2 5   2 6 
 (3 × 7) + (1 × 2) (3 × 4) + (1 × 6)  3. Product of Two Non-zero Matrices
 =  
( −2 × 7) + (5 × 2) ( −2 × 4) + (5 × 6)  5 –5  2 3 
Example 11: If A =   and B =  ,
 21 + 2 12 + 6   23 18   –6 6  2 3 
=   =  
 −14 + 10 −8 + 30   −4 22  find A × B and write your conclusion.
7 4   3 1  Solution:
B × A =    
 2 6   −2 5   5 −5   2 3 
A × B =    
(7 × 3) + (4 × −2) (7 × 1) + (4 × 5)  −6 6   2 3 
 =  
(2 × 3) + (6 × −2) (2 × 1) + (6 × 5)  (5 × 2) + (−5 × 2) (5 × 3) + (−5 × 3)
 =  
 21 − 8 7 + 20   13 27  ( −6 × 2) + (6 × 2) ( −6 × 3) + (6 × 3) 
=   =  
6 12 2 30  10 − 10 15 − 15  0 0 
 − +   −6 32      =  = 

\ AB ≠ BA.  −12 + 12 −18 + 18  0 0 

2. Property of Identity Matrix for Multi- Observe that A × B = O = null matrix but
plication neither A nor B are null matrices.

 3 2 1 0  The product of 2 non-zero matrices can

Example 10: If A =   and I =  , be a zero matrix.
 – 1 5   0 1 
 –2 2  5 7 
find AI and IA. Example 12: If P =  ,Q=   and
 1 –1   2 4
Solution:  4 –1 
R=   , find PQ and PR, and write your
 3 2 1 0 1 –4 

A×I=     observation.
 −1 5  0 1 
 (3 × 1) + (2 × 0) (3 × 0) + (2 × 1)  Solution:
 =   −2 2   5 7 
( −1 × 1) + (5 × 0) ( −1 × 0) + (5 × 1)  PQ =   
 1 −1  2 4 
 3 2
=   −10 + 4 −14 + 8  −6 −6 
 −1 5      =  = 
 5−2 7−4   3 3
1 0  3 2 −2 2   4 −1
I × A =     PR = 
0 1   −1 5   
 1 −1  1 −4 
(1 × 3) + (0 × − 1) (1 × 2) + (0 × 5) −8 + 2 2 − 8  −6 −6 
 =     = 
(0 × 3) + (1 × − 1) (0 × 2) + (1 × 5)  = 
 4 − 1 −1 + 4   3 3 
 3 2
=   Observe that PQ = PR, but Q ≠ R.
 −1 5 
We conclude that if PQ = PR, we cannot
A×I=A=I×A cancel P on both sides and say Q = R.

Matrices 91
Algebraic Formulae in Matrices Solution:
A1 × 2 × B 2 × 2
Similarly all algebraic formulae do not
hold good in matrices. No. of columns in A = No. of rows in B
(i) (A + B)2 = A2 + AB + BA + B2
\ Product of AB is possible.
not A2 + 2AB + B2, because AB ≠ BA.
A × B =  3 5  7 2 
(ii) (A + B)(A – B) = A2 + BA – AB – B2   4 8
 
not A2 – B2 = [(3 × 7) + (5 × 4) (3 × 2) + (5 × 8)]
Only when AB = BA, then       = [21 + 20 6 + 40]
(A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B2 and            = [41 46]
(A + B)(A – B) = A2 – B2 \ Row Matrix × Square Matrix
4. Product of a Square Matrix and a = Row Matrix
Column Matrix.
and Square Matrix × Column Matrix
3 4  7  = Column Matrix
Example 13: A =   and B =   . Is A ×  B
5 6  8 
possible? Give reason. If so, find the product.  2 1 7 
Example 15: Given  X= .
 –3 4  6 
Solution:
A2 × 2 B 2 × 1 (i) Write the order of matrix X.

(ii) Find the matrix X. [2012]
No. of columns in A = No. of rows in B
Solution:
\ Product of AB is possible.
(i) Order of matrix X = 2 × 1
[Note: X should be a column matrix.]
A × B =  3 4  7  a
5 6  8  (ii) Let X =   .
b 
(3 × 7) + (4 × 8)   21 + 32   53 
   =   =  = 
 (5 × 7) + (6 × 8)   35 + 48  83  2 1  a   2a + b  7 

   =  = 
Observe that product is a column matrix  – 3 4  b   −3a + 4b  6 
of order 2 × 1. \ 2a + b = 7  Multiply this by 3
–3a + 4b = 6  Multiply this by 2
5. Product of a Row Matrix and a Square
Matrix We get
6a + 3b = 21
7 2  –6a + 8b = 12
Example 14: A = [3 5] and B =   . Is
 4 8  Adding the equations, 11b = 33

AB possible? If so, find the product. ⇒ b = 3

92 ICSE Mathematics—X
 and  2a = 7 – b (2 × 6) + (3 × 3) (2 × 7) + (3 × 1) 
=  
= 7 – 3 = 4
(4 × 6) + (5 × 3) (4 × 7) + (5 × 1) 
⇒ a = 2
 12 + 9 14 + 3   21 17 
2 =   =  
\ X =    24 + 15 28 + 5   39 33 
3
 5 8   21 17 
6. Distributive Property AB + AC =  + 
11 14   39 33 
2 3  4 1
Example 16: If A =  , B =   and  5 + 21 8 + 17   26 25 
4 5  –1 2  =   =  
6 7  11 + 39 14 + 33   50 47 
C=   . Find A (B + C), AB + AC and draw
3 1  We observe that A(B + C) = AB + AC.
Distributive Property is applicable in matrices.
your conclusion from the result.
Solution: Example 17: State with reason, whether the
 4 1  6 7  following are true or false. A, B, C, I are
B + C =  +  matrices of order 2 × 2.
 −1 2   3 1 
(i) A.B = B.A
 4 + 6 1 + 7 10 8 
=   =   (ii) A(BC) = (AB)C
 −1 + 3 2 + 1  2 3
 2 3  10 8  (iii) (A – B)2 = A2 – 2AB + B2
A(B + C) =     (iv) A(B + C) = AB + AC
4 5  2 3
(v) (A + B)(A – B) = A2 – B2
(2 × 10) + (3 × 2) (2 × 8) + (3 × 3) 
=   (vi) AI = IA = A [1995]
(4 × 10) + (5 × 2) (4 × 8) + (5 × 3) 
 20 + 6 16 + 9   26 25  Solution:
=   =  
 40 + 10 32 + 15   50 47  (i) AB = BA (False). Commutative property
does not hold good in matrix multiplication.
2 3  4 1
AB =     (ii) A(BC) = (AB)C (True). Matrix multiplication
 4 5   −1 2 
is associative.
(2 × 4) + (3 × − 1) (2 × 1) + (3 × 2)
=   (iii) (A – B)2 = A2 – 2AB + B2 (False),
(4 × 4) + (5 × − 1) (4 × 1) + (5 × 2) 
because (A — B)2 = (A – B)(A – B)
8−3 2+6
=   = A2 – AB – BA + B2
16 − 5 4 + 10 
and AB ≠ BA in all cases.
5 8
=   \ – AB – BA ≠ –2AB
11 14 
(iv) A(B + C) = AB + AC (True). Distributive
 2 3  6 7  property is applicable in matrices.
AC =    
4 5 3 1 (v) (A + B)(A – B) = A2 – B2 (False),

Matrices 93
 because (A + B)(A – B) = A2 + BA – AB – B2 Solution:
and BA – AB will become a null matrix  4 −2   4 −2 
A2 =    
only if BA = AB, which is always not true.  6 −3   6 −3 
(vi) AI = IA = A (True) (4 × 4) + ( −2 × 6) (4 × − 2) + ( −2 × − 3)
=  
When matrix A is multiplied by Identity (6 × 4) + ( −3 × 6) (6 × − 2) + ( −3 × − 3) 
matrix, product is always A. 16 − 12 −8 + 6   4 −2 
=   =  
7. Square of a Matrix  24 − 18 −12 + 9   6 −3 
 3 1
Let A =   0 2  −2 3 
2 5 BC =    
 1 −1  1 −1
Note: We do not square every number in A but multiply
 (0 × − 2) + (2 × 1) (0 × 3) + (2 × − 1) 
matrix A with A. =  
(1 × − 2) + ( −1 × 1) (1 × 3) + ( −1 × − 1) 
 3 1  3 1  9 + 2 3 + 5 
A2 =     =    0 + 2 0 − 2  2 −2 
 2 5   2 5  6 + 10 2 + 25  =   =  
 −2 − 1 3 + 1   −3 4 
11 8 
=    4 −2   4 −2   2 −2 
16 27  A2 – A + BC =  − + 
 6 −3   6 −3   −3 4 
 5 –4  3   –4   2 −2 
Example 18: A =  , B =  , C =   =  
 –2 6  1  5  −3 4 

2  Observe A2 = A in this case

and D =   . Find AB + C – 3D. 0 0 
1  \ A2 – A =  
0 0 
Solution:
 5 −4   3   –5 11 
AB =     Example 20: If X + Y =   and X – Y =
 −2 6   1   10 – 4 
(5 × 3) + ( −4 × 1)   15 − 4  11  9 –5 
=   =   =     , find the matrices X and Y.
( −2 × 3) + (6 × 1)   −6 + 6   0   –2 14 
11 −4  2 Solution:
AB + C – 3D =   +   − 3  
0  5  1 Observe that by adding X + Y and X – Y, we
11 − 4 − 6  1 get 2X.
=   =   (X + Y) + (X – Y) =
 0 + 5 − 3 2
−5 + 9 11 − 5  4 6 
 2X =   =  
 4 –2  0 2   10 − 2 −4 + 14   8 10 
Example 19: If A =  , B =   and
 6 –3   1 –1  4 6
 2  = 2 3
 –2 3  \ X =  2   
C=  2
 , find A – A + BC. [2006] 8 10  4 5
 1 – 1   2 2 
94 ICSE Mathematics—X
Substituting for X in X + Y, we get
 4 1  24 6 
2 3 −5 11  6M = 6   =  
  + Y =    −1 2   −6 12 
4 5  10 −4 
M2 – 6M + kI = O
−5 11   2 3  kI = 6M – M2
\ Y =  − 
 10 −4   4 5   24 6   15 6 
=
 − 
−5 − 2 11 − 3  −7 8   −6 12   −6 3 
=   =  
 10 − 4 −4 − 5   6 −9   24 − 15
=
6−6  9 0 
  =  
 −6 − ( −6) 12 − 3  0 9 
Example 21: Evaluate: 1 0
=
9 
 4 cos 60° 2 sin 30°   5 6  0 1 
   
 sin 90° 2 cos 0°  6 5  1 0 1 0
⇒ k  = 9  
Solution: 0 1  0 1 
 1 1 \ k = 9
4 × 2 2 ×  5 6
2 
  6 5 
 1 2 × 1  
2 –3   8 15 
Example 23: Let Q =   and R =  .
2 1
=
5 6 5 6  19 –15 
   
1 2 6 5 Find the matrix P if PQ = R.
(2 × 5) + (1 × 6) (2 × 6) + (1 × 5)  Solution:
=
 
(1 × 5) + (2 × 6) (1 × 6) + (2 × 5)  P should be 2 × 2 matrix because Q and R are
2 × 2 matrices.
10 + 6 12 + 5  16 17 
=
  =   a b 
 5 + 12 6 + 10  17 16  Let P =  
c d
 4 1  a b   2 −3 
Example 22: Given M =   . Find k if PQ =    
 –1 2  c d 5 6 
M2 – 6M + kI = Null Matrix, where I is an
 2 a + 5b −3a + 6b   8 15 
identity matrix of order 2 × 2. =   =  
 2c + 5d −3c + 6d  19 −15 
Solution:
 4 1  4 1 2a + 5b = 8 ..... (× 3) ⇒ 6a + 15b = 24
M2 =    
 −1 2   −1 2  –3a + 6b = 15 ..... (× 2) ⇒ −6a + 12b = 30

 =  (4 × 4) + (1 × − 1) (4 × 1) + (1 × 2)  Adding, 27b = 54
 
( −1 × 4) + (2 × − 1) ( −1 × 1) + (2 × 2)  ⇒ b = 2
 16 − 1 4 + 2   15 6  8 − 5b 8 − 10
=   =   \ a = = = –1
 −4 − 2 −1 + 4   −6 3  2 2

Matrices 95
And 19 − 5d 19 − 5
2c + 5d = 19 ..... (× 3) ⇒ 6c + 15d = 57 \ c = = = 7
2 2
–3c + 6d = –15 ..... (× 2) ⇒ −6c + 12d = –30 −1 2 
\ P =  
Adding, 27d = 27  7 1
⇒ d = 1

EXERCISE 8C
1 3 2 3 2 
1. If A =   , find A – 2A. 4
3 1 11. Express as a single matrix: −5 6   

  −1
3 2 2
0 −8   
2. If X =   , find 6X – X .
2 3 a
4 0 2    10 
4 1  12. If    5 = ,
 −3 5 6   −3   b 
3. If B =  2
 , prove that B = 17I.
 1 −4   
2 1 2 find the values of a and b.
4. If C =   , find 3C – C .
 1 2  2 b 
4 y   4 −2  4 5
−2     −4 1 
5. A =   and B =  . 13. If   a 5 =  ,
 x −3   6 −3  3 0
1   c −8 
1 4 

  Solve for x and y if A2 = B. find the values of a, b and c.

3 y  2 −3  2 5  4 0   4 0
6. P =  ,Q=   and R =  . 14. M =  , N =  
x 6  0 8   4 10  1 4  −1 4 
 If PQ = 3R, find the values of x and y.
Find:  (i) MN  (ii) M + 2N
 a −3   −2b 3 
7. If A =  ,B=   , find the values  0 2  1 4
15. Given A =  , B =
3 2   1 4  
 −2 3   −3 3 
7 3 
of a and b if AB =  . 3 4 
 8 17  and C =   . Find (A – B)C.
 4 −1
 0 4   x −5   5 z   3 4 
8. If    = + , 3 0  a b   6 3
 −3 0   y 0  7 9   2 6  16. Given   = .
 1 −4   c d   −2 1 
  find the values of x, y and z.
 Find the values of a, b, c and d.
0 k 
3 2
9. A =   and B =  1 
−3  .  4 1   a b   −6 7 
1 0   17. If   = ,
 2 2   0 5   c d   10 15 
(i) Evaluate A2.   find the values of a, b, c and d.
(ii) If AB = I, find the value of k. 1 2 
18. If A =   , find the matrix B so that
3 5  a −5  1 3 
10. X =  , Y =  .
1 2  −1 b   AB = I where I is Identity matrix of order 2 × 2.
  Find a and b if XY = I.
96 ICSE Mathematics—X
 1 4  −3 2  1 0  0 −9  6 0 
19. Let A =  , B =   and C =  . 31. Given A =  , B =   and
2 1  4 0 0 2  a 0  0 b 
  Find A2 + BC.  3 −3  2
C=   . If AB = C , find a and b.
 3 3 
 5 −3  4 4
20. Let M =  ,N=  , P =   and
 −1 6  2 1  4 4 2 1  16 x 
32. If A =  , B =  , P =  
2  −2 6   3 −2   9 −16 
Q =   . Find MN – 2P – 3Q.
2  4 −6 
and Q =   , find the values of x and y if
 4 −5   2 x   5   −1  5 y 
21. If     + 3   =   , find x and y.
 −3 1   8  6   2 y  AB = P + Q.
 3 5   x   −1  1 −2   −7 
22. Given     =  , 33. Given P =   and Q =  .
 2 −1  y   8   −3 4   11 
 find the values of x and y.
If PX = Q, find the matrix X.
4 5 7 
23. If A =  , B =   and AX = B. Find the: p 0 9 0 
3 4 6  34. Given A =   and B =  .
1 2 5 4
 (i) order of matrix X, (ii) matrix X.
24. If AB = BA, find the values of x and y where If A2 = B, find p.
5 2  3 x  a − b b − 5   −3  3
A =   and B =  . 35. Given     = 7   , find a and b.
7 3   y 5  b − 3 2b   2  2
 a 1  1 −1  a − b a − 2 4 0  4 0
25. Given P =  , Q =   and PQ = I, 36. If   =  , find a and b.
3 b  −3 4  b + 3 b   0 3  16 3 

 find the values of a and b.

37. Find the product:
9 2   1 x
26. Given A =   and B =   and 2 7  4 1
4 1 y 9 (i) [3 5]     (ii) [6 –2]  
 1 −3   −3 −5 
AB = I, find the values of x and y.
2 4 
38. (i) Given [a b]   = [14 –20],
Evaluate (Qs. 27–29):  3 −6 
 tan 45° sec 60°  3 4  find a and b.
27.   
cosec 30° sin 90°   4 3   −4 6 
(ii) A =   , B = [– 4 2] and PA = B.
 4 cos 60° cot 45°   5 3   3 −5 
28.   
 sin 90° 2 cos 0°  3 5  Find:
(a) the order of matrix P.
 2 sin 30° 4 cos 60°  8 
29.    (b) the matrix P.
 2 cos 0° 3 tan 30° 9 
 4 −2   3 −2  4 3
30. Find x and y if 39. Let A =  ,B=   and C =  .
 6 −3   −1 4  5 6
 3 x x   2   22 
    =  
 y 2 y   5   36  Find A2 – A + BC.

Matrices 97
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. Find the values of a, b and c if
3 a  −1 3   3c −7 
2 −3  =  
 0 1  b −2  15 8 

2. Find the values of x and y if

 x 7x   2   15 
    =  
 4 y −3 y   −1  44 

3. Find the values of x, y and z if

 3 y   2 −3   6 15 
    =  
 x z  0 8  12 30 
 1 −2   −7 
4. If A =   and B =   , find the order of matrix X and the matrix X if AX = B.
 −3 4  9
7 3  2
5. If A =   and B =   , find the matrix X if AX = B.
 2 −5   24 
2 5 2
6. Given M =   , find M – 5M.
 4 3 
 3 2  7 8   37 36 
7. If     + 3X =   , find the matrix X.
1 4 5 6  27 38 
5 4 4x 5 7 
8. Find x and y if:    +2  = 6 
 −2 6  3  7  y
4 5  1
9. A =   and B =   . Is the product AB possible? Give reason. If yes, find AB.
 6 −2  3
2 0   1 0
10. P =   and Q =   . Find the value of x if PQ = QP.
4 x  −2 5 
1 3  2
11. If A =   and A = 7I, find the values of a and b.
 a b 
6 4   2 −6 
12. If P =   and Q =   , find the product PQ. What can you conclude about the result?
9 6   −3 9 
 8 11  −4 −5 
13. If X + Y =   and X – Y =   , find the matrices X and Y.
11 14  3 4
 3 −5  2
14. If Q =   and Q – 5Q = kI, where I is an identity matrix of order 2 × 2. Find the value of
 −4 2 

scalar factor k.
2 5
15. If A = [3 7] and B =   . Is the product AB possible? Give reason. If so, find the product AB.
4 6

98 ICSE Mathematics—X
 BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
1. Evaluate without using tables: p 0  0 −q   2 −2 
11. Given A =  , B=  , C=   and
0 2 1 0  2 2 

BA = C2. Find the values of p and q. [2008]

 [1997] 2x x  3 16 

12. Find x and y, if     =  . [2009]
2. Find the value of x and y, if  y 3y  2 9
1 2 x 0  x 0

    =  .  [1998]
3 3 0 y  9 0  3 −2  6  − 4 
13. Given A =   , B =   , C =   and
 −1 4  1 5
3. Find the 2 × 2 matrix X which satisfies the
equation. 2
D =   . Find AB + 2C – 4D. [2010]
3 7  0 2   1 −5  2

   +2X =   [1999]
2 4 5 3 − 4 6 
14. Evaluate
1 1
4. Given A =  2
 , evaluate A – 4A. [2000]  4 sin 30° 2 cos 60°  4 5 
 8 3 
    [2010]
 sin 90° 2 cos 0°   5 4 
5. Find x and y, if:
3 5  2
−3 2   x  −5  15. If A =   and B =   , is the product AB

    =   [2001]
 4 −2  4
 0 −5   2  y

6. Find x and y, if: possible? Give a reason. If yes, find AB. [2011]

 3 −2   2 x 
−4  =  2   [2003] 2 5  4 −2 
   +2  4  16. If A = 
y , B =   and I is the identity
 −1 4   1  5  1 3  −1 3 
7. Find the value of x given that A2 = B
matrix of the same order and At is the transpose
 2 12  4 x of matrix A, and At.B + BI. [2011]
A =    B =   [2005]
0 1  0 1   3 1 1 0 2
17. If A =   and I =   , find A – 5A + 7I.
 −1 2  0 1 
3 4  1 y   7 0  [2012]
8. If 2  +  =  
 5 x  0 1  10 5  2 − 6 −3 2  4 0
18. Given A =  , B =  , C =  .
find the values of x and y. [2007]  2 0   4 0  0 2

1 0  2 3 Find the matrix X such that A + 2X = 2B + C.

9. Let A =  2 2
, B =   . Find A + AB + B .
 2 1   −1 0   [2013]

 [2007]  x 3x   2  5
19. Find x and y if     =  . [2013]
 y 4 y  1 12 
 1 4 3 2 
10. If  +2M = 3  , find the matrix M.
 −2 3  0 −3  −2 0  −1 −2  y
 [2008] 20. Find x, y if     + 3   = 2  .
 3 1 2
  x 1
  3
 [2014]

Matrices 99
 2 1  4 1 −3 2   2 0 1 0
21. Let A =  , B =   and C =  . 24. Given A =   and I = 0 1
 0 −2   −3 −2   −1 4   −1 7   
Find A2 + AC – 5B. [2014] and A2 ­= 9A + mI. Find m. [2016]
 2 3  0 4  1 0
3 x 9 16  25. If A =  , B =   and C =   , find
22. If A =   and B =   , find x and y 5 7   –1 7   –1 4 
0 1  0 − y 
AC + B2 – 10 C. [2018]
when A2 = B. [2015]
26. Simplify:
0 2   1 − 5 ,
23. If A =  3 7  , B =   and C =    sin A − cos A   cos A sin A 
  sin A 
2 4  5 3 − 4 6  + cos A  
 cos A sin A   − sin A cos A 
find AB – 5C. [2015]
 [2019]

COMMON ERRORS
1. While multiplying matrices, forgetting that any number multiplied by zero is zero.
2. When asked to find A – B + C, students tend to add B and C and subtract this from A, which
is wrong. Either, find the difference A – B first and then add C to this difference or add
A and C and from this sum, subtract B.
3. When A and B are two given matrices and to find X when AX = B. After finding the
elements of X, in the final answer, students forget to write X in matrix form.

POINTS AT A GLANCE
1. Am × n × B p × q = Pm × q

A and B can be multiplied only if n = p (No. of columns in A = No. of rows in B)

2. Square Matrix × Column Matrix = Column Matrix

 3 4  7   21 + 32   53
e.g.,     =   =  
 5 6  8   35 + 48  83 

3. Row Matrix × Matrix = Row Matrix

4 8
e.g., [5  2]   = [20 + 14 40 + 6] = [34 36]
7 3 
1 0
4. AI = A = IA where I is identity matrix I2 × 2 =  .
0 1

5. (A + B)2 ≠ A2 + 2AB + B2 in matrices because AB ≠ BA.

(A – B)2 ≠ A2 – 2AB + B2 and A2 – B2 ≠ (A + B)(A – B)
Only in some cases where AB = BA, these will be equal.

100 ICSE Mathematics—X

 1 4 
1 2 3  T  
6. If A =   , then A transpose = A’ = A = 2 5
4 5 6   3 6 

Rows of A are changed to columns in A’.

4 5 2 4 5 4 5 16 + 15 20 + 5   31 25 
7. If M =   , then M = M × M=
=    =   
 3 1   3 1  3 1  12 + 3 15 + 1  15 16 

(M2 is not square of each no. in M).

8. If A × B = Null Matrix, it does not imply that either A or B is a null matrix. Product of 2 non-zero matrices
can be a null matrix.
9. If AB = AC, it is not necessary that B = C.
10. When 5 B2 is asked. First find B2 and then multiply each element by 5. Don’t multiply 5B with 5B.

DO YOU KNOW?
1. 27 is the largest number which has the sum of the digits of its cube as the number itself. There are 4 more
such numbers. Find them.
1, 8, 17, 26
273 = 19683 and 1 + 9 + 6 + 8 + 3 = 27 Answer:

2. Squares of odd numbers can be expressed as a sum of two consecutive positive numbers.
32 = 4 + 5
52 = 12 + 13
72 = 24 + 25 142857 × 6 = 857142
92 = 40 + 41
142857 × 5 = 714285
142857 × 4 = 571428
112 = 60 + 61
142857 × 3 = 428571
Also, observe that these form Pythagorean triplets. 142857 × 2 = 285714
e.g., (3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (7, 24, 25), (9, 40, 41) ,etc. decimal point in 1/7.
first 6 digits after the
3. A six-digit number can be multiplied by 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 and yet no new digits 142857. These are the
appear in the result. In fact, all the digits are rotated. What is the number?
Answer:

Matrices 101
 ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRIC
PROGRESSION
When we see a list of numbers, we often
observe some pattern in them. Consider,
(i) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ... odd numbers
(ii) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... even numbers
(iii) 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ... square numbers
1 1 1 1
(iv) 1, , , , , ... reciprocals of natural
2 3 4 5
numbers
(v) 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ... triangular numbers
These patterns of numbers are called
sequences.
Sequences: Some numbers arranged in a
definite order, according to a definite rule, are
said to form a sequence. The various numbers
occurring in a sequence are called its terms.
Terms: The first number or the first term is
denoted by a1. The second number or the
second term is denoted by a2 and so on. In
general, the nth term or the number in the nth
place is denoted by an. Often, it is possible to
express the rule which gives the various terms
of a sequence.
In the above sequence, the nth term in
(i) for odd numbers where n = 1, 2, 3,....
can be represented
by 2n – 1
(ii) for even numbers where n = 1, 2, 3,....
is 2n
(iii) an = n2 where n∈N
9
1
(iv) an = where n∈N
n
n(n + 1)
(v) an = where n∈N
2
Finite or Infinite Sequence
When the number of terms in a sequence is
finite, the sequence is finite. When the number
of terms go on and on without a last term, it
is known as an infinite sequence.
Series: A series is the sum of the terms of a
sequence.
If a1, a2, a3,... an are n terms of a sequence, then
a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an is called the series of these
n terms.
For example, the series: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ... + 19 is
the sum of first ten odd numbers and its sum
is 100. Similarly, the series 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 +
32 + 64 is formed from the first seven terms of
the powers of 2 and its sum is 127.
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP)
A particular type of sequence in which each
term, except the first, progresses in a definite
manner is called an Arithmetic Progression.
Consider the following sequences.
(i) 2, 5, 8, 11, 14,... , 3n – 1,... n∈N
(ii) 7, 14, 21, 28, 35,..., 7n,... n∈N
(iii) 100, 90, 80, 70, 60,... , (110 – 10n),... n∈N
(iv) 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,... , 5,...
We observe that each term (except the first we get, an = 5 + (n – 1)7 ⇒ an = a + (n – 1)d.
term) is obtained by adding This gives us the general term of an AP
(i) 3 to the previous term an = a + (n – 1)d.

(ii) 7 to the preceding term
where a, ∈ R and n∈N
(iii) – 10 to the preceding term (each term is
10 less than the previous) Example 1: Find the nth term of the
(iv) 0 to the previous term (all numbers are following:
same) 4, 7, 10, 13, .....
All the above are called arithmetic sequences Solution:
because the difference between two consecutive
a = 4 and the common difference
Here,
terms is common. The common difference is
denoted by d. In,  d = (7 – 4) = 3 = (10 – 7) = (13 – 10).
(i) d = a2 – a1 = 5 – 2 = 3 , nth term, an = a + (n – 1)d
a3 – a2 = 8 – 5 = 3 , = 4 + (n – 1)3
a4 – a3 = 11 – 8 = 3 , so on. = 4 + 3n – 3 = 3n + 1
(ii) d = a2 – a1 = 14 – 7 = 7 ,
Example 2: Write the 17th term of the AP,
a3 – a2 = 21 – 14 = 7 , and so on. whose first 2 terms are – 2 and 3.
(iii) d = a2 – a1 = 90 – 100 = – 10,
a3 – a2 = 80 – 90 = – 10,... Solution:
(iv) d = a2 – a1 = 5 – 5 = 0, a1 = –2, a2 = 3
a3 – a2 = 5 – 5 = 0,... d = a2 – a1 = 3 – (–2) = 5
The common difference can be positive or
an = a + (n –1)d   a17 = 5(17) – 7
negative or zero. So if between any two
 = –2 + ( – 1)5 = 85 – 7
consecutive terms, the difference is common,
then the sequence is called an arithmetic  = – 2 + 5n – 5 = 78
progression.  = 5n – 7
Note: d = an+1 – an or an – an–1 Example 3: If the third term of an AP is 11
and the seventh term is 27, find the fifth term.
General Term of an AP
Solution:
Consider an AP, 5, 12, 19, 26, 33,...
  an = a + (n – 1)d, a3 = 11, a7 = 27
It can be written as
a3 = a + (3 – 1)d = 11
5, 5 + 7, 5 + 14, 5 + 21, 5 + 28,...
a7 = a + (7 – 1)d = 27
or  5, 5 + (2 – 1)7, 5 + (3 – 1)7, 5 + (4 – 1)7,...
a + 6d = 27
Here, first term a1 = 5, common difference d =
7. Thus using a and d, the terms of the AP can a + 2d = 11
(–) (–) (–)
be written as 4d = 16
a1 = 5 ⇒ a1 = a ∴   d =  4
a2 = 5 + (2 – 1)7 ⇒ a2 = a + (2 – 1)d a = 11 – 2d = 11 – 8 = 3
a3 = 5 + (3 – 1)7 ⇒ a3 = a + (3 – 1)d a5 = a + 4d = 3 + 4(4) = 19
a4 = 5 + (4 – 1)7 ⇒ a4 = a + (4 – 1)d
Example 4: Which term of the AP: 23, 44, 65,
Proceeding this way,
86,..., is 212?
Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 103
Solution: 14 = 5 + (7 – 1)d
We assume that nth term of the AP is 212. 9 = 6d ∴  d = 1.5
The numbers are 5, 6.5, 8, 9.5, 11, 12.5, 14.
a = 23, d = (44 – 23) = 21 = (65 – 44)
an = a + (n – 1)d Example 7: If the common difference of an
= 23 + (n – 1) 21 AP is 4, then what is a18 – a13?
= 23 + 21n – 21 Solution:
= 21n + 2 Common difference d = 4,
21n + 2 = 212 an = a + (n – 1)d
21n = 212 – 2 ∴ a18 – a13 = (a + 17d) – (a + 12d)

210 = a + 17d – a – 12d

n = = 10 = 5d
21
∴ 10th term = an = 212 = 5 × 4 = 20

Example 5: Which term of the sequence Example 8: What is the common difference
1 1 3 of an AP in which a17 – a14 = 36?
30 , 29 , 28 , 27 , ....., is the first negative
4 2 4 Solution:
term? a17 – a14
Solution: = (a + 16d) – (a + 13d)
We assume the nth term to be first negative
term and put an < 0 = a + 16d – a – 13d = 3d
1 3 3d = 36
a = 30, d = 29 − 30 =
−
4 4 ∴ d = 12
an = a + (n –1)d
 −3  Example 9: Two AP’s have the same common
30 + ( n − 1)   < 0 difference. The first term of one AP is – 3 and
 4 
that of the other is – 6. Find the difference
3n 3 between their 5th terms.
30 – + < 0
4 4
Solution:
123 3n
< a = – 3 a = – 6
4 4
123 < 3n an = – 3 + (n – 1)d an = – 6 + (n – 1)d
41 < n a5 = – 3 + 4d a5 = – 6 + 4d
∴ 42nd term is negative.
∴ Difference between their fifth terms
Example 6: Insert 5 numbers between 5 and
= (– 3 + 4d) – (–6 + 4d)
14, so the resulting sequence is in AP.
Solution: = – 3 + 4d + 6 – 4d = 3

a = 5, let the common difference be d. Example 10: The general term of a sequence
is given by an = – 3n + 5. Is the sequence in
5, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, 14 an AP? If so find the 11th term and common
⇒ a7 = a + (n – 1) d difference.
104 ICSE Mathematics—X
Solution: a1 = 250, a2 = 250 + 100 = 350
an = – 3n + 5. a3 = 350 + 100 = 450,...

an –1 = – 3(n – 1) + 5 (ii) SI at the end of 1st year

= – 3n + 3 + 5 = – 3n + 8 1000 × 5 × 1
= = ` 50
100
an – an – 1 = (–3n + 5) – (–3n + 8) SI at the end of 2nd year
= – 3n + 5 + 3n – 8 = –3 1000 × 5 × 2
= = `100
d = – 3 is a constant, independent of n. 100
∴ It is an AP. SI at the end of 3rd year
1000 × 5 × 3
a11 = – 3(11) + 5 = – 33 + 5 = – 28 = = `150
100
Note: Any sequence whose nth term is a linear    d = `100 – `50 = `50 or `150 – `100
expression in n, is an AP and the coefficient of n is the
= `50 (Common difference).
common difference. e.g., –3n + 5 is a linear expression
in n and the common difference is – 3. ∴ It is an AP.
(iii) n
 r   10 
Example 11: Show that the given sequence A1 = P  1 +  = 10000  1 +
 100   100 
defined by an = 2n2 + 3 is not an AP.
11
Solution: = 10000 × = `11000
10
an – 1 = 2(n – 1)2 + 3 = 2(n2 – 2n + 1) + 3
 10  11
 = 2n2 – 4n + 5 A 2 = 11000  1 +  = 11000 × = `12100
 100  10
d = an – an–1 = 2n2 + 3 – (2n2 – 4n + 5) = 4n – 2  11 
A 3 = 12100   = `13310
The difference is not a constant (it contains n  10 
in it. It will change as n changes)
A2 – A1 = `12100 – `11000 = `1100
∴ an = 2n2 + 3 is not an AP.
A3 – A2 = `13310 – `12100 = `1210
Example 12: State if the sequences defined Since the difference between two consecutive
in the following are AP. terms is not same, it is not an AP.
(i) The cost of digging the first metre of a Example 13: Find the number of integers
well is `250 and the cost increases by `100 between 50 and 300 which are divisible by 7.
for every subsequent meter. Solution: 56 is the first integer more than 50
(ii) A sum of `1000 is invested at 5%, SI per and divisible by 7. When 300 is divided by 7,
year. The interests at the end of the years. the remainder is 6.
(iii) The amount of money in the account ∴ 300 – 6 = 294 is the largest integer between
every year, when `10,000 is deposited at 50 and 300 that is divisible by 7.
10% p.a., compounded annually. a = 56, d = 7,
Solution: If there are n terms in the AP.
(i) a = `250 and common difference d = `100. ⇒ an = a + (n – 1)d
so, it is an AP. ⇒ 294 = 56 + (n – 1)7

Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 105

⇒ 238 = (n – 1)7 a + 10d = 43 ... (i)
238 a19 + a20 + a21 = 237
⇒ n – 1 = = 34 ⇒ n = 35
7
(a + 18d) + (a + 19d) + (a + 20d) = 237
There are 35 integers between 50 and 300
divisible by 7. 3a + 57d = 237
a + 19d = 79 ... (ii)
(on subtracting equation (i) from (ii))
Example 14: (3x + k), (2x + 9) and (x + 13) are
3 consecutive terms of an AP. Find k. a + 19d = 79
a + 10d = 43
Solution: (–) (–) (–)

9d = 36 ∴d=4
⇒ a2 – a1 = a3 – a2
a = 43 – 10(4) = 3
⇒ (2x + 9) – (3x + k) = (x + 13) – (2x + 9)
a21 = 3 + 20(4) = 83
⇒ – x + 9 – k = – x + 4
⇒ 9 – 4 = k ⇒ k = 5 ∴ AP = 3, 7, 11,..., 75, 79, 83.

Example 15: Find the 20th term of an AP

whose third term is 7 and the seventh term
exceeds 3 times the third term by 2. Also find
the nth term.
Solution:
a3 = a + (3 – 1)d = 7 ⇒ a + 2d = 7
Also a7 – 3a3 = 2
a + 6d – 3(a + 2d) = 2
⇒ – 2a = 2 ∴ a = – 1
nth term from the End of an AP
(i) If the last term of an AP is l, then nth term
from the end
= last term + (n – 1)(–d)
= l – (n – 1)d.
Example 17: Find the 6th term from the end
of the A.P.

7 −a 7 +1 19, 14, 9,... (–46).

=d = = 4.
2 2 Solution:
∴ a20 = a + 19d = –1 + 19(4)
l = – 46, d = – 5, n = 6.
   = –1 + 76 = 75 ∴ 6th term from the end.
an = a + (n – 1)d = l – (n – 1)d
  = – 1 + (n – 1)4 = 4n – 5 = – 46 – (6 – 1)(–5) = – 46 + 25 = – 21

Example 16: An AP has 21 terms. The sum of (ii) I f there are m terms in an AP with a as the
10th, 11th and 12th terms is 129 and the sum of first term and d = common difference, then
the last 3 terms is 237. Find the AP. nth term from the end = (m – n + 1)th term
Solution: from the beginning

a10 + a11 + a12 = 129 = am – n + 1

= a + [(m – n + 1) – 1]d
(a + 9d) + (a + 10d) + (a + 11d) = 129
3a + 30d = 129 = a + (m – n)d.

106 ICSE Mathematics—X

Example 18: Find the 6th term from the end Example 19: The sum of three numbers in an
of AP. AP is – 12 and their product is 36. Find the
17, 14, 11,..., which has 30 terms. numbers.

Solution: Solution:

m = 30, a = 17, d = – 3 and n = 6 Let the numbers be a – d, a, a + d.

Their sum = 3a = – 12
6th term from the end = a + (m – n)d
a=–4
= 17 + (30 – 6)(– 3) Their product (a – d)(a) (a + d) = 36
= 17 – 72 = – 55 ⇒ (– 4 – d) (– 4) (– 4 + d) = 36
or, we can find the last (30th) term a30 36
⇒  –1(4 + d)(– 4 + d) = = −9
= a + (n – 1)d −4
= 17 + 29(–3) −9
⇒ = = 9
d2 – 16
−1
= 17 – 87 = – 70 ⇒ 2
d = 25
and use l – (n – 1)d = – 70 – (6 – 1)(– 3) ⇒ d = ±5
= – 70 + 15 = – 55 If d = +5, a = – 4 If d = – 5
– 9 – 4, + 1 1, – 4, – 9
Selection of terms in an AP
a – d, a, a + d a – d, a, a + d
When we require to assume certain number of
terms in AP, the following will be convenient Example 20: Find 4 numbers in AP whose
to use. sum is – 4 and the sum of whose squares is 84.
Number Terms to be assumed Common Solution:
of terms difference Let the 4 numbers in AP be
3 a – d, a, a + d d  a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
4 a – 3d, a – d, 2d Their sum = (a – 3d) + (a – d) + (a + d) + (a + 3d)
a + d, a + 3d 4a = – 4,
5 a – 2d, a – d, d a = – 1
a, a + d, a + 2d (– 1 – 3d)2 + (– 1 – d)2 + (– 1 + d)2 + (– 1 + 3d)2 = 84
6 a – 5d, a – 3d, – d, 2d ⇒ (1 + 6d + 9d2) + (1 + 2d + d2) +
a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d
 (1 – 2d + d2)+ (1 – 6d + 9d2) = 84
We assume the terms in this way so that their ⇒ 4 + 20d2 = 84
sum will be independent of d. Observe that in ⇒ 20d2 = 80
case of odd number of terms, the middle term ⇒ d2 = 4 ∴ d = ±2
is a and the common difference is d. In case of If d = 2, a = – 1 If d = – 2
even number of terms, the two middle terms – 7, –3, 1, 5 5, 1, –3, –7
are a – d, a + d and the common difference is 2d. a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
Note: 1. If three numbers a, b, c are in AP, then,
Common difference = b – a = c – b
⇒ 2b = a + c
Example 21: Find 5 numbers in AP, whose sum
2. If a, b, c are in AP, then b is the arithmetic mean 1
is 12 and ratio of first to last term is 2 : 3.
between a and c. 2

Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 107

Solution: Let the 5 numbers of the AP be If d = – 1.5
(a – 2d), (a – d), a, (a + d) and (a + 2d) a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
5.5 + 4.5, 5.5 – 1.5, 5.5 – 1.5 5.5 – 4.5
Their sum = 5a = 12.5 10, 7, 4, 1
12.5 5
∴ a = = 2.5 or Example 23: The digits of a 3 -digit positive
5 2 number are in AP and their sum is 15. The
First term a − 2d 2 number obtained by reversing its digits is
= =
Last term a + 2d 3 792 more than the original number. Find the
5 1 original number.
∴ 3a – 6d = 2a + 4d ⇒ a = 10d = or d =
2 4 Solution:
∴ The 5 numbers are The original number is smaller than the
reverse number.
5 1 5 1 5 5 1 5 1

 2 − 2  , 2 − 4  , 2 , 2 + 4  , 2 + 2  Let the hundred’s digit be (a – d)
       
and the ten's digit be (a).
9 5 11 1
i.e.,= 2, , , , 3., or, 2, 2 4 , 2 1 , 2 3 ,3 and the unit's digits be (a + d)
4 2 4 2 4
H T U
Example 22: Divide 22 into 4 parts which are
(a – d) a (a + d)
in AP. Such that the ratio of the product of
extremes to the product of means is 5 : 14. The sum of the digits = a – d + a + a + d = 15
Solution: 3a = 15
Let the 4 numbers be a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d. ∴ a=5
Their sum = 4a = 22 The original number + 792 = The reverse number
11 100(5 – d) + 10(5) + (5 + d) + 792
⇒  a = = 5.5
2 = 100(5 + d) + 10(5) + (5 – d)
Pr oduct of extremes a 2 − 9d 2 5
= = ⇒   792 = 99(5 + d) – 99(5 – d)
Pr oduct of means 2
a −d 2
14
  14a2 – 126d2 = 5a2 – 5d2 ⇒ 792 =198d
⇒ 9a2 = 121d2 792
⇒ d= =4
121 198
 11
⇒ 9× 121 d 2
=  a = 2 
4 H T U
9 ∴
⇒ d2 = 5–4 5 5+4
4
3 ∴ The original number = 159.
∴ d= ± = ± 1.5
2
If d = 1.5 Example 24: Each year a tree grows 5 cm less
a – 3d, a – d, a + d, + 3d than it did the previous year. If it grew 1 m in
5.5 – 4.5, 5.5 – 1.5, 5.5 + 1.5 5.5 + 4.5, the first year, in how many years will it stop
1, 4, 7, 10 growing?

108 ICSE Mathematics—X

Solution: The growth is as follows:
100 cm, 95 cm, 90 cm, 85 cm,...
a = 100, d = – 5, an = 0
⇒ an = a + (n – 1)d
EXERCISE 9A
1. If the common difference of an AP is 5,
then find the value of a18 – a13.
2. Which term of the AP: 45, 41, 37, 33,.... is
the first negative term?
3. Which term of the AP: 5, 2, –1,.... is – 49?
4. Find the 20th term of 63, 53, 43,....
5. Find a25 – a20 of the AP: –2, –8, –14, –20,....
6. Find the nth term and the 12th term of
AP: 2, 5, 8, 11,....
7. Is zero a term of the AP: 31, 28, 25,...?
Give reason.
8. Which term of the AP: 6, 14, 22, 30,... is 182?
9. Which term of the AP: 71, 66, 61,... is the
first negative number?
1 m + 1 2m + 1
10. Show that , , ,... is an AP.
m m m
Find its nth term and 7th term.
11. Which term of the AP, 4, 11, 18,... will be
84 more than 13th term?
12. Find the value of k, if k2 + 4k + 8,
2k2 + 3k + 4 and 3k2 + 4k + 4
are 3 consecutive terms of an AP.
13. Divide 108 into 3 parts such that these
3 are in AP and the product of the two
smaller parts is 1116.
⇒ 0 = 100 + (n – 1)(–5)
⇒ 5(n – 1) = 100
⇒ n – 1 = 20 ⇒ n = 21
After 21 years, the tree will stop growing.
14. Split 78 into 3 parts which are in AP and
the product of the two larger parts is 884.
15. If the nth term of two APs are same, find
the value of n. Also find the nth term.
AP1: 8, 6, 4,....
AP2: 27, 24, 21,....
16. The 31st, 16th and the last terms of an AP
4
are 1, 4, − respectively. Find the first
5
term and the number of terms in the AP.
17. The 5th and 10th terms of an AP are 36 and
61 respectively. Find the AP and its 15th
term.
18. Find the 10th term from the end of the AP:
4, 9, 14,..., 254.
19. Find the 11th term from the end of the
A.P.: 10, 7, 4,..., (– 62).
20. The 7th term of an AP is 32 and the 13th
term is 62. Find the AP.
21. The 8th term of an AP is 20. The 15th term
is 12 more than 11th term. Find the AP.
22. If 18, x, y, (–3) are in AP, then find the
value of x + y.
23. Which term of following AP is zero?
AP: 27, 24, 21,....
24. If 11th term of an AP is zero, prove that
31st term is double the 21st term.
Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 109
25. If 8 times of the 8th term of an AP is equal Rewriting Sn from the last term, we get
to 13 times of the 13th term, show that 21st Sn = [a + (n – 1)d] + [a + (n – 2)d] + ... + (a + d) + a
term of the AP is zero.
Adding, 2Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d] + [2a + (n – 1)d]
26. How many number of 3 digits are
+ ... + [2a + (n – 1)d] repeating n times.
divisible by 7?
2Sn = n[2a + (n – 1)d]
27. The sum of 4 consecutive terms in an AP
is 40. The ratio of product of the first and Sn = n [2a + (n – 1)d]
the last terms to the product of the two 2
middle terms is 2 : 3. Find the numbers. n
Also, Sn = [a + a + (n – 1)d]
28. Which term of the AP: 3, 15, 27, 39,... will 2
be 120 more than its 21st term?   = n [a + l], where l = last term
29. Find the middle most term of the AP 2
To get the nth term of an AP
5 3 1
− , − 1, − ,..., 4 . an = Sn – Sn–1
4 4 4
30. Find the two middle most terms of the AP   = Sum of first n terms
5 4 2 2 – Sum of first (n – 1) terms
− , − , − 1, − ,..., 4 .
3 3 3 3
31. How many terms are there in AP? Example 25: Find the sum of 17 terms of an
5, 8, 11,..., 125. AP, whose middle term is 40.

32. An AP consists of 60 terms. If the first and Solution:

the last are 6 and 124 respectively, find the 17 + 1
Middle Term = = 9th term.
27th term. 2
a9 = a + 8d = 40
33. Find 4 consecutive terms in AP whose sum
S17 = Sum of 17 terms
is 18 and the sum of third and fourth terms
n
is 19. =  2 a + ( n − 1) d 
2
Sum of n terms of an AP 17
=  2 a + 16d 
2 
Let a1, a2, a3... be an AP with the first term a 17
and common difference d. = × 2 ( a + 8d )
2
First term a1 = a
= 17 × 40 = 680
Second term a2 = a + d  
Third term a3 = a + 2d
Example 26: If the first term of an AP is 4 and
(n – 1)th term = a + (n – 2)d the sum of first 7 terms is equal to one fourth
nth term = a + (n – 1)d of the sum of next 7 terms, then, (i) Show that
Sum of all the terms = Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) a20 = – 110 (ii) Find the sum of first 30 terms.
Solution:
+ ... + [a + (n – 2)d] + [a + (n – 1)d]
n
Sn =  a + l  , a = 4
2

110 ICSE Mathematics—X

 7 Example 28: The sum of first 6 terms of an
Sum of first 7 terms =  4 + a7 
2 AP is 63. The ratio of its 10th term to its 20th
(i) Sum of next 7 terms = [a8 + a9 + ... + a14] term is 1 : 2. Calculate the first and 15th terms.
7
=  a8 + a14  Solution:
2
7 1 7 a10 a + 9d 1
∴  4 + a7 = ×  a8 + a14  =S6 63 and= =
2 4 2 a20 a + 19d 2
1
⇒ 4 + a7 =  a8 + a14  ⇒ 2a + 18d = a + 19d
4
⇒ 16 + 4a7 – a8 – a14 = 0 ⇒ a = d
⇒ 16 + 4(a + 6d) – [a + 7d + a + 13d] = 0 6
⇒ S6 =  2 a + 5d  = 3  2 a + 5a =21a =63
⇒ 16 + 4a + 24d – 2a – 20d = 0 2
⇒ 16 + 2a + 4d = 0 ∴ a=3
⇒ a + 2d = – 8
a15 = a + 14d = a + 14a
⇒ 4 + 2d = – 8
   = 15a = 45
⇒ 2d = – 12
∴ d = –6 Example 29: (i)Find the sum of n terms of the
a20 = a + 19d AP.
  = 4 + 19(–6) = 4 – 114 = –110
2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , ....
Solution:
(ii) S = n  2 a + ( n − 1) d 
30
2  The AP can be written as
30
=  2 × 4 + 29 × ( −6 )  2 , 4 × 2 , 9 × 2 , 16 × 2 , ...
2 
= 15 8 − 174  = 15 × ( – 166 ) = − 2490 2 , 2 2 , 3 2 , 4 2 , ...
= a 2, d
= 2

Example 27: Solve for x.
n
 2 a + ( n − 1) d 
S=
1 + 4 + 7 +...+ x = 247 2 n

Here, a = 1, d = 3 n
= 2 2 + ( n − 1) 2 
n 2 
S=  2 a + ( n − 1) d  n
n
2 = 2 2n − 2 
n 2 
⇒  2 × 1 + ( n − 1) 3  =247
2 =
n 
2 + 2n=
2n
1 + n
⇒ n  2 + 3n − 3  =494 2  2 

⇒ 3n2 – n – 494 = 0 (ii) Find the sum of

⇒ 3n2 – 39n + 38n – 494 = 0 1 + (–3) + (–7) + (–11) + .... + (–315)
⇒ 3n(n –13) + 38 (n – 13) = 0 Solution:
⇒ (n – 13) (3n + 38) = 0  a = 1 d=–3–1=–4
⇒ n = 13 ⇒ 13th term an = a + (n – 1)d
Now, x = a13 = a + 12d = 1 + 12 × 3 = 37 ⇒ –315 = 1 + (n – 1)(–4)
Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 111
⇒ –316 = (n – 1)(–4) Example 30: The ratio of 6th and 14th terms
⇒ –316 = (n – 1)(–4) Example 30: The ratio of 6th and 14th th terms
−316 of an AP is 2 : 5. Find the ratio of (i) 4th and
⇒ −316= ( n − 1) of th
an AP is 2 : 5. Find the ratio of (i) 4 and
⇒ −4 = (n − 1) 19th terms, (ii) the sum of first 5 terms and the
−4 19 terms, (ii) the sum of first 5 terms and the
⇒ n – 1 = 79 ∴ n = 80 sum of first 12 terms.
⇒ n – 1 = 79 ∴ n = 80
n 80 sum of first 12 terms.
∴S S=n =n  a+a + l= =80 11−−315 40×× (−−314
315 ==40 314 )==−−12560
12560
∴ n
2 
2 l 
 2 2  ( ) a a + 5d 2
Solution: a 6 =a + 5d =2 ⇒ 5a + 25d =2 a + 26d
Solution: a14 = a + 13d = 5 ⇒ 5a + 25d = 2 a + 26d
6
(iii) Find
(iii) Find the
the sum
sum of
of a14 a + 13d 5
∴ 3a = d
19 9 17 ∴ 3a = d
5+ + + + ... 25 terms.
4 2 4 a a + 3d a + 3 ( 3a ) 10 a 2
(i) a44 = a + 3d = a + 3 ( 3a ) = 10 a = 2 = 2 : 11
Solution:
Solution: (i) a19 = a + 18d = a + 18 ( 3a ) = 55a = 11 = 2 : 11
a19 a + 18d a + 18 ( 3a ) 55a 11
19
19 11 99 19 19
aa ==5,
5, dd == 4 −−55 ==−− 4 ==2 −− 4 12
4 4 2 4 (ii) Sn = nn  2 a + ( n − 1) d  S12 = 12  2 a + 11d 
n (ii) Sn = 2 2 a + ( n − 1) d  S12 = 2  2 a + 11d 
SS= = n 22aa++((nn−−11))dd 25   2
n
n 22   = 6  2 a + 11 ( 3a ) 
S5 = 5  2 a + 4d  = 6  2 a + 11 (3a )
25   11 S5 = 2  2 a + 4d  = 6 × 35a
SS= = 25 22×× 55 +
22  + (
( 24
24 )) −− 4  25 = 6 × 35a
= 5  2 a + 4 ( 3a )  = 35a
25
 4 
25

25 = 2 2 a + 4 ( 3a )  = 35a
25 2
== 2 10 10 −− 66=
= 50
 50 S 35a 1
2 ∴ S55 = 35a = 1 = 1 : 6
(iv) ∴ S12 = 6 × 35a = 6 = 1 : 6
(iv) Find
Find thethe sum sum of of 54 + 52 + 50 + ... + 10. S12 6 × 35a 6
Solution:
(a – b) + (3a – 2b) + (5a – 3b) + .... to 21 terms. Example 31: An AP consists of 29 terms. The
Here, a = 54, d = 52 – 54 = –2 Example 31: An AP consists of 29 terms. The
Solution: sum of 3 middle most terms is 375 and the
Let the nth term be 10. sum of 3 middle most terms is 375 and the
sum of the last 3 terms is 531. Find the AP.
a d = 3a+ –(n2b– –1)d (a =– 10
b) = 2a – b, n = 21 sum of the last 3 terms is 531. Find the AP.
54 + (nn – 1)(–2) = 10 Solution:
S=  2 a + ( n − 1) d  Solution:
⇒ n 2 54 –10 = 2(n – 1) 29 + 1
Middle most term = 29 + 1 = 15th term
21 44 Middle most term = 2 = 15th term
⇒ n = S21  2 ( a–−1b )=+ 20 (=222 b ) 
a − ⇒  n = 23 2
2 2 ∴ The 3 middle terms are 14th, 15th and 16th.
= 21  a − b + 10 23( 2 a − b )  ∴ The 3 middle terms are 14th, 15th and 16th.
\ S 23 = [54 + 10] = 23 × 32 = 736 a14 + a15 + a16 = 375
2 a14 + a15 + a16 = 375
= 21  21a − 11b = 441a − 231b ⇒ (a + 13d) + (a + 14d) + (a + 15d) = 375
(v) Find the sum of (–4) + (–7) + (–10) + ... +
(v) (–220).
Find the sum of ⇒ 3a++13d)
⇒ (a 42d =+ 375(a + 14d) + (a + 15d) = 375
⇒ 3a
⇒ +a42d = 375
+ 14d = 125 ....(i)

Solution: 1  2  3
 5 –  +  5 –  +  5 –  +... up to n terms. aa27
+ 14d
 na= –4,
Here,  d =n –7 – (–4) n = –3 ⇒ + a28=+125 ....(i)
a29 = 531
Let
Solution: an = a + (n – 1)d = –220 a(a27 ++ 26d)
a28 ++a29
(a =+ 531
27d) + (a + 28d) = 531
–4 + (n – 1) (–3) = –220 1 2 3
⇒ 3a +(a81d
+ 26d) + (a + 27d) + (a + 28d) = 531
= 531
n
( 5 + 5 + 5 + ... n220
⇒ terms – 4) =− 3(n
 n –+ 1) n n
+ + ... 
n ⇒ a ++27d
⇒ 3a 81d==177
531 ....(ii)

216
⇒ 1 =n–1 ⇒ aSubtracting (i) from (ii), we get,
+ 27d = 177 ....(ii)
= 5n − ( 1 + 2 + 3 3+ ...... n )
⇒ n n = 72 + 1 = 73 13d = 52 (i) from (ii), we get,
Subtracting
1 73 n ( n + 1) 10n − n 73 −1 n−1
9112 d = 4= 52
∴ 13d

= 5n − = × [(–4) + (–220)]
\ S = = =× –224
n n 2 2 2 2
2 ∴ da = 4125 – 14(4)
112    = 73 × –112 = – 8176
ICSE Mathematics—X
112 ICSE Mathematics—X
 a = 125 – 14(4) 504, 511, 518, ..., 798.
  = 125 – 56 = 69 a = 504, d = 7
an = a + (n – 1)d
AP: 69, 73, 77, 81,... .
798 = 504 + (n – 1)7
Example 32: Prove that S12 = 3(S8 – S4), where
Sn denotes the sum of first n terms of an AP. 294 = (n – 1)7
Solution: n – 1 = 42 ⇒ n = 43
4
8 n
S8 =  2 a + 7 d  = 8 a + 28d Sn =  a + l 
2 2
43
2
∴ S43 =  504 + 798 
4 2
S4 =  2 a + 3d  (=− ) 4 a (+− ) 6d
2 651

1302 × 43
S8 − S4 = 4 a + 22d = = 27993
2
∴ 3 (S8 − S4 ) = 3 (4 a + 22d ) = 12 a + 66d
Example 34: Ravi buys a car for `240,000. He
6
12 pays half of the money in cash and agrees to
S 12 =  2 a + 11d  = 12 a + 66 d. pay the balance in 12 monthly installments
2 
of `10,000 each. If the rate of interest is 12%
Hence, Proved.
p.a. and along with installments he pays the
Example 33: (i) Find the sum of all odd interest due on the unpaid amount, find the
numbers between 100 and 300. total cost for him.
Solution: The odd numbers between 100 and
300 are Solution:
101, 103, ..., 299 Ravi pays 1 of `2,40,000 = `1,20,000 in cash and
a = 101, d = 2 2
the balance `1,20,000 in 12 monthly installments
⇒ an = 101 + (n – 1)2 = 299
⇒ (n – 1)2 = 299 – 101 = 198 of `10,000 each. With each installment he pays
⇒ n – 1 = 99 the interest of 12% per annum ⇒1% per month
∴ n = 100 Interest for the first month
n 100
Sn =  a + l  = 101 + 299  = 1% of 1,20,000 = `1200
2 2 
200 Interest for the second month
100 × 400
= = 20000 = 1% of (1,20,000 – 10,000) = `1100
2
Interest for the third month
(ii) Find the sum of all multiples of 7 lying
between 500 and 800. = 1% of (1,10,000 – 10,000) = `1000

Solution: The interest for each month is in AP with

800 ÷ 7 gives remainder 2. first interest = a = `1200
∴ 798 is the biggest no. < 800 and divisible d = (1100 – 1200) = (–`100)
by 7 Total interest for 12 months

Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 113

 n n n
Sn =  2 a + (n − 1) d  ∴ × 29 =  53 − 3n
2 2 2 
12
S12 =  2 × 1200 + 11 × (−100 ) 3n = 53 − 29 = 24
2 n= 8 ∴ 8 rows
= 6  2400 − 1100 
8
= 6 × 1300 = ` 7800 Total no.of parcels =  25 + 4  = 29 × 4 = 116
2
Total cost of the car = `2,40,000 + `7800
= `2,47,800 Example 37: The sum of first n terms of an
AP is given by n2 + 8n. Find its 12th term.
Example 35: The sum of first n terms of an
3n 2 + 5 n Solution: Sn = n2 + 8n
AP is . Find the 25th term.
2 ∴ S1 = 1 + 8 = 9 ⇒ a1 = 9
Solution:
25th term = Sum of first 25 terms – sum of first S2 = 22 + 8(2) = 20 ⇒ a2 = 20 – 9 = 11
24 terms. S3 = 32 + 8(3) = 33 ⇒ a3 = 33 – 20 = 13
a25 = S25 – S24 ∴ d = 13 – 11 = 11 – 9 = 2
3( 25)2 + 5( 25) 3 × 625 + 125
S25 = = a12 = a + (12 – 1)d
2 2
= 9 + 11 × 2 = 31
1875 + 125 2000
= = = 1000
2 2 Example 38: How many terms of the AP 7,
2
3( 24) + 5( 24) 3 × 576 + 120 10, 13, ... are needed to get a sum of 710?
S24 = =
2 2
Solution:
1728 + 120 1848
= = = 924 7, 10, 13, ....
2 2
Here, a = 7, d = 10 – 7 = 3
a25 = 1000 – 924 = 76
n
Example 36: In a store room, parcels are   Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d]
2
stacked in rows one above the other. There n
are 25 parcels in the bottom row, 22 in the row ⇒ [2 × 7 + (n – 1)3] = 710
above, 19 in the row above and so on. The 2
⇒ n[14 + 3n – 3] = 1420
top most row has 4 parcels. Find the number
of rows in which the parcels are stacked and ⇒ 3n2 + 11n – 1420 = 0
the total number of parcels. ⇒ 3n2 – 60n + 71n – 1420 = 0
Solution:
⇒ 3n(n – 20) + 71(n – 20) = 0
 a = 25, d = – 3, l = 4.
⇒ (n – 20) (3n + 71) = 0
n n
Sn =  a + l  Also , Sn =  2 a + (n − 1) d  71
2 2 \ n = 20 terms , – is not possible.
n n 3
=  25 + 4  =  50 + (n − 1)(−3)
2 2
n Example 39: Diya saves some amount of
=  53 − 3n money every month. In the first month she
2
114 ICSE Mathematics—X
saves `50, second month `55, third month (ii) Production in the tenth year = a10 = a + 9d
`60 and so on. In which month will she save   = 1100 + 9(50) = 1550
`500? What will be her total savings in all
n
those months? (iii) Sn =  2 a + (n − 1) d 
2
Solution: 8
∴ S8 =  2 × 1100 + 7 × 50 
Here, a = `50, d = `5 2
= 4  2200 + 350  = 10200
Let nth month saving be `500.
a + (n – 1)d = 500 Example 41: A contract on construction job
specifies a penalty for completion beyond a
⇒ 50 + (n – 1)5 = 500
certain date as follows. `500 for the first day
450 `550 the second day, `600 for the third day
⇒ (n –1) = = 90
5 and so on. The penalty is `50 more for each
\ n = 91 succeeding day. How much does a delay of
30 days cost the contractor?
In 91st month she will save `500.
Solution:
Her total savings in 91 months
n  a = `500, d = `50
= [a + l] n
2 S30 =  2 a + (n − 1) d 
2
91
= [50 + 500] 30
2 =  2 × 500 + 29 × 50 
2 
= 91 × 275 = `25025 = 15 1000 + 1450  = 15 × 2450 = ` 36,750

Example 40: A factory produces 1200 units in

the third year and 1400 units in the seventh Example 42: A sum of `3000 is used to award
year. Assuming that the production increases 8 prizes. If each prize is `30 more than its
uniformly by a fixed number every year, find preceeding prize, find the value of each prize.
the production in (i) the first year (ii) the tenth Solution:
year (iii) 8 years. Let the value of first prize be a and d = `30
n
Solution: S n =  2 a + (n − 1) d 
2
(i) Since the production increases uniformly, 8
3000 =  2 a + 7 × 30 
the production units are in AP. 2
Let the first year’s production be a and the ⇒  750 = 2a + 210
common difference d.
⇒  2a = 750 – 210
Given, a3 = 1200 = a + 2d ....(i)
a7 = 1400 = a + 6d ....(ii) 540
⇒    a = = 270
 On subtracting equation (i) from (ii), we get 2
200 = 4d ⇒ d = 50 ∴The prize amounts are `270, `300, `330,
∴ a = 1200 – 2(50) = 1100 `360, `390, `420, `450, `480.
∴ Production in the first year = 1100 units.
Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 115
Example 43: A ladder has rungs 25 cm apart. 2a + 3d = 21
The rungs decrease uniformly in length from 2a +  d = 11
45 cm at the bottom to 25 cm at the top. If the
 (–) (–) (–)
top and bottom are 2.5 m apart, what is the
length of wood required for the rungs? 2d = 10

Solution: ∴ d=5  
The gap between 2 rungs is 25 cm and the
11 − d 11 − 5 6
total length from the top to the bottom rung ∴ a = = = =3
2 2 2
= 2.5 m = 250 cm
∴ The terms are (3 – 5), 3, (3 + 5), (3 + 10),
250 i.e., – 2, 3, 8, 13.
∴ Number of rungs = + 1 = 11 
25
Note: We can also assume the 4 consecutive
a = length of the top rung = 25 cm and 11th
terms to be a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d.
term = 45 cm
Example 45: 120 workers were engaged to
25 cm finish a piece of work in a certain number of
days. 4 workers dropped on the second day, 4
25 cm { more workers dropped on the third day and
so on. It took 4 more days to finish the job
2.5 m now. Find the number of days in which the
work was completed.

Solution: Let the work completed after

workers started dropping be n days.
45 cm  a = 120, d = – 4

n 11  Sn = Total number of workers on n days

S11 =
2
( a + l) =
2
(25 + 45)
n
11  2 × 120 + (n − 1) × − 4 
=
= × 70 = 385 cm = 3.85 m 2
2
= n 120 − 2n + 2  = n (122 − 2n)
Example 44: Find 4 consecutive terms in an Had the workers not dropped, the work
AP whose sum is 22 and the sum of 3rd and would have been finished in (n – 4) days.
4th term is 21.
∴ Total number of workers on all (n – 4)
Solution: days = 120(n – 4)
Let the 4 consecutive terms be a – d, a, a + d,
⇒ n(122 – 2n) = 120(n – 4)
a + 2d.
Their sum = a – d + a + a + d + a + 2d. ⇒ 0 = 2n2 – 122n + 120n – 480

4a + 2d = 22 ⇒  2a + d = 11 ⇒ n2 – n – 240 = 0

3rd term + 4th term = a + d + a + 2d = 21 ⇒ (n – 16) (n + 15) = 0 ∴ n = 16 days.

116 ICSE Mathematics—X

Example 46: 165 pipes are stacked in the Solution:
following manner. 18 in the bottom row, 17 15
S15 = 2a +14d  = 15 (a + 7 d ) = 105
in the row above, 16 in the next row above 2 
it and so on. In how many rows are all the a + 7d = 7    ... (i)
pipes placed? How many pipes are in the top Sum of 30 terms = sum of first 15 terms +
row? sum of next 15 terms.
30
S30 =  2 a + 29d  = 105 + 780
 2 

15 (2a + 29d) = 885

⇒    2a + 29d = 59  ... (ii)
Multiplying (i) by 2 and subtracting it
from (ii), we get
Solution: 2a + 29d = 59
a = 18, d = –1, n = no. of rows 2a + 14d = 14
15d = 45
n
S n =  2 a + (n − 1) d  ∴     d = 3
2
a = 7 – 7(3) = – 14
n
165 =  2 × 18 + (n − 1)(−1) ∴ The AP is –14, –11, –8,... .
2
330 = n  36 − n + 1 Example 48: In an AP, 18th term is 48 and

32nd term is 104. Find
n2 – 37n + 330 = 0
(i) the first term and the common difference.
n2 – 15n – 22n + 330 = 0
(ii) the sum of first 50 terms.
(n – 15) (n – 22) = 0
Solution:
n = 15 or 22 (i) a32 = a + 31d = 104
If 15 rows, an = a + (n – 1)d a18 = a + 17d =  48
a15 = 18 + 14 × –1 = 4     (–) (–)  (–)
∴ 4 pipes in the top row. 14d = 56

If 22 rows, a22 = 18 + 21 × –1 < 0. ⇒        d = 4

Not possible. ∴ a = 48 – 17d = 48 – 68 = –20

50
(ii) S50 = [2 × – 20 + 49 × 4]
Example 47: The sum of first 15 terms is 105 2
in an AP. The sum of next 15 terms is 780.   = 50 [–20 + 98]
Find the first 3 terms.
  = 50 × 78 = 3900

Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 117

 EXERCISE 9B
1. Find the sum of the following.
(i) 4 + 12 + 20 + 28 + ... + 100
5 7
(ii)  2 + + 3 + + ... to 45 terms
2 2
(iii) 1 + 3 + 5 + ... to 40 terms
(iv) 102 + 97 + 92 + ... to 20 terms
2. If the sum of n terms of an AP is 2n2 + 5n,
find its 2nd term. [Hint: S2 – S1 = 2nd term]
3. If Sn is given by 2n2 + n, find the 6th term.
4. Find the sum of all numbers between 250
and 1000 which are exactly divisible by 3.
5. Find the sum of numbers between 200 and
300 that are divisible by 7.
6. How many terms of the AP –15, –13, –11,...
are needed to make the sum – 55? Explain
the reason for double answer.
7. If 12th term of an AP is –13 and the sum
of its first 4 terms is 24, what is the sum
of first 10 terms? (Hint: Using S4 and a12,
find a and d.)
8. In an AP, 6th term is half of the 4th term
and the 3rd term is 15. How many terms
are needed to give a sum of 66?
9. A man repays a loan of `3250 by paying
`20 in the first month and then increases
the payment by `15 every month. How
long will it take to clear the loan?
10. A polygon has 25 sides. The lengths
starting from smallest to the longest are
in AP. The perimeter is 225 cm. The length
of the longest side is 5 times the smallest.
Find the lengths of the sides.
11. Find the sum of the first 30 terms of an AP
whose nth term is given by an = 3 – 2n.
12. Find the sum of all natural numbers less
than 300 which are divisible by 5.
13. Find the sum of all natural numbers
between 100 and 500 which are exactly
divisible by 8.
14. How many terms of the AP –17, –15, –13,...
are needed to make the sum – 72?
118 ICSE Mathematics—X
15. 285 pipes are stacked in the following
manner. 24 in the bottom row, 23 in the next
row, 22 in the row above it and so on. In
how many rows are 285 pipes placed and
how many pipes are placed on the top row?
16. Find the sum of all two-digit natural
numbers which when divided by 11 give
1 as remainder.
17. Find the sum of all two -digit numbers which
when divided by 3 give 2 as remainder.
18. In November 2014, the number of visitors
to a zoo increased daily by 20. If a total
of 13,200 people visited the zoo in that
month, find the number of visitors on 1st
November 2014.
19. The sum of first 8 terms of an AP is 148 and
the sum of its first 12 terms is 342. Find the
sum of its first 25 terms of the AP.
20. The sum of 4 consecutive terms of an AP
is 52 and the ratio of the product of the
first and last terms and the product of two
middle terms is 11 : 20. Find the numbers.
21. Solve for x : –5 + (–2) + 1 + ... + x = 470.
22. Find the sum of first 51 terms of an AP
whose second and third terms are 14 and
18 respectively.
23. The last term of an A.P. is 120. Its first
term and common difference are 20 and
5 respectively. Find the sum of the AP.
24. In an AP the sum of first ten terms is –150
and the sum of its next ten terms is – 550.
Find the AP.
25. Reema saves `48 during the first month,
`52 in the second month and `56 in the
third month. If she continues to save in
this manner, in how many months will she
save `2400?
26. Find the common difference of an AP
whose first term is 6, the last term is 63
and the sum of all its terms is 690.
27. If the first term and common difference
of an AP are 12 and 6 respectively, find
the last term if the sum of the AP is
5412.
28. Avril invests `50 in the first month and
increases the monthly investment by `20
every succeeding month. What will be the
total investment after 5 years?
29. If the sum of n terms of a sequence is given
by Sn = 3n2 + 5n, show that the nth term is
6n + 2 and the sequence is an AP.
30. If the sum of the first 20 terms of an AP is
610 and the first term is 2, find the common
difference.
31. The sum of 3 consecutive terms in an AP
is 207 and the product of the two smaller
terms is 4623. Find the 3 terms.
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Let us consider some sequences
(i) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,...,...
(ii) 2, 6, 18, 54,...,...
1
(iii) 81, 27, 9, 3, 1, ...,...
3
(iv) 3, –6, 12, –24, 48,...,...
In the above sequences, the ratio of each term
to its previous term is a constant, i.e., any term
(except the first) can be obtained by multiplying
the previous term by a constant. This constant
is called the common ratio and denoted by r.
any term
∴ Common ratio, r =
previous term
8 18
In (i) r = = 2 (ii) r = =3
4 6
3 1 −6
(iii) r = = (iv) r = = − 2
9 3 3 Here, a = 1, r =
Observe that the ratio can be a positive or a
negative integer or a fraction. Such sequences
are called Geometric Progressions (GP).
32. Penalty on a contractor for delay in
completion of a residential building
is `800 for the first day, `900 for the
second day, `1000 for the third day
and so on. The penalty is `100 more for
each succeeding day. How much does
the contractor have to pay if there is a
delay of 40 days?
33. A sum of `5500 is used to award 10 prizes.
If each prize is `50 more than the preceding
prize, find the value of the first and the last
prize.
34. Find the number of integers between 100
and 800 which are divisible by 11.
35. The second term of an AP is 2 and its
seventh term is 22. Find the sum of first
35 terms of the AP.
36. Find the sum of all 2 digit numbers.
A sequence a1, a2, a3 ... an ... in which
a1 = a and an+1 = r an, where a, r ∈ R, a ≠ 0,
r ≠ 0 and n ∈ N is called a Geometric Progression.
General term of a Geometric Progression
Consider a2 = ra1 ⇒ a2 = ar = ar2–1
a3 = ra2 ⇒ a3 = ar2 = ar3–1
a4 = ra3 ⇒ a4 = ar3 = ar4–1, so on.
Following this we get
an = ran–1 ⇒ an = arn–1
which gives, in general an = arn–1
Example 1: Find the nth term of the above
GPs.
(i) 1, 2, 4, 8, ...
4 8
= =2
2 4
∴ an = arn–1
 = 1 × 2­n–1 = 2n–1
Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 119
(ii) 2, 6, 18, 54, ... 1
18 ⇒ (3r – 1) (r – 3) = 0 ∴r= or 3
4 − (n −1) 3
a = 2, r = = 3 = 3 = 35 − n
6 1
if r = 3, a = 9 if a = 9, r =
∴ an = 2 × 3n–1 3
9
1 , 9, 9 × 3 then, , 9, 9 × 1
9
(iii) 81, 27, 9, 3, 1, ,... 3 1 3
3 3
3 1
a = 81, r = = ⇒ 3, 9, 27 ⇒ 27, 9, 3
9 3
 1
n −1
81 4 − n −1 Assumption of terms in a GP
∴ a n = ar = 81   = n −1 3 ( ) = 35 − n
n−1

 3 3 Number of terms Terms to be assumed

a
Example 2: In a GP if the third term is 72 3 , a , ar
r
and the sixth term is 1944, find its nth term. a a
4 , , ar , ar 3
Solution: Let the first term of the GP be a and r r
3

the common ratio be r. a a

5 , , a , ar , ar 2
∴ an = arn–1 a6 = 1944 = ar5 r r
2

a3 = 72 = ar2 We assume this way so that in the product we

a ar 5 1944 eliminate r. When product of terms is given we
∴ 6 = 2 = r3 = = 27 ∴r = 3 assume the terms in this way.
a3 ar 72
ar2 = 72 Example 4: In a sequence, if an = 4(3n–1),
  a × 9 = 72  ∴ a = 8 prove that it is a GP. Find the first term and
∴ an = 8 × 3n–1 the common ratio.
Solution: To prove that it is a GP we show
a
Example 3: Find three numbers in GP such that n + 1 = Constant
that their product is 729 and the sum of the an
first and the third is 30. an + 1 = 4 3n ( )
Solution:
a r=
an + 1
=
( ) =3
4 3n n − ( n − 1)
= 3 = a constant
In GP we assume 3 numbers to be , a , ar. an 4(3 )
n−1
r
a
Their product × a × ar = a = 729 ⇒ a = 9
3 ∴ It is a GP.
r a1 = 4(31–1) = 4 is the first term.
The sum of the first and last = 30

a 1   1 + r2  Example 5: If the third term of a GP is 0.08

+ ar = a  + r  = a   = 30 and the seventh term is 0.000128, find the first
r r   r 
term and the common ratio.
⇒ 9(1 + r2) = 30r
Solution:
⇒ 3 + 3r2 = 10r a7 ar 6 0.000128
⇒ 3r2 – 10r + 3 = 0 = =
a3 ar 2 0.08
⇒ 3r2 – 9r – r + 3 = 0 128 1 1
⇒ r4 = = = 4
⇒ 3r(r – 3) – 1(r – 3) = 0 80000 625 5
120 ICSE Mathematics—X
 1 ⇒ 2a (21) = 441 − 189 = 252
⇒ r= = 0.2
5 252 6
⇒ a= = 6 ⇒ + 6 + 6r = 21
 ar2 = 0.08 2 × 21 r
1 8  2 + 2r + 2r 2 
a× = ⇒ a = 2. ⇒ 3
25 100  r  = 21

Example 6: The first term of a GP is 1. The ⇒ 2r2 + 2r + 2 = 7r

sum of 3rd and 5th terms is 272. Find the ⇒ 2r2 – 5r + 2 = 0
common ratio and the GP. ⇒ 2r2 – 4r – r + 2 = 0
⇒ 2r(r – 2) – 1(r – 2) = 0
Solution:
⇒ (r – 2) (2r – 1) = 0
Here, a = 1, 3rd term = ar2 = r2
1
∴ r = 2 or
5th term = ar4 = r4 2
If r = 2 and a = 6  a = 6 and r = 1
Their sum = r4 + r2 = 272 2
a a
, a , ar and , a , ar
r4 + r2 – 272 = 0 r r
6 6 1
⇒ r4 + 17r2 – 16r2 – 272 = 0 , 6, 6 × 2 , 6, 6 ×
2 1 2
2
⇒ r2(r2 + 17) – 16(r2 + 17) = 0 3, 6, 12 12, 6, 3
⇒ (r2 + 17) (r2 – 16) = 0 The Sum and Amount in a Compound
⇒ r2 = 16 Interest
(r2 = –17 is not possible) When a sum of `P is borrowed at rate r% p.a.,
compounded annually, we find that the ratio
⇒ r=±4 of successive amounts is constant.
∴ GP = 1, 4, 16, 64, 256 ... Original sum = P
 r 
   or 1, –4, 16, –64, 256, ... Amount after 1 year, A1 = P  1 +
 100 
Example 7: Find 3 numbers in a GP such 2
that their sum is 21 and the sum of their  r 
Amount after 2 years, A2 = P  1 +
squares is 189.  100 
a
Solution: Let the 3 numbers be , a , ar 3
r  r 
Amount after 3 years, A3 = P  1 + and so
a a2
+ a + ar = 21 and 2 + a 2 + a 2 r 2 = 189  100 
r r on. We observe that when P is multiplied by
2
a 
 r + a + ar  = (21)
2
 r 
 1 + 100  we get amount after 1 year and again
a2  a.a a  r 
⇒ 2 + a2 + a2 r 2 + 2  + a . ar + ar .  = 441 multiplying this A1, by  1 + , we get A2.
r  r r  100 
a   r 
⇒ 189 + 2 a  + ar + a  = 441 ∴ The common ratio =  1 +
r   100 

Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 121

 Similarly, when there is depreciation of the 1
value of a machine, we observe that the values or, ar2 = 1458 × = 486
3
of the machine in successive years are in GP. 1
or, ar3 = 486 × = 162
3
Example 8: If the present value of a machine
1
is `2,00,000 and the rate of depreciation is 10% or, ar4 = 162 × = 54 and ar5 = 18
3
per annum. Calculate its value after 1 year, 2
∴ GP = 4374, 1458, 486, 162, 54, 18, 6.
years, and 3 years and show that they are in GP.
Solution: Example 10: Find the 11th term and the
Its value after 1 year general term of the GP.
 10  1 1
= 2,00,000  1 − = 1,80,000 , – , 1, – 2, ....
 100  4 2
Its value after 2 years Solution:
 10  1
= 1,80,000  1 − = 1,62,000 a= , r = −2
 100  4
Its value after 3 years an = ar n − 1
 10  1 1 1
( −2 ) = ( −2 ) = × 1024 =256
11−1 10
= 1,62,000  1 − = 1,45,800 a11 =
 100  4 4 4
n −1
1 2
Also, Value after 1 year ( 2) = ( −1) × 2 = ( −1) ( 2 )
n −1 n −1 n −1 n− 3
an =−
original value 4 2
180 , 000 9
=  = Example 11: Which term of the GP: 5, 10, 20,...
200 , 000 10
is 2560?
1,62,000 81 9
r
= = = Solution: a = 5, r = 2
1,80,000 90 10
1, 45,800 1458 162 9 an = arn–1 = 5(2)n–1 = 2560
⇒ = ==
1,62,000 1620 180 10
2n–1 = 512 = 29
r is constant.
n – 1 = 9 ∴ n = 10th term

∴ They are in GP.

Example 9: Insert 5 terms between 4374 and Example 12: The 5th, 8th and the last terms of
6, so that they form a GP. a GP are 5, 40, 5120 respectively. Find the first
Solution: term and the number of terms in the GP.
Let the terms be 4374, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, 6. Solution:
a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4, ar5, ar6. ar 7 40
a5 = 5 = ar4 ∴ = =8
a7 ar 4 5
a = 4374 = ar 6 6 1
= =
a a 4374 729 r3 = 8 = 23 ∴r = 2
1 1 ar4 = 5
r6 = 6 ⇒ r =
3 3 5
1 ∴ a24 = 5 ⇒ a =

∴ ar = 4374 × = 1458 16
3 last term = an = arn–1 = 5120
122 ICSE Mathematics—X
 5 Example 15: The sum of first 3 terms of a
( 2 ) = 5120
n −1

16 GP is 1 and the sum of the next 3 terms is 8.

1024
Determine the first term, the common ratio
5120 × 16 and the sum of n terms of the GP.
2n −1 = = 210 × 2 4
5 Solution: Let a be the first term and r be the
common ratio.
n – 1 = 14  ∴ n = 15 terms

Then a + ar + ar2 = 1 ... (i)
Example 13: The sixth term of a GP is 8 times a(1 + r + r2) = 1
the third term and the fifth term is 48. Find and ar3 + ar4 + ar5 = 8
the GP. ar3 (1 + r + r2) = 8 ... (ii)
Solution:  a3 = ar2, a6 = ar5 = 8(ar2) Substituting (i) in equation (ii), we get
r3 = 8 ⇒ r = 2
r3(1) = 8
a5 = ar4 = 48
∴   r = 2
48
a× 24 = 48 ∴ a = = 3 a + 2a + 4a = 1
16
 7a = 1
∴ GP : 3, 6, 12, 24,....
1
  a =
7
Example 14: The sum of first 3 terms of a GP (r n − 1)
49 Sn = a
is and their product is 1. Find the common r −1
15 1 n
ratio and the first 3 terms. 2 −1 ( 1 n )
a
Solution: Let , a, ar be the first 3 terms of
= 7
2 −
=
1 7
2 −1 ( )

the GP. r
a Example 16: Given a GP with the first term
Their product =× a × ar =a 3 =1 ⇒ a =1 729 and 7th term 64, determine the sum of first
r
a a + ar + ar 2 49 7 terms.
a + ar
Their sum = += =
r r 15 Solution:

=
(
a 1 + r + r2 ) = 49 . a = 729, a7 = 64 = ar6.
6
r 15 64  2  6 2
⇒ r= =   ⇒ r=
15 + 15r + 15r2 = 49r 729  3  3

∴ 15r2 – 34r + 15 = 0 =Sn

a 1− rn (
, where r < 1
)
1− r
⇒ 15r2 – 25r – 9r + 15 = 0
 2 
7

⇒ 5r(3r – 5) – 3(3r – 5) = 0 1 −   
  3    128 
⇒ (3r – 5)(5r – 3) = 0 S7 = 729  = 729 × 3 1 − 
2  2187 
5 3 1−
or, r = or 3
3 5 729 × 3 × 2059
5 3 = = 2059
∴ The 3 terms are , 1, . 2187
3 5

Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 123

Sum of n terms of a GP Solution:
Let Sn = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ... + arn–2 + arn–1 1 1
(i) a = 1, r = ÷1 =
∴ rSn = ar + ar2 + ar3 + ar4 + ... + arn–1 + arn 10 10
Subtracting, Sn – rSn = a – arn  1 
1 1 − n 
Sn(1 – r) = a(1 – rn)
Sn =
a 1−r ( n

= 
) 10 
1
Sn =
(
a 1− rn ), r≠1
1−r
1−
10
(1 − r )  1 
 1 − 10 n  10  1 
We use the above when r < 1.
= =
 1− n
But when r > 1, we use 9 9  10 
10
Sn =
(
a rn − 1 )
(ii) 9 + 99 + 999 + 9999 + ...
( r − 1)
= (10 – 1) + (100 – 1) + (1000 – 1) + ...
Note: If r = 1, then Sn = a + a + a + ... n times
   = na. = (10 + 100 + 1000 + .... is to n terms)
– (1 + 1 + 1 + .... to n terms)
Example 17: Find the sum of the first 10 terms
In the first bracket which is a GP,
of the following GP.
(i) 2, 6, 18, 54, .... (ii) 3, –6, 12, –24, .... 100
a = 10, r = = 10.
10
Solution:
18 ∴ Sn =
(
a rn − 1 ) −n =
(
10 10 n − 1 )−n
(i)  a = 2, r = =3 r −1 10 − 1
6
(
a rn − 1 ) = 2 (3 10
−1 ) =
( n
10 10 − 1 − 9n )
S10 = 9
r −1 3 −1
2 ( 59049 − 1) Example 19:
= = 59048
2 (i) How many terms of the GP 1, 3, 9, 27, ...
12 will make the sum of 1093?
(ii)   a = 3, r = = −2
−6
(ii) How many terms of the GP 2 , 2, 2 2 , 4, ...
( 3 1 − ( −2 ) 
)
10
a 1 − rn will make the sum of 30 + 31 2 ?
S10 = =  
1−r 1 − ( −2 )
Solution:
3 ( 1 − 1024 )
= = − 1023 (i) Here, a = 1, r = 3.
3
Sn =
(
a rn − 1 )
Example 18: Find the sum of the following r −1
(to n terms):
1 1 1 1093 =
(
1 3n − 1 )
(i) 1 + + + + .... 3 −1
10 100 1000
⇒ 3n − 1 = 2 × 1093 = 2186
(ii) 9 + 99 + 999 + 9999 + ....
3n = 2187 = 37 ∴ n = 7 terms
124 ICSE Mathematics—X
 Example 21: Find the sum of the GP 0.12,
(ii) Here, a = 2 , r = 2 = 2 0.012, 0.0012,... upto 20 terms.
2
n
a r −1 ( ) Solution:
Sn =
r −1 a = 0.12, r=
0.012
=
1
Sn =
(
a 1− rn )
 2 n − 1 0.12 10 1− r
 
 1 
∴ 30 + 31 2 = 2  
0.12  1 − 20 
2 −1
S20 =  10  = 0.12 × 10  1 − 1 
1 9  
( )( )
2  2 − 1 
 10 20 
n
⇒ 30 + 31 2 2 −1 = 1−
  10
12   = 2 1 − ( 0.1)20 
( )
20
⇒ 30 2 + 31 × 2 – 30 – 31 2 = 1 − 0.1
90   15  
2  2 − 1 
n
=
 
n+1 Example 22: Find 4 numbers in GP such that
⇒ 32 − 2 = 2 − 2
the third number is greater than the first by
n+1
⇒ 2 =2 5 2 12 and the second number is greater than the
fourth by 24.
n+1
∴ =5 Solution:
2
⇒ n + 1 = 10 ⇒ n = 9 Let the 4 numbers be a, ar, ar2, ar3
1
Example 20: Find the sum of 256, 128, 64,... .
8 ar2 – a = 12 ⇒ a (r2 – 1) = 12
Solution:
ar – ar3 = 24 ⇒ ar (1 – r2) = 24 ⇒ – ar (r2 – 1) = 24
128 1
a = 256, r = = ar (r 2 − 1) 24
256 2    2
= − ⇒ r = −2
a (r − 1) 12
1
an = ar n − 1 = Substituting in a (r2 – 1) = 12, we get
8 a [(–2)2 – 1] = 12
1
⇒ 256r n − 1 = a (4 – 1) = 12 ⇒ a =
12
=4
8 3
11
n −1 1 1 1 ∴ The 4 numbers are 4 , − 8, 16, − 32
⇒ r = = 3 = 
8 × 256 2 × 2 8
2
Example 23: The sum of 3 numbers in GP
n − 1 = 11 ∴ n = 12
is 56. If 1, 7, 21 are subtracted from these

⇒ Sn =
(
a 1 − rn )=2 numbers in that order, they form an AP. Find
1−r the numbers.

  1 
12 Solution:
256 1 −   
 2  Let the 3 numbers in GP be a, ar, ar2
⇒ S12 =   = 256 × 2 1 − 1 
1  4096  Their sum = a + ar + ar2 = 56 ...(i)
1−  
2 If 1, 7, 21 are subtracted, the terms are
4095 4095 7 a – 1, ar – 7, ar2 – 21.
= 256 × 2 × = = 511 = 511.875
4096 8 8

Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 125

But these are in AP. a GP is 9. Find these two progressions if the
∴ 2(ar – 7) = (a – 1) + (ar2 – 21) first term of the AP is equal to the common
ratio of the GP and the first term of the GP
2ar – 14 = a + ar2 – 22
is equal to the common difference of the AP.
a – 2ar + ar2 = 8 ... (ii)
Solution: Let d be the common difference of
a + ar + ar2 = 56
(–) (–) (–) (–) the AP and r be the common ratio of the GP.
– 3ar  = – 48 Subtracting (i) from (ii)
Then AP is, r, (r + d), (r + 2d), ....
∴  ar = 16
GP is, d, dr, dr2, ....
Also dividing (i) by (ii), we get
a + ar + ar 2 56
The sum of first 10 terms of the AP
= n
a − 2 ar + ar 2
8 Sn =  2 a + ( n − 1) d 
2
(
a 1+ r + r2 ) =7
10
S10 =  2r + 9d 
(
a 1 − 2r + r 2 ) 2
∴ 7r2 – 14r + 7 = 1 + r + r2 155 = 10r + 45d
⇒ 6r2 – 15r + 6 = 0 2r + 9d = 31 .... (i)
⇒ 6r2 – 12r – 3r + 6 = 0 The sum of first 2 terms of GP
⇒ (r – 2) (6r – 3) = 0 d + dr = 9
⇒  d(1 + r) = 9
⇒ r = 2 or 1 9
2 ∴    d = .... (ii)
⇒ a = 8 or 32 1+ r
Substituting (ii) in (i), we get
∴ The numbers are 8, 16, 32 or 32, 16, 8. 9
9 2r + 9 × = 31
Example 24: The second term of a GP is 1+ r
16 4
and the 8th term is , find the GP. ⇒ 2r + 2r2 + 81 = 31 + 31r
81
Solution: ⇒ 2r2 – 29r + 50 = 0
6 ⇒ 2r2 – 25r – 4r + 50 = 0
a8 a8 ar=7 ar 6= r 6 16
7
16 9 9 16 16 4 4  2  62 
= =r = = ÷ ÷= = × × = =   ⇒ r(2r – 25) – 2(2r – 25) = 0
a2 a2 ar ar 81 81 4 4 81 81 9 9  3  3  ⇒ (r – 2) (2r – 25) = 0
2 2 9
∴ ∴ r =r = 3 If r = 2, d = = 3
3 3
9 a ×a2× 2 9 9 25 9 9×2 2
= ar9 =⇒ ⇒ and if r = ,d= = =
a2 =aar
2 = = = 2 25 27 3
4 4 3 3 4 4 1+
2
27 27
⇒ ⇒ a =a = 8 ∴ AP 2, 5, 8, .... and GP 3, 6, 12, ....
8 OR
27 9 3 2
∴ GP 27 is 9 , 3 , , 21, , ... 25 79 83 2 25 625
∴ GP is , 8 , 4 , 1,
2 , ...
3 AP , , , .... and GP , , ,....
8 4 2 3
2 6 6 3 3 6
Example 25: The sum of first 10 terms of an Example 26:26: (If
a) kIf
(a) If–k 1, k k+ +2,2,
– 1, 2,3k
3kare
3k are first
are first 3
AP is 155 and the sum of the first 2 terms of terms of a GP,
terms of a GP, find find the value of k and the
th
44th term.
term.
126 ICSE Mathematics—X
Solution: value of the earlier one. Find the value of the
k – 1, k + 2, 3k are in GP first and the last installment.
∴ (k + 2)2 = (k – 1) × 3k Solution:
k2 + 4k + 4 = 3k2 – 3k Let the first installment be `x.
∴ The value of installments = x, 2x, 4x, ...., 211x
0 = 2k2 – 7k – 4
a = x, r = 2
2k2 – 8k + k – 4 = 0
Sn =
(
a rn − 1 )
2k (k – 4) + 1 (k – 4) = 0
r −1
(k – 4) (2k + 1) = 0
S12 =
(
x 212 − 1 ) = 3, 27,600
k = 4 or – 1 2 −1
2
If k = 4, then 3 terms are 4 – 1, 4 + 2, 3 × 4 ⇒ x ( 4096 − 1) = 3, 27,600
   ⇒ 3, 6, 12 ∴ r = 2, 4th term = 24 327600
⇒ x= = 80
4095
If k = – 1 , then 3 terms are
2 211 × 80 = 2048 × 80 = 163840
– 1 – 1, – 1 + 2, 3 × (– 1 ) ⇒ – 3 , + 3 , – 3 ∴ First installment = `80
2 2 2 2 2 2
Last installment = `1,63,840
⇒ r = – 1 ∴ 4th term = 3
2 Example 28: The sum of the first n terms of
26: ((b) Sum of
of nn terms
terms of
of aa GP
GP is Example
Example 28:
Example 28:
28:If IIff4the
the
nthe sum
– 3sumnsum of
of first
of first
first n nn terms
terms
terms of of aaa
Example 26: b) Sum
aGP sequence n is . Find the n th term of and
381. Its
Its first
first term is 3 and common
common ratioratio GP is
GP is 5(2
is 5(2 n
5(2n –––1), 1), write
1),write write the
the GP GP and and also its 88thth
also its
381. 3 n the GP and also its 8th
2. Find
is 2. Find the number of terms and the 77th th term.
term. that the sequence is in GP.
show
term.
term. Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
S nn 1), 1), aaann4n===nS
Solution: SSnnn === 5(2 5(2
4 nn−–––3n1),
5(2 SSnnn ––– SSSnnn–––111
Sn = =   −1
a = 3 and r = 2 nnthth term
nth term=== sum
term sum3of
sum
n
ofnnn terms
of  3  ––– sum
terms
terms sum of
sum of (n
of (n –1)
(n –1) terms
–1) terms
terms

Sum of n terms = a
(r n
−1 ) S
⇒ SSS111 === 5(25(2  41)
= ––– 1)
5(2
n −1
1) === 55 === first
−51 first first term term === aaa
term
r −1 n −1
22 3 
S SS222 === 5(2 5(2
5(22 ––– 1) 1)
1) === 555 ××× 333 === 15 15
15
    3
(2 n
−1) = 381 ⇒ a = ==S= sum sum
sum of
of
 4 
first
first 2
2
n
terms
terms
  4  n − 1 
2 −1 n n
− Sn −of 1
=first
 2 terms − 1 −   − 1
 3    3  
381 ∴
∴∴ aa == SS
a2 = S2 n– S1 = n15
22 22 –– SS1 1 = = 15
15 –
– – 5
55 =
== 10
10
10
 2n – 1 = = 127 −1
3  4  333  4 
S S= S333 =
== 5(2
5(2
 −– 1)
 35(2 –– 1)
1)  = 555 ××× 777 === 35
= = 35
35
   2n = 128 = 27     3
 ∴ 
=== sum
sum
sum of
of first
first 33 terms
n −1 of first 3 terms
termsn −1
n=7  4  4   4   1 
∴
∴∴ aaa= == SS –– S
333 = 3S333 – S S22 ==−=135
35 =––– 15
35 15
15 === 20 20 
∴ There are 7 terms and 7th term = arn – 1 = 3 × 26    23   3  20 3
= 3 × 64 GP
GP === 5,
GP 5,
5, 10, − 1 20,
n10, 20, 40, 40,
40, ... ...
...
 4 10,20, 1
= 192 an 3 3 4
10
10   = ,
∴   rrr =
∴   = == 10 == 22
Example 27: A man promises to repay his ∴   an − 1  5545 =n −22  1  3
loan of `3,27,600 in 12 monthly installments.  3   737 
∴ 8
∴∴ 8th 8thth term
term
  === ar
term  7 === 555 ××× 222777 === 555 ××× 128
ar
ar 128
128 === 640640
640
The value of each installment is double the which is a constant. ∴ It is in GP.
Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 127
 EXERCISE 9C
1. Find the sum of the following GP to n terms. 12. How many terms of the GP: 3, 6, 12, ...,
will give a sum of 3069?
1 1 1 1
(i) , , , ,... 13. Find the sum of n terms of the GP
2 4 8 16
3 3 3
1 1 1 6, − 3, , − , , .... and also find S10.
(ii) 1, , , , ... 2 4 8
10 100 1000
14. Find the GP for which the sum of the first
20 80
(iii) 5, , , ... two terms is –4 and the fifth term is 4 times
7 49 the third term.
(iv) 3, 12, 48, 192, ... 15. Four numbers are in GP in which the third
(v) 2, –6, 18, –54, ... term is greater than the first by 9 and the
second term is greater than the fourth term
2. First term of a GP is 576 and seventh term
by 18. Find the numbers.
is 9. Find the common ratio and write the
GP. 16. Find the 10th and nth term of the GP
7 7 7
61 , , , ...
3. The sum of first 3 terms of a GP is and 2 4 8
20 17. In a GP, a = 729, 7th term is 64, calculate S7.
their product is 1. Find the first 3 terms. 18. How many terms of the GP 3, 32, 33, .... are
4. How many terms of the GP 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,.... needed to get the sum 1092?
will make a sum of 4095?
19. Which term of the GP.
5. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of a GP
1 1 1 1
where the first term is 1 and the common (i) 1, , , , .... is
ratio is 0.5. 2 4 8 4096
6. If the first and eight term of a GP are 4 and (ii) 2, 8, 32, .... is 32768
512, find the common ratio and the sum of 1 1 1 1
its first 10 terms. (iii) 1, − , , − ,.... is
3 9 27 729
7. The third term of a GP is 3. Find the (iv) 2, 2 2 , 4,.... is 128
product of its first 5 terms.
8. In a GP the third term is 24 and the sixth (v) 3 , 3, 3 3 , 9, ...is 729
term is 192. Find the tenth term. 5 5
(vi) 20, 10, 5,, ...is 17
9 2 2
9. The second term of a GP is and the
16 4 1 1 1 1
eighth term is , Find the GP. (vii) , , , ... is
81 3 9 27 6561
10. Find the number of terms of a GP whose 20. How many terms of the GP 5 , 5, 5 5 , 25,...
3
first term is and the common ratio is 2 will give a sum of 780 + 156 5 ?
4
and the last term is 384. 21. In a GP the fifth term is 162 and the eighth
5 term is 4374. Find the GP.
11. If the third term of a GP is and the
2 22. The fifth term of a GP is 48 and the eighth
8
seventh term is , find the GP. term is 384. Find its 12th term.
125
128 ICSE Mathematics—X
23. The fourth term of a GP is square of
its second term and the first term is –3.
Determine the sixth term.
24. If the3rdand the 7thterms of a GP are 2
and 512 respectively, find the GP.
25. Find the following sum
1 + 3 + 9 + ... + 2187
5 7
26. For what value of x, the numbers − , x , −
7 5
are in GP?
27. Find the sum of the following GP's
(i)  0.15, 0.015, 0.0015, ... 30 terms
(ii) 1, 2, 4, 8, ... 10 terms
(iii) 2, 6, 18, ... 8 terms
28. The sum of the first 3 terms of a GP is
1 and the sum of the next 3 terms is 27.
Determine the first term, the common ratio
and the sum of the GP to n terms.
29. Find Sn and the sum of the first 6 terms of
the GP 256, 128, 64, ....
30. The number of bacteria in a certain
culture doubles every hour. If there were
30 bacteria in the culture originally, how
many will be present at the end of 4th hour
and nth hour?
31. If the 4th and 9th terms of a GP are 54, 13122
respectively, find the GP.
32. Find the nth term of the following GP.
(i) 6, 1.2, 0.24, ..., also find its 8th term.
−3 3 −3
(ii) , , , ... , also find its 6th term.
4 16 64
1
33. Insert four numbers between and 1 , so
32
that the resulting sequence is in GP.
34. The sum of 3 numbers of a GP is 63. If 2,
7, 21 are subtracted from these numbers
in that order, they form an AP. Find the
numbers.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. Find the 7th term of the AP whose first term is 5 and the common difference is 4.
2. If the 17th term of an AP is –6 and the common difference is –2, find its first term.
3. Find the common difference of an AP whose first and 16th terms are 45 and 0 respectively.
4. If the first and the last terms of an AP are 3 and 143 respectively and the common difference
is 4 , find the number of terms in the AP.
5. Find the sum of an AP with 40 terms and whose first and the last terms are 5 and 83
respectively.
6. If the first term of an AP is –27 and the common difference is 3 which term is 0?
7. Find the difference between the 21st and the 10th terms of an AP if the common difference
is 6.
8. If a19 – a15 = –12 , find the common difference of the AP.
9. If the nth term of an AP is 4n –3, write the AP.
10. If the 19th and 31st terms of an AP are 17 and 23 respectively, find the first term and the
common difference.
11. Find the common ratio of the GP: 3, 6, 12, 24...
12. Find the 12th term of the GP: 1 , – 1 , 1 , – 1 ...
16 8 4 2
13. If the first term and the common ratio of a GP are 18 and 1 respectively, find its 8th term.
3
Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 129
14. Find the common ratio and the first term of a GP whose 4th and 12th terms are 5 and 5
256
respectively.
15. Write the GP whose 4th and 10th terms are 2 and 1458 respectively.
16. Find the nth term and the 10th term in the following sequences.
(i)  5, 25, 125, .... (ii) 1, –2, 4, –8, ....
1 1
(iii) , , 1, 3, ... (iv) 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, ....
9 3
17. A man wants to repay `81,880 in 11 monthly installments, such that each installment is
double the value of the earlier. Find the values of the first and the last installments.
18. The sixth term of a GP is 48 and the common ratio is 2. Find its 12th term.
19. Which of the following is an AP or GP or neither (N)
(i) 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, .... (ii) 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, .... (iii) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ....
(iv) 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, .... (v) 13, 11, 9, 7, 5, .... (vi) 5, 10, 20, 40, ....
5 3
(vii) 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, .... (viii) 0.7, 0.07, 0.007, 0.0007, ....
(ix) −3, − , − 2, − , ....
2 2
(x) 0.3, 0.33, 0.333, .... (xi) 3 , 12 , 27 , 48 , .... (xii) 10, 100, 1000, ....
20. Find the sixth term from the end of the AP.
17, 14, 11, .... (– 31)
21. Sn = 5n2 – 3n. Find the AP and its tenth term.
22. For what value of n is the nth term of the following two AP's same?
(i) 1, 7, 13, 19, .... (ii) 73, 71, 69, 67, ....
23. Which term of the AP 92, 88, 84, 80, ..... is zero?
17
24. Find the common difference of an AP whose first term is 1 and the eighth term is . Also,
write its fourth term. 2 6
25. In April 2012, the number of visitors to a circus increased daily by 20. If a total of 12300
people visited the circus in that month, find the number of visitors on the first day of April.
26. Three numbers whose sum is 30, are in AP. If 1, 2, 4 are added to them respectively, they
will be in GP. Find the numbers.
27. The sum of first 25 terms of an AP is 1700. If the first term is 8, find the common difference.
28. Find the sum of 25 terms of an AP in which the third term is 7 and the seventh term is 2
more than thrice its third term.
29. The difference between any two consecutive angles of a convex polygon is 2°. If the smallest
angle is 135°, find the number of sides.
−4 −3 −2
30. Find the sum of the two middle most terms of the AP: , , , ...3.
5 5 5
31. If 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2n is 510, find the value of n.
32. The sum of first 10 terms of an AP is 290. If its 4th and 9th terms are in ratio 2 : 5, find the AP.

130 ICSE Mathematics—X

33. The first term of a GP is 243 and the fifth term is 48, determine the common ratio and the
sum of first 6 terms.
34. The first term of a GP is 1. The sum of 3rd and 5th term is 90. Find the common ratio and
the GP.

BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS

1. The first and last term of a GP are 3 and 96
respectively. If the common ratio is 2, find:
(i) ‘n’ the number of terms of the GP.
(ii) Sum of the n terms. [2019]
2. The sum of the first 3 terms of an AP is 42
and the product of the first and third term
is 52. Find the first term and the common
difference.  [2019]
3. In an AP, the fourth and sixth terms are 8 and 14
respectively. Find the (i) first term (ii) common
difference and (iii) sum of first 20 terms.  [2019]

POINTS AT A GLANCE
Arithmetic Progression
a = first term, d = common difference, n = number of terms, l = last term
1. General term of an AP = an = a + (n – 1)d.
2. nth term from the end of an AP = l – (n – 1)d
or, a + (m – n)d, where m = total number of terms.
n
3. Sum of n terms S = n  2 a + (n − 1) d  or Sn =  a + l 
n
2  2
th
4. n term = an = Sn – Sn–1 = sum of n terms – sum of (n – 1) terms
5. Selection of terms in an AP.

No. of terms Terms to be assumed Common difference

3 a – d, a, a + d d
4 a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d 2d
5 a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d d
6 a – 5d, a– 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d 2d
Note: Their sum is independent of d. So taking the terms this way helps in finding a when their sum is given.
6. If a, b, c are in AP then 2b = a + c.
4. Selection of terms in a GP.
Geometric Progression
No. of terms Terms to be assumed
a = first term, r = common ratio
3 a , a , ar
1. General term of a GP = an = arn–1 r
a a
(1 − r ) , r ≠ 1, r < 1. 4 3 , , ar , ar
3
n

r r
2. Sum of n terms = Sn = a
1−r a a
5 2 , , a , ar , ar 2
= Sn = a
(r n − 1)
, r ≠ 1, r > 1.
r r
r−1

3. nth term = an = Sn – Sn–1
Note: Taking terms this way is useful when their product is given because their product is independent of r.
5. If a, b, c are in GP then b2 = ac.

Arithmetic and Geometric Progression 131

 10
UNIT-III: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
REFLECTION

Co-ordinate Geometry: In this branch of The second number y of the point is the
Mathematics, a point in a plane is located distance of the point P from x-axis and is called
by an ordered pair of real numbers, called ordinate or y-co-ordinate.
co-ordinates of the point. Y

Co-ordinate Axes: The two lines—a horizontal

number line and a vertical number line are M
x = abscissa
P(x, y)
perpendicular to each other and intersect at X'
y = ordinate
X
O N
a point O called origin, where the zero of
both lines coincide. These lines are called
co-ordinate axes.
Y’
The horizontal line denoted by X’OX has
Fig. 10.3
positive numbers on the right side of zero and
negative numbers on the left side. It is called
GRAPHS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
the x-axis.
1.
x = 0 is the equation of the y-axis.
x-co-ordinate of any point on y-axis
is zero whatever may be the value of
Fig. 10.1
y-co-ordinate.
Similarly, the vertical line YOY’ has Y
positive numbers above zero and (0, 3)
negative numbers below zero. It is (0, 2)
called the y-axis. (0, 1)
X’ X
Co-ordinates: A co-ordinate plane O
(0, –1)
consists of the two co-ordinate axes
and origin. Each point in this plane is
represented by a unique pair of ordered Fig. 10.2
Y’
numbers. With the help of these axes, a point
can be located with a pair of numbers, which Fig. 10.4
are called co-ordinates of the point. The first 2. y = 0 is the equation of the x-axis.
number x of the point P(x, y) is the distance of y-co-ordinate of every point on x-axis is

the point P from y-axis and is called abscissa
zero whatever may be the value of x-co-
or x-co-ordinate.
ordinate.
 Y 5. y = x is a line passing through the origin,
and x and y co-ordinates are same for
every point on the line.
Y
O
X’ X
–1,0) (1, 0) (2, 0) (3, 0)

y
=
x
X’ X
Y’ O

Fig. 10.5

x = a, where a is a constant is the line

3.
parallel to y-axis at a distance of a units, Y’

e.g., x = 2 is a line parallel to y-axis on Fig. 10.8

its right side at a distance of 2 units. Points (–2, –2), (–1, –1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2),
Irrespective of value of y-co-ordinate, etc., lie on this line.
x-co-ordinate is always 2. For example,
The line divides the first and third quadrants
points (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, –1) lie on it.
exactly in the middle, i.e., It is the bisector of
∠XOY and ∠X’OY’.
Note:
(i) The two co-ordinates are separated by a comma
and put in round brackets ( ).
(ii) Co-ordinates of origin = (0, 0)
(iii) Co-ordinates of a point on x-axis = (x, 0)
(iv) Co-ordinates of a point on y-axis = (0, y)
(v) The equation of x-axis is y = 0.
(vi) The equation of a line parallel to x-axis is y = b.
Fig. 10.6

y = b, where b is a constant is the line

4.
parallel to x-axis at a distance of b units,
e.g., y = 3 is a line parallel to x-axis above
it at a distance of 3 units. Points (–2, 3),
(–1, 3), (0, 3), (1, 3), (2, 3), etc. lie on
this line whatever may be the value of Fig. 10.9
x-co-ordinate, y-co-ordinate is always 3 on (vii) The equation of y-axis is x = 0.
this line. (viii) The equation of a line parallel to y-axis is x = a.
Y

Y=3
3
2
1
X’ X
O 3
1 2

Y’
Fig. 10.7
Fig. 10.10

Reflection 133
REFLECTION OF A POINT IN A LINE
When a point P is reflected in a mirror, if P′ is
the image of P, a perpendicular PM is dropped
from P to the mirror and extended to a point
P′ so that PM = P’M. The mirror line is the
perpendicular bisector of PP’.
P
Reflection in y-axis: Let B(3, 2) be reflected
in y-axis. Its image is B’(–3, 2). Observe that
when reflected in y-axis, the sign of abscissa
changed. A point P(x, –y) when reflected in
y-axis becomes P’(–x, –y).

Tree Water
M

Mirror line Reflection

P'

Fig. 10.11
Invariant Point: If a point P lies on the mirror
Fig. 10.13
line, its image will be P itself. Such a point
which lies on the mirror line is invariant (does Reflection in y-axis can be compared to seeing
not change) when reflected in that line. Thus, your reflection in a mirror held in front of you.
a point is an invariant point with respect to a
given line if it lies on that line.
e.g., (3, 0), (–2, 0), (6, 0), etc., lie on x-axis. So
left hand
they are invariant when reflected in x-axis.
Similarly, points (0, –1), (0, 3), (0, 5), etc., lie on
y-axis, so they are invariant when reflected in
y-axis. (2, –1), (2, 1), (2, 3), etc. lie on the line right hand

x = 2. They are invariant when reflected in x = 2.

Reflection in x-axis: Let A(4, 2) be reflected
in x-axis. When a perpendicular from A to
x-axis is dropped and extended to A’, its
co-ordinates are (4, –2). We observe that only
the sign of ordinate has changed. Similarly, a
point P(a, b) when reflected in x-axis becomes
P’(a, –b). Reflection in x-axis can be compared
to reflection of a tree in water, with water as
the horizontal line.
Fig. 10.14
Reflection of a point in a line parallel to
x-axis: Here y = 2 is a line parallel to x-axis.
If point P(4, 3) is reflected in the line y = 2,
drop PM ^ to line and extend it to P′ so that
PM = P’M. Observe that P’(4, 1).
Similarly, image of Q(2, 5) in line y = 2 is Q’(2, –1).

Fig. 10.15
Reflection of a point in a line parallel to
y-axis: If point A(5, 2) is reflected in the line
Fig. 10.12 x = 3. Draw AN ^ to the line x = 3 and extend
134 ICSE Mathematics—X
it to A’ so that AN = A’N. A’ is (1, 2). Similarly, Y
image of B(7, 4) in line x = 3 is B’(–1, 4).
7

x=3
6
5 A(3, 5)

4
3
2
M
1 B(6, 1)
C
X' X
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Fig. 10.16
Y'
Reflection of a point in a point: When a point
P is reflected in a given point M to get the
image P′, then M is the mid-point of the line Note: Use Pythagoras theorem to find lengths of AB
segment PP′, i.e., PM = P′M. and AC.
Reflection in origin: To reflect a point P in AB = AC = 32 + 4 2 = 5 units
the origin, join PO and extend to P’ such that
PO = P’O.
Example 2: Plot A(2, 3) and B(6, 3).
(i) Reflect A in the origin to get the
image D.
(ii) Reflect A in x-axis to get the image C.
(iii) Write the co-ordinates of C and D.
(iv) What kind of figure is ABCD?
Find its area.
Fig. 10.17
(v) What is the reflection of C in y-axis?
We observe that P(a, b) becomes P’(–a, –b) with
(vi) Name two points from the figure
signs of both co-ordinates changed.
which are invariant on reflection in
Example 1: Plot the points A(3, 5) and
y-axis.
B(6, 1).
(i) Reflect B in the line x = 3 to get C. Solution:
Write the coordinates of C. (i) – (ii)
(ii) Find the perimeter of DABC.
Solution:
(i) When we plot A and B and draw the line
x = 3 which is parallel to y-axis, we observe that
A(3, 5) lies on the line x = 3. \ C is the image
of B, in the line x = 3.
Find C such that BM = MC.
\ C = (0, 1)
(ii) Perimeter of DABC = AB + BC + AC
     = 5 + 6 + 5 = 16 units
Reflection 135
 (iii) D = (–2, –3) Example 4: Plot P(2, 4), Q(–2, 1) and R(5, 0).
Reflect points P and Q in x-axis to get P’
C = (2, –3)
and Q’.
(iv) Parallelogram
Area = b × h = 4 × 6 = 24 sq. units (i) Write their co-ordinates.
(v) C’s reflection is D(–2, –3) in y-axis. (ii) Give a geometrical name to the figure
(vi) (0, 0) and (0, –3) are invariant on reflection formed by joining the points PQQ’P’R.
in y-axis. Find its area and perimeter.
Example 3: Plot P(5, 3) on a graph paper. The
(iii) Name its axis of symmetry and write its
point P(5, 3) is reflected in the origin to get
the image P′. equation.

(i) Write down the coordinates of P′. (iv) Name two points from the figure which
(ii) If M is the foot of the perpendicular are invariant on reflection in x-axis.
from P to the x-axis, find the Solution:
co-ordinates of M.
(i)
(iii)If N is the foot of the perpendicular
Y
from P′ to the x-axis, find the
P(2, 4)
co-ordinates of N. 4

(iv) Name the figure PMP′N. 3

1)
(v) Find the area of the figure PMP′N. –2, 2
Q( 1
Solution: (i)–(iii)[2001] X'
R(5, 0)
X
– – – O 1 2 3 4 5 6
–
Q'(–2,–1)
–
–
– P‘ (2,–4)

Y'

(ii) Pentagon
O Area = Area DPP’R + Area trapezium
PQQ′P′
1  1 
=  × 8 × 3  +  (8 + 2)4 
2  2 

= 12 + 20 = 32 sq. units
Perimeter = 5 + 5 + 2 + 5 + 5 = 22 units.
(iii) Line of symmetry is x-axis, equation is
(iv) PMP′N is parallelogram. y = 0.
1 
(v) Area of PMP’N = 2(∆PMN) = 2  × 10 × 3 (iv) (5, 0) and (–2, 0) are invariant on reflection
2 
= 30 sq. units in x-axis.

136 ICSE Mathematics—X

Example 5: Plot the points A(4, 6) and B(1, 3) (v) What type of triangle is PP′P″? Find its
on the graph paper. These two points are the area and perimeter.
vertices of a figure ABCD which is symmetrical Solution:
about lines x = 4 and y = 3. Complete the figure (i) (0, 4), (0, –2) lie on y-axis
on the graph. Write down the co-ordinates of
 \ Invariant in y-axis.
C and D. Give a geometrical name for the
figure. Find its area. L1 is y-axis. Its equation is x = 0.
Again, (1, 0), (–3, 0) lie on x-axis
Solution:
\ Invariant in x-axis.
Y L2 is x-axis. Its equation is y = 0.
6 A (4, 6)
y M
5 (ii) P(–3, 4)  → P′(3, 4)
x=4

4 3) M
1, (iii) P′(3, 4) 
x
→ P″(3, – 4)
3 B( y=3 D
(7, 3)
2 Y'
1 – , 4) 4 P'(3, 4)
C (4, 0)
X' X
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3
2
Y' 1
X' X
O
– – – 1 2 3 4
Observe that A lies on the line x = 4. –
–
\ It is invariant when reflected in this line.
–
When A is reflected in the line y = 3, we get
– P'' (3,–4)
C(4, 0). Similarly B is invariant in the line y = 3.
Y
\ B’s image in the line x = 4 is D(7, 3).
ABCD is a square [All sides are equal, diagonals (iv) P(–3, 4) when reflected in origin
are equal]. becomes P″(3, – 4).
(diagonal)2 6 × 6
\ Single transformation is reflection in
Area of square ABCD = =
2 2 origin.
= 18 sq. units (v) PP′P″ is a right-angled D.

Example 6: Points (0, 4), (0, –2) are invariant 1

Its area = ×b×h
on reflection in line L1 and points (1, 0), (–3, 0) 2
are invariant on reflection in line L2. 1
= × 6 × 8 = 24 sq. units
2
(i) Name the lines L1 and L2 and write their
Its perimeter = PP′ + P′P″ + PP″
equations.
= 6 + 8 + 10 = 24 units
(ii) Write the image of P(–3, 4) in L1. Name
the image as P′ and write its co-ordinates. Example 7: Plot A(2, 1), B(4, 2) and C(6, 1).
(iii) Reflect P′ in L2 and name it P″ and hence What type of triangle is ABC? Reflect A, B and
write its co-ordinates. C in the origin on to A′, B′ and C′ respectively.
(iv) State a single transformation that maps Write their co-ordinates. Are B, A, A′ and B′
P onto P″. collinear?
Reflection 137
Solution: Example 9:
Y' Scale:1 cm = 1 unit (i) Plot the points A(4, 6) and B(1, 2) on
3 graph paper.
B(4, 2)
2
A(2, 1)
(ii) A′ is the image of A when reflected in
C(6, 1)
1 x-axis.
X' X
– – – – – – O 1 2 3 4 5 6 (iii) B′ is the image of B when reflected in
– the line AA′.
C'(–6,–1) A'(–2,–1)
–
B'(–4,–2) (iv) Give a geometrical name for the figure
Y ABA′B′.

ABC is an obtuse-angled isosceles triangle. (v) Write the equation of its line of
symmetry.
B, A, A′ and B′ are collinear. (They lie on the
same line). Solution:
(i)
Example 8: Plot P(6, 3) and Q(3, 0). Reflect Y
A(4, 6)
P in x-axis to get P′. Write the co-ordinates of 6
P′. O is the origin. Give the geometrical name 5
of POP′Q. Write the equation of the line of 4
symmetry for the figure POP′Q. Find its area. 3
2 B(1, 2) B′(7, 2)
Solution:
1
Y
X′ X
P(6, 3) O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 –
2 –
h=3
1 –
O Q(3, 0)
X' X –
(0, 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6
– –
– –
A′(4, – )
– Y′
P'(6,– )
Y'
(ii) A′ = (4, – 6)
POP′Q is an arrowhead. x-axis is the line of (iii) B′ = (7, 2)
symmetry. Its equation is y = 0. (iv) ABA′B′ is a kite.
1 (v) AA′ is the line of symmetry. Its equation
Area of DPOQ = × OQ × h
2 is x = 4.

1 Example 10:
= ×3×3
2
(i) Plot A(0, 5), B(2, 5), C(5, 2), D(5, –2),
Area of arrowhead = 2 × area DPOQ E(2, –5) and F(0, –5).
(ii) Reflect B, C, D and E on the y-axis and
1 
= 2  × 3 × 3  = 9 sq. units. name these B′, C′, D′ and E′ respectively
2  and write their co-ordinates.
138 ICSE Mathematics—X
 (iii) Name the figure formed by BCDEE‘ D’C’B’.
(iv) Name a line of symmetry for the figure formed.  [2015]
Solution: (i)–(ii)

( iii) Octagon (observe that all sides are not equal).

(iv) x-axis, y-axis and bisectors of sides are lines of symmetry.

EXERCISE 10
1. Complete the following table: (iii) Write down the images of P and Q on
Point Transformation Image reflection in L2. Name the images as P’’
and Q’’ respectively.
(i) (4, 3) x-axis _______
(ii) (–2, 5) y-axis _______ (iv) State a single transformation that maps
(iii) (3, –6) _______ (3, 6) P’ onto P”. [1996]
(iv) (5, –7) _______ (–5, –7) 3. Plot P(4, 3) in graph. Reflect P in x-axis to get
(v) (6, –4) _______ (–6, 4) image P’.
(vi) (0, 6) y-axis _______ (i) Reflect origin O in line PP’ to get O’.
(vii) (3, 0) origin _______ (ii) Give a geometrical name to the figure
2. Points (3, 0) and (–1, 0) are invariant points OPO’P’.
under reflection in the line L1, points (0, 5) and (iii) Find its area and perimeter.
(0, –2) are invariant points under reflection in
4. Plot A(4, –2) and B(3, 6) in graph.
line L2.
(i) Name or write the equations of lines L1 (i) Reflect A and B in origin to get images
and L2. A’ and B’ respectively.

(ii) Write down the images of points P(3, 4) (ii) Name the figure formed by joining
and Q(–5, –2) on reflection in L1. Name ABA’B’.
the images as P’ and Q’ respectively. (iii) State its lines of symmetry.

Reflection 139
 5. Plot points P(0, 3), Q(4, 2) and R(6, 0).
(i) Reflect P in the origin to get the image P’.
(ii) Reflect Q and R in the y-axis to get Q’
and R’ respectively.
(iii) Name the figure formed by PQRP’R’Q’.
Name the line of symmetry.
6. The image of the point P(1, 4) when reflected
in the line LM is (9, 4). Write down the
equation of the line LM.
7. Plot A(–3, 2) and B(5, 0) on a graph paper.
Find the co-ordinates of A’, the reflection of
A in y-axis and B’ the reflection of B in the
origin. Give a geometrical name for the figure
AA’BB’. Find the area of the figure. Give the
co-ordinates of two points in the figure which
remain invariant when reflected in y-axis.
8. Plot P(0, 2) and Q(3, 2). Reflect P in the x-axis
to get P’ and reflect Q in the origin to get Q’.
(i) Write the co-ordinates of P’ and Q’.
(ii) What is the geometrical figure formed
by joining PQP’Q’?
(iii) Find its perimeter and area.
(iv) Name two points from the figure which
are invariant on reflection in y-axis.
9. Plot DABC when A(3, 2), B(7, 5) and C(5, 0).
Reflect DABC in the line x = 2 as DA’B’C’.
Write the co-ordinates of A’, B’ and C’. What
figure is formed by joining AA’C’C?
10. Plot A(1, 6), B(3, 0) and C(5, 0). Reflect A in
the x-axis to get A’.
(i) What geometrical figure is ABA’C?
(ii) What is the equation of its line of symmetry?
(iii) Name two points from the figure which
are invariant on reflection in x-axis.
11. Plot P(4, 2) and Q(–2, 4). Reflect P and Q in
the origin to get images P’ and Q’. Write their
co-ordinates. What is the figure formed by
PQP’Q’? How many lines of symmetry does
it have?
140 ICSE Mathematics—X
12. Plot P(4, 3). Reflect it in the origin to get the
image R. Draw PQ and RS perpendicular to
y-axis so that Q is the foot of the perpendicular
from P to y-axis and S is the foot of the
perpendicular from R to the y-axis. Write the
co-ordinates of Q and S. Give a geometrical
name of the figure PQRS. Find its area.
13. Plot A(2, 1), B(5, 5) and C(8, 1).
(i) Reflect A and C in x-axis to get A’ and C’.
(ii) Write the co-ordinates of A’ and C’.
(iii) Give the geometrical name for the figure
ABCC’A’.
(iv) Find the perimeter.
(v) Draw its line of symmetry and write its
equation.
14. Plot A(6, –2) and C(2, 3). If ABCD is a rectangle
and x = 4 is its axis of symmetry, find the
co-ordinates of B and D. Draw other axis of
symmetry.
15. Plot A(1, 2) and B(3, 6).
(i) If x = 3 is a line of symmetry of DABC,
find C and write its co-ordinates.
(ii) If AC is an axis of symmetry of
quadrilateral ABCD, mark D and write
its co-ordinates.
(iii) Give a geometrical name to ABCD. Find
its area.
16. Plot A(4, 1) and B(–2, 1). Reflect A and B in the
line, y = –2 as A’ and B’. Give the geometrical
name of the figure formed by AA’B’B and
write the co-ordinates of A′ and B′.
17. Plot A(8, –4) and B(6, 2). Locate points A’ and
B’ images of A and B in the line x = 4. Write
their coordinates. Give the geometrical name
of figure ABB’A’. Find its area.
18. Plot A(4, 3) and B(1, 2). Reflect A in the x-axis
to get image A’. Reflect B in the line AA’ to get
image B’. Write the co-ordinates of A’ and B’.
Name the figure ABA’B’. Write the equation
of its line of symmetry. Find its area.
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
Use graph paper for the following questions:
1. Plot A(6, 3) and B(3, –1). Reflect A and B in the line x = 0 to get images A′ and B′. Write their co-
ordinates. Give a special name to ABB′A′. Find its perimeter.

2. Plot A(7, 4) and B(0, –2). Reflect A in y-axis to get image A′ and reflect B in the origin to B′. Write
their co-ordinates. Give a geometrical name of the figure ABA′B′. Find its area.

3. Plot P(4, 2). Reflect it in the origin to get Q. Drop perpendiculars PM and QN to x-axis from P and
Q respectively. Write the co-ordinates of Q, M and N. What is the figure formed by PMQN? Find
its area.

4. Plot A(2, 4) and B(5, 2). Reflect A in x-axis to get A′. Reflect B in the line AA′ to get B′. Write the
co-ordinates of A′ and B′. What figure is formed by ABA′B′?

5. Plot P(4, 3) and Q(8, 0). Reflect P in the x-axis to get R. Write the co-ordinates of R. What figure is
formed by OPQR? Find its perimeter and area.

6. (i) Plot the points A(– 4, 4) and B(2, 2).

(ii) Reflect A and B in the origin to get the images A′ and B′ respectively.
(iii) Write down the co-ordinates of A′ and B′.
(iv) Give the geometrical name for the figure ABA′B′. [2012]

7. Plot A(– 4, 2) and B(2, 4).

(i) A′ is the image of A when reflected in the y-axis.
(ii) B′ is the image of B when reflected in the line AA′.
(iii) Write the co-ordinates of A′ and B′.
(iv) Write the geometrical name of the figure ABA′B′. [2014]

8. Plot A(–1, 0) and B(4, 3) on the graph paper. Reflect A in the y-axis to get image A’ and reflect B in
the x-axis to get the image B’.
(i) Write the co-ordinates of A′ and B′.
(ii) Give the geometrical name of the figure ABA’B’.
(iii) Find its area.

9. (i) Plot A(–3, 4), B(3, 4) and C(6,0) on graph paper. Reflect point A, B, C in origin to get A’, B’
and C’ respectively. Write their co-ordinates.
(ii) What is the figure formed by joining ABCA’B’C’?
(iii) Find its perimeter.

Reflection 141
 BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
1. Attempt this question on graph paper.
(i) Plot A(3, 2) and B(5, 4) on the graph paper.
Take 2 cm = 1 unit on both axes.
(ii) Reflect A and B in the x-axis to A′, B′. Plot
these on the same graph paper.
(iii) Write down
(a) the geometrical name of the figure ABB′A′
(b) the axis of symmetry of ABB′A′
(c) the measure of the angle ABB′
(d) the image A″ of A, when A is reflected
in the origin
(e) the single transformation that maps A′
to A″. [1995]
2. (i) Point P(a, b) is reflected in the x-axis to
P′ (5, –2). Write down the values of a and b.
(ii) P″ is the image of P when reflected in the
y-axis. Write down the coordinates of P″.
(iii) Name a single transformation that maps P′
to P″. [1997]
3. A point P(a, b) is reflected in the X axis to
P′ (2, –3). Write down the values of a and b. P″ is
the image of P, when reflected in the Y axis. Write
down the coordinates of P″. Find the coordinates
of P″′, when P is reflected in the line, parallel to
the Y axis, such that x = 4. [1998]
4. Use graph paper for this question.
(i) Plot the points A(3, 5) and B(–2, –4). Use
1 cm = 1 unit on both axes.
(ii) A′ is the image of A when reflected in the
x axis. Write down the coordinates of A′ and
plot it on the graph paper.
(iii) B′ is the image of B when reflected in the
y axis, followed by reflection in the origin.
Write down the coordinates of B′ and plot
it on the graph paper.
(iv) Write down the geometrical name of the
figure AA′BB′.
(v) Name two invariant points under reflection
in the x axis. [1999]
5. Write down the coordinates of the image of the
point (3, –2) when:
(i) reflected in the x axis,
(ii) reflected in the y axis,
142 ICSE Mathematics—X
(iii) reflected in the x axis followed by reflection
in the y axis,
(iv) reflected in the origin. [2000]
6. The point P(3, 4) is reflected to P′ in the x axis and
O′ is the image of O (the origin) when reflected
in the line P P′. Using graph paper, give:
(i) The coordinates of P′ and O′.
(ii) The lengths of the segments PP′ and OO′
(iii) The perimeter of the quadrilateral POP′O′
(iv) The geometrical name of the figure POP′O′
 [2002]
7. Use a graph paper for this question. (Take 10 small
divisions = 1 unit on both axes).
Plot the points P(3, 2) and Q(–3, –2). From P and
Q, draw perpendiculars PM and QN on the x axis.
(a) Name the image of P on reflection in the origin.
(b) Assign the special name to the geometrical
figure PMQN and find its area.
(c) Write the co-ordinates of the point to which
M is mapped on reflection in (i) x axis;
(ii) y axis; (iii) origin. [2003]
8. Use a graph paper for this question.
A(1, 1), B(5, 1), C(4, 2) and D(2, 2) are the vertices
of a quadrilateral. Name the quadrilateral ABCD.
A, B, C and D are reflected in the origin on to
A′, B′, C′ and D′ respectively. Locate A′, B′,
C′ and D′ on the graph sheet and write their
co-ordinates. Are D, A, A′ and D′ collinear? [2004]
9. Use a graph paper for this question. (Take 10 small
divisions = 1 unit on both axes).
P and Q have co-ordinates (0, 5) and (–2, 4).
(i) P is invariant when reflected in an axis.
Name the axis.
(ii) Find the image of Q on reflection in the axis
found in (i).
(iii) (0, k) on reflection in the origin is invariant.
Write the value of k.
(iv) Write the co-ordinates of the image of
Q, obtained by reflecting it in the origin
followed by reflection in x-axis. [2005]
10. Use graph paper for this question.
The points A(2, 3), B(4, 5) and C(7, 2) are the
vertices of DABC.
 (i) Write down the coordinates of A′, B′, C′ if
DA′B′C′ is the image of DABC, when reflected
in the origin.
(ii) Write down the co-ordinates of A″, B″, C″
if DA″B″C″ is the image of DABC, when
reflected in the x-axis.
(iii) Mention the special name of the quadrilateral
BCC″B″ and find its area. [2006]
11. Use a graph paper for this question.
(iii) Give the geometrical name of the figure
ABOD.
(iv) Write the equation of the line of symmetry
of the figure ABOD. [2010]
14. Use a graph paper to answer the following
questions. (Take 1 cm = 1 unit on both axes).
(i) Plot A(4, 4), B(4, – 6) and C(8, 0), the vertices
of a triangle ABC.
(ii) Reflect ABC on the y-axis and name it as A′B′C′.

(i) The point P(2, –4) is reflected about the

line x = 0 to get the image Q. Find the
co-ordinates of Q.
(ii) Point Q is reflected about the line y = 0 to
get the image R. Find the co-ordinates of R.
(iii) Name the figure PQR.
(iv) Find the area of figure PQR. [2007]
12. Use graph paper to answer this question.
(i) Plot the points A(4, 6) and B(1, 2).
(ii) A′ is the image of A when reflected in X-axis.
(iii) B′ is the image of B when B is reflected in
the line AA′.
(iv) Give the geometrical name for the figure
ABA′B′. [2009]
13. Use graph paper for this question.
A(0, 3), B(3, –2) and O(0, 0) are the vertices of
triangle ABO.
(i) Plot the triangle on a graph sheet taking
2 cm = 1 unit on both the axes.
(ii) Plot D the reflection of B in the Y axis, and
write its co-ordinates.
(iii) Write the coordinates of the images A′, B′
and C′.
(iv) Give a geometrical name for the figure
AA′C′B′BC. [2011]
15. Using a graph paper, plot the points A(6, 4) and
B(0, 4).
(i) Reflect A and B in the origin to get the images
A′ and B′.
(ii) Write the co-ordinates of A′ and B′.
(iii) State the geometrical name for the figure
ABA′B′.
(iv) Find its perimeter. [2013]
16. Use graph paper for this question.
(Take 2 cm = 1 unit along both x and y-axis.)
Plot the points O (0, 0), A (–4, 4), B (–3, 0) and
C (0,–3).
(i) Reflect points A and B on the y-axis and
name them A’ and B’ respectively. Write
down their co-ordinates.
(ii) Name the figure OABCB’A’.
(iii) State the line of symmetry of this figure.
[2016]

COMMON ERRORS
A B
Errors are made in naming the figure formed after reflection.
e.g.
(i) In the figure ABCD is an isosceles trapezium but named as
trapezium. D C
(ii) Arrowhead is often confused. In the figure, OABA’ is an arrowhead
but OABCB’A’ is a hexagon with 6 sides and not an arrowhead which has only 4 sides.
A Y A′
Y
B

X′
B O B′
X X’ o X

C
A A’
Y′
Y’

Reflection 143
 POINTS AT A GLANCE
Y

Reflection in Co-ordinate Geometry

3 P'(3, 3)
1. Equation of x-axis is y = 0. y=2
2
Equation of a line parallel to x-axis is y = b.
1 P(3, 1)

P(3, 1) reflected in y = 2 is P’(3, 3). x-axis
O y=0
1 2 3
2. Equation of y-axis is x = 0.
Equation of line parallel to y-axis is x = a. y = axis
Y' x=0

Q(–5, 1) reflected in x = –3 is Q’(–1, 1).
–
3. Distance from a point = Distance from mirror line

x=
Q(–5, 1) Q' –1, 1)
to the mirror line to the image of the point 1
X' X
4. Any point on x-axis = (x, 0). – – – – – O

Any point on y-axis = (0, y).

5. While calculating the perimeter in the graph question, count the lengths in units and not in cm.
e.g., Perimeter of the parallelogram is 2(5 + 3) = 16 units and not 32 cm, when scale is 2 cm = 1 unit.
Or if area is asked answer is 3 × 4 = 12 sq. units not 48 cm2.
Y
P'(0, 2)
3
(0, 2)P' Q(3, 2)
5 4
X’ X
–3 0 3
(–3, –2)Q' P(0, – ) Q' P
3 3
(–3, –2) (0, –2)

Y'

Q’P = 3 units, P’P = 4 units  \ P’Q’ = 32 + 4 2 = 5 units

6. Write the co-ordinates of points on graph next to plotted points.

DO YOU KNOW?
The total number of n-digit numbers is 9 × 10n – 1.
e.g., (i) 2-digit numbers ⇒ n = 2 ⇒ 9 × 102 – 1 = 90. There are 90 two-digit numbers.
(ii) 3-digit numbers ⇒ n = 3 ⇒ 9 × 103 – 1 = 9 × 100 = 900. There are 900 three-digit numbers.

144 ICSE Mathematics—X

 SECTION FORMULA
11
Rene Descartes introduced Co-ordinate SECTION FORMULA
Geometry in the 16th century. In this branch
of Geometry, a point is located in a plane with To find the co-ordinates of a point P which
two numbers called co-ordinates put inside divides the line segment AB in a given ratio.
simple brackets. The co-ordinates indicate Let A = (x1, y1) and B = (x2, y2). Point P divides
the numbers on the x-axis and y-axis or the AB in the ratio m : n.
distance of the point from the two axes.
For point P (a, b), y B(x2, y2)
n
a = x co-ordinate or abscissa y)
2 –y
x,
b = y co-ordinate or ordinate P( 2 –x
D
m y2
Origin, O = (0, 0) is the point of intersection of (x1, y1) A
– y1
C
the two co-ordinate axes. y1
–x1
A point on x-axis has its y co-ordinate = 0. X
O E F G
e.g., (–2, 0), (1, 0), (3, 0), etc. are points on x-axis. x
x2

Fig. 11.3

To find the co-ordinates of P,

let P = (x, y).
Draw AE, PF and BG perpendicular to x-axis.
Fig. 11.1 \ AC = EF = x – x1
Similarly, a point on y-axis has x co-ordinate = 0
PC = PF – AE = y – y1
\ (0, 1), (0, 4), (0, –2), etc. are points on y-axis.
PD = OG – OF = x2 – x

BD = BG – PF = y2 – y

Since, DPAC ~ DBPD

PA AC PC
\ = =
BP PD BD
Fig. 11.2 m x − x1 y − y1
= = .
\ A point on y-axis is denoted by (0, y). n x2 − x y2 − y
Cross-multiplying the first two, we get  (2 × 6) + (3 × 1) (2 × 4) + (3 × − 6) 
=
 , 
m(x2 – x) = n(x – x1)  2+3 2+3 
mx2 – mx = nx – nx1  12 + 3 8 − 18 
=
 , 
mx2 + nx1 = mx + nx  5 5 
mx2 + nx1 = x(m + n)  15 −10 
 ,
P =  = (3, –2)
mx2 + nx1  5 5 
\ x =
m+n Example 2: Find the ratio in which (4, b)
m y − y1 divides the line joining the points (6, –2) and
Similarly, from = , we get (–3, 16). Also find b.
n y2 − y
my2 + ny1 Solution:
y =
m+n
x co-ordinate of P = 4
\ Co-ordinates of P mx2 + nx1
 mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1  = 4
= (x, y) =  ,  m+n
 m+n m+n 
–3m + 6n
= 4
We can define as: m+n

If line segment joining A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is –3m + 6n = 4m + 4n

divided by P in the ratio AP : PB = m : n, then –7m = –2n
the co-ordinates of P are given by m –2
=  or 2 : 7
 mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1  n –7
P =  , 
 m+n m+n  Substituting m = 2, n = 7 in
(2 × 16) + (7 × − 2)
b = y co-ordinate of P =
m n 2+7
A P B 32 − 14
(x1, y1) (x2, y2) = = 2
Fig. 11.4 9
Example 3: In what ratio is the line joining
the points (4, 3) and (–10, –4) divided by the
Example 1: P divides the line segment
x-axis? Also find the co-ordinates of the point
joining A(1, –6) and B(6, 4) in the ratio 2 : 3. of intersection.
Find the co-ordinates of P.
Solution:
Solution:
Let the point on x-axis be (x, 0).

Here, m = 2, n = 3
 mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 
P =  ,  y co-ordinate of P = 0
 m+n m+n 
–4 m + 3n
= 0
m+n
146 ICSE Mathematics–X
 – 4m + 3n = 0 Solution:
– 4m = –3n The medians of a D intersect at G in 2 : 1 ratio,
m 3 i.e., AG : GM = 2 : 1, where M is the midpoint
= = 3 : 4
n 4 of BC. Let M ≡ (x, y).
B
To find x co-ordinate, we substitute m = 3, n = 4.

(–10 × 3) + (4 × 4) −30 + 16 2 G 1
x = = A M(x, y)
3+4 7 (4, 1) (2, 5)

–14
x = = –2 C
7
\ P ≡ (–2, 0).  2 x + (1 × 4) 2 y + (1 × 1) 
G =  , 
 2 + 1 2+1 
Example 4: In what ratio does the line y = 3
divide the line joining the points A(2, 6) and  2x + 4 2 y + 1 
B(–12, –1)? Find the co-ordinates of the point =  ,  = (2, 5)
 3 3 
of intersection.
2x + 4 2y + 1
\ = 2 and  = 5
Solution: 3 3
Let the point be (x, 3). ⇒ 2x = 6 – 4  and  2y = 15 – 1
⇒ x = 1   and    y = 7
\ M ≡ (1, 7).

y co-ordinate of P = 3 Example 6: In the adjoining figure, P(– 4, 3)

–1m + 6n divides AB in the ratio 3 : 2. Find the
= 3
m+n co-ordinates of A and B.
– 1m + 6n = 3m + 3n
– 4m = – 3n
m 3
= or 3 : 4
n 4
(3 × − 12) + (4 × 2) Solution:
x =
3+4
Since, A is on x-axis, \ A(x, 0) and B is on
–36 + 8 y-axis, \ B(0, y).
=
7
−28
= =–4
7
x co-ordinate of P = – 4
\ Co-ordinates of the point of intersection are
(3 × 0) + 2 x
P(– 4, 3). = – 4
3+2
Example 5: G(2, 5) is the centroid of DABC
where A ≡ (4, 1). Find the midpoint of side 2x = – 20
BC. x = – 10
\ A ≡ (–10, 0).

Section Formula 147

 y co-ordinate of P = 3 Example 7: If A(–6, 0) and B(0, 6), find the
3 y + (2 × 0) points of trisection of the line segment AB.
= 3
3+2 Solution:
3y = 15
y = 5  (1 × 0) + (2 × −6) (1 × 6) + (2 × 0) 
\ B ≡ (0, 5). P =  , 
 1 + 2 1+ 2 
Points of Trisection  –12 6 
P =  ,  = (–4, 2)
If P and Q are two points on the line AB such  3 3
that AP = PQ = QB, then P and Q are called
To find Q using 2 : 1 ratio,
points of trisection.
 (2 × 0) + (1 × −6) (2 × 6) + (1 × 0) 
1 1 1 Q =  , 
A P Q B  2+1 2+1 
Fig. 11.5  −6 12 
=
 ,  = (–2, 4)
Here, note that AP : PB = 1 : 2 and Q is the  3 3 
midpoint of PB. Note: Q can be found using midpoint formula on P & B.

AQ : QB = 2 : 1

EXERCISE 11A
1. Calculate the co-ordinates of P which divides
the join of:
(i) A(6, 8) and B(1, –2) in the ratio 3 : 2.
(ii) A(5, –1) and B(–2, –15) in the ratio 2 : 5.
(iii) A(0, 5) and B(5, 20) in the ratio 3 : 2.
2. The join of A(6, 2) and B(–4, 7) is divided
AP 2
by the point P so that = . Find the
AB 5
co-ordinates of P.
3. (i) The line segment joining A(4, 2) and
B(12, –6) is divided by the point P so
that 5AP = 3BP. Find the co-ordinates
of P.
(ii) P is a point on the line segment joining
A(8, 3) and B(–1, –6) such that 4AP =
5BP. Find the co-ordinates of P.
4. A(2, 3) and B(16, 10) are two points. Find the
co-ordinates of point P on the line segment
AB so that BP : AB = 3 : 7.
148 ICSE Mathematics–X
5. In what ratio does the x-axis divide the join
of AB where A ≡ (4, –1) and B ≡ (5, 3)?
6. In what ratio does the y-axis divide the join
of A(–5, 3) and B(7, 6)?
7. In what ratio does the line x = 3 divide the
join of A(1, 2) and B(7, 5)?
8. In what ratio does the line y = 4 divide AB if
A ≡ (3, 10) and B ≡ (10, –4)?
9. In what ratio does the x-axis intersect the join
of A(–3, 2) and B(9, –4)? Find the co-ordinates
of point of intersection.
10. Find the ratio in which the line segment
joining A(2,–5) and B(–3, 10) is divided by
y-axis. Also find the co-ordinates of the point
of intersection.
11. Find the ratio in which the point (3, b) divides
the segment joining the points A(7, 1) and
B(0, 8). Find the value of b.
12. Find the ratio in which the point (a, 5) divides
the segment joining the points A(9, 4) and
B(–9, 7). Also find the value of a.
 13. In the figure, AP : PB = 2 : 3 and P ≡ (3, 4).
Find the co-ordinates of points A and B.

P(3, 4)

X
O A
14. Point A lies on the x-axis and B lies on the
y-axis. P(–1, 8) divides AB in the ratio 4 : 1.
Find the co-ordinates of A and B.
15. Point P(4, 9) divides the join of points A and
B in the ratio 2 : 3. If A is on y-axis and B is
on x-axis, find the co-ordinates of A and B.
16. Find the co-ordinates of A and B if P(–5, 2)
divides AB in the ratio 2 : 1.
17. Find the points of trisection of the line segment
joining A and B in the following:
(i) A(–6, 0) and B(0, 12)
(ii) A(3, –6) and B(9, 15)
(iii) A(–9, 0) and B(9, 6)
18. In DABC, A ≡ (4, –3) and centroid G ≡ (2, 1).
Find the co-ordinates of the midpoint of BC.
19. In DPQR, P ≡ (6, 5) and midpoint of QR is
(9, –1). Find the co-ordinates of the centroid.

THE MIDPOINT FORMULA A(x1 y1)

To find the co-ordinates of the midpoint M P G N

of the line segment joining two given points

A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2). The co-ordinates of the B
M
C(x3, y3)
(x2, y2)
 x + x2 y1 + y2  Fig. 11.6
midpoint M =  1 , 
 2 2  Using AG : GM = 2 : 1 by section formula,
Centroid of a Triangle we get
The point of intersection of 3 medians of a   x2 + x3   y2 + y3  
triangle is the centroid of the triangle.  2  + x1 2   + y1 
2  2 
G =   ,  

In DABC, A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3).  3 3 
The medians AM, BN and CP intersect at  x + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 
=  1 , 
centroid G.  3 3 
AG : GM = 2 : 1, BG : GN = 2 : 1 Example 8: If A ≡ (–3, 7) and B ≡ (1, 9), find
and CG : GP = 2 : 1 the co-ordinates of the midpoint of AB.
M = Midpoint of BC
Solution:
 x + x3 y 2 + y 3 
=  2 ,   x + x2 y1 + y2 
 2 2  Midpoint =  1 , 
 2 2 

Section Formula 149

  −3 + 1 7 + 9  x+0 0+y
=  ,  = 3 and = –2
 2 2  2 2
 −2 16  ⇒   x = 6 ⇒ y = – 4
=  ,  = (–1, 8)
 2 2  \ Co-ordinates are A(6, 0) and B(0, – 4).
Example 9: If A ≡ (3, – 4) and midpoint of
the line segment AB is (5, 1), find the co- Example 11: If ABCD is a parallelogram and
ordinates of B. A ≡ (3, –1), B ≡ (5, 6), C ≡ (7, 3), find the co-
Solution: ordinates of D. A(3, –1) D(x, y)
Let B ≡ (x, y) Solution:
 3 + x −4 + y 
Midpoint of AB =  ,  Let D ≡ (x, y).
 2 2 
B(5, 6) C(7, 3)
= (5, 1) Since, the diagonals
3+x −4 + y of a parallelogram bisect each other.
= 5 and = 1
2 2 Midpoint of AC = Midpoint of BD
3 + x = 10 – 4 + y = 2  3 + 7 −1 + 3  5+x 6+ y
 ,  =  , 
⇒   x = 7  ⇒ y = 6  2 2   2 2 
\ Co-ordinates are B(7, 6).
3+7 5+x −1 + 3 6+y
= and =
2 2 2 2
Example 10: In the given figure, M(3, –2) is
the midpoint of AB. If A and B are on x-axis ⇒   x = 5 and   y = –4
and y-axis respectively, find the co-ordinates \ D ≡ (5, –4).
of A and B.
Example 12: The centroid of DABC is (–1, 4).
If A = (5, –6), B = (–2, 3), find the co-ordinates
of C.
Solution:
Let C = (x, y).
 5 − 2 + x −6 + 3 + y 
Solution: Centroid = 
 3
,
3  = ( −1, 4)
Since, A is on x-axis. \ A ≡ (x, 0)
B is on y-axis. \ B ≡ (0, y) 3+ x −3 + y
⇒ =−1 and 4
=
3 3
x+0 0+ y ⇒ x= −6 ⇒ y =15
Midpoint of AB =  , 
 2 2 
\ Co-ordinates are C(–6, 15).
= (3, –2)

150 ICSE Mathematics–X

 EXERCISE 11B
1. Find the midpoint of the line segment AB in 10. Let P ≡ (– 4, 1) and Q ≡ (7, – 3). If PQRS is a
the following: parallelogram and its diagonals intersect at
(i) A(3, –6) and B(7, 8) point (2, 5), find the co-ordinates of R and S.
(ii) A(5, 1) and B(–9, 3) 11. If A, M and B are collinear and AM = MB, find
2. (i) The midpoint of AB is (8, 5) and A ≡ (4, 1), the values of a and b, where A ≡ (a, –3), M ≡ (2, b),
find B. B ≡ (1, 7).
(ii) The midpoint of CD is (3, – 4) and 12. P(–7, 1), Q(x, 4) and R(3, y) are collinear and
C = (–2, 5), find D.
PQ = QR. Find the values of x and y.
(iii) The midpoint of the line segment joining
13. ABCD is a rhombus where A ≡ (3, 8), B ≡ (6, 4),
P(a + 3, 5) and Q(7, b) is (4, 3a – 1). Find
C ≡ (3, 0). Find the co-ordinates of D.
a and b.
14. AB is a diameter of a circle with centre C ≡
3. AB is the diameter of a circle with centre (1, –2). If A ≡ (–4, 10), find the co-ordinates of B
C(2, 5). If A(6, 2), find the co-ordinates of B.
15. If M(3, –2) is the midpoint of AB in the given
4. The midpoint of the line segment joining
figure, find the (i) co-ordinates of A and B.
P(2a, 6) and Q(8, b) is (3, 4a – 1). Find a and b.
5. Find the co-ordinates of centroid of DABC
where A ≡ (6, –3), B ≡ (1, 5) and C ≡ (2, 1).
6. Find the co-ordinates of point P of DPQR whose
centroid is (–2, 3), Q ≡ (7, 1) and R ≡ (4, 2).
7. If origin is the centroid of triangle A(a, 3),
B(5, b) and C(–1, 4). Find the values of a

and b. Figure for Q.15 (i)        Figure for Q.15 (ii)
8. Prove that A(2,–3), B(1, 4), C(4, 13) and
(ii) If P(– 4, 5) is the midpoint of CD, find
D(5, 6) form the vertices of a parallelogram.
the co-ordinates of C and D. Also find
9. If ABCD is a parallelogram with A ≡ (3, 6), the area of DCOD.
B ≡ (–3, 1) and D ≡ (6, 2), find the co-ordinates 16. PQRS is a square where P ≡ (–3, 4) Q ≡ (0, 7)
of C. and R ≡ (–3, 10). Find the co-ordinates of S.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. (i) In what ratio does the x-axis divide the join of A(4, 3) and B(7, –6)? Find the co-ordinates of
the point of intersection.
(ii) In what ratio does the line y = 3 divide the join of P(6, 5) and Q(3, 2)? Write the co-ordinates
of the point of intersection.

Section Formula 151

 2. (i) Find the co-ordinates of a point R when AR : RB = 2 : 3 with A(1, 3) and B(6, 8).
(ii) If P(–2, 3) divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2, find the co-ordinates of A and B in the figure.
3. Midpoint of AB is (–3, 2b). If A is (a, 5) and B(4, –9). Find the values of a and b.
4. P and Q are two points on the line joining A(2, 4) and B(8, 1) such that AP
= PQ = QB. Find the co-ordinates of P and Q.
5. In DABC, A ≡ (7, –5) and centroid G ≡ (3, –1). Find the midpoint of BC. )
6. If origin is the centroid of DPQR where P(4, k), Q(m, 9) and R ≡ (1, –6). Find
the values of k and  m.
7. PQ is a diameter of a circle. P ≡ (7, – 4) and Q ≡ (–9, 8) Figure for Q.2 (ii)

(i) Find the co-ordinates of the centre C.

(ii) If AB is another diameter of the circle and A = (1, 4), find the co-ordinates of B.

BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS

1. (i) Write down the co-ordinates of the point P In figure given above, line APB meets the X
that divides the line joining A(– 4, 1) and axis at A, Y axis at B. P is the point (– 4, 2) and
B(17, 10) in the ratio 1 : 2. AP : PB = 1 : 2. Write down the co-ordinates of
(ii) Calculate the distance OP, where O is the A and B. [1999]
origin. 5. Calculate the ratio in which the line joining
(iii) In what ratio does the y-axis divide the line A(6, 5) and B(4, –3) is divided by the line
AB? [1995] y = 2. [2000]
2. The midpoint of the line segment AB shown in the 6. The line joining P(– 4, 5) and Q(3, 2), intersects
diagram is (4, –3). Write down the co-ordinates of the y axis at R.
A and B. [1996] PM and QN are perpendiculars from P and Q on
the X axis. Find:
(i) the ratio PR : RQ.
(ii) the co-ordinates of R.

(iii) the area of the quadrilateral PMNQ. [2004]
7. The line segment joining A(2, 3) and B(6, –5) is
intercepted by the X axis at the point K. Write the
ordinate of the point K. Hence, find the ratio in
which K divides AB. [2006]
3. The centre O, of a circle has the co-ordinates (4, 5)
8. Find the co-ordinates of the centroid of a triangle
and one point on the circumference is (8, 10). Find
whose vertices are:
the co-ordinates of the other end of the diameter
A(–1, 3), B(1, –1) and C(5, 1) [2006]
of the circle through this point. [1998]
4. 9. The midpoint of the line segment joining
Y (2a, 4) and (–2, 2b) is (1, 2a + 1). Find the values
of a and b. [2007]
B 10. If the line joining the points A(4, –5) and B(4, 5)
AP 2
is divided by the point P such that = , find
P AB 5

A O
X the co-ordinates of P. [2007]
11. If A = (– 4, 3) and B = (8, – 6). In what ratio is the
line joining AB, divided by the x-axis? [2008]

152 ICSE Mathematics–X

 12. ABC is a triangle and G(4, 3) is the centroid of P(–3, 4) on AB divides it in the ratio 2 : 3. Find
the triangle. If A = (1, 3), B = (4, b) and C = (a, 1), the co-ordinates of A and B.
find ‘a’ and ‘b’. Find the length of side BC.
 [2011]
13. Given a line segment AB joining the points
A(– 4, 6) and B(8, –3). Find:
(i) the ratio in which AB is divided by the
y-axis.

(ii) find the co-ordinates of the point of
intersection.  [2012]
 [2013]
14. AB is a diameter of a circle with centre C = (–2, 5).
If A = (3, –7), find the coordinates of B. [2013] 16. Calculate the ratio in which the line joining
15. In the given figure, the line segment AB A(– 4, 2) and B(3, 6) is divided by point P(x, 3).
meets X-axis at A and Y-axis at B. The point Also find x. [2014]

COMMON ERRORS
1. Labelling the vertices of a parallelogram wrongly. Either go clockwise or anti-clockwise
while labelling.
A D A C

This is This is
B correct wrong
C B D

2. Equation of x-axis and y-axis are confused often. Remember the equation of x-axis is
y = 0 and y-axis is x = 0.
3. When y = 2 divides the join of AB and the ratio is to be found, it is wrongly assumed that
the point of intersection of AB with y = 2 is (0, 2).
Take y-co-ordinate = 2 and find the ratio, but do not assume that x = 0 when y = 2.
4. There is confusion between circumcentre and centroid. For circumcentre, O of triangle
ABC use distance formula in OA = OB = OC.

For centroid, use  x1 + x2 + x3 , y1 + y2 + y3 

 3 3 

Section Formula 153

 POINTS AT A GLANCE
When A ≡ (x1, y1) and B ≡ (x2, y2)

 mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 

1.
Co-ordinates of P =  ,  , where AP : PB = m : n.
 m+n m+n  A(x1, y1)

 x + x2 y1 + y2 
2. Midpoint of AB =  1 , .
 2 2 
3.
A point on x-axis is (x, 0) and a point on y-axis is (0, y).
B(x2, y2) C(x3, y3)
Centroid of triangle ABC =  x1 + x2 + x3 , y1 + y2 + y3  .
4.
 
 3 3 

DO YOU KNOW?
RENE DESCARTES [1596 – 1650]
French philosopher, physicist and mathematician, Rene Descartes made grand breaking contributions to Mathematics.
He helped provide the foundations of Modern Calculus, which Newton and Leibnitz later built up and has a great
bearing on the modern day Mathematics. Along with this his development of Cartesian Geometry and its use in
algebra to describe various locations on a graph. Before this, most geometers used plain papers to perform their
art. Previously, distances had to be measured literally or scaled. With the introduction of Cartesian Geometry, this
changed dramatically. Points could be expressed on a graph and as graphs can be drawn to any scale, also these
points need not have to be numbers. The final contribution to the field was his introduction of superscripts within
algebra to express powers, it thus contributed to the development of modern mathematical notation.

     
Rene Descartes

154 ICSE Mathematics–X

 EQUATION OF A
STRAIGHT LINE 12
INCLINATION OF A LINE 1. To find slope when q is given
The inclination of a line is the angle which the (i) If the angle q is acute, slope is positive.
line makes with the positive direction of the y

x-axis.  acute

x
q = the angle between the x-axis and the O

line in anticlockwise direction. It is called the

angle of inclination or the inclination.
Fig. 12.2
y y

Example:
l
q slope = tan q


x x 1
O O 30°
3
Fig. 12.1 45° 1

Horizontal, Vertical and Oblique Lines 60° 3

(i) A line parallel to x-axis is called a (ii) If the angle q is obtuse, slope is negative.
horizontal line. Its inclination is 0°. y

(ii) A line parallel to y-axis is called a vertical  obtuse

x
line. Its inclination is 90°. O

(iii) A line which is neither parallel to x-axis

nor y-axis is called an oblique line. Its Fig. 12.3

inclination is either acute or obtuse angle.

Example:
q slope = tan q
Gradient or Slope of a Line
tan 135° = tan (180° – 45°)
When q is the inclination of a line, then tan q 135°
    = –tan 45° = –1
is called its slope or gradient. tan 120° = tan (180° – 60°)
120°
Slope or gradient is denoted by the letter ‘m’.     = –tan 60° = − 3
 (iii) If the angle q = 0°, then slope = tan 0° =  0. y l2
y l1
P

l 90º + 

x x
O O Q R

Fig. 12.4
Fig. 12.7
e.g., all lines parallel to x-axis have
slope = 0. Line l1 is perpendicular to l2.
(iv) If the angle q = 90°, then the slope \ ∠QPR = 90°
= tan 90° is not defined. Let ∠PQR = q.
y
\ Exterior ∠PRX = 90° + q
(Ext. ∠ = Sum of int. opp. ∠s)
 x −1
O
\ slope l1 = tan (90° + q) = – cot q =
tan θ
Fig. 12.5
s lope l2 = tan q
So, if inclination of the line (= q) is known, \ slope l1 × slope l2
slope can be found. −1
= × tan q = –1
2. To find the slope when a line is parallel tan θ
or perpendicular to a given line
m1 × m2 = –1
\
(i) If lines are parallel, then their slopes are
r slope of line l1 is the negative reciprocal of
o
equal.
slope of line l2. If AB || PQ, AB ^ CD and slope
If l1 || l2, then their corresponding angles
of AB is known then slopes of PQ and CD can
are equal.
be found.
y l1 l2 Slope of AB Slope of CD Slope of PQ

3 1 3
−
1 2
x 3
O
–1 4 –1
4 4
Fig. 12.6
5 –6 5

q1 = q2 6 5 6

\ tan q1 = tan q2 3. To find the slope of two points

m1 = m2
⇒ If two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are given.
(ii)
If two lines are perpendicular to Slope of AB
each other, then the product of their y − y1 Difference of ordinates
= 2 =
slopes = –1. x2 − x1 Difference of abscissae

156 ICSE Mathematics—X

 5. Intercepts: If a line intersects the x-axis
at a point A, the abscissa of A is the
x-intercept.
Similarly, if the line cuts the y-axis at a
point B, the ordinate of B is the y-intercept.
(i) In figure, the line cuts x-axis at A and
Fig. 12.8 y-axis at B.
y

∠BAC = ∠BPX = q (Corresponding ∠s)

\ Slopes are equal. (0, 3)B

y2 − y1 y − y2
tan q = or 1 x
x2 − x1 x1 − x2 0 A(5, 0)
l1

Fig. 12.9
Difference of ordinates
=
Difference of abscissae \ The x-intercept = 5

e.g., if A(4, –3) and B(5, 6), then and the y-intercept = 3
6 − ( −3) (ii) The intercepts can be negative. For
m(AB) = slope of AB = =9
5−4 the line l2, the x-intercept = – 4 and
the y-intercept = –2.
4. To find slope when equation of a line is
 given
If the equation of a line is given, it can be put
in the y = mx + c form where coefficient of x =
m = slope.
When y is the subject of the formula, the
coefficient of x is the slope and the constant Fig. 12.10
term is the y-intercept.
(iii) If a line is parallel to x-axis, the
Example: If 3x + 4y = 6 is the equation of x-intercept = 0.
a line. Similarly if a line is parallel to y-axis,
4y = –3x + 6
the y-intercept = 0.

–3 6 (iv) If a line passes through the origin,

y = x+ both x and y intercepts are zero.
4 4
y

Slope = m = –3 l3

4
x
6 3 O
c = = is the y-intercept.
and
4 2
Fig. 12.11

Equation of a Straight Line 157

To find the intercepts Example 2: If A(–3, 5), B(2, –1) and C(a, 11)
are collinear, find the value of a.
1. To find the x-intercept of a line, put y = 0
in the equation of the line. Solution:
e.g., 2x + 3y = 8 −1 − 5 −6
Slope of AB = =
2x + 3(0) = 8 2 − ( −3) 5
2x = 8
x = 4 is the x-intercept of the line. 11 − ( −1) 12
Slope of BC = =
2. To find the y-intercept of a line, put x = 0 a−2 a−2
in the equation of the line.
Slopes of collinear points are equal.
e.g., 4x + 5y = 10
−6 12
4(0) + 5y = 10 \ =
5 a−2
y = 2 is the y-intercept.
12 × 5
or make y as the subject of the equation. a – 2 =
−6
5y = –4x + 10
–4 x 10 a – 2 = –10
y = + ,
5 5 a = – 8.
10
then the constant term = = 2 is the y-intercept. Slopes of Perpendicular Lines
5
Example 3: Line 3x – ky = 1 is perpendicular
We find the slope of a line: to the line AB where A ≡ (7, –2) and B ≡ (–5,  6).
(i) to find the equation of the line Find the value of k.
(ii) to prove 3 points are collinear
(iii) to prove two lines are parallel or Solution:
perpendicular to each other 6 − ( −2) 8 2
Slope of AB = = = = m1
−5 − 7 −12 −3
Slopes of Collinear Points
3x – ky = 1
Example 1: Prove that A(6, 6), B(–2, 0) and
C (2, 3) are collinear points. \ 3x – 1 = ky
3 1 3
Solution: x − = y ⇒ slope = = m2
k k k
Recall that we had used distance formula
AB + BC = AC to prove that the points are If lines are perpendicular, then
collinear (points lie on the same line). m1 × m2 = –1
Here, we use the condition that slope of a line −2 3
is same at any point on it. × = –1
3 k
0−6 −6 3
slope of AB = = = \ k = 2.
−2 − 6 −8 4
Example 4: In the given circle, C(–1, – 4) is
3−0 3
slope of BC = = the centre and A(5, 1) is a point on the circle.
2 − ( −2) 4
If AT is a tangent to the circle, find the value
\ A, B and C are collinear. of k if T(k, –2).

158 ICSE Mathematics—X

 T PQ is parallel to x-axis. Its inclination is 0°.
\ slope of PQ = tan 0° = 0.
A
C
Example 6: Given A ≡ (k, 4), B ≡ (6, –3),
C ≡ (1, 8) and D ≡ (5, – 6). Find the value of
k if (i) AB y CD (ii) AB ^ CD.
Solution:
Solution:
Given C
≡ (–1, – 4) and A = (5, 1).
Given A(k, 4) and B(6, –3).
[To avoid errors, write the co-ordinates of the
points again before finding the slope.] −3 − 4 −7
slope of AB = =
6−k 6−k
1 − ( − 4) 5
slope of radius, CA = =
5 − ( −1) 6 and C
≡ (1, 8), D ≡ (5, – 6)
−6 − 8 −14 −7
and A
≡ (5, 1) T ≡ (k, –2) slope of CD = = =
5−1 4 2
−2 − 1 −3
slope of AT = =
k−5 k−5 (i) If AB y CD,
−7 −7
=  \ 6 – k = 2 ⇒ k = 4
But, radius CA ^ tangent AT. 6−k 2
5 −3 (ii) If AB ^ CD,
× = –1
6 k−5 −7 −7
2 × = –1
5 = 2(k – 5) 6−k 2
5 = 2k – 10
\ 49 = –2 (6 – k)
15 = 2k
2k – 12 = 49
15
\ k = . 2k = 61
2
61
Example 5: In the given figure, find the k = .
2
slopes of OP and PQ.
Example 7: Given A ≡ (2, 7), B ≡ (4, 1),
C ≡ (10, 3). Prove that ABC is a right-angled
triangle. Hence, write the co-ordinates of
the (i) circumcentre, (ii) orthocentre of the
triangle.
Solution:
A(2, 7)
Solution:
Circumcentre
Given O = (0, 0) and P = (2, 5).
5−0 5
\ slope of OP = = B(4, 1) C(10, 3)
2−0 2

Equation of a Straight Line 159

Here A(2, 7) and B(4, 1). 1
slope of AB = = tan 30°
1−7 −6 3
slope of AB = = = −3
4−2 2
\ ∠ABC = 30°
3−1 2 1
slope of BC = = = Equation of AC is 3x − y − 2 = 0
10 − 4 6 3
1 i.e., y = 3 x − 2
slope of AB × slope of BC = −3 × = −1
3
slope of AC = 3 = tan 60°
\ AB
^ BC.
(i) In a right-angled triangle, the circumcentre \ ∠ACX = 60°
lies at the midpoint of hypotenuse. ∠ACX = ∠BAC + ∠ABC
(Exterior ∠ of a D = sum of interior opp. ∠s]

\ Circumcentre = Midpoint of AC
(ii) ∠BAC = 60° – 30° = 30°.
 x + x2 y1 + y2 
=  1 , 
 2 2  Example 9: In DABC, A ≡ (3, 6), B ≡ (–1, 2)
 2 + 10 7 + 3  and C ≡ (5, 4). L and M are midpoints of AB
=  ,  = ( 6, 5 ) and AC. Find the co-ordinates of L and M.
 2 2 
(ii) The orthocentre of DABC is the point B Hence, prove that LM || BC.
itself (where the altitudes intersect).
Orthocentre = B ≡ (4, 1).

Example 8: In the given diagram, equation

of AB is 3y = x + 2 3 and equation of AC
Solution:
is 3 x – y – 2 = 0. L = Midpoint of AB
y A
3−1 6+ 2
=  ,  = (1, 4)
 2 2 
M = Midpoint of AC
B
X 3+5 6+4
O C =  ,  = (4, 5)
 2 2 
5−4 1
(i) Write down the angles which the lines slope of LM = =
4 −1 3
AB and AC make with the positive
4−2 2 1
direction of x-axis. slope of BC = = =
5 − ( −1) 6 3
(ii) Hence, find ∠BAC.
slope of LM = slope of BC
Solution:
\ LM || BC
(i) Equation of AB is
3y = x + 2 3 POINT ON A LINE
1 2 3 If a line passes through a point, the co-ordinates
i.e., y = x+
3 3 of the point satisfy the equation of the line.
160 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 10: Verify whether (4, –1) lies on the Example 12: Does the line 2x – 3y + 8 = 0
line 2x + 3y = 5. bisect the join of A(6, –3) and B(–8, 7)?
Solution: Solution:
Put x = 4, y = –1 in the equation. M = Midpoint of AB
LHS = 2x + 3y  6 − 8 −3 + 7   2 4 
=  ,  = − , 
= 2(4) + 3(–1)  2 2   2 2
= 8 – 3 = 5 = RHS M ≡ (–1, 2 )
\ Point (4, –1) lies on the line. If M lies on the line 2x – 3y + 8 = 0, then the
line bisects AB.
Example 11: If the point (2m, 3m – 1) lies on
2x – 3y + 8 = 0
the line 4x – 3y = 1, find the value of m.
LHS = 2(–1) –3(2) + 8
Solution: = –2 – 6 + 8 = 0 = RHS
4x – 3y = 1 The co-ordinates of the point satisfy the
4(2m) – 3(3m – 1) = 1 equation of the line.
8m – 9m + 3 = 1 \ AB is bisected by the line.
–m = –2
m = 2

EXERCISE 12 A
1. Find the slope of the line whose inclination (ii) The line through P(4, 3), Q(8, 1) is
is: parallel to R(–2, 5), S(4, b). Find the value
(i) 0° (ii) 45° of b.
5. The line through A(x, 7), B(5, 1) is perpendicular
(iii) 60° (iv) 30°
to the line through C(4, 3), D(–2, 5). Find the
2. Find the slope of the line passing through the value of x.
following pairs of points: 6. (i) If A(p, –1), B(3, –8) and C(5, 6) are
(i) (4, 5) and (7, 1) collinear, find the value of p.
(ii) Points (–1, 6), (k, 0) and (7, –2) are
(ii) (6, 0) and (– 4, 1)
collinear. Find the value of k.
(iii) (– 4, 3) and (5, – 6)
7. In the given figure, find the slopes of
3. Find the slope of a line perpendicular to AB (i) BC (ii) altitude AD
if
(iii) median AM
(i) A(–4, 2) and B(5, 8)
(ii) A(–1, 6) and B(3, –2)
(iii) A(5, –3) and B(7, 3)
4. (i) The line through A(a, 6) and B(9, 5) is
parallel to the line through C(4, 1) and
D(7, 4). Find the value of a.

Equation of a Straight Line 161

 8. ABCD is a square and AB y x-axis. Find the (v) If the line 4x – 3y = 9 is perpendicular
slopes of AB, CD and diagonals AC and BD. to the line through A(1, –2) and B(k, 4),
y
find the value of k.
D C
14. ABC is a triangle inscribed in a semicircle with
diameter AB. The equation of AC is 2x – 3y = 1
A B py
and of BC is x – = 4. Find the value of p.
x 3
O
C

9. PQRS is a parallelogram and ∠S = 45°, PQ ||
x-axis. Find the slopes of PQ, SR, PS and QR.
y
A B

P Q
15. Find the measure of angle q in the figure.
45°
S R y
P(3, 3)
x
0

10. A(1, k), B(3, 5) and C(6, 2) are vertices of DABC.


If ∠ABC = 90°, find the value of k. x
O

11. The gradient of the line joining P(6, k) and

1 16. Prove that ABC is a right-angled triangle
Q(1 – 3k, 3) is .
2 where A ≡ (–2, 4), B ≡ (1, 1) and C ≡ (6, 6).
(i) Find k. Hence, find the co-ordinates of (i) circumcentre
(ii) Find the midpoint of PQ. (ii) orthocentre.
17. In the figure, equation of AB is x − 3 y + 1 = 0
12. Find the slope and the y-intercept of the
following:
and equation of AC is x – y – 2 = 0.
(i) 2x + 3y = 9 (ii) 4x – 2y = 5 (i) Write down the angles that AB and
(iii) y – 3 = 0 (iv) 2y – x = 0 AC make with the positive direction of
x y x-axis.
(v) + =1
5 8 (ii) Find ∠BAC.
13. (i) Verify if lines 2x – 5y = 6 and 4y + 10x = 1
y
are parallel or perpendicular to each
other. A

(ii) If 9x – 3y = 2 and kx – 5y = 2 are parallel

to each other, find the value of k.
(iii) If lines 4y – 7x = 12 and ay – 8x = 1 are x
B O C
perpendicular to each other, find the
value of a.
(iv) If the line through A(a, 4) and B(5, –2)
18. Is the line through A(–1, 2) and B(3, 6)
is perpendicular to the line 2x – 4y = 1,
perpendicular to the line x + y = 5? Does the
find the value of a.
line x + y = 5 bisect AB?

162 ICSE Mathematics—X

 19. In DABC, A ≡ (– 4, 5), B ≡ (6, –1) and C ≡ (–10, 9).
y
L and M are midpoints of AB and AC
respectively. B

(i) Find the co-ordinates of L and M.

(ii) Hence, prove that LM || BC. x
20. In the given figure, the equation of AB is A O (4, 0)

2y – 3x = 6. Find the co-ordinates of A and B. 21. Find the centroid of D ABC where A ≡ (7, – 3),
B ≡ (6, 1), and C ≡ (2, 5). If the equation of a
median of the triangle in 2x + y + k = 0, find
the value of k.

y
EQUATION OF A LINE
(0, b) (1, b) P(x, b)
1. Equation of x-axis is y = 0. l

The ordinate of each point on x-axis is b

0. If P(x, y) is any point on x-axis, then O

x

y =  0 \ Equation of x-axis is y = 0.

Fig. 12.13
2. Equation of y-axis is x = 0.
The abscissa of each point on y-axis is 0. Equation of an oblique line in different
Thus if P(x, y) is any point on y-axis, forms
x = 0 \ Equation of y-axis is x = 0. 1. Slope-Intercept Form
3. Equation of a line parallel to y-axis
When the slope = m and y-intercept = c
Line l is parallel to y-axis. The distance
are known.
between y-axis and l is a. We observe that
every point on l has x co-ordinate = a. If
P(x, y) is any point on this line, then x = a.
Hence, the equation of the line is x = a.
y l

P(a, y)
a

(a, 1)
x Fig. 12.14
O (a, 0)
Let AB be the line with slope m, inclination
Fig. 12.12
q and making y-intercept OB = c.
4. Equation of a line parallel to x-axis m = tan q.
Line l is parallel to x-axis at distance of b P(x, y) is any point on AB.
from it. We observe that every point on
line l has its ordinate = b. Draw PN ^ x-axis and BM ^ PN.
If P(x, y) is any point on the line, then ∠PBM = ∠BAO = q (Corresponding ∠s)
y = b. PM = PN – MN = y – c
\ The equation of the line is y = b. BM = x
Equation of a Straight Line 163
 y−c
tan q = m = y − y1
x m =

\ mx = y – c x − x1

⇒ y = mx + c is the equation of the line.
⇒ y – y1 = m(x – x1)
2. Point-Slope Form is the equation of the line.
When the slope = m and a point P(x1, y1)

3. Two-Point Form
are known.
When two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)

are known.
y2 − y1
slope of AB = = m
x2 − x1

Thus, slope of AB is m and it passes

through (x1, y1).

\ Its equation is
Fig. 12.15 y – y1 = m(x – x1)
Let Q(x, y) be any point on the line l with y − y1 y − y1
inclination q. or = 2
x − x1 x2 − x1
Draw PM and QN ^ to x-axis and PR ^ QN.
PR = x – x1 and QR = y – y1 Note: After finding slope, we can use either the
QR co-ordinates of A or B in y – y1 = m(x – x1).
tan q = m =
PR
Example 13: To find the equation of a line using slope-intercept form when q and a point
on the y-axis of the line are given.
q 45° 135° 60° 30°
 1  –3 
Point on y-axis (0, 5) (0, –3)  0,   0, 
 4  4 
Solution:
q m (x1, y1) c y = mx + c
Inclination Slope = tan q Point y-intercept Equation
1. 45° tan 45° = 1 (0, 5) 5 y=x+5
2. 135° tan 135° = –1 (0, –3) –3 y=–x–3
1
1 y= 3 x+
3. 60° tan 60° = 3  1 4
 0, 
 4 4 or 4y = 4 3 x + 1
1  –3  –3 1 3
4. 30° tan 30° =  0,  y= x−
3  4  4 3 4
164 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 14: To find the equation of a line using point-slope form when a point and slope
are given.
Point (2, 3) (1, –5) (– 4, 6)
2 –3
Slope 4
3 5
Solution:
(x1, y1) m y – y1 = m(x – x1)
Point Slope Equation
1. (2, 3) 4 y – 3 = 4 (x – 2) ⇒ y = 4x – 5

2. (1, –5) 2 2
y – (–5) = (x – 1) ⇒ 3(y + 5) = 2(x – 1) ⇒ 3y = 2x – 17
3 3
3. (–4, 6) –3 –3
y–6=  x − ( −4)   ⇒ 5(y – 6) = –3(x + 4) ⇒ 5y = –3x + 18
5 5 

Example 15: Find the equation of a line 4y – 8 = –5x – 15

through A(4, –3) and B(6, 5). 4y = –5x – 7
Solution: or 5x + 4y + 7 = 0
y − y1 5 − ( −3) 8
m of AB = 2 = = = 4
x2 − x1 6−4 2 Example 17: Find the equation of a line
passing through (4, –5) and perpendicular to
Equation is y – y1 = m(x – x1) 2x + 3y = 1.
y – 5 = 4(x – 6) Solution:
y = 4x – 24 + 5 Given line is 3y = –2x + 1
y = 4x – 19 –2 1
y = x+
Example 16: Find the equation of a line 3 3
passing through (–3, 2) and parallel to
5x + 4y = 6. –2
Slope = m1 =
3
Solution:
Given line is 4y = –5x + 6 3
Slope of ^ line = m2 =
2
–5 6 –5
y = x + , i.e., m1 = and Point ≡ (4, –5) ≡ (x1, y1)
4 4 4
Equation is
–5 y – y1 = m(x – x1)
Slope of its || line, m2 =
4 3
y + 5 = ( x − 4)
and (–3, 2) ≡ (x1, y1) 2
y – y1 = m(x – x1) 2y + 10 = 3x – 12
–5 2y = 3x – 22
y – 2 = ( x + 3)
4
Equation of a Straight Line 165
Example 18: Find the equation of a line y2 − y1 7−5
Slope of BC = =
through the point of intersection of the lines x2 − x1 6 − ( −8)
2x + 5y = 9 and 5x – 2y = 8 and perpendicular
to the line 4x + 3y = 7. 2 1
= =
Solution: 14 7
The line is perpendicular to the line 4x + 3y = 7. Now, AD ⊥ BC.
3y = –4x + 7
\ Slope of AD = –7 and A ≡ (2, –3)

–4 7 y – y1 = m(x – x1)
y = x+
3 3 y – (– 3) = –7(x – 2)
–4
m1 = = slope of the given line y + 3 = –7x + 14
3
3 y = –7x + 11 is the equation of altitude AD.
\ m2 = = slope of ⊥ line
4

Solving the two equations, (ii)

(2x + 5y = 9) × 2 ⇒ 4x + 10y = 18
(5x – 2y = 8) × 5 ⇒ 25x – 10y = 40
29x = 58
⇒  x = 2
9 − 2x 9 − 4
y = = =1
5 5 M = Midpoint of BC
Point of intersection = (2, 1) 6 −8 7 + 5
=  , 
3  2 2 
\ Equation is y – 1 = ( x − 2)
4
M ≡ (–1, 6)
4y – 4 = 3x – 6 ⇒ 4y = 3x – 2
A ≡ (2, –3)
Example 19: In the triangle A(2, –3), B(6, 7), 6+3 9
C(–8, 5), find the equation of \ Slope of AM = = = –3
−1 − 2 −3
(i) the altitude through A.
(ii) the median through A. Point is A(2, –3).
Solution: Equation is
Note: Drawing a scalene D helps in differentiating
y – (–3) = –3(x – 2)
between an altitude and a median.
y + 3 = –3x + 6
(i)
y = –3x + 3 is the equation of median AM.

Example 20: ABCD is a kite, B ≡ (7, –1) and

D ≡ (9, –5) form the shorter diagonal. Find the
equation of the longer diagonal AC.

166 ICSE Mathematics—X

Solution: y

A D

45°
B C(6, 4)
45°
x
0 P

Solution:

M = Midpoint of BD (i) BC || x-axis ∴ slope = 0

y – 4 = 0(x – 6)
 x + x2 y1 + y2 
=  1 ,  y = 4 is the equation of BC.
 2 2 
 7 + 9 −1 − 5  Extend DC to meet x-axis at P.
=  , 
 2 2  ∠B = ∠BCP = ∠CPX = 45°
(alternate ∠s).
M ≡ (8, –3) lies on diagonal AC also.
(ii) Slope of CD = tan 45° = 1
−1 + 5 4 y – 4 = 1(x – 6)
Slope of BD = = = –2
7 − 9 −2 y = x – 2 is the equation of CD.
But BD ⊥ AC.
Example 22: Find the equation of a line
1 passing through P(4, 6) and parallel to y-axis.
\ Slope of AC =
2
Solution:
M = Point ≡ (8, –3) on the line AC.
y P
6 (4, 6)
Equation of AC is 5 (4, 5)
1 4 (4, 4)
y + 3 = (x – 8) 3 (4, 3)
2 2 (4, 2)
2y + 6 = x – 8 1 (4, 1)
x
0 4
2y = x – 14 is the equation of diagonal AC. 1 2 3

Note: (i) The above method is used to find the diagonal
AC of a square or a rhombus ABCD when the co-
ordinates of B and D are given, because their diagonals
bisect each other at right angles.
(ii) When the equation of a ⊥ bisector is asked, the same
method is used.
Example 21: In the given figure, ABCD is a
parallelogram. BC is parallel to x-axis and
∠ABC = 45°. Find the equations of BC and
CD when C ≡ (6, 4).
Slope = tan 90° = not defined. Note that all
the points on this line through P have their x
co-ordinate = 4.
\ The equation of this line is x = 4.
Example 23: Find the equation of a line
through (–6, 7) and with the x-intercept of 5
units.
Solution:
Point
≡ (–6, 7)
x-intercept = 5 ⇒ Point ≡ (5, 0)

Equation of a Straight Line 167

 Example 25: Find the equation of a line whose
7−0 7
\ slope = = slope and y-intercept have same numerical
−6 − 5 −11
value and pass through the point (3, –4).
–7
\ Equation is y – 0 = (x – 5) Solution:
11
Slope = y-intercept
11y = –7x + 35 m = c
7x + 11y = 35 Using the equation, y = mx + c
as y = mx + m
Example 24: Given equation of line L1 is y = 4. and substituting (3, –4), we get
y
L2 –4 = 3m + m
L1
P –4 = 4m
⇒ m = –1
\ Equation is y = –x – 1 or x + y + 1 = 0.
x x
O
Example 26: Find the equations of lines
y
equally inclined to the co-ordinate axes and
(i) Write the slope of line L2 if L2 is the passing through the point P(5, –1).
bisector of angle O. Solution:
(ii) Write the co-ordinates of point P. (i)   
(iii) Find the equation of L2.[2011]
Solution:
(i) OP bisects ∠O.
⇒ ∠POX = 45°
\ Slope of OP = tan 45° = 1.
Line is equally inclined to x- and y-axis.
(ii) P lies on the line y = 4.
\ OA = OB
\ Its y co-ordinate = 4.
y
⇒ ∠OAB = 45°
M
\ slope = tan 45° = 1
L1 is y = 4
45° P
Equation is y + 1 = 1(x – 5)

⇒ y = x – 6
45°
45°
O
x (ii)   

MO = MP [DOMP is isosceles 45°, 90°, 45°]

⇒ MP = 4 \ P = (4, 4)
(iii) \ Equation of L2 is
y – 0 = 1(x – 0) ⇒ y = x

slope = tan 135° = –1
168 ICSE Mathematics—X
 Equation is y + 1 = –1(x – 5)
⇒ x + y = 4
Example 27: Line 3x – 4y = 18 meets x-axis
at A and y-axis at B. Find the area of DAOB
where O is the origin. [1995]
Solution:
Since, A is on x-axis. Let A = (x, 0).
B is on y-axis, let B = (0, y).
Putting y = 0 in the equation,
3x – 4(0) = 18
⇒ x = 6 \ A(6, 0)
Putting x = 0 in the equation 3(0) – 4y = 18.
–9
⇒ y = = –4.5 \ B(0, –4.5)
2
Solution:
Slope of line PQ = tan 45° = 1
\ P ≡ (5, 4).
Equation is y – y1 = m(x – x1)
y – 4 = 1(x – 5)
⇒ y = x – 1
Now, Q is on x-axis. \ Q(x, 0)
\ Put y = 0 in the equation,
0 = x – 1
x = 1 \ Q ≡ (1, 0)
R is on y-axis. \ R(0, y)
\ Put x = 0 in the equation,
y = 0 – 1 \ R(0, –1)
Example 29: Find the equation of a line
passing through the point (3, 2) and its
x-intercept is double of y-intercept.
Solution:
y

b (3, 2)

1 x
Area of DAOB = ×b×h O 2b A
2
1
= × 6 × 4.5
2 Let the y-intercept be b ⇒ B = (0, b)
= 13.5 sq units \ x-intercept = 2b ⇒ A = (2b, 0)
Example 28: In the given figure, find the y2 − y1 0−b
Slope = =
equation of the line through P(5, 4) making x2 − x1 2b − 0
an angle of 45° with x-axis. Also find the
−b −1
co-ordinates of Q and R. [2012] = =
2b 2
y

P(5, 4)
Equation is
–1
y – 2 = ( x − 3)
45° 2
x
O Q
2y – 4 = – x + 3
R
x + 2y = 7 is the required equation.

Equation of a Straight Line 169

Example 30: What can you state about a set
of lines with equations y = mx + c, when
(i) m is same (ii) c is same
(iii) m = 0 (iv) c = 0
Solution:
(i) m is same ⇒ slopes are equal
\ Lines are parallel.
(ii) c is same ⇒ y-intercept is same
\ Lines pass through the same point on
y-axis.
(iii) m = 0 ⇒ slope = 0
\ Lines are parallel to x-axis.
(iv) c = 0 ⇒ y-intercept = 0
\ Lines pass through the origin or are
parallel to y-axis.
Example 31: Match the equations A, B, C, D
with the lines L1, L2, L3, L4, whose graphs are
roughly drawn in the adjoining diagram.
A ≡ y = 2x,   B ≡ y – 2x + 2 = 0
C ≡ 3x + 2y = 6, D ≡ y = 2 [1996]
Solution:
(i) L3 is a line passing through origin
\  y-intercept = 0
A ≡ y = 2x has no y-intercept.
\A ≡ L3
(ii) L4||L3 ⇒ slope of both lines are equal.
B ≡ y – 2x + 2 = 0 ⇒ y = 2x – 2
has slope = 2.
The same as slope of A.
\ B ≡ L4 [Also observe that it is the
only line with the negative y-intercept]
170 ICSE Mathematics—X
(iii) L1 is a line parallel to x-axis. Also y = 2
is a line || to x-axis (with slope = 0)
\ D ≡ L1
(iv) Line 3x + 2y = 6 has both x and y
intercepts positive and also –ve slope
(inclination of L2 is an obtuse angle).
\ C ≡ L2.
Example 32:
In the figure, AB and CD are the lines
2x – y + 6 = 0 and x – 2y = 4 respectively.
(i) Write down the co-ordinates of A, B, C
and D.
(ii) P
 rove that ∆OAB and ∆ODC are
similar.
(iii) Is figure ABCD cyclic? Give reasons
for your answer. [2000]
Y
A
B O
X
D
Solution:
(i) A is on y-axis \(0, y)
and B is on x-axis \(x, 0)
They lie on the line 2x – y + 6 = 0.
\ Their co-ordinates satisfy the equation
of the line.
Substituting x = 0 in the equation, we get
2(0) – y + 6 = 0 ⇒ y = 6 \A(0, 6)
Substituting y = 0 in the equation, we get
2x – 0 + 6 = 0 ⇒ x = –3 \B(–3, 0)
 Similarly, C(0, y) and D(x, 0) lie on the and ∠AOB = 90° = ∠DOC.
line x – 2y = 4. ∴ ∆OAB ~ ∆ODC (SAS test of similarity)
0 – 2y = 4 ⇒ y = – 2 \ C(0, –2) (iii) ∠BAO = ∠CDO (corresponding angles
x – 2(0) = 4 ⇒ x = 4
\ D(4, 0) of similar ∆s).
But these are angles made by BC at A
(ii) In ∆OAB and ∆ODC, and D.
OA 6 3 OB 3 ∴ ABCD is cyclic. (If angles made by
= = and =
OD 4 2
OC 2 same chord BC, are equal).

EXERCISE 12 B

1. Find the equation of a line with 9. Find the equation of the lines passing through
(i) inclination = 45° and y-intercept = –4 the point (4, 0) and equally inclined to the
(ii) inclination = 30° and x-intercept = 1 co-ordinate axes.
(iii) inclination = 135° and passing through (i) y (ii) y
the point (2, 3). O
B
(iv) inclination = 60° and passing through
the point (– 4, 5).
2. Find the equation of a line through A(2, 5)
and parallel to the line 3x + 4y = 6. O (4, 0)
x
y'
3. Find the equation of a line through P(–3, 4)
and perpendicular to (i)the line
y 2x + 5y = 6. (ii) y
4. Find the equation of a line perpendicular to O (4, 0)
x
B
2x + 3y = 6 and with y-intercept 7.
5. Find the equation of line through A and B.
(i) A(4, –3); B(5, 6)
x
(ii) A(–6, 1); B(4, –3) O (4, 0)
y'
(iii) A(5, 7); B(–2, –1)
10. Find the equation of a line with x-intercept 4
(iv) A(–1, 4); B(–3, 2) and y-intercept – 8.
6. Find the equation of a line with x-intercept
–3 and passing through the point (–2, 5). 11. A(7, –5), B(5, 3) and C(–9, 1) form a triangle.
7. Find the equation of a line with y-intercept 5 Find the
and passing through the point (–2, 6). (i) slope of BC.
8. The equation of a line is 2x + 3y = 6. It intersects (ii) equation of altitude through A.
the y-axis at A. (iii) equation of median through B.
(i) Write the co-ordinates of A.
(ii) Find the equation of a line through A 12. Find the equation of diagonal BD of rhombus
and perpendicular to the given line. ABCD where A ≡ (4, 5) and C ≡ (6, –9).
13. Find the equation of diagonal QS of square
PQRS where P ≡ (3, 1) and R ≡ (–5, 7).

Equation of a Straight Line 171

 14. Find the equation of diagonal AC of 21. Match the lines in the figure whose graphs are
parallelogram ABCD where B ≡ (9, –2) and roughly drawn with the following equations.
D ≡ (5, 6). The diagonal AC is inclined at 45° l1 Y l3
l2
to the x-axis. l4

15. Find the equation of a line parallel to BC and

passes through the centroid of DABC where
A ≡ (–1, 4), B ≡ (6, 2) and C ≡ (4, 6). X'
O
X

l5
16. Find the equation of a line with the numerical
value of slope and y-intercept same and
passing through the point (– 4, 6).
Y’
17. (i) Find the equation of altitude through
(i) y = 3x (ii) x = 2
A. In DABC, A ≡ (3, 2), B ≡ (5, –4) and
C ≡ (9, 6). (iii) y + 2 = 0 (iv) y + 3x = 0
(v) y = 2 – 3x
(ii) Find the equation of median through A.
18. The line 4x – 3y + 12 = 0 meets x-axis at A. 22. In the given diagram, AC ⊥ x-axis. B = (0, 5)
and C(4, 0). y
(i) Find the co-ordinates of A. [1997] A
(i) Find the
(ii) Find the equation of a line through A and equation of B(0, 5)
perpendicular to the line 4x – 3y + 12 = 0. AC.
19. (i) Find the equation of AC which is parallel (ii) If slope of AB
to x-axis in the given figure. is 3, find the O C(4, 0)
x

(ii) If slope of AB = 2, find the equation of AB. equation of AB.

(iii) Find the co-
(iii) Find the co-ordinates of A.
ordinates of A and the midpoint of AB.
(iv) Find the area of DABC.
Y
23. Line 4x – 5y = 20 meets x-axis at A. Find the
equation of a line passing through A and
B(0, 16)
perpendicular to line 2x + 3y = 6.
A C(0, 6) 24. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector
of the line segment joining A(–3, 7) and
B(1, 5).
X' X
O

25. In DABC, A ≡ (5, –2), B ≡ (6, 3) and C ≡ (8, 5).

Y'
Find the equation of
20. The equation of AB is 3y = 4x + 18. (i) the median through A.
Y (ii) the altitude through B.
A 26. Point P divides the joining of line segment
A(2, 5) and B(7, 15) in the ratio 2 : 3.
(i) Find the co-ordinates of point P.
C
X'
B O (8, 0)
X
(ii) Find the equation of a line with gradient
–5
and passing through P.
Y' 3
(i) Find the co-ordinates of A. 27. Point A divides the join of line segment
(ii) If C is (8, 0), find the equation of AC. M(3, –2) and N(10, 19) in the ratio 3 : 4. Find
(iii) Is AB ⊥ AC? Justify your answer.
172 ICSE Mathematics—X
 (i) the co-ordinates of point A. 32. (i) Find the slope and equation of OA.
(ii) the equation of a line passing through (ii) Write down the co-ordinates of B.
A and parallel to 2x + 3y = 1. (iii) Find the equation of BC ⊥ to OA.
(iv) Hence, write down the co-ordinates of C.
28. (i) From the given figure, write the co- y A(4, 4)
ordinates of points A, B and C.
(ii) Find the equation of the line through A C
and parallel to BC.
y

4 A B
x
B 3 1 2 A
0
2
1 33. A is a point on the y-axis whose ordinate
C
x is 4. B is (–2, 6). Find the equation of the
– – 0 1 2 3 4
perpendicular bisector of AB.
34. Prove that A(–2, 2), B(3, 7) and C(6, 4) form
29. (i) Find the equation of the line through a right-angled triangle. Hence or otherwise,
A(2, 3) and B(8, – 6). find its circumcentre and state its orthocentre.
(ii) If AB meets x-axis at P, find the 35. Find the equation of a line perpendicular to
co-ordinates of P. the line 3x – 4y = 8 and passing through the
(iii) Hence, find the ratio AP : PB. point of intersection of 4x – 5y + 7 = 0 and
2x + 3y = 13.
30. Equation of l1 is y = 3 and equation of l2 is
36. (i) Find the equation of the line through
x = 2y.
points P, A and B where OA = OB.
(i) Write down the co-ordinates of B.
(ii) Find the co-ordinates of A and B.
(ii) Find the equation of BA perpendicular
Y
to l2.
P(6, 2)
(iii) Write down the co-ordinates of A.
A
Y l2 X' X
O
B
l1
B

Y'
X
0
A 37. In the given figure, A(0, 4) and P(0, 10). AB ||
x-axis. PB extended meets x-axis at Q.
31. (i) Write down the co-ordinates of B and C. (i) Write down the equation of AB.
(ii) Find the equations of AB, BC and AC. (ii) If slope of PQ = –2, find the equation of
y
Y A(3, 6) PQ. P(0, 10)
(iii) Find the
co-ordinates
2 C
B of B and Q. (0,4) A
B

(iv) Find the area

X
0 1 2 3 4 5 of DPAB. x
O Q

Equation of a Straight Line 173

 38. A line passes through the point (2, 5) and has (iii) the x-intercept of AB
a slope of –3.
(iv) the y-intercept of BC
(i) Find the equation of the line.
(ii) If the line passes through (k, 3 + k), find
the value of k.
39. (i) Find the y
P(3, 5)
equation of the
line PAB. B

(ii) Find the co- 45° x

ordinates of A A 0

and B.
40. 4y = 3x + 8 meets
42. In the given figure find
y-axis at A. Find
(i) the co-ordinates of A. (i) the coordinates of point P where line
(ii) the equation of a line AB perpendicular to 2x + y = 6 meets y-axis.
4y = 3x + 8 and passing through A. (ii) the equation of line OQ where O is the
(iii) the co-ordinates of B. origin and Q = (8, 4).
y
(iii) state with reason if the two line are
perpendicular to each other.

8 A
+
3x
=
4y
x Q(8,4)
O B
P

41. From the given figure, write

(i) the co-ordinates of A, B and C O X

(ii) the equation of AC

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. A(–2, –5), B(2, 3) and C(8, a) are collinear. Find the value of a.
2. If 2y – 4x = 5 and 4x + ky + 3 = 0 are perpendicular to each other, find the value of k.
3. A line through A(3, –7) and B(4, 2) is perpendicular to the line x + py = 1. Find the value of p.
y
4. Find the equation of lines AB, AC and AD in the given figure
where A(5, 4). Also find the coordinates of C. A(5, 4)
5. Lines 2x + 3y = 12 and x – y = 1 intersect at P.
(i) Find the coordinates of P.
30° 45°
x
(ii) Write the equation of a line through P and B O C D
parallel to 4x – 5y = 8. Figure for Q.4

174 ICSE Mathematics—X

 6. Line 4x – 3y = 6 meets y-axis at A. Write the co-ordinates of A. Find the equation of a line through
A and perpendicular to the line 4x – 3y = 6.
7. A(2, 3), B(6, –1) and C(–4, –3) are the vertices of a triangle. Write down the equations of the
(i) median through C (ii) altitude through B (iii) perpendicular bisector of B and C.
8. (i) Find the equation of a line passing through R(3, –2)
and S(– 4, 5).
(ii) If the line RS passes through the point (2a, 3 – a), find
the value of a.
9. (i) Write down the co-ordinates of P, Q and R in the figure.
Find:
(ii) the equations of PR and QR
(iii) the equation of a line through Q and parallel to PR.
T
10. Find the equation of a line with x-intercept 4 and passing through the point
(–2, 5).
C
11. AB is diameter of a circle with centre C (–2, 5). If A is (4, –3), find (i) the A B
(4, –3) (–2, 5)
coordinates of B (ii) equation of tangent AT.
12. PQRS is a parallelogram. P(–2, 0), Q(6, 3), S(8, 5). Find the
(i) coordinates of R (ii) equation of QS.

BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS

1. (i) Write down the equation of the line AB, 5. ABCD is a rhombus. The co-ordinates of A and
through (3, 2), perpendicular to the line C are (3, 6) and (–1, 2) respectively. Write down
2y = 3x + 5. the equation of BD. [2000]
(ii) AB meets the x-axis at A and the y-axis at
6. Find the equation of a line passing through the
B. Write down the coordinates of A and B.
point (–2, 3) and having the x-intercept of 4 units.
Calculate the area of triangle OAB, where O
 [2002]
is the origin. [1995]
7. A(1, 4), B(3, 2) and C(7, 5) are the vertices of a
2. Write down the equation of the line whose
DABC. Find:
3
gradient is and which passes through P, where (i) the coordinates of the centroid G of DABC.
2

(ii) the equation of a line, through G and parallel
P divides the line segment joining A(–2, 6) and
to AB. [2002]
B(3, – 4) in the ratio 2 : 3. [1996, 2001]
8. A straight passes through the points P(–1, 4) and
3. Find the equation of a line, which has the Q(5, –2). It intersects the co-ordinate axes at points
y intercept 4, and is parallel to the line 2x – 3y = 7. A and B. M is the midpoint of the segment AB.
Find the coordinates of the point, where it cuts Find:
the x-axis. [1998] (i) the equation of the line.
4. Find the equation of the line passing through
(ii) the co-ordinates of A and B.
(0, 4) and parallel to the line 3x + 5y + 15 = 0.
 [1999]
(iii) the co-ordinates of M.

Equation of a Straight Line 175

 15. Find the value of p for which the lines
2x + 3y – 7 = 0 and 4y – px – 12 = 0 are perpendicular
to each other. [2009]
16. Find the equation of a line with x intercept = 5
and passing through the point (4, –7). [2009]
17. A and B are two points on the x-axis and y-axis
respectively. P(2, –3) is the midpoint of AB. Find
the

[2003]
9. Find the value of k for which the lines
kx – 5y + 4 = 0 and 4x – 2y + 5 = 0 are perpendicular
to each other. [2003]
10. P(3, 4), Q(7, –2) and R(–2, –1) are the vertices of
triangle PQR. Write down the equation of the (i) co-ordinates of A and B
median of the triangle, through R. [2004] (ii) slope of line AB.
11. In the adjoining figure, write
(iii) equation of line AB. [2010]
18. The equation of a line is 3x + 4y – 7 = 0. Find
(i) the slope of the line.

(ii) the equation of a line perpendicular to
the given line and passing through the
intersection of the lines x – y + 2 = 0 and
3x + y – 10 = 0. [2010]
19. ABCD is a parallelogram where A(x, y), B(5, 8),
C(4, 7) and D(2, – 4). Find
(i) co-ordinates of A
(i) the co-ordinates of A, B and C.
(ii) equation of diagonal BD. [2011]

(ii) the equation of the line through A and
20. The line through A(–2, 3) and B(4, b) is
parallel to BC. [2005]
perpendicular to the line 2x – 4y = 5. Find the
12. If the lines y = 3x + 7 and 2y + px = 3 are value of b. [2012]
perpendicular to each other, find the value of p.
21. In DABC, A(3, 5), B(7, 8) and C(1, –10). Find the
 [2006]
equation of the median through A. [2013]
13. Find the equation of the line parallel to the line
22. Find the value of ‘a’ for which the following points
3x + 2y = 8 and passing through the point (0, 1).
A(a, 3), B(2, 1) and C(5, a) are collinear. Hence find
 [2007]
the equation of the line AB. [2014]
14. Points A and B have coordinates (7, –3) and (1, 9)
23. Three vertices of a parallelogram ABCD taken in
respectively. Find
order are A (3, 6), B (5, 10) and C (3, 2), find:
(i) the slope of AB.
(i) the co-ordinates of the fourth vertex D.

(ii) the equation of the perpendicular bisector
(ii) equation of side AB of the parallelogram
of the line segment AB.
ABCD.[2015]

(iii) the value of ‘p’ if (–2, p) lies on it. [2008]

176 ICSE Mathematics—X

 24. In the given figure ABC is a triangle and BC is 25. A line AB meets X-axis at A and Y-axis at B. P(4,–1)
parallel to the y-axis. AB and AC intersect the divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2.
y-axis at P and Q respectively. (i) Find the co-ordinates of A and B.
(ii) Find the equation of the line through P and
y
4 perpendicular to AB. [2016]
B(–2, 3) 3
P Y
2 A X
1 O
A P(4, –1)
D
x′ – – – – 0 1 2 3 4 x B
–
–
Q
– 26. The slope of a line joining P (6, k) and Q(1–3k, 3)
C(–2, –4) – is 1 . Find
y′ 2
(i) k
(i) Write the co-ordinates of A.
(ii) Midpoint of PQ, using the value of ’k’found
(ii) Find the ratio in which Q divides AC.
in (i). [2016]
(iii) Find the equation of the line AC. [2015]

POINTS AT A GLANCE
y2 − y1
Slope of AB = m(AB) =
1. , where A = (x1, y1) and B = (x2, y2)
x2 − x1
Y
2. When the equation of a line is of the form ax + by + c = 0, change it
into y = mx + c form (making y as the subject), to get slope m and
θ
y-intercept c. 0 X
3. When inclination of a line is given, slope = tan θ
Equation of a line y – y1 = m(x – x1), where m = slope; (x1, y1) is a point
4.
on the line.
5.
If a point P lies on a given line, substitute the co-ordinates of point P in the given equation of the
line.
6. To verify if a line bisects AB, find the midpoint of AB. Put these coordinates in the equation of the
line. If midpoint’s co-ordinates satisfy the equation of the line, then the line bisects AB.
7. Any point on x-axis is (x, 0) and equation of x-axis is y = 0.
Any point on y-axis is (0, y) and equation of y-axis is x = 0.
8. To find x-intercept put y = 0 in the given equation.
9. To find points of trisection, P and Q of line segment AB.
A P Q B

Equation of a Straight Line 177

 Note : AP = PQ = QB
\ AP : PB = 1 : 2
(i) Use section (ratio) formula AP : PB = 1 : 2 to find P.
(ii) Use midpoint formula to find Q because Q is the midpoint of PB or use AQ : QB = 2 : 1.
10. To prove A, B, C are collinear, use
A B C

 y2 − y1 
Slope of AB = slope of BC =
 x − x 
2 1

11. If ABCD is a parallelogram and the co-ordinates of A, B, C are given, then use midpoint of
AC = midpoint of BD to find the co-ordinates of D.
A
B

M
D C

12. Circumcentre O Incentre I Centroid G Orthocentre H

Is the point of Is the point where the 3 medians intersect at 3 altitudes of a D
intersection of 3 ⊥ 3 angular bisectors centroid in ratio 2 : 1. intersect at ortho-
bisectors of sides of D. meet. AG : GM : : 2 : 1 centre.
A A A A
F E
P N

G
I B C
B C M B C
D
O B C

Use distance formula, Use section formula or Find equations

OA = OB = OC of two altitudes
 x1 + x2 + x3
 , and solve
3
simultaneously.
y1 + y2 + y3 

3

13. In a right angled ∆ ABC, where ∠ B = 90°, Vertex B is the orthocentre and the mid-point of
hypotenuse AC is the Circumcentre.
A

M B = Orthocentre
M = Circumcentre

C B

14. Equation of a line should be simplified and written without fractional coefficients.

178 ICSE Mathematics—X


UNIT-IV: GEOMETRY
SIMILARITY
SIMILARITY OF FIGURES
Two figures which have the same shape but
are different in size are said to be similar. The
symbol for similarity is ~.
Examples:
(i) Equilateral Ds of all sizes are similar.
Fig. 13.1
(ii) Circles of different radii are similar.
Fig. 13.2
(iii) Squares of different sizes are similar.
Fig. 13.3
Observe the picture of a car and its enlarged
copy. We notice that the lengths of the cars
are proportional to their heights in the two
pictures. Similarly, all corresponding parts of
the cars in both the pictures are proportional.
13
The principle of similar figures can be used
in finding heights of buildings and distance
between them. The world maps and blueprints
for construction of a building are prepared
using similarity and a suitable scale-factor.
Congruency: Two figures are congruent if they
have same shape and same size, i.e., the figures
are equal in every respect.
The symbol for congruency is ≅.
Axioms of Similarity of Triangles
The three axioms (tests or conditions) for
similarity of two triangles are SAS, AA and SSS.
1. SAS Test of Similarity
In two triangles, if a pair of corresponding
sides are proportional and the angles
contained by them are equal, the triangles
are similar.
P
A
B C Q R
Fig. 13.4
If ∠A = ∠P and
 AB AC In DABC and DXYZ,
= , ∠A = ∠X, ∠B = ∠Y, ∠C = ∠Z
PQ PR
A
then DABC ~ DPQR. (SAS test) X
2. AA or AAA Test of Similarity
If two angles of one triangle are equal to
B C Y Z
two angles of another triangle, then the
Fig. 13.7
two triangles are similar.
P (i) Sides BC and YZ opposite to ∠A
A
and ∠X are corresponding sides.
Similarly,
(ii) Sides AC and XZ opposite to ∠B and
B C Q R
Fig. 13.5
∠Y are corresponding sides and
(iii) Sides AB and XY opposite to ∠C and
If ∠A = ∠P and
∠Z are corresponding sides.
∠B = ∠Q,
BC AC AB
then DABC ~ DPQR. (AA test) \ = = .
YZ XZ XY
3. SSS Test of Similarity [Corresponding sides of similar
If 3 pairs of corresponding sides of triangles triangles are proportional]
are proportional, then they are similar. 5. In congruent triangles, when you place
P
A one triangle over the other, they fit exactly
over each other.
But in similar triangles, when you place
Q R
B C
one triangle over the other, we observe
Fig. 13.6 that one is smaller than the other and
AB BC AC their corresponding sides are parallel
If = = ,
PQ QR PR and their corresponding angles are near
each other as shown in the figure.
then DABC ~ DPQR. (SSS test) A
4. Corresponding sides and corresponding X

angles of similar triangles

When triangles are similar, the sides Y Z
opposite to equal angles are said to be B C

the corresponding sides. Fig. 13.8

Theorem 1: A perpendicular drawn from the vertex of a right A

angle of a right triangle divides the triangle into two triangles

which are similar to each other and also similar to the original
triangle.
Given: In DABC, ∠BAC = 90° and AD ^ BC. B C
D
To Prove: DDBA ~ DDAC ~ DABC Fig. 13.9

180 ICSE Mathematics—X

 Proof:     Statement Reason
1. In DDBA and DABC,
(a) ∠BDA = ∠BAC Each is 90°
(b) ∠B = ∠B Common
(c) \ DDBA ~ DABC AA test of similarity
2. In DDAC and DABC,
(a) ∠CDA = ∠CAB Each is 90°
(b) ∠C = ∠C Common
(c) \ DDAC ~ DABC AA test of similarity
3. \ DDBA ~ DDAC ~ DABC From 1(c) and 2(c)
Observe that when we write the vertices of similar triangles, we place the vertices of equal
angles in the same position.
e.g., In 1(b) above ∠B = ∠B. It occupies second position in the order of DDBA ~ DABC.
Also, ∠D = 90° = ∠BAC \ D and A are both in the first position in DDBA ~ DABC ...(i)
Also, we can conclude that DB = BA = DA .
AB BC AC
(DB, AB) are the first two vertices in (i), (BA, BC) are the second and third vertices in (i) and
(DA, AC) are the first and last vertices.
SIZE TRANSFORMATION Join A’, B’ and C’. When sides of DA’B’C’ are
The type of enlargement or reduction of figure measured, it is observed that
is called size transformation. A’B’ = 2AB

Triangle Enlargement B’C’ = 2BC and A’C’ = 2AC

Draw a triangle ABC and take a point O (i) Since each new side is twice the
outside it. corresponding side of the original DABC,
we say that DABC has been enlarged by
Join OA and extend it to A’ such that
a scale factor 2 about the point O which
OA’ = 2OA. Similarly, join OB and OC and
is called the centre of enlargement.
extend them to B’ and C’ respectively so that
OB’ = 2OB and OC’ = 2OC. (ii) Also, DABC ~ DA’B’C’.
A
A Triangle Reduction
O Take any triangle ABC. Mark a point O outside it.
B
B Join AO and extend it to a point A’ so that
1
OA’ = OA
C 3
Similarly, extend BO to B’ and CO to C’ so that
1 1
OB’ = OB and OC’ = OC. Join A’, B’ and C’.
C 3 3
Fig. 13.10

Similarity 181
 A C In size transformation, the original figure is
either enlarged or reduced by a scale factor
O k, such that the resulting figure (or image) is
B B
similar to the original figure.
A The image of a triangle is a triangle, the image
of a quadrilateral is a quadrilateral and the
image of a circle is also circle and so on. Thus
the shape remains same.
C If scale factor k > 1, then the transformation is
Fig. 13.11 enlargement.
1 If k < 1, then the transformation is reduction.
It is observed that side A’B’ = AB,
3 If k = 1, then there is an identity transformation.
1
B’C’ = BC and Each side of a resulting figure = k × corres-
3
1 ponding side of the original figure
A’C’ = AC Area of the resulting figure = k2 × area of the
3
1 original figure
(i) DABC is reduced by a scale factor
3 Volume of the resulting figure = k3 × volume of
about O, the centre of reduction.
the original figure.
(ii) Also, DABC ~ DA’B’C’.

BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM

Theorem 2: If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, intersecting the other two
sides, then it divides the other two sides proportionally.
A
Given: In DABC, PQ is parallel to BC and it intersects AB at P
and AC at Q. P Q

AP AQ
To Prove: =
PB QC B C
roof:     Statement
P Reason Fig. 13.12

In DAPQ and DABC,

1. ∠A = ∠A Common
2. ∠ABC = ∠APQ Corresponding ∠s of || lines
3. ∠ACB = ∠AQP Corresponding ∠s of || lines
4. \ DABC ~ DAPQ AAA test of similarity
AB AC
5. = Corresponding sides of similar Ds
AP AQ
AP + PB AQ + QC
6. = From the figure
AP AQ
AP PB AQ QC
7. + = + Splitting the numerators
AP AP AQ AQ

182 ICSE Mathematics—X

 PB QC
8. 1+ = 1+ Simplifying
AP AQ
PB QC
9.
\ = Subtracting 1 from both sides
AP AQ
AP AQ
= Taking reciprocals
PB QC
A
CONVERSE OF BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM
Theorem 3: If a line divides any two sides of a triangle P Q

proportionally, the line is parallel to the third side.

B C
Given: In DABC, P and Q are points on AB and AC such that
Fig. 13.13
AP AQ
= .
PB QC
To Prove: PQ || BC
Proof:     Statement Reason
AP AQ
1. = Given
PB QC
PB QC
2. = Taking reciprocals
AP AQ
AP + PB AQ + QC PB QC
3. = 1+ =1+
AP AQ AP AQ
AB AC
4. = From the figure
AP AQ
5. ∠A = ∠A Common
6.
\ DAPQ ~ DABC SAS test of similarity
7. ∠APQ = ∠ABC Angles of similar Ds
8.
\ PQ || BC When corresponding ∠s are equal, lines are parallel

Note: This theorem should not be confused with the proportionality of sides of similar Ds.

If   DAPQ ~ DABC, A
AP PQ AQ
then     = = .
AB BC AC P Q

In Basic Proportionality Theorem,

AP AQ B C
If    PQ y BC, then = Fig. 13.14
PB QC

Observe that numerators of first and third fractions in similar Ds are AP and AQ like in Basic
Proportionality theorem. But the denominators are PB and QC in the Basic Proportionality
theorem whereas it is AB and AC in similar Ds.
Similarity 183
Relation between Areas of Similar Triangles
Theorem 4: The areas of two similar triangles are proportional to squares on corresponding
sides. P

Given: DABC ~ DPQR A

Area ∆ABC AB2 BC 2 AC 2

To Prove: = = = .
Area ∆PQR PQ 2 QR 2 PR 2 C R
B D Q S
Fig. 13.15
Construction: Draw AD ^ BC and PS ^ QR.
Proof: Statement Reason
In DABD and DPQS,
1. ∠B = ∠Q Corresponding ∠s of similar Ds
2. ∠D = ∠S Each equals 90°
3. \ ∠ABD ~ DPQS AA test
AB AD
4.
\ = Corresponding sides of similar Ds
PQ PS are proportional

AB BC AC
5. Also = = DABC ~ DPQR
PQ QR PR
BC AD
6. \ = From (4) and (5)
QR PS
1
Area ∆ABC 2 × BC × AD BC AD
7. = = ×
Area ∆PQR 1 QR PS
× QR × PS
2
BC BC BC 2
    = × = From (6)
QR QR QR 2
AB2 AS 2
    = = From (5)
PQ 2 PR 2

Corollary: The areas of two similar triangles are proportional to squares of any two corresponding
altitudes.
AB AD
Proof: (i) = [From statement (4) above.]
PQ PS

area of ∆ABC AB2

(ii) = [From the above theorem]
area of ∆PQR PQ 2

area of ∆ABC AD2

(iii) = [From (i) and (ii)]
area of ∆PQR PS 2

184 ICSE Mathematics—X

Example 1: In DABC, PQ y BC and AP : PB
3 × 5.6
= 2 : 3. If AQ = x + 1 and QC = x + 5, find the x = = 2.4
7
value of x.
A \ AD = 2.4 cm.

P Q Example 3: AD and BE are medians of

DABC, DF || BE. Prove that
B C
(i) EF = FC      (ii) AG : GD = 2 : 1
Solution: A

PQ y BC (Given) E
G F
AP AQ
\ =  (Basic Prop. Theorem) B
PB QC D
C

Solution:
2 x+1 (i) In DBCE, D is the midpoint of BC
=
3 x+5 (AD is the median of DABC)
2(x + 5) = 3(x + 1) DF || BE
\ F is the midpoint of CE.
2x + 10 = 3x + 3
(Midpoint theorem)
\ x = 7. ⇒ EF = FC
(ii) AE = EC (BE is the median of DABC)
Example 2: In DABC, AB y DE and BE : EC 1
EF = EC from (i)
= 3 : 4. If AC = 5.6 cm, find the length of AD. 2
A 1
\ EF = AE (AE = EC) ... (i)
D
2
AG AE
In DADF, = (from basic prop. theorem)
GD EF

B 3a E 4a C AG = 2 from (i)
GD 1
Solution: ⇒ AG : GD = 2 : 1
AB y DE (Given)
Example 4: In DABC, PQ y BC. Prove that
CD CE
\ =  (Basic Prop. Theorem) DABC ~ DAPQ.
DA EB A

Let AD = x
Q
\ DC = AC – AD = 5.6 – x P

5.6 − x 4
= B C
x 3
Solution:
3(5.6 – x) = 4x In DABC and DAPQ,
7x = 3 × 5.6 ∠A = ∠A Common
∠APQ = ∠ABC Corresponding ∠s,
Similarity 185
 PQ y BC Solution:

∠AQP = ∠ACB Corresponding ∠s, ∠A = ∠A Common
PQ y BC AM 2 1
= =  Given
DAPQ ~ DABC
\ AAA test AC 4 2
AN 3 1
Example 5: In the given figure, AB || DE. = =  Given
AB 6 2
AB = 6 cm, BC = 5 cm and DE = 9 cm. \ DAMN ~ DACB SAS test
A B

Example 7: In the figure, AO = 2 cm, BO =

3 cm, CO = 1 cm and DO = 1.5 cm. Prove that
C
DAOB ~ DCOD. D
C
1.5
1
O

D E 2 3
Find:
(i) CD (ii) area DABC : area DEDC. A
B

Solution: In DABC and DEDC, Solution:

∠AOB = ∠COD Vertically opp. ∠s
∠A = ∠E  (Alternate ∠s)
CO 1
∠B = ∠D (Alternate ∠s) =  Given
AO 2
∠ACB = ∠ECD  (Vertically opposite ∠s)
DO 1.5 1
= =  Given

\ DABC ~ DEDC (AAA similarity) BO 3 2
AB BC AC \ DAOB ~ DCOD SAS test
(i) = =
ED CD EC
6 5  AB = BC  Example 8: From the given graph, prove that
= ∵ 
9 CD  ED CD 
area ∆AOB
9×5 DAOB ~ DDOC. Find .
\ CD = = 7.5 cm area ∆DOC
6
(ii) area DABC : area DEDC = AB2 : ED2
= 62 : 92 = 4 : 9
Example 6: In DABC, M and N are points
on AB and AC such that AM = 2 cm, MB =
4 cm, AN = 3 cm and NC = 1 cm. Prove that
DAMN ~ DACB.
A
2
3
M
N Solution:
1
4 C
From the graph,
OA = 6 units, OB = 3 units,
OC = 2 units, OD = 4 units
B

186 ICSE Mathematics—X

 ∠AOB = ∠DOCEach equals 90°
D
OA 6 3 P
= =
OD 4 2 Q
A C

OB 3 R
=
OC 2
B

\ DAOB ~ DDOC SAS test Solution:
Area ∆AOB OB 9 2 In DABC,
= = QR y CB Given
Area ∆DOC OC 2 4
AR AQ
 [Areas of similar Ds are proportional \ =  From Basic
RB QC Proportionality
 to squares of corresponding sides]
AR AQ Theorem
+ 1 = +1
Example 9: In DXYZ, XY = 1.5 cm, YZ = 3 cm, XZ RB QC
= 2 cm and in DPQR, PQ = 2.25 cm, QR = 4.5 cm AR RB AQ QC
and PR = 3 cm. Prove that DXYZ ~ DPQR. + = +
RB RB QC QC
P

X AR + RB AQ + QC
3 \ =
5
2.2

2 RB QC
5
1.

AB AC
Y 3 Z Q 4.5 R = ...(1)
Solution: RB QC
XY 1.5 2
= = In DADC and DQPC,
PQ 2.25 3 ∠C = ∠C Common
YZ 3 2 ∠CAD = ∠CQP Corresponding ∠s,
= =
QR 4.5 3 AD y QP
XZ 2 DADC ~ DQPC AA test
=
PR 3 AC AD DC
\ = = ...(2)
\ DXYZ ~ DPQRSSS test QC QP PC

Note: AB AD
(i) Common side or equal side has no relevance in
=  From (1) and (2)
RB PQ
similar triangles.
(ii) Always prove that triangles are similar and then
proceed to find the lengths of sides or ratio of Example 11: In DABC, the medians BD and
areas of triangles.
CE intersect at G. Prove that

Example 10: In the quadrilateral ABCD, Q is (i) DEGD~DCGB  [2002]

a point on the diagonal AC, QR y CB and (ii) BG = 2GD
AB AD
QP y AD, show that = .
RB PQ

Similarity 187
Solution: AD 3
⇒ =  ⇒ AD : AB = 3 : 5
(i) D and E are midpoints of AC and AB AB 5

(BD and CE are medians) AD 3

or =  ⇒ AD : DB = 3 : 2
1 DB 2
\ ED = BC and EDyBC
2 1
(Midpoint theorem) Example 13: In DPQR, PX = XQ and
2
In DEGD and DCGB, XY y QR. Find:
∠DEG = ∠BCG (Alternate ∠s) (i) area of DPXY : area DPQR.
∠DGE = ∠BGC (Vert. opp. ∠s) (ii) If QR = 4.5 cm, find the length of XY.
\ DEGD ~ DCGB [2004]
(AA test of similarity)
Solution:
ED EG GD
(ii) = = (Sides of similar Ds) 1 PX 1
BC CG GB We have PX = XQ  \  =
2 XQ 2
1 GD  1 
2
=
GB  ED = 2 BC  PX 1
  \ =
PQ 3
⇒ GB = 2GD
P
Example 12: In DABC, DE y BC. If area of X Y
DADE : area of DBCE = 9 : 16, find the ratio
of AD : DB. R
A Q

In DPXY and DPQR,

D E
∠P = ∠P Common
B C ∠PXY = ∠PQR Corresponding ∠s,

Solution: XY y QR
\ DPXY ~ DPQR AA test
In DADE and DABC,
∠A = ∠A Common area of ∆PXY PX 2 1
(i) = =
∠ADE = ∠ABC Corresponding ∠s, area of ∆PQR PQ 2 9
DE y BC
\ DADE ~ DABC AA test
PX XY PY
area ∆ADE AD 2 (ii) = =
⇒ = PQ QR PR
area ∆ABC AB2
Corresponding sides of similar
area ∆ADE area ∆ADE Ds are proportional
=
area ∆ABC area ∆ADE + area DBCE
1 XY  PX XY 
9 9 =  ∵ PQ = QR 
= = 3 4.5  
9 + 16 25
2 4.5
AD 9
\ XY = = 1.5 cm
\ =
AB 2 25 3

188 ICSE Mathematics—X

Example 14: In the given DABC, ∠ABC = 90°, A
BP ⊥ AC, AP = 9 cm and PC = 16 cm.
(i) Prove that DAPB ~ DBPC. 9 cm

cm
(ii) Find the length of BP. 12 cm

16
D
(iii) Find area DAPB : area DBPC.[2011]

C
B

Solution:
(i) ∠BAC = ∠CAD  AC bisects ∠BAD
AB 16 4
= =
Solution: AC 12 3
Let ∠A = x \ ∠C = 90° – x
AC 12 4
and ∠ABP = 90° – x Sum of the ∠s of a = =
AD 9 3
triangle is 180°
\ ∠PBC = 90° – (90° – x) = x \ DABC ~ DACD SAS test
2
(i) In DAPB and DBPC, area of ∆ABC AB2 4 16
(ii) \ = =   =
∠A = x = ∠PBC area of ∆ACD AC 2 3 9

∠APB = 90° = ∠BPC

\ DAPB ~ DBPC AA test Example 16: In the quadrilateral ABCD, AC
bisects ∠BCD, ∠ABC = 90° = ∠DAC. If AB = 6 cm
AP PB AB
(ii) = = and AC = 10 cm, calculate AD and CD.
BP PC BC
D
9 PB
=
BP 16

\ BP2 = 9 × 16 A

⇒ BP = 12 cm 10
cm
6 cm

(iii) Now, area DAPB : area DBPC

= AP2 : BP2
= 92 : 122 B C

= 81 : 144 = 9 : 16 Solution: In DABC and DADC,

∠B = 90° = ∠DAC (Given)
Example 15: In the given figure, AC bisects
∠BCA = ∠ACD (Given)
∠BAD and AB = 16 cm, AC = 12 cm, AD = 9 cm.
\ DBCA ~ DACD (AA test of similarity)
(i) Prove that DABC ~ DACD.
BC CA BA
area of ∆ABC Thus, = = (Sides of similar Ds
(ii) Find . AC CD AD
area of ∆ACD are proportional)

Similarity 189
 8 10 6 Example 18: In the given figure, AD || BC
⇒ = = ( BC = 10 2 − 6 2 = 8 cm)
10 CD AD and ∠ABC = 90° = ∠ACD, AB = 12 cm and
10 × 10 BC = 16 cm.
\ CD = = 12.5 cm and
8 A D
10 × 6
AD = = 7.5 cm
8

12 cm
Example 17: In the given figure, DABC and
DAMP are right angled at B and M. Given
AC = 10 cm, AP = 15 cm and PM = 12 cm. B C
16 cm
(i) Prove that DABC ~ DAMP.
Find (i) CD and (ii) AD.
(ii) Find AB and BC.
(iii) Find area of DABC : area of DAMP. Solution: Using Pythagoras theorem,
[2012]
C AC = 12 2 + 16 2 = 20 cm
M In DABC and DDCA,
∠B = ∠ACD = 90°
∠BCA = ∠CAD (Alternate ∠s)
A P
\ DABC ~ DDCA (AA similarity)
B
BC
Solution: Hence, = CA = AB .
CA AD DC
(i) In DABC and DAMP,
∠A = ∠A Common (Sides of similar Ds are proportional)
∠B = ∠M Each equals 90° 16 20 12
⇒ = =
\ DABC ~ DAMP AA test 20 AD CD
2 2
(ii)  In DAMP, AP = AM + MP 2
20 × 20
\ AD = = 25 cm
152 = AM2 + 122 16
\ AM = 225 − 144 12 × 20
and CD = = 15 cm
16
= 81 = 9 cm
Example 19: In the given figure, ABCD
AB BC AC is a parallelogram. E is a point on AB, CE

\ = =
AM MP AP intersects the diagonal BD at G and EF y BC.
AB BC 10 D C
= =
9 12 15 F

9 × 10
\ AB = = 6 cm G
15
A
12 × 10 E B
and BC = = 8 cm
15 If AE : EB = 1 : 2, find
(iii) Area of DABC : Area of DAMP (i) EF : AD
= AC2 : AP2 (ii) area of DBEF : area of DABD
= 102 : 152 = 100 : 225 = 4 : 9 (iii) area of DEFG : area of DCBG
190 ICSE Mathematics—X
Solution: Example 20: In the given figure, ∠ABC =
D
∠BDC.
F
(i) Prove that DABC ~ DADB.
(ii) If AC = 9 cm and CD = 7 cm, find the
A B
length of AB.
x E 2x
(iii) Find area DABC : area DADB.
In DBEF and DBAD, B

∠B = ∠B Common
∠BEF = ∠BAD Corresponding ∠s,
AD y EF
∠BFE = ∠BDA Corresponding ∠s,
AD y EF A D
9 C 7
\ DBEF ~ DBAD AAA test
Solution:
BE EF BF 2 x EF
(i) \ = = ⇒ = (i) In DABC and DADB,
BA AD BD 3 x AD
∠A = ∠A Common

\ EF : AD = 2 : 3
∠ABC = ∠D Given
(ii) area of DBEF : area of DABD
\ DABC ~ DADB AA test
= BE2 : BA2 AB BC AC
(ii) \ = =
= (2x)2 : (3x)2 = 4 : 9 AD DB AB
AB 9  AB AC 
(iii) In DEFG and DCBG, =  ∵ = 
C 9+7 AB  AD AB 
F

⇒ AB2 = 9 × 16
AB = 12 cm
G 2 2
area ∆ABC  AB   12  16
(iii) =   =   =
E area ∆ADB  AD   9  9
B
      = 16 : 9
∠F = ∠B Alternate ∠s, EF y BC
∠E = ∠C Alternate ∠s, EF y BC Example 21: In DABC, PQ||BC and PR||AC.
BQ intersects PR at O. BR = 5 cm, RC = 7 cm
\ DEFG ~ DCBG AA test
and QC = 6 cm.
\ area of DEFG : area of DCBG A

= EF2 : BC2
= 22 : 32 = 4 : 9 P Q

 [BC = AD, opp. sides of y gm] O

B C
R

Similarity 191
 (i) Name two triangles similar to DBQC. Solution:
(ii) Prove that DAPQ ~ DABC. In DAPQ and DABC,
(i) ∠A = ∠A Common
(iii)Calculate the lengths of OR and AQ.
∠APQ = ∠B Corresponding ∠s
Solution:
\ DAPQ ~ DABC AA test
(i) DBOR and DQOP are similar to DBQC. 2 2
Area ∆APQ  AQ   3x  9
(ii) In DAPQ and DABC,
\ =  =   =
Area ∆ABC  AC   7x  49
∠A = ∠A Common
∠APQ = ∠ABCCorresponding ∠s, (ii) In DAPQ and DCRQ,
PQ y BC ∠A = ∠QCR Alternate ∠s
\ DAPQ ~ DABC AA test ∠AQP = ∠CQR Vertically opp. ∠s

AP PQ AQ DAPQ ~ DCRQ AA test

(iii) = = 2 2
AB BC AC Area ∆APQ  AQ   3x  9

\ = =   =
7 AQ Area ∆CRQ  CQ   4x  16
=
12 AQ + 6
Example 23: In DPQR, ∠Q = 90° and MN ^ PR.

\ 7AQ + 42 = 12AQ PM = 5 cm, MQ = 4 cm and QR = 12 cm.
5AQ = 42 area ∆PMN
Find: (i) MN (ii)
42 P area MNRQ
AQ = = 8.4 cm
5
5 cm N
DBOR ~ DBQC (AA test)
M
BR OR

\ = 4 cm
BC QC
Q 12 cm R
5 OR Solution:
=
12 6 In DPMN and DPRQ,
5×6 (i) ∠P = ∠P Common
\ OR = = 2.5 cm
12 ∠PNM = ∠Q 90°
\ DPNM ~ DPQR AA test
Example 22: In DABC, P and Q are points
on AB and AC such that PQR y BC and PN NM PM

\ = =
RC y AB. AQ : QC = 3 : 4 PQ QR PR
 Corresp. sides of similar Ds
Area ∆APQ Area ∆APQ 1
Find (i)  (ii)
Area ∆ABC Area ∆CRQ PN NM 5
= =
9 12 15
A
3x 3
Q
P R
4x [ PR = PQ 2 + QR 2 = 9 2 + 12 2 = 15 cm ]
B C
\ PN = 3 cm and NM = 4 cm.

192 ICSE Mathematics—X

 Example 25: ABCD is a rectangle with DP ^
area ∆PMN PM 2 1
(ii) = = QC. Prove that DDPC ~ DCBQ.
area ∆PRQ 2 9
PR
A D
(Areas of similar Ds are proportional to
the squares of corresponding sides)
area ∆PMN 1

\ = Q
area MNRQ 8
P

Example 24: In DPQR, S is a point on QR so B C

that ∠Q = ∠SPR. If QS = 5 cm and SR = 4 cm,
Solution: Let ∠BCQ = x.
find PR.
P
\ ∠DCP = 90° – x (∠BCD = 90°)
∠PDC = 180° – (90° + 90° – x) = x
Q 5 cm S
R In DQBC and DDPC,
4 cm
Solution: ∠B = 90° = ∠P (Given)
In DPSR and DPQR, ∠BCQ = x = ∠PDC
∠R = ∠R (Common) \ DBCQ ~ DPDC (AA similarity)
∠RPS = ∠Q (Given)

\ DRPS ~ DRQP (AA similarity)
PR PS RS
Thus, = = .
RQ QP PR
(Sides of similar Ds are proportional)
PR 4
Now,
=
9 PR
2
⇒ PR = 36

\ PR = 6 cm

EXERCISE 13A

1. Name the test by which the following pairs (i) to (vii) of triangles APQ and ABC are similar.

A A
(i) (ii) (iii) P Q
2
3 A
P P Q
Q
5.5 2 B C C B
B
C

Similarity 193
 (iv) (v)
Q C
P
8 Q

5
1.2
A 2

1
A
5
4
2.5
B 10
B P
C

C Q D
F

A
(vi) (vii) C
B

B
P DABC and DEDF
E

B
A
2. In DABC, PQ y BC. If AP : PB = 2 : 3, find
(i) the length of PQ, if BC = 7.5 cm.
(ii) the area of DAPQ : area of DABC. C

(iii) the area of DAPQ : area of PBCQ.

A
D E

P Q 5. In the quadrilateral PQRS, PS y QR, PQ ^ QR

and PR ^ RS.
(i) If PQ = 12 cm, QR = 9 cm, find PS and
B C RS.
3. In the given figure, AB y CD y EF. If CD = 6 cm (ii) Find area of DPQR : area of DSRP.
and AC : CE = 2 : 3, find P S
(i) AB and EF
(ii) area DECD : area DEAB
A B Q R
C D
6. In DABC, ∠ABC = 90° and QP ^ AC.
(i) Prove that DABC ~ DAPQ.
E F
(ii) If AP = 5, PQ = 12, BC = 36, find the
4. AB and ED are perpendiculars to BD. AE lengths of AB and AC.
meets BD at C. If AB = 16 cm, BC = 12 cm and
(iii) Find area of DAPQ : area of DABC.
CD = 3 cm, A
P
(i) find the lengths of DE and CE.
Q
(ii) find area DABC : area DEDC.
B C

194 ICSE Mathematics—X

 7. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. (ii) If BC = 10 cm, find the length of PQ.
BC is extended to a point Z such that AZ (iii) Find the area of DAPQ : area of DACB.
meets diagonal DB at X and side DC at Y and A

3DX = XB. P
Q
(i) Prove that DAXD ~ DZXB. C
(ii) Name a triangle similar to DDXY.
B
(iii) Calculate the ratio of area of D AXD :
11. In DPQR, S is a point on QR such that
area of D ZXB.
∠Q = ∠SPR.
(iv) If AB = 6 cm, AD = 4 cm, find the lengths (i) Prove that DPQR ~ DSPR.
of BZ and DY.
A
(ii) If QS = 5 cm, SR = 4 cm, find the length
D
of PR.
X Y P

B Z
C

8. In the given figure, PQ y ST, PR = 4 cm and

Q R
RT = 6 cm. S

(i) Prove that DPQR ~ DTSR. 12. In DABC, DE y BC.

(ii) Find the value of x if PQ = x + 2 and
(i) Prove that DADE ~ DABC.
ST = 2x + 1.
P
(ii) If AD = x, DE = x + 1, BC = y, AE = 7,
BD = 8, CE = 14, find x and y.
R B
Q S 8
D
y
x
T x+1
9. In the given figure, AB = 9 cm, BC = 12 cm
C 14 E 7 A
and AC = 15 cm. BP ^ AC.
(i) What is the measure of ∠ABC? 13. In DPQR, LM y QR, PQ y MN, PL : LQ = 2 : 3.
(ii) Prove that DAPB ~ DABC.
(i) Prove that DPLM ~ DMNR.
(iii) Find the lengths of BP and AP.
B (ii) Find the ratio
12 (a) area of DPLM : area of DMNR
cm
cm

(b) area of DPLM : area of DPQR

9

(c) area of DMNR : area of DPQR

A C
P P
15 cm

10. In DABC, P and Q are points on AB and AC such L M

that AP = 4 cm, PB = 13.5 cm, AQ = 7 cm and

QC = 3 cm. Q R
N
(i) Prove that DAPQ ~ DACB.

Similarity 195
 14. In DABC, ∠A is obtuse, BP ^ AC and CQ ^ 18. In DABC, PQ y BC and in DACD, QR y CD.
AB. Prove that AB × AQ = AC × AP.
C (i) Prove that DAQR ~ DACD.

(ii) If AP = 2, PB = 5, AQ = 3, QR = 5, calculate
the lengths of QC and CD.

Q A
B R
A
P D
Q
P

15. ABCD is a rectangle, AB = 12 cm and BC = 8 cm.

B C
E is a point on BC such that BE = 5 cm. AE
produced meets DC produced at F. 19. In the given figure, AB y CD y EF, AB = 4,
(i) Prove that DABE ~ DFCE. OC = 9, OD = 6, DF = 3 and CD = 8, find x, y, z
(ii) Find the lengths of EF and CF. and EF. y
E
C
(iii) Find area of DFEC : area of DFAD.
9
A B A
z
O 8
4
x 6
E B
D 3
F
F
D C 20. Two poles 20 m and 80 m high are 100 m
apart. Find the height of the intersection of
16. ABCD is a trapezium, AB y CD. AB = 9, the lines joining the top of each pole to the
AC = 12 and CD = 16. base of opposite pole.
(i) Prove that DABC ~ DCAD. A

(ii) If AD = 10, find BC.

80 m C
A 9 B P
20 m
B
12 Q D
100 m

D C
16
17. In DABC, ∠B = 90°. PQ ^ AC.
(i) Prove DABC ~ DAQP.
(ii) If AB = 15, AQ = 6, AP = 3x + 4 and
QC = 10x – 1, find x, AP and AC.
21. D and E are two points on sides AB and BC
of DABC such that ∠EDB = ∠ACB.
(i) Prove that DABC ~ DEBD.
(ii) If BE = 6 cm, EC = 4 cm, BD = 5 cm and
area of DBED = 9 cm2, calculate the
(a) length of AB (b) area of DABC.
[2010]
A

C
B E

196 ICSE Mathematics—X

 22. The areas of two similar triangles ABC and (ii) Solve for x and y.
XYZ are 75 cm2 and 192 cm2 respectively. If (iii) Find area DCDF : area of DABF.
E
BC = 15 cm, calculate the length of YZ.
A
23. In the given figure, AB y CD y EF, AB = 5 cm, 4
C 7.5
AC = 4 cm, EF = 7.5 cm, CF = x and CD = y. 5 x
y
(i) Prove that DFEC ~ DABC.
B D F

APPLICATION TO MAPS AND MODELS Example 26: A map is drawn to a scale of

1 : 50,000.
When a map is drawn, a scale is always written
(i) An airport runway is represented by
near it. This scale gives the ratio of distance
a line of length 4.6 cm on the map.
between two places on the map to the actual
Calculate the actual length of the runway,
distance between them on land.
giving your answer in kilometres.
Similarly, before construction of a building, (ii) The actual area of the airport is
sometimes a model of the building is made 3.5 km2. Calculate the area on the map
which has same shape but smaller in size. representing the airport, giving your
So a geometrical figure undergoes size answer in square centimetres.
transformation by a scale factor k and the Solution:
resulting figure is similar to the original one. (i) 1 cm on the map represents 50,000 cm on
the ground. i.e.,
Enlargement: If the scale factor k > 1, the
transformation is enlargement. 50,000 1
= km
1,00,000 2
Reduction: If the scale factor k < 1, the
transformation is reduction. 1 km = 1000 m, 1 m = 100 cm
Identity: When k = 1, it is identity transformation. \ 1 km = 1000 × 100 cm
If the scale of a map is 1 : k, then Map length Actual length
the ratio of distance is 1 : k. 1
1 cm km
the ratio of area is 1 : k2. 2
the ratio of volume of model and actual is 1 : k3.
4.6 cm x
Note: (i) If the scale of a map is 1:30,000, this implies 1
x = 4.6 × = 2.3 km
that a distance of 1 cm on the map is 30,000 cm 2
1 2
= 3 km on the ground. Scale factor k = 1
30,000 (ii) The ratio of area is 1 cm2 :   km 2 .
(ii) If the area on the map is 1 cm2, then the area 2
on the ground is 9 km2.
(iii) Same principle is applied to models and actual
Map area Actual area
object 1 1
Height of mod el length of model width of model 1 × 1 cm2 × km 2
= = 2 2
Height of actual length of actual width of actual
x 3.5 km2

Similarity 197
 (ii) Volume of the model = 250 litres
3.5
x =
1 1 250 1
× = = m 3 . ( 1000 L = 1 m3)
2 2 1000 4
Map area = 3.5 × 4 = 14 cm2. Model Volume Actual Volume
1 m3 (300)3 m3
Example 27: A model of a ship is made to a
scale of 1 : 300. 1 3 1
m × 27000000
(i) The area of the deck of the ship is 4 4
3,60,000 m2. Find the area of the deck = 67,50,000 m3.
of the model.
(ii) The volume of the model is 250 litres. Example 28: The volume of a machine is 2700
Calculate the volume of the ship in m3. cm3. A model of the machine is made, the
Solution: 2
reduction factor being . Find the volume
(i) Scale = 1 : 300 3
of the model.
\ Ratio of area = 12 : (300)2
Actual area of the deck = 360000 m2 Solution:
Model Area Actual Area Volume of the model
1 m2 (300)2 m2 = Volume of the original × (Reduction factor)3
x 360000 m2 3
2 8
360000 = 2700 ×   = 2700 × = 800 cm3.
\ Area of the model’s deck = = 4 m2 3 27
300 × 300

Ratio of volume = 13 : (300)3

EXERCISE 13B
1. A model of an aeroplane is made to a scale of
1 : 30.
(i) Calculate the length of the wings on the
model in cm, if the actual length of the
wings is 7.8 m.
(ii) On the model, the area of the tail section
is 70 cm2. Calculate the actual area of the
tail section, giving your answer in m2.
2. A plan of a garden is drawn to a scale of 1 : 20.
(i) Expressing your answer in cm, calculate
the length of the line on the plan which
represents a path 13 m long.
(ii) Calculate the area of a pond, in m2, which
is represented on the plan by an area of
125 cm2.
198 ICSE Mathematics—X
3. A map is drawn to a scale of 1 : 20,000.
(i) On the map, the perimeter of a reservoir
is represented by a length of 185 cm.
Calculate the actual perimeter of the
reservoir in km.
(ii) The actual area of a plantation is 3.2 km2.
Calculate the area on the map which
represents the plantation, giving your
answer in cm2.
4. The scale of a map is 1 : 30,000. A field is
represented on the map by a rectangle of
length 3 cm by 2 cm.
(i) Find the actual perimeter of the field in m.
(ii) Find the area of the field in hectares.
[10000 m2 = 1 hectare]
 5. A map is drawn to a scale of 1 : 40,000. Find
(i) the actual distance in km, between two
towns which are represented on the
map by two points 125 cm apart.
(ii) the area, in km2, of a field represented
by an area of 150 cm2 on the map.
6. A scale model of a church is made. The ground
area of the model is one hundredth of the
actual ground area.
(i) Given that the length of model is 4 m,
calculate the length of church.
(ii) If the volume of church spire is 3000 m3,
calculate the volume of the spire on the
model.
7. On a map 4 cm represents an actual distance
of 1 km. Calculate
(i) the actual distance, in km, represented
by 18 cm on the map.
(ii) the scale of the map.
(iii) the area on the map, in cm 2, which
represents 3 km2.
8. Two jars, similar in shape, are respectively,
12. A flag pole casts a shadow of 21 m. At the
24 cm and 16 cm high. If the smaller jug holds
1.6 litres, find the capacity of the larger one.
9. The toy model of a truck and a real truck are
in the ratio 1 : 60.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. (i) Prove that DAPQ ~ DABC.
(ii) If AP : PB = 4 : 3, find PQ if BC = 14 cm.
(iii) Find area DAPQ : area DABC.
(iv) Find area DAPQ : area PBCQ.
2. In the figure, PA and QB are drawn perpendicular to AB.
If PO : OQ = 3 : 2 and the area of DQOB = 120 cm2. Calculate.
(i) AO if AB = 7.5 cm.
(ii) area of DPOA [2006]
3. (i) Prove that DABC ~ DEDC.
(ii) If DE = 4 cm, CE = 5 cm and BC = 9 cm. Find CD, AB and AC.
(i) Calculate the length of the truck, in metres,
if the length of the model is 25 cm.
(ii) If the open area of loading of the truck
is 90 m2, find the same area of the model
in cm2.
(iii) If the volume of the model is 7500 cm3,
find the volume of the truck in m3.
10. Two toys identical in design but different sizes
weigh 480 g and 202.5 g. If the surface area
of the smaller toy is 63 cm2, find the surface
area of the larger toy.
[Hint: Weights are proportional to volume]
\ Ratio of volume = 480 : 202.5 = 64 : 27
= 43 : 33 and Ratio of area = 42 : 32 = 16 : 9
11. A sculptor is commissioned to make the statue
of a leader to stand 3 m high. He makes a scale
model 15 cm high using the same material and
finds its volume to be 500 cm3. Calculate the
volume of the finished statue in m3.
same time, the length of shadow of a man is
2.8 m and his height is 1.6 m. Find the height
of the flag pole.
B
P
A
Q
C
P
A B
O
Q
A
D
C E B
Similarity 199
 4. In DPQS, PR ^ QS and ∠QPS = 90°. P

(i) Show that DPQR ~ DSPR.

(ii) If QR = 2 cm, RS = 4.5 cm, find PR.
Q R S
(iii) Find area DPQR : area DSPR. 2
A
4
P
5. In DABC, P and Q are points on AB and AC such that AP = 2 cm, Q
PB = 10 cm, AQ = 4 cm and QC = 2 cm. 2
10
C
(i) Prove that DAPQ ~ DACB.
(ii) Find area of DAPQ, if area of DABC = 27 cm2. B

6. In DABC, ∠ABC = ∠DAC. AB = 8 cm, AC = 4 cm and AD = 5 cm. A

(i) Prove that DABC ~ DDAC.

(ii) Find BC and CD.
B D C
(iii) Find area DABC : DDAC. [2014]
7. In the given figure, AB ^ DP and DC ^ AP. If AB = 3 cm, AP = 5 cm, PD = 7.5 cm, find
(i) CD (ii) area DPAB : area DPDC.
D A
B

P Q

A C P B R C
Figure for Q.7 Figure for Q.8

8. In DABC, PQ y BC and QR y AB. AP : PB = 3 : 5 and area of DAPQ = 36 cm2. Find the

(i) area of DABC
(ii) area of DQRC
9. Two villages are 3 km apart. A map on which they are shown is drawn to a scale of 1 : 5000.
(i) Calculate, in centimetres, the distance between them on the map.
(ii) On the map a rectangular playground has an area of 24 cm2. Calculate the actual area of the
playground, in square metres.
10. A scale model of a monument is made. The scale is 1 : 1000.
(i) If the height of the model is 4 cm, calculate the height of the monument in metres.
(ii) If the volume of the monument is 3000 m3, calculate the volume of the model in cm3.
11. A map is drawn to a scale of 1 : 50,000.
(i) Find the length, in centimetres, of the line on the map which represents a road 5.2 km long.
(ii) Find the area, the square kilometres, of a lake which has an area 24 cm2 on the map.

12. PQR is a triangle. S is a point on the side QR of DPQR such that ∠PSR = ∠QPR. Given QP = 8 cm,
PR = 6 cm and SR = 3 cm. P
[2018]
(i) Prove DPQR ~ DSPR
8 cm 6 cm
(ii) Find the length of QR and PS
(iii) area of ∆PQR Q S 3 cm R
area of ∆SPR

200 ICSE Mathematics—X

 BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
1. (a) A model of a ship is made to a scale of (ii) The value of the ratio =
1 : 200.
Area of triangle ALM

(i) The length of the model is 4 m. Calculate Area of the trapezium LBCM
the length of the ship.
(ii) The area of the deck of the ship is 160000  m2. A

Find the area of the deck of the model.

(iii) The volume of the model is 200 litres.
Calculate the volume of the ship in m3. L M

(b) In the diagram, ABC is a triangle, DE is

AD 3
parallel to BC and = .
DB 2 B C

A [1996]
3. On a map drawn to a scale of 1 : 250000, a triangular
plot of land has the following measurements:

D E
AB = 3 cm, BC = 4 cm, angle ABC = 90°. Calculate:
(i) the actual length of AB in km;
F
B C (ii) the area of the plot in sq. km. [1997]

AD 4.
(i) Write down . R Q
AB
(ii) Prove DADE ~ DABC and write down the
DE
ratio . L
BC M
(iii) Prove DDEF ~ DCFB. Write down the ratio
area of ∆DFE
. [1995] N S P
area of ∆CFB

In the figure, PQRS is a parallelogram; PQ =
2. (a) The scale of a map is 1 : 200000. A plot of 16 cm, QR = 10 cm. L is a point on PR such that
land of area 20 km2 is to be represented on RL : LP = 2 : 3. QL produced meets RS at M and
the map. Find: PS produced at N.
(i) The number of kilometres on the ground
(i) Prove that triangle RLQ is similar to triangle
which is represented by 1 centimetre on the
PLN. Hence find PN.
map.
(ii) The area in km2, that can be represented by (ii) Name a triangle similar to triangle RLM.
1 cm2. Evaluate RM as a fraction. [1997]
(iii) The area on the map that represents the plot 5. On a map drawn to a scale of 1 : 25000, a
of land. rectangular plot of land, ABCD has the following
(b) In the figure (not drawn to scale), LM is measurements. AB = 12 cm and BC = 16 cm.
parallel to BC. Angles A, B, C and D are all 90° each. Calculate :
AB = 6 cm, AL = 2 cm and AC = 9 cm
(i) The diagonal distance of the plot in km,
Calculate:
(ii) The area of the plot in sq. km. [1998]
(i) The length of CM;

Similarity 201
 6. In the figure given below, P is a point on AB such A
that AP : PB = 4 : 3. PQ is parallel to AC. O
P Q

  [2008]
B C
11. The model of a building is constructed with scale
factor 1 : 30.
(i) If the height of the model is 80 cm, find the
actual height of the building in metres.
(ii) If the actual volume of a tank at the top of
(i) Calculate the ratio PQ : AC, giving reasons the building is 27 m3, find the volume of the
for your answer; tank on the top of the model. [2009]
(ii) In DARC, ∠ARC = 90° and in DPQS, ∠PSQ
= 90°. Given QS = 6 cm. Calculate the length 12. In the given figure, ABC and CEF are two triangles
of AR. [1999] where BA is parallel to CE and AF : AC = 5 : 8.
7. (i) Prove that DADF ~ DCEF.
A (ii) Find AD if CE = 6 cm.
(iii) If DF is parallel to BC, find area of DADF :
area of DABC. [2009]
A

B C

F
D E D E
In the figure above, BC is parallel to DE. Area of
triangle ABC = 25 cm2, area of trapezium BCED
= 24 cm2, DE = 14 cm. Calculate the length of BC.
B C
[2000] 13. In the adjoining figure, ABC is a right angled
8. In the right angled DQPR, PM is an altitude. Given triangle with ∠BAC = 90°.
that QR = 8 cm and MQ = 3.5 cm, calculate the C
value of PR. 8 cm
P
D

18 cm

3.5 cm B
A
Q M R
  8 cm [2002] (i) Prove DADB ~ DCDA.
(ii) If BD = 18 cm, CD = 8 cm, find AD.
9. In a triangle PQR, L and M are two points on the
(iii) Find the ratio of the area of DADB is to area
base QR, such that ∠LPQ = ∠QRP and ∠RPM =
DCDA. [2011]
∠RQP. Prove that:
14. In the given figure, AB and DE are perpendiculars
(i) DPQL ~ DRPM  (ii) QL . RM = PL . PM
to BC.
(iii) PQ2 = QR . QL [2003] A

10. In DABC, AP : PB = 2 : 3. PO is parallel to BC and D

is extended to Q so that CQ is parallel to BA. Find:
(i) area D APO : area D ABC
(ii) area D APO : area D CQO
B C
E
202 ICSE Mathematics—X
 (i) Prove that DABC ~ DDEC. 16. A model of a ship is made to a scale 1 : 300.
(ii) If AB = 6 cm, DE = 4 cm and (i) The length of the model of the ship is 2 m.
AC = 15 cm. Calculate CD. Calculate the length of the ship.
(iii) Find the ratio of the area of DABC : area of (ii) The area of the deck ship is 180,000 m2.
DDEC. [2013] Calculate the area of the deck of the model.
15. ABC is a right-angled triangle with ∠ABC = 90°. D (iii) The volume of the model is 6.5 m3. Calculate
is any point on AB and DE is perpendicular to AC. the volume of the ship. [2016]
17. In the given figure PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral
A
E
PQ and SR produced meet at T.
(i) Prove DTPS ~ DTRQ.
D (ii) Find SP if TP = 18 cm, RQ = 4 cm and TR = 6 cm.

B C
(iii) Find area of quadrilateral PQRS if area of
DPTS = 27 cm2. [2016]
Prove that:
(i) DADE ~ DACB. S

(ii) If AC = 13 cm, BC = 5 cm and AE = 4 cm, find

DE and AD.
R
(iii) Find area of DADE : area of quadrilateral
BCED. [2015] P T
Q

POINTS AT A GLANCE
Two similar figures are different in size but have same shape.
1. AA test of similarity 
A A B

P Q C

B C     D E

2. SAS test of similarity

A
∠A = ∠A 2
M
AM 2 1 3
= =
AC 4 2 4
AN 3 1 N
= = 1
AB 6 2 B C

\ DAMN ~ DACB

3. SSS test of similarity           P

The sides of triangles are proportional X
2.25 3
1.5 2
XY YZ XZ 2
= = = Z Q R
PQ QR PR 3 Y 3 4.5

Similarity 203
 4. If scale of a model to actual is 1 : 50,000, since 100 × 1000 cm = 1 km
50000 1
1 cm on model is 50,000 cm = km = km on actual
100 × 1000 2
1 1
5. If area of model is 1 cm2, then actual area is × km 2 .
2 2
1 1 1
6. If volume of model is 1 cm3, then actual volume is × × km 3 .
2 2 2
1 m3 = 1000 litres and 1 litre = 1000 cc or cm3
Congruency
Two congruent figures are equal in every respect.
1. SSS 2. ASA or AAS   3. SAS   4. RHS
Similarity
Two similar figures are different in size but similar in shape.
1. AA or AAA 2. SAS 3. SSS

Note:
(i) Common side or equal side has no relevance in similar Ds.
(ii) Always prove that the Ds are similar and then find the lengths of sides.
2 2 2
area of ∆ABC  AB   BC   AC 
(iii) If DABC ~ DPQR, then =  = =
area of ∆PQR  PQ   QR   PR 

(iv) If M and N are midpoints of AB and AC, then from the midpoint theorem,
1
MN = BC and MN y BC.
2
2 2 A
Area of ∆AMN  AM  1 1
\ =   =   =
Area of ∆ABC  AB 2 4
M N
Area of ∆AMN x x 1
= = =
Area of MBCN 4 x − x 3x 3
      B C

DO YOU KNOW?

THALES (640–540 BC)

Thales was the first known Greek philosopher, scientist and mathematician. He was an engineer by occupation.
He is credited with 5 theorems of Elementary Geometry. He introduced the study of
Geometry in Greece. Thales measured height of pyramids by observing the length of
their shadows. He showed that the ratio of the height of a Pyramid to the height of
a Stick is in the same ratio as shadow of Pyramid to the shadow of the Stick, using
Similar triangles.
With the help of a simple instrument consisting of two sticks nailed into a cross, he
could measure the distance of a ship in the sea from the shore, using similarity.
He sacrificed an Ox to his Goddess when he discovered the theorem that an angle in
a semicircle is a right angle.
Basic Proportionality Theorem is also known as Thales’ Theorem.
Thales
204 ICSE Mathematics—X
 LOCUS
Locus is the path of a moving point according
to a given geometrical condition. Locus is a
set of points which satisfies a given condition.
Locus in Latin means position. Loci (read as
losai) is the plural of Locus.
Every point which satisfies the given
geometrical condition lies on the locus. Or,
every point on the locus satisfies the given
geometrical condition.
Examples:
1. The locus of a point P moving at a constant
distance d from a fixed line AB is a pair of
parallel lines on both sides of the given line
AB and at a distance d units from it.
Observe that P can be above or below AB
always at a distance ‘d’ from AB.
Locus
P
d B
A B
d Locus
Locus
P
Fig. 14.1
2. The locus of a point P moving in a plane at
a constant distance r from a fixed point O is a
circle with centre O and r as radius.
Plot some points which satisfy the condition
that they are at a distance of ‘r’ from point ‘O’.
Thus, we observe that the locus is a circle with
the fixed point O as centre.
14
P
O
Lo
cu
s
Fig. 14.2
3. To find the locus of a point P such that
area of DPBC = area of given DABC.
Observe that base BC is common in both. So
the height of the triangle on base BC should
be same in both the triangles.
\ Draw a line parallel to BC, through the point
A and draw another line parallel to BC on the
opposite side of A.
A P Locus
C
P
Fig. 14.3
i.e., P lies at any point on these parallel lines
and satisfies the given condition. Locus of P
is a pair of lines parallel to BC at a distance =
height of D.
Theorem 1: The locus of a point which is
equidistant from two fixed points, is the
perpendicular bisector of the line segment
joining the two fixed points.
Given: A and B are two fixed points. P is a moving point such that AP = BP.
P
To Prove: P lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB.
Construction: Join AB. Find O the midpoint of AB. Join AP and BP.
Proof: Statement Reason
A B
In DAPO and DBPO, O

P'
1. PA = PB Given
2. AO = BO Construction
Fig. 14.4
3. PO = PO Common
4. \ DAPO  DBPO SSS congruency rule
5. ∠POA = ∠POB Corresponding ∠s of congruent Ds
6. ∠POA + ∠POB = 180° AOB is a straight line
7. ∠POA = ∠POB = 90° From (5) and (6)
  PO is the ⊥ bisector of AB.
Conversely,
Let P’ be any other point on the perpendicular bisector of AB.
To Prove: P’ is equidistant from A and B.
Proof: Statement
Reason
A B
O
In DP’OA and DP’OB,
1. AO = BO Given P'

2. ∠P’OA = ∠P’OB Each equals 90°

Fig. 14.5
3. P’O = P’O Common
4.
\ DP’OA  DP’OB SAS congruency rule
5. P’A = P’B Corresponding sides of congruent Ds
\ P’ is equidistant from A and B.

Theorem 2: The locus of a point equidistant from two

intersecting lines consists of a pair of lines that bisect the angles A
P'
D
M
between the given lines.
Q R
Given: AB and CD are two straight lines intersecting at O. P is a P
O
moving point such that PM = PN and PM ⊥ OD and PN ⊥ OB.
N
C B
To Prove: P lies on the bisector of ∠BOD.
Construction: Join PO.
Fig. 14.6

206 ICSE Mathematics—X

Proof: Statement Reason
In DPOM and DPON,
1. PM = PN Given
2. ∠PMO = ∠PNO Each equals 90°
3. OP = OP Common
4. \ DPOM  DPON RHS congruency rule
5. ∠MOP = ∠NOP Corresponding ∠s of congruent Ds
\ P lies on the bisector of ∠BOD.
Conversely,
Let P’ be any point on the bisector of ∠AOD. P’Q ⊥ OA, P’R ⊥ OD.
To Prove: P’Q = P’R
P'
Proof: Statement Reason A
M
D

In DP’OQ and DP’OR, Q R

P
1. ∠P’QO = ∠P’RO Each equals 90° O
N
2. ∠P’OQ = ∠P’OR P’O bisects ∠AOD C B

3. P’O = P’O Common

Fig. 14.7
4.
\ DP’OQ  DP’OR AAS congruency rule
5. P’Q = P’R Corresponding sides of congruent Ds
\ P’ is equidistant from AB and CD.

Try this
Fix two nails on a board. Name them as A and B. Tie a string of length ‘d’ to the two nails. Now
hold a pencil in the string and with the help of string keeping it taut, draw. Observe that the
figure formed is an ellipse. P is the moving point such that
PA + PB = d = length of string
\ Locus of a point P such that PA + PB is constant is an ellipse.

Locus

Fig. 14.8

Locus 207
Some Special Locus Points (iii) The bisector of ∠C gives points equidistant
1. A point which is equidistant from 3 non- from AC and BC. The three angular
collinear points. bisectors intersect at point I, which is the
incentre and satisfies the condition that it
Let A, B and C be the 3 non-collinear points is equidistant from the 3 sides of DABC.
(which are not in a straight line). Join them.
A
Note: An incircle can be drawn with centre I and radius
IP ^ BC.
3. A point at which the three altitudes of a
O
B C triangle intersect is called the orthocentre ‘H’.
A

Fig. 14.9 H

The locus of points equidistant from A and B B C

Fig. 14.11
is its ^ bisector.
Note: In a right angled D, the orthocentre is at the vertex
Similarly, points on the ^ bisector of B and
where a right angle is formed.
C are equidistant from B and C and also
4. A point where the three medians of a
^ bisector of AC gives points equidistant from
triangle intersect is called the centroid ‘G’.
A and C. A

Point ‘O’ which is called the circumcentre P N

of DABC satisfies the condition that it is G
equidistant from A, B and C. B M C
Note: (i) A circumcircle of DABC can be drawn with Fig. 14.12
centre O and radius OA = OB = OC.
5. In an equilateral triangle, all the 4 points
(ii) In a right-angled triangle, the circumcentre coincide. Circumcentre = in centre = orthocentre
lies at the midpoint of the hypotenuse. = centroid because a median is an angle bisector
and also perpendicular bisector of the opposite
2. A point which is equidistant from 3 sides
side.
of a D.
A Some More Examples
1. The locus of centres of circles touching a
given line AB at point B is a line perpendicular
I
to AB at B.
Locus

B P C

Fig. 14.10

Let DABC be given. A

B
(i) The bisector of ∠A gives points equidistant
from AB and AC.
(ii) The bisector of ∠B gives points equidistant
from AB and BC. Fig. 14.13

208 ICSE Mathematics—X

2. The locus of midpoints of equal chords
d/2
in a circle is a concentric circle of the given
Locus
circle and having radius equal to the distance d/2
of equal chords from the centre.

Fig. 14.17

Note: To construct the parallel lines don’t just mark two

d
arcs of length , instead draw 2 perpendiculars at any

s
cu
2
Lo
d
two points on the line and cut off on them.
Fig. 14.14 2
3. (i) The locus of a point P so that ∠APB = d d
90° is a circle on diameter AB, where A and B 2 2

are two fixed points. Locus

P' d d
P 2 2

M N

Fig. 14.18
A B
5. The locus of the midpoints of the line
segments drawn inside a triangle, parallel to
one side of the triangle is a median.
P
Fig. 14.15 A

(ii) The locus of P so that AP2 + BP2 = AB2 is

also a circle on diameter AB because the
above condition implies ∠APB = 90°.
B C
M
4. Two parallel lines l1 and l2 are at a distance
Fig. 14.19
of ‘d’. Find the locus of a point which is
equidistant from l1 and l2. 6. AB is a fixed line. State the locus of the
l1 point P such that AB2 + BP2 = AP2.
d This implies that ∠ABP = 90°.
l2
\ The locus is a line perpendicular to AB at B.
Fig. 14.16

The moving point should be equidistant from

Locus

P
both l1 and l2. So if point P is midway between
d
them at a distance of from each line, it will A B
2
satisfy the condition.
\ Locus of P is a line parallel to l1 and l2 and
exactly midway between them. Fig. 14.20

Locus 209
7. The locus of the centre of a wheel which
moves on a straight road is a straight line P

parallel to the road and at a distance equal to

the radius of the wheel. P

Locus A B

Road
P
Fig. 14.21 Locus

8. The locus of midpoints of all parallel chords Fig. 14.25

of a circle is the diameter of the circle which is
12. The locus P of triangle PAB where AB is
perpendicular to the given parallel chords.
fixed and its area A is given.

The locus is a pair of parallel lines on each

side of AB at a distance equal to height of the
Locus
A B 2 Area
triangle = . Recall that all triangles with
Fig. 14.22 AB

9. The locus of a point equidistant from two same base and between same parallel lines are
concentric circles is the circle concentric with equal in area.
the given circles and midway between them. P P Locus
P
us
oc
A B
L

Locus
P P P

Fig. 14.23 Fig. 14.26

10. The locus of a point which is equidistant
from a given circle is a pair of concentric
circles inside and outside the given circle.
Locu
s
13. The locus of centres of circles touching two
given concentric circles is another concentric
circle midway between the two given circles.

Locus
Locus

Fig. 14.24 Fig. 14.27

11. The locus of vertex P of all isosceles 14.

The locus of centres of circles passing
triangles DPAB drawn on a fixed base AB is through two given points A and B is the
the perpendicular bisector of AB. perpendicular bisector of AB.

210 ICSE Mathematics—X

 (a) Equidistant from AB and BC, draw the
bisector of ∠ABC.
(b) At a distance of 5 cm from B, draw arcs
of radius 5 cm from B.
A B
(i) ABCD is a rhombus.
(ii) AECD is a kite.
(iii) ABCE is an arrowhead.
Locus
(iv) ABE is an obtuse angled isosceles D.
Fig. 14.28 (v) ABD is an equilateral D.
15. The locus of centres of circles touching two
lines AB and BC is the bisector of ∠ABC. Example 2: Construct DABC with BC = 6 cm,
A
∠ABC = 120° and AB = 3.5 cm. Draw a circle
Locus with BC as diameter. Find a point P on the
circumference which is equidistant from AB
and BC. Measure ∠BCP. [2005, 2013]
B
C Solution:
Fig. 14.29
A
P

APPLICATIONS OF LOCUS
Example 1: Construct ∠ABC = 120° where B C
M
AB = BC = 5 cm. Mark two points D and E
which satisfy both the following conditions.
(a) equidistant from AB and BC.
(b) at a distance of 5 cm from B. Point E
is on the side of reflex ∠ABC. Steps: 1. Construct DABC with the given
Join AE, EC, AD, DC. Describe the figures: measurements.
(i) ABCD (ii) AECD (iii) ABCE 2. Find the midpoint M of BC by
(iv) ABE  (v) ABD [2002] drawing perpendicular bisector of
Solution: BC.
D

A 3. With M as centre and MB as radius,
draw a circle on BC as diameter.
4. P is equidistant from AB and BC.
120°

C
B

\ Draw the bisector of ∠ABC which
intersects the circumference at P.
5. Join PC.
E
\ ∠BCP = 30°.

Locus 211
Example 3: Construct a cyclic quadrilateral
ABCD in which AB = 5 cm, BC = 8 cm, ∠ABC
= 60° and D is equidistant from B and C.
Solution:
(i) ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. The four
vertices lie on the circumference of a
circle.
\ Draw a circumcircle of DABC.
(ii) D is equidistant from both B and C.
\ D lies on the ⊥ bisector of BC.
A D
O equidistant from C and D).
B C
Steps: 1. Construct ∠ABC = 60° with AB = 5 cm
and BC = 8 cm.
2. Draw ⊥ bisectors of AB and BC. Let
the point of intersection be O.
3. With centre O and radius OA, draw
a circumcircle of A, B and C.
4. D lies on the intersection of ^ bisector
of BC and the circle. Locate D, then
join AD and CD.
Example 4: Construct a triangle BCP where
BC = 5 cm, BP = 4 cm and ∠PBC = 45°.
Complete the rectangle ABCD such that
(i) P is equidistant from AB and BC.
(ii) P is equidistant from C and D.
(iii) Measure and record the length of AB.
 [2007]
212 ICSE Mathematics—X
Solution:
Steps: 1. Construct DPBC with ∠PBC = 45°,
BC = 5 cm and BP = 4 cm.
2. Construct angles of 90° at B and C
because ABCD is a rectangle.
3. Now, with P as centre, radius = PC,
cut an arc on this perpendicular
at C to get point D (because P is
4. On the perpendicular at B, cut off
BA = CD. Join AD.
\ ABCD is the required rectangle.
Length of AB = 5.7 cm
Example 5: Construct an isosceles triangle
ABC such that AB = 6 cm and BC = AC = 4
cm. Bisect ∠C internally and mark a point P
on this bisector such that CP = 4.5 cm. Find
the points Q and R which are 4.5 cm from P
and also 4.5 cm from the line AB. [2001]
Solution:
Steps: 1. Construct DABC, AB = 6 cm, BC = AC
= 4 cm and bisect ∠C.
2. To get a point 4.5 cm from AB, draw
a line parallel to AB at a distance of
4.5 cm. Now to get this parallel line
construct 90° at A and B and cut off
4.5 cm on these at M and N. Join MN
and then extend it.
3. To get points Q and R 4.5 cm from
P, draw two arcs of radius 4.5 cm
from centre P. These arcs cut the line
through MN at Q and R.
 4. Q and R are the two required points (iii)
Construct the locus of points at a
which are 4.5 cm from AB and also distance of 5 cm from A.
4.5 cm from P. (iv) Locate the point P such that PB = PC
C and PA = 5 cm.
(v) Write the co-ordinates of P.

cm

4
cm
4 Solution:
A B
6 cm
(i) Plot A, B and C.
P
4.5
(ii) To construct the locus of points equidistant
4.5 cm

4.5 cm
m
4.5c cm
from B and C, draw the ^ bisector of BC.

Q M N R
(iii) To construct the locus of points at a
distance of 5 cm from A, draw a circle
with centre A and radius AP.
Example 6:
(i) On a graph paper, taking scale 1 cm = (iv) P(5, 5) and P′(–2, –2) are the points of
1 unit, plot the points A(2, 1), B(3, 7) intersection of the ^ bisector and the
and C(7, 3). circle which satisfy both the conditions.
(ii) Construct the locus of points equidistant (v) P ≡ (5, 5) or (–2, –2).
from B and C.

B(3, 7)
7

5 P(5, 5)

3 C(7, 3)

2
A(2, 1)
1

X' X
O
– – 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
–
–
P' (–2, –2)
Y'

Locus 213
 EXERCISE 14
1. (i) Construct triangle ABC, in which AB =
5.5 cm, BC = 3.2 cm and CA = 4.8 cm.
(ii) Draw the locus of points at a distance
of 2.5 cm from B.
(iii) Draw the locus of points equidistant
from the sides BC and CA.
(iv) Mark the point of intersection of the loci
with the letter P and measure PC.
2. Draw two intersecting lines to include an
angle of 30°. Use ruler and compasses to
locate points which are equidistant from these
lines and also 2 cm away from the point of
intersection. How many such points exist?
3. Draw a circle of radius 4 cm and mark two
chords AB and AC of the circle of lengths 6 cm
and 5 cm respectively. Construct the locus of
points, inside the circle, that are equidistant
(i) from A and C. Prove your construction (ii)
from AB and AC. [1995]
4. (i) Construct triangle ABC in which
BC = 7 cm, AB = 4 cm and ∠ABC = 60°.
(ii) Construct the locus of points which are
equidistant:
(a) from BA and BC
(b) from B and C
(iii) Mark P, the point which is equidistant
from AB, BC and also equidistant from
B and C.
5. State the locus of a point in a rhombus ABCD
which is equidistant
(i) from AB and AD
(ii) from the vertices A and C [1998]
6. Construct DABC in which AB = 5 cm,
BC = 7.5 cm and AC = 6 cm. Construct the
locus of points which are equidistant from
(i) A and B    (ii) B and C
(iii) Mark a point X, the intersection of the
two loci. What is the special name given
to the point?
214 ICSE Mathematics—X
7. (i) Construct DABC in which BC = 6.5 cm,
∠ABC = 135° and AB = 8 cm.
(ii) Construct the locus of points (a)
which are equidistant from AB and BC,
(b) 2 cm from BC and same side of BC
as A.
(iii) Name the point of intersection of the
two loci as P.
8. Construct DABC, BC = 6 cm, ∠ABC = 120° and
AB = 7.5 cm.
(i) Construct the locus of points equidistant
from B and C.
(ii) Draw the locus of a point P such that
area of DPBC = area of DABC.
(iii) Mark the point of intersection of the two
loci. [1998]
9. Construct DABC, AB = 7 cm, BC = 5 cm and
AC = 10 cm.
Draw the locus of a point:
(i) 4 cm from B, and
(ii) equidistant from AB and AC.
10. Construct DPQR, ∠R = 135°, ∠Q = 30° and
QR = 5 cm. Find the point I equidistant from
PQ, QR and PR. Give a special name to point I.
11. Construct a triangle ABC with BC = 6.5
cm, ∠ABC = 150° and AB = 4cm. Draw a
circle with BC as diameter. Find a point P
on the circumference of the circle which is
equidistant from AB and BC. Measure ∠BCP.
12. Construct DPQR in which QR = 4.2 cm, ∠PQR =
120° and PQ = 5 cm. Draw the locus of points
which are (i) equidistant from PQ and QR,
(ii) 2 cm from QR and on the same side as
P. Name the point of intersection of the two
loci as ‘O’. With centre O and radius 2 cm,
draw a circle.
13. Draw a line AB 8 cm long. Locate by
construction, the locus of a point which is
(i) Equidistant from A and B
(ii) Always 4 cm from the line AB
 (iii) Mark two points X and Y, which are
4 cm from AB and equidistant from A
and B. Give a special geometrical name
to the figure AXBY. [2008]
14. Construct a triangle ABC with AB = 5.5 cm,
BC = 6.5 cm and AC = 4 cm. Locate by
construction, the locus of a point P which is
(i) equidistant from A and C and
(ii) such that ∠BCP = 90°.
Draw a circle with centre P and radius = PC.
15. (i) Construct DABC where AB = 3.5 cm, BC
= 6 cm and ∠ABC = 60°.
(ii) Construct the locus of points which are
equidistant from B and C and always
2 cm from point A.
(iii) How many such points exist which
satisfy both the loci?
16. Construct a triangle ABC, with AB = 6 cm, BC
= 7 cm and ∠ABC = 60°. Locate by construction
the point P such that
(i) P is at a distance of 2 cm from BC
(ii) P is at a distance of 3 cm from C
How many such points exist which satisfy
both the loci?

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. Construct a triangle ABC, with AB = 5 cm, BC = 7.5 cm and AC = 6 cm. Construct a circle on diameter
BC. Locate point P on the circle which is equidistant from AB and BC. Measure ∠BPC.
2. Construct a triangle ABC, with AB = 4 cm, BC = 6.5 cm and AC = 5 cm. Construct a perpendicular
to BC at B. Locate a point P on this perpendicular which is equidistant from A and B. With P as
centre and radius = PA, draw a circle. Is BC a tangent to the circle at B?
3. Construct DABC where AB = 4 cm, BC = 6 cm and AC = 8.5 cm. Through A, draw a line parallel to
BC. On this line locate a point P which is equidistant from B and C. What type of triangle is PBC?
4. Construct DABC, in which AB = 5.5 cm, BC = 3.2 cm and CA = 4.8 cm. Draw the locus of points
which are
(i) 2.5 cm from B. (ii) equidistant from the sides BC and CA.
(iii) Mark the point of intersection of the loci with the letter P.
5. Construct a parallelogram ABCD in which AB = 5 cm, the diagonal AC = 5.6 cm and the diagonal
BD = 7 cm. Locate the point P on DC, which is equidistant from AB and BC.
6. Construct DABP such that AB = 5 cm, BP = 3.5 cm, ∠ABP = 60°. Complete rhombus ABCD such that P
is equidistant from AB and BC. Locate a point Q on the line BP such Q is equidistant from C and  D.
7. Plot A(3, –2), B(2, 1) and C(10, 3) on graph.
(i) Construct the locus of points at a distance of 5 cm from A.
(ii) Construct the locus of points equidistant from B and C.
(iii) Locate a point P such that PB = PC and P is at a distance of 5 cm from A.
(iv) Write the co-ordinates of P.
8. Construct rhombus ABCD with sides of length 4 cm and with diagonal AC of length 5 cm. Measure
∠ABC. Find the point R on AD such that RB = RC. Measure the length of AR.
9. Construct DABC, given BC = 4 cm, ∠B = 75° and AB = 6 cm. Find the point P such that PB = PC and
P is equidistant from the sides BC and BA. Measure PB. [2014]
10. Construct a triangle ABC in which AB = 4 cm, BC = 5 cm and ∠ABC = 120°.
(i) Locate the point P such that ∠BAP = 90° and P is equidistant from B and C.
(ii) Measure the length of BP.

Locus 215
 BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
1. Ruler and compasses only may be used in this
question. All construction lines and arcs must be
clearly shown, and be of sufficient length and
clarity to permit assessment.
(i) Construct triangle ABC, in which BC = 8 cm,
AB = 5 cm, angle ABC = 60°;
(ii) Construct the locus of points inside the triangle
which are equidistant from BA and BC;
(iii) Construct the locus of points inside the
triangle which are equidistant from B and C;
(iv) Mark as P, the point which is equidistant
from AB, BC and also equidistant from B
and C;
(v) Measure and record length of PB. [1997]
2. Use graph paper for this question. Take 2 cm =
1 unit on both axes.
(i) Plot the points A(1, 1), B(5, 3) and C(2, 7);
(ii) Construct the locus of points equidistant
from A and B;
(iii) Construct the locus of points equidistant
from AB and AC;
(iv) Locate the point P such that PA = PB and P
is equidistant from AB and AC;
(v) Measure and record the length PA in cm.
 [1999]
3. Construct triangle ABC, with AB = 7 cm, BC =
8 cm and ∠ABC = 60°. Locate by construction the
point P such that:
POINTS AT A GLANCE
 LOCUS
 Given A and B are two points:
1. Locus of P equidistant from A and B = ^ bisector of AB
Locus
A B
Figure for (1) Figure for (2)
2. (i) ∠APB = 90°, then Locus of P = a circle on diameter AB because angle in a semicircle is 90°.
(ii) AB2 = AP2 + BP2 ⇒ AB is hypotenuse \ ∠APB = 90° \ Locus = circle
216 ICSE Mathematics—X
(i) P is equidistant from B, C and
(ii) P is equidistant from AB and BC.
(iii) Measure and record the length of PB.
 [2000]
4. Using ruler and compasses construct
(i) a triangle ABC in which AB = 5.5 cm, BC =
3.4 cm and CA = 4.9 cm.
(ii) the locus of points equidistant from A and C.
 [2009]
5. Use ruler and compasses only for this question.
(i) Construct DABC, where AB = 3.5 cm, BC =
6 cm and ∠ABC = 60°.
(ii) Construct the locus of points inside the triangle
which are equidistant from BA and BC.
(iii) Construct the locus of points inside the triangle
which are equidistant from B and C.
(iv) Mark the point P which is equidistant from
AB, BC and also equidistant from B and C.
Measure and record the length of PB. [2010]
6. Construct a triangle ABC with AB = 5.5 cm,
AC = 6 cm and ∠BAC = 105°. Hence:
(i) Construct the locus of points equidistant from
BA and BC.
(ii) Construct the locus of points equidistant from
B and C.
(iii) Mark the point which satisfies the above two
loci as P. Measure and write the length of PC.
 [2015]
P
A B
Locus
 3. (i) Locus of P equidistant from two given lines AB and CD = angular bisectors
A D

A
Locus
s
cu
Lo

Locus
C B
B C
Figure for 3(i) Figure for 3(ii)
(ii) Equidistant from AB and BC, draw bisector of ∠ABC.
4. If DABC is given, to get locus of P where area of DPBC = area of DABC. Through A, draw a line
parallel to BC. A D
A
Locus

B C B C

Locus
Figure for (4) Figure for (5)
5. To get D if ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, draw a circumcircle through A, B, C by drawing
perpendicular bisectors (of any 2 sides) AB and BC and then locate D on the circle.
6. Locus of a point P(in a plane) at a fixed length from a given point O is a circle with centre O and
radius = fixed length OP.
P A

O
B C

Figure for (6) Figure for (7)
7. Locus of P equidistant from 3 non-collinear points A, B and C is circumcentre of DABC.
8. Locus of P equidistant from 3 lines AB, BC, AC is the incentre of DABC.
A

Locus
I
A B

B C Locus

Figure for (8) Figure for (9)

9. Locus of P at a distance of 2 cm from AB is a pair of lines parallel to AB on either side at 2 cm
distance.
10. When a circle of radius r has to pass through 2 given points A and B, to locate centre O; (i) From
A and B draw 2 arcs with the given radius to get O. Or, (ii) Draw the perpendicular bisector of AB
and cut off an arc AO = r to get O on this perpendicular.

Locus 217
 CIRCLES
15
CIRCLE Q

A circle is a closed figure obtained by joining

all the points in a plane which are equidistant
from a fixed point in the same plane. The fixed
point is called the centre and the line segment
joining any point on the circle to the centre is
called the radius.
The length of the boundary of the circle is
called the circumference.
Terms of a Circle
1. Chord: A line segment joining any two
points on the circle is called a chord. A
chord passing through the centre is called
a diameter.
C
A B
P
Fig. 15.2
3. Segment: A chord of a circle divides the
circle into two parts which are called
segments. The area of the region enclosed
by an arc and a chord is called a segment.
The minor and major segments are called
alternate segments of each other.
Major Segment
A B
Minor Segment

ter Fig. 15.3

me
dia rad
ius 4. Sector: The plane region enclosed by two
A
chord
B radii and an arc is called a sector of the
circle.
Fig. 15.1

2. Arc: A part of the circumference of a circle O

is called an arc. It is the curve between

Sector B
any two points on the circle.
A
In Fig. 15.2, APB is a minor arc and AQB Fig. 15.4
is the major arc. Arc APB is denoted by

A Quadrant is one-fourth of the circular
APB. region.
 5. Secant: A line which intersects a circle in common tangent if it lies on the same side
two points is called a secant of the circle. of both the circles.
A
In the figure, line PQ is a secant of the B
circle.
Secant
P Q D
C
Fig. 15.8
In the figure, AB and CD are direct
common tangents.
9.
Transverse Common Tangents: A
Fig. 15.5 common tangent to two circles is called
6. Tangent: A line which meets a circle at a transverse common tangent if the circles
only one point is called a tangent. In lie on its opposite sides.
A
the figure, ATB is a tangent to the circle D
touching the circle at T.
T
B
A B C
Fig. 15.9
In the figure, AB and CD are transverse
common tangents.
10. Congruent Circles: Two circles of equal
radii are called congruent circles.
Fig. 15.6 11. Concentric Circles: Circles with the
7. Touching Circles: Two circles are said to same centre but different radii are called
touch each other if they have only one concentric circles.
common point.
Two circles touch externally (Fig. 15.7 (i))
or internally (Fig. 15.7 (ii)) at the common
point P, which is called the point of contact
Fig. 15.10
and the line joining the two centres is called
12. Cyclic Quadrilateral: If all four vertices
the line of centres. A line touching the two
of a quadrilateral lie on a circle, then the
circles is called a common tangent. quadrilateral is called a cyclic quadrilateral
T T
and the four vertices are called concyclic
points.
P A
A B A B
P

(i) (ii)

Fig. 15.7 B D

8. Direct Common Tangents: A tangent C

common to two circles is called a direct Fig. 15.11

Circles 219
 13. Circumscribed Circle: A circle that passes inscribed circle or incircle. Its centre is
through all the vertices of a polygon is called the incentre.
called a circumscribed circle. Its centre
is called the circumcentre.
I
I I
I

O O O

Fig. 15.12
I
14. Inscribed Circle: A circle that touches I

all the sides of a polygon is called an

Fig. 15.13

ANGLE PROPERTIES P

Theorem 1: The angle that an arc of a circle subtends at the centre is

double the angle which it subtends at any point on the remaining part
of the circle. O

Given: AB is an arc of a circle with centre O. P is any point on the remaining

part of the circle. Arc AB makes ∠AOB at the centre and ∠APB at the A B
Q
circumference.
Fig. 15.14
To Prove: ∠AOB = 2∠APB.
Construction: Join PO and extend it to a point Q.
Proof: Statement Reason
∠OAP = ∠OPA OA = OP (Radii)
∠OBP = ∠OPB OB = OP (Radii)
Exterior ∠AOQ = ∠OAP + ∠OPA Ext. ∠ = sum of interior opp. ∠s
= 2∠OPA
Exterior ∠BOQ = ∠OPB + ∠OBP Same as above
= 2∠OPB
\ ∠AOQ + ∠BOQ = 2∠OPA + 2∠OPB Adding the above two
i.e., ∠AOB = 2∠APB ∠AOQ + ∠BOQ = ∠AOB and ∠OPA + ∠OPB = ∠APB
Other diagrams for the above theorem are shown below:
P
x
O 2x
P O
O
x
2x 2x
A B
x
A B A B
P
Fig. 15.15

Note: In the third figure, ∠APB is an obtuse angle. 2∠APB = ∠AOB is a reflex angle.

220 ICSE Mathematics—X

Theorem 2: Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
Given: ∠APB and ∠AQB are in the same segment of the circle with P Q
centre O. O

To Prove: ∠APB = ∠AQB

A B
Construction: Join OA and OB.
Fig. 15.16
Proof: Statement Reason
1. ∠AOB = 2∠APB Angle at the centre = Double P

the angle at any point on the

remaining part of the circle. A B
O

2. ∠AOB = 2∠AQB Same reason as above

3. \ ∠APB = ∠AQB From (1) and (2)
Fig. 15.17
Theorem 3: Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
Given: AB is a diameter of a circle with centre O. P is any point on the circumference.
To Prove: ∠APB = 90°
Proof: Statement Reason
∠AOB = 2∠APB Angle at the centre = 2 × angle at the circumference
180° = 2∠APB ∠AOB = 180°, a straight angle
\ ∠APB = 90° Dividing both sides by 2 P

Converse of Theorem: If an arc of a circle subtends a right angle at any

point on the remaining part of the circle, then the arc is a semicircle.
A B
Given: A circle with centre O and arc AQB subtends ∠APB on the O
remaining part of the circle such that ∠APB = 90°.
To Prove: Arc AQB is a semicircle.
Q
Construction: Join OA and OB. Fig. 15.18
Proof: Statement Reason
1. ∠APB = 90° Given
2. ∠AOB = 2∠APB Angle at centre = Double the angle at any point on the
remaining part of the circle
3. ∠AOB = 2 × 90° = 180° From (1) and (2)
⇒ AOB is a straight line.
\ Arc AQB is a semicircle.

Circles 221
Theorem 4: Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. D

Given: ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

To Prove: ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180° O

∠BAD + ∠BCD = 180°

Construction: Join OA and OC. A C

B
Proof: Statement
Reason Fig. 15.19

1. ∠AOC = 2∠ADC        Angle at the centre

       = 2 × angle at the circumference
2. Reflex ∠AOC = 2∠ABC       Same as above
3. \ 2∠ADC + 2∠ABC = ∠AOC + reflex ∠AOC  Adding (1) and (2)
4. 2(∠ADC + ∠ABC) = 360°        The sum of angles at a point is 360°
5. \ ∠ADC + ∠ABC = 180°        Dividing by 2
6. ∠ABC + ∠BCD + ∠ADC + ∠DAB = 360°   The sum of angles of a quadrilateral is 360°
7. \ ∠BCD + ∠DAB = 180°        Subtracting (5) A
from (6)

B D
Converse of Theorem: (Without Proof)
If a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, then
the quadrilateral is cyclic. C
Fig. 15.20
If ∠A + ∠C = 180° or ∠B + ∠D = 180°, then ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Theorem 5: The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to

the opposite interior angle.

Given: ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral and BC is produced to a point E.

To Prove: Exterior ∠DCE = Opposite interior ∠DAB. Fig. 15.21

Proof: Statement Reason

1. ∠DAB + ∠DCB = 180° Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral
2. ∠DCB + ∠DCE = 180° BCE is a straight line
3. ∠DAB + ∠DCB = ∠DCB + ∠DCE From (1) and (2)
4. \ ∠DAB = ∠DCE Subtracting ∠DCB from both sides of (3)

222 ICSE Mathematics—X

Example 1: ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral In DADB,
and diagonal AC bisects ∠BAD and ∠BCD. ∠ADB = 90° (Angle in a semicircle)
Prove that AC is a diameter. \ ∠DAB = 90° – 34° = 56°
Solution:  (Sum of the ∠s of a D is 180°)
\ ∠BCD = 180° – ∠DAB = 180° – 56° = 124°
A D
x
x  (Opposite ∠s of cyclic quadrilateral)
\ ∠DBC = 180° – (124° + 34°)
y  (Sum of the ∠s of a D is 180°)
y
C
= 180° – 158° = 22°
B
Example 3: In the given circle, O is the centre,
∠PQR = 49° and ∠QRS = 21°. Find ∠OPS.
∠BAC = ∠DAC = x(say) AC bisects ∠BAD
∠BCA = ∠DCA = y AC bisects ∠BCD P
Q
49°
2x + 2y = 180°
 Opposite ∠s of cyclic quadrilateral O S

\ x + y = 90° Dividing by 2 21°

∠ABC = 180° – (x + y) R

 (Sum of the ∠s of a D is 180°)

= 180° – 90° = 90° Solution:
1. ∠QPS = ∠QRS = 21°
⇒ AC is a diameter.
 (Angles in the same segment)
 (AC subtends 90° at the circumference)
2. ∠OPQ = ∠OQP = 49°
Example 2: AB is a diameter of a circle with
centre O. DC y AB, ∠BOC = 68°. Find the  (OP = OQ, radii)
angles of triangle BCD. 3. \ ∠OPS = ∠OPQ – ∠QPS
D C
 (From (2) and (3))
= 49° – 21° = 28°
68°
A B
O Example 4: O is the centre of the circle and
chord CD ⊥ diameter AB. ∠CAB = 25°. Find
∠BCD.
Solution:
C
1 68°
∠BDC = ∠BOC = = 34°
2 2
25°
A B
(Angle at the centre = 2 ∠ at the circumference) O P

∠DBA = ∠BDC = 34°

D
 (Alternate ∠s of || lines)

Circles 223
Solution: Example 6: Arc CD subtends 56° at the
∠ACB = 90° centre O in the circle. AD and BC are
 (Angle in a semicircle is 90°) extended to meet at E. Find ∠DBC and ∠E.
D
\ ∠ABC = 90° – 25° = 65° A E
 (Sum of the acute ∠s of a right D)
In DBPC, 56°
C
O
∠BPC = 90° (CD ⊥ AB)
∠PBC = 65° (Found above)
B
\ ∠PCB = 90° – 65° = 25°
 (Sum of the acute ∠s of a right D) Solution:
∠DCB = ∠PCB = 25° (Same angle) 1
∠DBC = ∠DOC = 28°
2
Example 5: B is a point on the minor arc AC  (Angle at the centre =
of a circle with centre O.
 2 × ∠at the circumference)
(i) Given ∠ABC = p, ∠AOC = q, express
∠ADB = 90° (Angle in a semicircle)
q in terms of p.
\ ∠BDE = 90° (Linear pair)
(ii) Calculate p if OABC is a parallelogram.
\ ∠E = 90° – 28° = 62°
(The sum of 2 acute ∠s in right D is 90°.)

O
Example 7: In the given figure, ∠PQR = 85°
A
q and ∠QRP = 60°. Find ∠SQR + ∠SRQ.
P
p
C B

Solution:
(i) reflex ∠AOC = 2∠ABC = 2p 85°
Q S
(Angle at the centre = 2 × angle at the 60°
circumference)
R

∠AOC + reflex ∠AOC = 360°
Solution:
(Sum of the angles at a point)
Let ∠PRS = x°.
q + 2p = 360° . . . (i)
\ ∠PQS = x° (∠PRS = ∠PQS, ∠s in
q = 360° – 2p  the same segment)
(ii) p = q (opp. ∠s of a ||gm are equal) and ∠SQR = 85° – x°
\ p + 2p = 360°  [Substituting for p in (i)]  (∠SQR = ∠PQR – ∠PQS)
\ ∠SQR + ∠SRQ
3p = 360°
= (85° − x° ) + (60° + x° ) = 145°
p = 120°
Note: Here measure of angle x cannot be found.

224 ICSE Mathematics—X

Example 8: In the given circle ∠ADC = 78°, 1
∠ACD = 40° and ∠BAC = 28°. Find ∠BDE = reflex ∠BCE
2
(i) ∠ABC (ii) ∠DAC 1
= (360° – 2x°) = 180° – x°
(iii) Hence, prove that DB is a diameter. 2
A B ∠BDE + ∠DBF = (180° – x°) + x° = 180°
28°
But these are co-interior ∠s of DE and BF.
\ DE y BF.
78° 40°
D C Example 10: O is the centre of the given
circle. OPQR is a parallelogram and QR is
produced to intersect the circle at S. Prove
Solution: that ∠PQR = 2 ∠OPS.
(i) ∠ABC = 180° – ∠ADC(Opp. ∠s of cyclic
 quadrilateral)
= 180° – 78° = 102°
P
(ii) ∠DAC = 180° – (78° + 40°) O

= 180° – 118°
= 62° S R Q
(iii) Now, ∠DAB = ∠DAC + ∠BAC Solution:
= 62° + 28° = 90°
1. ∠POR = 2 ∠PSR (∠ at the centre =
\ DB is a diameter (DB subtends 90° angle at  2 × ∠at the circumference)
the circumference) 2. ∠POR = ∠PQR (Opp. ∠s of a ygm)

Example 9: In DABC, BF bisects ∠ABC and 3. ∠PSR = ∠OPS (Alternate ∠s of y lines)

AB = AC. With C as centre, a circle is drawn 4. ∠PQR = 2 ∠OPS (From 1, 2 and 3)
intersecting AB at D and AC at E. Prove that
DE y BF. Example 11: In the circle with centre O, PQ
Solution: and RS are diameters. M and N are points
on the arcs QR and QS respectively and
Let ∠ABF = ∠FBC = x° (BF bisects ∠ABC)
RX = SY.
\ ∠ABC = ∠ACB = 2x° (AB = AC) P

E
D X O Y
R S

F
x M N
x
B
C
Q

(i) Prove that PXQY is a parallelogram.

reflex ∠ACB = 360° – 2x° (ii) DMXQ ~ DNYQ.

Circles 225
Solution: Example 12: In the semicircle drawn on
diameter XY, O is the centre. A, B and C are
(i) PO = OQ (Radii)
points on the semicircle. OD bisects ∠AOB.
RO = OS (Radii) Prove that ODBC is cyclic.
RO – RX = OS – YS (RX = YS, given) B
XO = OY D
A C
\ PXQY is a parallelogram. The diagonals PQ
and XY bisect each other.
(ii) ∠M = ∠N = 90°(Angles in a semicircle) X
O
Y

∠PXQ = ∠PYQ (Opposite ∠s of

Solution:
 parallelogram are equal)
∠AOD = ∠BOD = x
Ext. ∠MXQ = Ext. ∠NYQ
\ ∆MXQ ~ DNYQ (AA similarity test)  (Given, OD bisects ∠AOB)
Riders on Cyclic Quadrilaterals ∠AOB = 2 ∠ACB
Note: To prove that ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, (∠ at the centre = 2 × ∠ at the circumference)
(i) Prove that opposite angles are supplementary. and ∠AOB = 2 ∠DOB
(ii) Angles made by the same chord are equal.
\ ∠DOB = ∠ACB (∠DCB = ∠ACB)
e.g., ∠BAC = ∠BDC made by chord BC.
(iii) Exterior ∠ = Interior opposite angle in the
But these are made by DB at O and C.
quadrilateral \ DBCO is a cyclic quadrilateral because the
above angles will be angles made in the same
segment by BD.
Example 13: ABCDEF is any hexagon inscribed in a circle. Find the measure of ∠A + ∠C + ∠E.
Solution:
Construction: Join BE.
Proof: Statement Reason
1. ∠A + ∠FEB = 180° Opp. ∠s of cyclic quad. ABEF
2. ∠C + ∠DEB = 180° Opp. ∠s of cyclic quad. BCDE
3. ∠A + ∠C + ∠FEB + ∠DEB = 360° Adding (1) and (2)

4. ∠A + ∠C + ∠E = 360° ∠FEB + ∠DEB = ∠E

A

B F

C E

226 ICSE Mathematics—X

Example 14: Calculate the measures of ⇒ a + 2b + c = 180°
a b c
angles marked a, b and c if = = . 2k + 2(3k) + 4k = 180°
2 3 4
12k = 180°
S k = 15°
R \ a = 30°, b = 45°, c = 60°.
c N

Q
Example 15: ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral
P
b and DA bisects ∠BDE. Prove that AB = AC.
Solution:
a
D E
Join AC. C
Solution: M

a b c
Let = = = k.
2 3 4 B A

\ a = 2k, b = 3k and c = 4k
In DMPQ,
1. ∠BDA = ∠BCA
1. Ext. ∠SPQ = a + b
 (∠s in the same segment)
 (Ext. ∠ = Sum of int. opp. ∠s)
2. ∠PQM = b = ∠RQN(Vertically opp. ∠s) 2. ∠BDA = ∠ADE (DA bisects ∠BDE)
In DQRN, 3. ∠ADE = ∠ABC (Ext. ∠ of cyclic quad.
3. Ext. ∠SRQ = b + c  = Int. opp. ∠s)
 (Ext. ∠ = Sum of int. opp. ∠s) In DABC,
4. ∠SPQ + ∠SRQ = 180° ∠ABC = ∠ACB [from (1), (2) and (3)]
 (Opp. ∠s of cyclic quadrilateral)
\ AB = AC (Equal ∠s have equal
5. (a + b) + (b + c) = 180° (From (1) and (3))

 sides opposite to them)

Example 16: In DABC, P, Q and R are midpoints of sides AB, BC and AC respectively.
AD ^ BC. Prove that PDQR is a cyclic quadrilateral.
A

R
P

Solution: B D Q C

Construction: Join PD. A

Proof: Statement Reason

P R
1. PBQR is a ygm PB y QR, PR y BQ
From midpoint theorem B
D Q
C

2. ∠PBQ = ∠PRQ Opp. ∠s of a ygm

Circles 227
3. ∠ADB = 90°   Given
4. AP = PB P is the midpoint of AB
5. If with centre P a semicircle is drawn, it Angle in a semicircle is 90°
 will pass through D.
6. PA = PB = PD Radii
7. ∠PBD = ∠PDB DPBD is isosceles
8. ∠PDB = ∠PRQ from (2) and (7)
9. But ∠PDB is the exterior angle and ∠PRQ is its interior opposite angle in quad. PDQR.
\ PDQR is cyclic.
Solution:
Example 17: Two circles intersect at M and 1. ∠ALM = ∠BNM Ext. ∠ of cyclic quad.
N. The sides AB and AC of DABC intersect
 = Int. opp. ∠
the circles at L and K. Prove that ALMK is
2. ∠AKM = ∠CNM Same as above
cyclic.
3. ∠ALM + ∠AKM = ∠BNM + ∠CNM
A
 Adding (1) and (2)
4. ∠BNM + ∠CNM = 180° Linear pair
K
L M 5. \ ∠ALM + ∠AKM = 180°
 [From (3) and (4)]
These are opposite ∠s of ALMK and are
B C
supplementary.
N
\ ALMK is a cyclic quadrilateral.

EXERCISE 15A
Note: In the given figures, O is the centre of the circles.
1. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ∠BAO = 20° and ∠BCO = 15°. Find ∠AOC and ∠ADC.
B

20° 15°

A C

D
2. Find the angle x in the following figures.
(i) ∠PQR = 28° (ii) ∠ABC = 35° (iii) ∠ABC = 110°
B

O O
Q O
x x x
C
A

P A
R C B

228 ICSE Mathematics—X

 3. If ∠POR = 80°, find ∠PSR and ∠PQR. 8. In the circle with centre C

P O, ∠ADB = 20°. Find

D
∠BAC.
O

20°
°
80
O Q

R 9. ABCD is a cyclic A
B
quadrilateral in the
S D
circle with centre
4. If ∠DAB = 52°, ∠CBD = 28°, find ∠ABD, ∠BCD O. ∠ADC = 50° and 50°
and ∠BDC. ∠AOB = 68°. Find
D
C ∠ACB, ∠ABO and O

∠BOC. 68° C
28

A
°

52°
A B
O
B
10. In t h e g i ve n ci r cl e ,
diameter AC || chord ED. B

43°
5. Find the perimeter of cyclic quadrilateral PQRS If ∠EBC = 43°,
if PQ = 20 cm, QR = 15 cm and RS = 7 cm. find ∠DEC.
A C
Q

E D
O
P R
11. In the given circle, diameter AB || chord DC
and ∠ABC = 52°. Find ∠BAC and ∠AED.
S
D
E
6. A triangle ABC is inscribed in the circle, ∠ABC
A
= 65° and AB = AC. Find ∠BDC.
A
C
O
52°

D O B

12. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. ∠ABC = 70°,

65° C ∠ACB = 50° and ∠CAD = 30°.
B (i) Find ∠ADC and ∠BAC.
7. ABC is an equilateral triangle inscribed in
(ii) Prove that BD is a diameter.
the circle. P and Q are two points on the
A A
circumference.
30° D
Find ∠BPC and ∠BQC. P

70°
B 50°
B C
C

Circles 229
 13. In the circle with centre O, ∠AOB = 70° and 17. PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral with PQ = PS and
∠BEC = 50°. Find ∠AEB, ∠D and∠DAE. QR = QS. If ∠QRS = 70°, find the angles marked
B
a, x and y.
A

Q P
70° x a
O y

C
50° S
E 70°
D
R
14. In the given circle with centre O, ∠POQ = 60°
and ∠QSR = 70°. Find ∠OQR.
18. In the given circle, chord QN is perpendicular
to chord MP and ∠MNQ = 20°. Find ∠NQP.
P
N
60
° O
S
70°

°
20
Q

15. (i) ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. Diameter M

x
P
AB is parallel to DC and ∠ADC = 105°.
Q
Find ∠ABC and ∠ACD.
19. ABCD is a parallelogram. EF is a chord such
105°
that ∠BEF = 78°. Find ∠ABC.

A
A E B
78°

(ii) In the circle with centre O, ∠AOC = D

F C
144°. If AB = AD, find ∠ADB.

O
20. PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral in the circle
A
with centre O. ∠PQS = 48°, ∠SQR = 40° and
144°
PS || QR. Find ∠SRQ and ∠OSR.
C D
B P Q
16. O is the centre of the semicircle. ABCDE is a 48°

pentagon. Find ∠AED + ∠DCB.   [1999] 40°

D O
E
C
S

A B R
O

230 ICSE Mathematics—X

 21. PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. PQ and SR are 25. In the given circle, O is the centre. Chord
extended to a point M, and RQ and SP PQ is extended to meet SO extended at R.
extended meet at point N. If ∠MQR = a,
∠PRS = 20° and QR = OS. Find ∠POS.
a b c
∠M= b, ∠N = c and = = , find the values R
2 3 5
Q 20°
of a, b and c.
N
P
c P

Q O
a
S S

R
b 26. Two circles intersect at points P and Q. ∠ABD
M
= 78°. Find ∠CAP, hence prove that AC || BD.
22. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral in the circle
B
with centre O. OD || BC, ∠DAB = 55°. Find
(i) ∠BCD     (ii) ∠BOD P 78°

(iii) ∠OBD (iv) ∠BDC A

A
C
55°
O Q
D

27. In the given circle with centre O, points A,

D B
B and C lie on the circumference such that
C
23. Arc RS subtends 42° angle at the centre O in ∠ABO = 55°. Find ∠AOB and ∠ACB.
the given figure. PR and QS extended meet B
at a point T. Find ∠RQS and ∠RTQ. A 55° C

P R T

O
42°
O S

Q
28. O is the centre of the circle, AB = 20 cm,
24. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral in the circle AC = 12 cm. If CM = MB, calculate the length
with centre O. AB || DC and ∠CAB = 25°. Find of OM and BM.
∠COB, ∠ADC, ∠DAC and ∠DOC.
C
D C
M

A 25° A B
B
O O

Circles 231
 29. O is the centre of the smaller circle. The two 33. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral inscribed in
circles are intersecting at A and B. ADC is a a semicircle. ∠DAB = 70°. Find ∠BCD and
∠ABD.
straight line and ∠AOB = 140°. Find ∠ADB, C
D
∠C and ∠DBC.
A 70°
A B

34. O is the centre of a circle in which PQRS is a

O 140°
D cyclic quadrilateral. ∠QOR = 110° and ∠ORS
= 58°. Calculate ∠QSR, ∠ORQ and ∠QPS.
B R
S
C 58°

30. Side CB of cyclic quadrilateral BCDE is

110°
extended to a point A. ∠ABE = 110°, ∠BCE = 35° O

and ∠CED = 25°. Find ∠DCE and ∠CMD.

P Q

C 35. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral in the circle

35° B with centre O. ∠ABC = 55° and ∠DAC = 28°.
A
M Find ∠ACB, ∠ADC and ∠P.
110°
D A
25°
28° D
E
P
55°
31. In the circle with centre O, ABCD is a B O
C

parallelogram. ∠BCD = 56°. Find ∠BED,

∠AOD and ∠ABD.
36. PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. PS and QR are
D E C extended to meet at point T. Find x and y if
56°
∠P = 4x, ∠SRQ = 6x, ∠RST = 2x and ∠T = y.

A P
O B 4x S
2x
y T

6x
R
32. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. AB and DC are
Q
produced to meet at E, BC = BE. ∠CBE = 80°, 37. O is the centre of the circle. AB || DC, ∠ABD
∠DBC = 28°. Find ∠BDC, ∠DAC and ∠BAC. = 26°. Find ∠DAB and ∠DEC.
A D C

B
80° E 26°
A B
°
28

D E

232 ICSE Mathematics—X

 38. O is the centre of the circle. ∠POQ = 80°. Find 42. In the figure, ∠DBC = 37°. BD is a diameter
(i) ∠PBQ and of the circle, calculate:
(ii) ∠BAC. (i) ∠BDC   (ii) ∠BEC (iii) ∠BAC
A
A
D
P Q

80°
37°
B O C B C

39. AB is a diameter of the given circle. E

∠AEC = 40°, ∠BCE = 22°. Find ∠ABD and 43. In the circle with centre O, chord PQ is parallel
∠BDE. to radius OA. If ∠OAR = 24°, find ∠QOA and
∠QRA.
B P Q
D

O A
E
40° 22°

A
C
44. Two circles with centres O and P intersect at
40. AB is a diameter of the semicircle. Chord DC B and D. ABC is a straight line. Prove that
is parallel to AB. ∠PCB = 64°. Find the angles ∠AOD = ∠DPC.
C
marked x and y.
B

D C A
y P
64° O P

x D
A B

41. In the cyclic quadrilateral PQRS, PQ = PS, QR 45. PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. PA and RB
= QS, ∠QRS = 70°. Find the angles marked a, bisect ∠SPQ and ∠SRQ respectively. Prove
that AB is a diameter.
x and y.
[Hint: Prove that ∠APB = 90°.]
P
A
a R

x S
Q
y S

Q
70°
P
R
B

Circles 233
TANGENT PROPERTIES
Theorem 6: The tangent at any point of a circle and the radius through
O
the point are perpendicular to each other.
Given: On the circle with centre O, AB is a tangent at a point T. Q
A B
T P
To Prove: OT ⊥ AB.
Fig. 15.22
Construction: If OT is not perpendicular to AB, then draw OP ⊥ AB. Let
OP cut the circle at Q.
Proof: Statement Reason
∠OPT = 90° By construction
∠OTP < 90° A right triangle has only one right angle and 2 acute ∠s
\ ∠OTP < ∠OPT ∠OTP is acute and ∠OPT = 90°
\ OP < OT Greater angle has greater side opposite to it
OP < OQ Radii, OT = OQ
But this is not possible because OQ is a part of OP.
\ OT ⊥ AB.

Remarks:

1. One and only one tangent can be drawn to a circle at a point on the circumference O
of the circle.
A B
T
A
2. Only two tangents can be drawn to a circle from a given point outside the circle.
O
3. From a point inside a circle no tangent can be drawn to the circle. T
B

4. If two circles of radii R and r touch each other, the distance ‘d’ between their centres
A B
will be
P
d = R + r if they touch externally

d = R – r if they touch internally B

A P
In the figures, A and B are centres of the circles and P is their point of contact.

AP = R and BP = r.
M
A B

5. If tangents AB and CD are parallel and touch the circle at M and N, then MN is the
diameter of the circle. C
N
D

234 ICSE Mathematics—X

Theorem 7: If two circles touch each other, the point of contact lies on the straight line
joining their centres. A A

C O T
O T C

(i) (ii)
Fig. 15.23

Given: Two circles with centres O and C touch at the point T externally in Fig. 15.23 (i) and
internally in Fig. 15.23 (ii).
To Prove: The point T lies on the line OC.
Construction: Join OT and CT. Draw a common tangent AT to the two circles.
Proof: Statement Reason
∠OTA = 90° Radius OT ⊥ tangent AT
∠CTA = 90° Radius CT ⊥ tangent AT
In Fig. 15.23 (i), ∠OTA + ∠CTA = 180° Each equals 90°
\ OTC is a straight line. Sum of 2 adjacent ∠s is 180°
In Fig. 15.23 (ii), ∠OTA = ∠CTA = 90°
\ OT and CT lie on the same line. Only one perpendicular can be drawn at a point on a line.
⇒ T lies on the line of centres OC.

Theorem 8: The two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal in length.
Given: TA and TB are two tangents drawn from an external point T to the circle with centre O.
To Prove: TA = TB.
Construction: Join OA, OB and OT.
Proof: Statement
Reason A

In DOAT and DOBT,

OA = OB Radii O T

∠OAT = ∠OBT = 90° Radius ⊥ tangent

OT = OT Common B

\ DOAT  DOBT RHS congruence rule

\ TA = TB Corresponding sides of congruent Ds are equal
Corollaries:
1. The tangents subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle.
i.e., ∠AOT = ∠BOT
2. The tangents are equally inclined to the line joining the point to the centre of the circle.
i.e., ∠ATO = ∠BTO

Circles 235
Example 18: A circle is inscribed in DABC. Solution:
If AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and AC = 7 cm, find
Let the radius of the circle with centre A be x cm.
the length of BP.
A

B C
P Now, AC = 9 cm.
Solution: \ Radius of the circle with centre C = 9 – x
AB = 5 cm
Let Q and R be the points of contact of circle
\ Radius of the circle with centre B = 5 – x
with sides AB and AC respectively.
BC = (5 – x) + (9 – x) = 8
14 – 2x = 8
\ x = 3
\ Radii of the circles are x = 3 cm
9 – x = 6 cm
and 5 – x = 2 cm

Example 20: In the circle, O is the centre and

BT is a tangent to the circle at B. If ∠BOC = 6x
Let BP = x. and ∠BTC = 2x. Find the measure of ∠BAC.
A
BQ = BP = x
 (Tangents from B to the circle)
PC = BC – BP = 6 – x O
PC = RC = 6 – x 6x
C
 (Tangents from C to the circle)
2x
Also, AQ = 5 – x = AR T B
 (Tangents from A to the circle) Solution:
AR + RC = AC ∠BOC = 2 ∠BAC
(5 – x) + (6 – x) = 7  (∠ at the centre = 2 ∠ at the circumference)
11 – 2x = 7 \ ∠BAC = 3x
2x = 4 ∠ABT = 90°
x = 2  (Radius OB ⊥ tangent BT)
\ BP = 2 cm \ 3x + 2x + 90° = 180°
Example 19: Three circles with centres A, B  Sum of the ∠s of a D is 180°
and C touch each other externally. In triangle \ 5x = 90°
ABC, AB = 5 cm, BC = 8 cm and AC = 9 cm. x = 18°
Find the radius of each circle. \ ∠BAC = 3x = 54°
236 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 21: In the given figure, PQ = QR. 180° − 56° 124°
∠PQR = 56°. PT and QT are tangents to the (i) ∠QPR = ∠QRP = = = 62°
2 2
circle with centre O. Calculate the measures of
 (Sum of the ∠s of D is 180°)
P
(i) ∠POQ  ∠POQ = 2 ∠PRQ = 2 × 62° = 124°
(ii) ∠PTQ T (∠ at the centre = 2 × ∠ at the circumference)
O (ii) ∠OPT = ∠OQT = 90°(Radius ^ Tangent)
R
56° ∠OPT + ∠OQT + ∠POQ + ∠PTQ = 360°
Solution: Q
 (Sum of the ∠s of a quadrilateral)
Join PO and QO.
\ ∠PTQ = 180° – ∠POQ
∠QPR = ∠QRP (QP = QR) = 180° – 124° = 56°

Example 22: DABC is inscribed in a circle with ∠A = 50° and ∠B = 75°. DPQR is described
about the circle. Find the angles of DPQR.

50°

75°

Solution:
Let the centre be O.
Construction: Join OB and OC.
Proof: Statement Reason
∠BOC = 2 ∠BAC = 100° Angle at the centre = 2 × angle at the circumference
∠OBQ = ∠OCQ = 90° Radius OB ^ tangent BQ, OC ^ CQ
\ ∠Q = 360° – (90° + 90° + 100°) Sum of the ∠s of quadrilateral ABCD
= 80°
Similarly, ∠AOC = 2 ∠ABC = 150° Angle at the centre = 2 × angle at the circumference
\ ∠R = 360° – (90° + 90° + 150°)
= 30°
∠P = 180° – (80° + 30°) = 70° Sum of the ∠s of D is 180°.
T

Example 23: PQ is a diameter of the given circle.

S
U
TQ is a tangent at Q. Prove that URST is cyclic. R

P Q

Circles 237
Solution:

AP = AR, BP = BQ and CQ = CR
(Tangents from a point to the circle are equal)
AC = 52 + 12 2 = 13 cm
Fig. 15.24
Let the radius = x = OP = OQ
1. ∠PRQ = 90° (Angle in a semicircle) OPBQ is a square. [All ∠s are 90° and all
2. ∠QRU = 90° (Linear pair)  sides are equal]
Let ∠RPQ = x. \ BP = BQ = x
AP = AR = 5 – x
3. \ ∠RQP = 90° – x (Sum of the ∠s of a D)
CQ = CR = 12 – x
4. ∠TSR = ∠PQR = 90° – x (Exterior angle AR + RC = AC
 of cyclic quadrilateral = (5 – x) + (12 – x) = 13
17 – 2x = 13
 Interior opp. angle)
x = 2
5. ∠RQU = 90° – (90° – x) = x \ Radius = 2 cm.
 Radius OQ ^ Tangent TQ Method 2:
B
6. ∠RUQ = 90° – x (Sum of the ∠s of D)
7. \ ∠RUQ = 90° – x = ∠TSR P r
O
R
r
 [From (4) and (6)]
r
\ SRUT is cyclic. A
Q
C

 (Ext. ∠ of the quadrilateral = Int. opp. ∠) r = OP = OQ = OR

Area of DABC

Example 24: In DABC, AB = 5 cm, BC = 12 cm = Area DAOB + Area DBOC + Area DAOC
∠ABC = 90°. Find the radius of the incircle. 1 1 1
= (r × AB) + (r × BC) + (r × AC)
A 2 2 2
1
= r (AB + BC + AC)
5 cm 2
⇒ Area of DABC = r × semi-perimeter
B C
12 cm Area of ∆ABC
r =
Solution: Semi-perimeter
Method 1: 1
× 5 × 12
Let the circle touch the sides at P, Q and R. 2 60
= = = 2 cm
1 30
From centre O, draw OP ^ AB and OQ ^ BC. (5 + 12 + 13)
2
238 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 25: O is the centre of the incircle
1 110°
of quadrilateral ABCD and AB ^ BC. If PD ∠APB = ∠AOB = = 55°
2 2
= 36 cm, CD = 44 cm and BC = 15 cm, find
the radius of the circle. (∠ at the centre = 2 × ∠ at the circumference)
D
∠AQB = 180° – 55° = 125°
cm
36  (∠P + ∠Q = 180°, Opp. ∠s of cyclic
P
 quadrilateral)

m
A

44 c
S O TA = TB (Tangents from T to the
Q circle)
B 180° − 70°
R C ∠TAB = ∠TBA = = 55°
Solution: 15 cm 2
DP = DQ = 36 cm (Tangents from a  (Sum of the ∠s of a D is 180°)
 point to a circle are equal)
Example 27: In the circle, O is the centre
\ QC = 44 – 36 = 8 cm
and AB is a tangent to it at B. ∠BDC = 58°.
QC = RC = 8 cm (Tangents from C to Find ∠BAO.
 the circle)
B
\ BR = BC – RC = 15 – 8 = 7 cm
O
OS ^ AB 58°
D
OR ^ BC Radius ^ Tangent E C

BS = BR Tangents from B

A
OS = OR Radii
Solution:
\ OSBR is a square. (All sides are equal, all
∠OBD = 90° (Radius OB ^ Tangent BD
 ∠s are 90°)
∠C = 90° – 58° = 32° (Sum of the two
⇒ Radius = BR = 7 cm.
 acute ∠s of right DCBD is 90°)
∠BOE = 2 ∠BCE = 64° (∠ at the centre
Example 26: In the circle with centre O, AT
 = 2 × ∠ at the circumference)
and BT are tangents. If ∠T = 70°, find ∠AOB,
∠APB, ∠AQB and ∠TAB. ∠BAO = 90° – 64° = 26° (Sum of the two
A  acute ∠s of right DOBA is 90°)

Example 28: AD, AE and BC are tangents to

P O Q 70° T
the given circle at D, E and P respectively.
Find the perimeter of DABC if AD = 15 cm.
B
D
Solution:
B

∠OAT = 90° = ∠OBT(Radius ^ Tangent) P

A
\ ∠AOB = 360° – (90° + 90° + 70°) = 110°
C
 (Sum of the ∠s of quad. OATB is 360°) E

Circles 239
Solution: In DOAT,
Let BD = x AT2 = OT2 – OA2
\ BP = x (Tangents from B to the circle) = 85 – 22 = 81
and CE = y \ AT = 9 cm
\ CP = y (Tangents from C to the circle)
Example 30: Two circles touch internally at
AD = AE = 15 cm (Tangents from A)
A and AT is their common tangent. TB and
\ AB = 15 – x and AC = 15 – y.
TC are two tangents drawn from T to the
circles. Prove that TB = TC.

C
B

\ Perimeter of DABC A

= AB + BC + AC Solution:

= (15 – x) + (x + y) + (15 – y) = 30 cm 1. TA = TB (Tangents from T to the

 smaller circle)
Example 29: Two concentric circles with
2. TA = TC (Tangents from T to the
centre O are of radii 2 cm and 6 cm. From T,
 larger circle)
tangents TA and TB are drawn to the circles.
If TB = 7 cm, find TA. 3. \ TB = TC [From (1) and (2)]
B

Example 31: In the circle with centre O,

T
BQ and PQ are tangents. BQ is extended
O
to meet AP produced at C. Prove that
A
BQ = QC.
A
Solution:
Join OA, OB and OT. P
O
B
7
6 T
O B Q C
2
A Solution:
1. BQ = PQ (Tangents from Q to the
OA
^ AT circle)
and OB
^ BT (radius ^ tangent) 2. \ ∠QBP = ∠QPB (Let each = x)
\ ∠OAT = 90° = ∠OBT 3. ∠APB = 90° (Angle in a semicircle)
Using Pythagoras theorem, 4. ∠BPC = 90° (Linear pair)
In DOBT, OT2 = OB2 + BT2 = 36 + 49 = 85 5. \ ∠QPC = 90° – x

240 ICSE Mathematics—X

 Note: Also ∠BDC = ∠DAB = 28° (By Alternate Segment
Theorem)

Example 33: A circle touches lines AB, BD

and ED at points A, C and E respectively.
AB y DE. Prove that ∠BOD = 90°, where O
is the centre.
In DBPQ,
A
B

6. Ext. ∠PQC = 2x (Sum of int. opp. ∠s)

7. \ ∠QCP = 180° – (90° – x + 2x) O

= 90° – x C

8. \ QP = QC (∠QPC = ∠QCP = 90° – x)

Solution:
E D
9. QP = BQ
⇒ BQ = QC [From (1) and (8)] Join OA, OC and OE.
Example 32: In the given semicircle with In DAOB and DCOB,
centre O, tangent drawn at point D meets
∠OAB = ∠OCB(radius ^ tangent)
AB produced at C. Given ∠DAB = 28°,
calculate ∠DBA, ∠C and ∠BDC. OB = OB (Common)
D OA = OC (Radii)
\ DAOB ≅ DCOB (RHS congruence rule)
A
28°
C ∠ABO = ∠CBO = x (say) (CPCT)
O B
Solution: Similarly,
∠ADB = 90° (Angle in a semicircle)
DDOE ≅ DDOC (RHS congruence rule)
\ ∠DBA = 90° – 28° (In a right D, the sum
 of two acute ∠s is 90°) \ ∠ODE = ∠ODC = y (say) (CPCT)
= 62° A
B
x
∠DOB = 2 ∠DAB(∠ at the centre = x
double ∠ at the circumference)
O
= 2 × 28° = 56°
∠ODC = 90° (radius OD ^ tangent DC) y y C

E D
D
∠ABD + ∠EDB = 180° (Co-interior ∠s of
 y lines
A
28° 56° i.e., 2x + 2y = 180°
O B C
In DODC, ⇒ x + y = 90°
∠C = 90° – 56° = 34° \ In DBOD,
180° − 56° 124° ∠BOD = 180° – (x + y) (Sum of the ∠s
∠ODB = ∠OBD = =
2 2 of D)
= 62° (OD = OB, radii) = 180° – 90° = 90°

\ ∠BDC = 90° – 62° = 28° (∠ODC – ∠ODB)

Circles 241
 EXERCISE 15B
1. O is the centre of the circle and AT is a tangent 5. A circle is inscribed in the quadrilateral
to the circle at A. If ∠AOC = 40°, find ∠T. PQRS. A, B, C and D are points of contact
B of the circle with the sides of quadrilateral.
If ∠P = 80°, ∠Q = 50° and ∠R = 120°, find
∠PDA and ∠ABC.
O D P
S 80
°
40

C
°

T
A C A

2. In the circle with centre O, TP and TQ are

R
tangents from T. If ∠PTQ = 70°, find ∠POQ, B
50°
Q
∠OPQ and ∠TPQ.
6. In the figure, O is the centre of the circle and
P
AB is a tangent to it at point B. ∠BDC = 65°.
Find ∠BAO. [2010, 2015]
B
O 70° T
D 65°
A O
Q E

3. AB is a diameter of the circle with centre O.

C
BT is a tangent. AC produced meets tangent 7. In the diagram, BT is tangent to the circle at B
BT at T. If ∠ABC = 38°, find ∠T. and the diameter through A meets the tangent
B at T. If ∠A = 2x and ∠T = x, find the value of x.

38° B
O

2x x
T A T
A C O

4. A circle with centre O is inscribed in DABC,

where ∠A = 50° and ∠B = 70°. If the circle
8. Tangents at X and Z intersect at T. Given O is
touches the sides of D at P, Q and R, find
the centre. ∠XTZ = 80°, ∠XOY = 140°, calculate
∠POQ and ∠QOR. ∠ZXY.
A
T
80°
50° X

P R
O 140° O
70
° Y Z
B C
Q

242 ICSE Mathematics—X

 9. In the figure, tangent drawn at D of the 14. ABC is a right triangle with ∠B = 90°, AB = 9 cm
semicircle ADB with centre O meets AB and BC = 12 cm. Find the radius of incircle of
produced at C. Given ∠DAB = 36°, calculate: the triangle.
A
(i) ∠DBA (ii) ∠C (iii) ∠BDC.
D

9 cm
36°
A O B C

10. In the figure, the circle touches the sides AB, B C

12 cm
BC, CD and DA of a quadrilateral ABCD at
P, Q, R and S respectively. If PB = 6 cm, SD = 15. In DPQR, PQ = 7 cm, QR = 8 cm and PR = 5 cm,
5 cm and DC = 8 cm, find the length of BC. a circle is inscribed. If S is the point of contact
A
P
of circle with side QR, find the length of QS.
6 cm P
B

5 cm Q

D C
R
8 cm
Q S R
11. In the circle with centre O, radius OP is extended
to meet the tangent QT at T. If QT = 15 cm, 16. A circle is inscribed in quadrilateral ABCD
PT = 9 cm, calculate the radius of the circle. touching the sides at P, Q, R and S respectively. If
Q PB = 25 cm, ∠D = 90°, BC = 33 cm and CD =
15
cm 15 cm, find the radius of the incircle.
B
O T
P 9 cm

12. O is the centre of two concentric circles with A

radii 7 cm and 15 cm. If AP and BP are tangents
to the circles and AP = 20 cm, find the length S
Q
of BP. A

20 D R C
cm
17. A and B are centres of circle. PT and QTR are
O P
common tangents. Find the measure of ∠QPR.
B Prove that circle on diameter QR touches line
13. BC, AD and AE are tangents to the circle. If AB.
R
AD = 12 cm, find the perimeter of DABC. Q T
D
B
A B
P
A

C
E

Circles 243
 18. AB is a diameter of the circle with centre O.
AT is tangent to the circle at A. If ∠DAB =
7x and ∠ABD = 3x, find: (i) the value of x
(ii) ∠BCD (iii) ∠DAT. O
A B
19. A circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral ABCD. 7x 3x

If AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and CD = 8 cm, find

the length of side AD. C
T D

In Fig. 15.25, AB is a chord dividing the circle into two segments. C is C

any point on the major arc and D is any point on the minor arc. The two
segments are called alternate segments of each other. B

For ∠BAT, the alternate segment is ACB and S

D
For ∠SAB, the alternate segment is ADB. A
T
Theorem 9: (Alternate Segment Theorem) Fig. 15.25
The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact
is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
Given: AB is a chord of a circle with centre O. AT is a tangent at A. ∠ACB is an angle in the
alternate segment.
To Prove: ∠BAT = ∠ACB C
x
Construction: Join OA and OB. O B
Proof: Let ∠ACB = x
2x

Statement Reason
1.
\ ∠AOB = 2∠ACB = 2x ∠ at the centre = 2 × ∠ A T
Fig. 15.26
at the circumference
2. OA = OB Radii
180° − 2 x
3.
\ ∠OAB = ∠OBA = = 90° – x Sum of the ∠s of D is 180°
2
4. ∠OAT = 90° Radius OA ⊥ tangent AT
\ ∠BAT = ∠OAT – ∠OAB From (3) and (4)
= 90° – (90° – x) = x Simplification

5. ∠ACB = ∠BAT = x
B
C
Corollary: If TA is produced to any point S and D is any point on the
remaining segment, then ∠SAB = ∠ADB. [Note both are supplements D
to equal ∠s, i.e., ∠ADB + ∠ACB = 180° and ∠SAB + ∠BAT = 180° and
S A T
∠ACB = ∠BAT, proved above]. Fig. 15.27

244 ICSE Mathematics—X

Example 34: AT and BT are tangents to the
circle with centre O. C and D are points on
the circle. ∠TAD = 32° and ∠TBD = 28°, find
∠ACB, ∠ADB, ∠AOB and ∠ATB.
A 32°
\ ∠S = 180° – (90° + x + y)
 (Sum of ∠s of DQRS)
= 90° – x – y
∠S = ∠PRQ = y (Alternate segment
 theorem)
and 90° – x – y = y
or x + 2y = 90°.

O
C D T Example 36: AB is a diameter and AC is a
chord of a circle such that ∠BAC = 30°. The
B 28° tangent at C intersects AB produced at D.
Solution: Prove that BC = BD. [2004]
Join CD. C

∠ACD = ∠DAT = 32°

30°
 (Alternate segment theorem) A
O B
D

∠BCD = ∠DBT = 28° (Same as above)

\ ∠ACB = 32° + 28° = 60°
∠ADB = 180° – 60° = 120° Solution:
∠ACB = 90° (Angle in a semicircle)
(∠ACB + ∠ADB = 180°, opp. ∠s of cyclic quad.)
∠ABC = 60° (Sum of the ∠s of DABC
∠AOB = 2∠ACB = 120° (∠ at the centre ∠BCD = ∠A = 30° (Alt. segment theorem)
 = 2 × ∠ at the circumference) \ ∠D + ∠BCD = ∠ABC (Ext. ∠ = Sum of int.
∠ATB = 60° (∠AOB + ∠ATB = 180°,  opp. ∠s)
 in quad. OATB, ∠OAT = ∠OBT = 90°) ∠D + 30° = 60°
⇒ ∠D = 30°.
Example 35: PT touches a circle with centre
In DBCD,
O at R. Diameter SQ when produced meets
∠BCD = ∠D = 30°
PT at P. If ∠SPR = x° and ∠QRP = y°, show
\ BC = BD (Equal ∠s have equal sides
that x° + 2y° = 90°.[2006]
 opposite to them)
S
Example 37: In the given figure, ∠CAD = 38°
O and ∠D = 102°. CT is a tangent to the circle
Q
with centre O. Find the angles x, y and ∠OAC.
x y A
P
R T 38° D
102°
Solution: O
T
x
∠QRS = 90° (Angle in a semicircle) y
B
C
∠OQR = x + y(In DPQR, ext. ∠ = sum of
 int. opp. ∠s)
Circles 245
Solution: Solution:
P
∠DCT = x = ∠DAC = 38° 65°
B

 (Angle in the alternate segment) 40°

∠B = y = 180° – 102° = 78° A

 (Opp. ∠s of a cyclic quadrilateral are 65° T
40°
supplementary) Q C
∠AOC = 2 ∠ABC = 2 × 78° = 156° Construction: Join BC.
(∠ at the centre = 2 × ∠ at the circumference)
∠PBA = 65° = ∠ACB
180° − 156°
∠OAC = ∠OCA = = 12°  (Alternate segment theorem)
2
(OA = OC, radii) ∠ACQ = 40° = ∠ABC
Example 38: In the given circle, PQ is a  (Alternate segment theorem)
tangent to the circle at point A and arc AB = \ ∠BAC = 180° – (65° + 40°) = 75°
arc AC. Prove that BC || PQ.
 (Sum of the ∠s of a D)
∠BAC = ∠TBC = ∠TCB = 75°
 (Alternate segment theorem)
B C \ ∠BTC = 180° – (75° + 75°)
 (Sum of the ∠s of a D)
P Q
A = 30°
Solution:
1. ∠B = ∠C (Arc AB = Arc AC) Example 40: DABC is inscribed in the circle.
2. ∠B = ∠CAQ O is the centre of the circle. Tangent AT || OP.
 (Alternate segment theorem) Prove that OBCP is cyclic.
A
3. \ ∠C = ∠CAQ [From (1) and (2)] T

4. \ BC || PQ
 (∠C and ∠CAQ, alternate ∠s of O P
 lines BC and PQ)
C

Example 39: TBP and TCQ are tangents to the

B
circle from T. ∠ABP = 65° and ∠ACQ = 40°.
Find ∠BAC and ∠BTC. Solution:

P 1. ∠CAT = ∠APO
65°
B  (Alternate ∠s of || lines)
2. ∠CAT = ∠ABC
A  (Alternate segment theorem)
T
40° 3. ∠APO = ∠ABC [From (1) and (2)]
Q C

246 ICSE Mathematics—X

 But ∠APO is the exterior angle of A
quadrilateral OBCP and ∠ABC is its
interior opposite angle.
B
\ OBCP is cyclic.
E
C
Solution:
D
Example 41: Two circles intersect at P and Q. 1. ∠BCE = ∠BAD (Ext. ∠ of cyclic quad.
TA and TB are tangents to the circle from T.  ABCD = Int. opp. ∠)
APB is a straight line. Prove that AQBT is a
2. ∠BEC = ∠BAE (Alternate segment
cyclic quadrilateral.  theorem)
T
3. ∠BCE + ∠BEC + ∠CBE = 180°
 (Sum of the angles of a D)
P B
A 4. \ ∠BAD + ∠BAE + ∠CBE = 180°
 [From (1), (2) and (3)]
Q 5. ∠DAE + ∠CBE = 180°
Solution:  (∠BAD + ∠BAE = ∠DAE)

Join PQ. T
Example 43: Two circles touch internally at
y B
P. ABCD is a line through the circles. Prove
P
A x that ∠APB = ∠CPD.
x y A

Q B

P
1. ∠TAB = ∠AQP = x C

 (Alternate segment theorem) Solution:

D
2. ∠TBA = ∠BQP = y (Same as above) Draw TP a common tangent to both circles.
A
3. \ ∠AQB = x + y [From (1) and (2)] T

B

∠T + ∠TAB + ∠TBA = 180°
y
 (Sum of the ∠s of a D) x

∠T + x + y = 180° [From (1), (2) and (3)] x+y P

C

∠T + ∠AQB = 180° x

\ AQBT is cyclic. D

 (Opp. ∠s of quad. are supplementary.) Let ∠TPA = x and ∠APB = y.

∠TPA = ∠ADP = x (Angles in the
Example 42: Two circles intersect at points
 alternate segment by chord AP)
A and B. Chord DC when extended touches
the other circle at E. Prove that ∠DAE + ∠TPB = ∠BCP = x + y (Angles in the
∠CBE = 180°.  alternate segment by chord BP)

Circles 247
Now in DPCD, ⇒ x + y = x + ∠CPD
Ext. ∠BCP = Sum of interior opposite ∠s ⇒ ∠CPD = y
= ∠D + ∠CPD

Theorem 10: If a chord and a tangent intersect externally, then the product of the lengths
of segments of the chord is equal to the square of the length of the tangent from the point
of contact to the point of intersection.
Given: BC is a chord and AT is a tangent at A. BC produced intersects AT at T.
To Prove: AT2 = BT . CT
Construction: Join AB and AC. B

Proof: Statement Reason

In DCAT and DABT, C

T
∠T = ∠T Common
A
∠CAT = ∠ABT Alternate Segment Theorem Fig. 15.28

\ DCAT ~ DABT AA similarity test

CA AT CT
= = Corresponding sides of similar Ds are proportional
AB BT AT
\ AT2 = BT . CT Cross-multiplication of last two ratios

RECTANGULAR PROPERTIES OF CIRCLES

“The product of measures of two line segments is called a rectangle.”
Theorem 11: If two chords of a circle intersect internally, then the product of the lengths
of the segments are equal.
Given: AB and CD are two chords of a circle intersecting at P.
To Prove: AP × BP = CP × DP
A
Construction: Join AD and BC.
C
Proof: Statement Reason
P
In DAPD and DCPB,
∠BAD = ∠BCD ∠s in the same segment D
B
∠APD = ∠CPB Vertically opposite ∠s
\ DAPD ~ DCPB AA similarity test Fig. 15.29
AP PD AD
= = Corresponding sides of similar Ds are proportional
CP PB CB
\ AP . PB = CP . PD Cross-multiplication of first two ratios

248 ICSE Mathematics—X

Theorem 12: If two chords of a circle intersect externally, then the product of the lengths of
the segments are equal. A

Given: AB and CD are two chords of a circle intersecting B

externally at point P.
P
To Prove: AP . BP = CP . DP
Construction: Join AC and BD. D
C
Proof: Statement Reason Fig. 15.30
In DACP and DDBP,
∠A = ∠BDP Ext. ∠ of a cyclic quadrilateral = Int. opposite ∠
∠P = ∠P Common
\ DACP ~ DDBP AA similarity test
AC CP AP
= = Corresponding sides of similar Ds are proportional
DB BP DP

\ AP . BP = CP . DP Cross-multiplication of last two ratios

Converse Theorem: If two line segments AB and CD intersect at P such that AP . BP = CP . DP,
then the four points A, B, C and D are concyclic, i.e., lie on the same circle.

Example 44: APB is a common tangent to PB = 12 cm, AB = 15 cm and DP = 6 cm, find

the two given circles which intersect at M the lengths of: (i) PT (ii) radius
and N. Prove that MN bisects the tangent. B 12 cm
A 15 cm P
A
P
B D
M O
C

N Solution:
PT2 = PA × PB [(Tangent)2 = Product
Solution:  of the lengths segments of chord]
1. AP2 = PM × PN [(Tangent)2 = Product = (15 + 12) × 12
 of segments of the chord] = 27 × 12 = 324
2. BP2 = PM × PN (Same as above) \ PT = 18 cm

3. \ AP2 = BP2 [From (1) and (2)] PA × PB = PC × PD (When two chords
 intersect, products of the lengths
⇒ AP = BP
\ MN bisects AB at P.  of segments are equal)
(15 + 12) × 12 = PC × 6
Example 45: In the circle with centre O,
chords AB and CD intersect externally at 27 × 12
= PC
P and PT is a tangent to the circle at T. If 6

Circles 249
\ PC = 54 cm Solution:
and CD + DP = PC Let the centre of the two circles be O.
2r + 6 = 54 Join OT and OB.
A
⇒ 2r = 48
r = 24
8
\ radius = 24 cm T
O
D
x
10

Example 46: Chords AB and CD intersect at 4

C

P. AP = 3 cm, CD = 10 cm and PB = 8 cm. B

Find the length of CP. Fig. 15.31

A C radius OT = 8 cm, radius OB = 10 cm
∠OTB = 90° (radius OT ^ tangent TB)
TB = OB2 − OT 2 = 10 2 − 8 2
P
\
D B
= 36 = 6 cm

Let CD = x.
Solution:
BC × BD = BT2 (Tangent2 = Product of
Let CP = x \ PD = CD – CP = 10 – x  segments of a chord)
4 × (x + 4) = 62
AP × BP = CP × DP 36
x + 4 = = 9
3 × 8 = x (10 – x) 4

x2 – 10x + 24 = 0 \ x = 9 – 4 = 5 ⇒ CD = 5 cm.

x2 – 6x – 4x + 24 = 0
x (x – 6) – 4 (x – 6) = 0 Example 48: PM is a tangent to the circle
and PA = AM. Prove that
(x – 4) (x – 6) = 0 \ x = 4 or 6
(i) DPMB is isosceles
⇒ CP = 4 cm or 6 cm.
(ii) PA · PB = MB2 [2005]
M
Example 47: The radii of the two concentric
circles are 8 cm and 10 cm. Tangent AB
touches the smaller circle at T. Chord DC P
A
B

produced intersects the larger circle at B. If

BC = 4 cm, find the length of CD.
A
Solution:
(i) ∠PMA = ∠B (Alternate segment
 theorem)
T D ∠PMA = ∠MPA (PA = AM, given)
C
⇒ ∠B = ∠MPA
B
\ DPMB is isosceles (∠B = ∠P in DPMB)
250 ICSE Mathematics—X
 (ii) PA · PB = PM2 [(Tangent)2 = Product Find CT and AT if BC = 24 cm, BT = 30 cm
 of segments of chord] (iii) Find the radius. T
⇒ PA · PB = MB2
(DPMB is isosceles C

 \ PM = MB)

Similar Triangles in Circles A

O
B

Example 49: In the given figure,

(i) Prove that DACE ~ DDBE.
Solution:
(ii) If DB = 4.5 cm, BE = 3 cm and
(i) In DABC and DATB,
CE = 4 cm, find AC.
∠A = ∠A (Common)
(iii) Find area DACE : area DDBE
∠ACB = 90° (Angle in a semicircle)
A
∠ABT = 90° (Radius OB ^
B
    ∠ACB = ∠ABT tangent BT)
E
\ DACB ~ DABT (AA similarity rule)
C
D
Also, using Pythagoras Theorem in DBCT,
Solution:
CT = BT 2 − BC 2 = 30 2 − 24 2
(i) In DACE and DDBE,
∠E = ∠E (Common) = 324 = 18 cm

∠A = ∠D (∠s in the same segment) (ii) In DABC and DBTC,

\ DACE ~ DDBE (AA similarity test) ∠ACB = ∠BCT (Each equals 90°)
AC CE AE ∠A = ∠CBT (Alternate segment
(ii) \ = =
DB BE DE  theorem)
AC 4
\ DABC ~ DBTC (AA similarity rule)
=
4.5 3
AB BC AC
4 = =
AC = × 4.5 = 6 cm BT TC BC
3 4
(iii) area DACE : area DDBE AB 24 AC

⇒ = =
= CE2 : BE2 30 18 24
3
= 42 : 32 = 16 : 9. 4

\ AB = × 30 = 40 cm
3
Example 50: AB is a diameter of the given
4
circle with centre O and BT is a tangent at and AC = × 24 = 32 cm
B to the circle. Chord AC when produced 3
meets the tangent BT at T. Prove that: Thus, AT = AC + CT = 32 + 18 = 50 cm.
(i) DABC ~ DATB AB
(iii) Radius = = 20 cm
(ii) DABC ~ DBTC 2

Circles 251
Example 51: Chords AC and BD intersect at Solution:
E. Prove that DAEB ~ DDEC. Find (i) CD and (i) ∠A = ∠A (Common)
BE (ii) area DAEB : area DDEC, if AB = 5 cm, ∠ABC = ∠E [ext. ∠ of cyclic quad.
AE = 2 cm, CE = 6 cm and DE = 3 cm.  = interior opp. angle]
D ∠ACB = ∠D
A
2
3
\ DABC ~DAED (AAA similarity rule)
E AB AC BC
5
6 C (ii) = =
AE AD ED
1
B 4 5 4.5
= =
Solution: 5 + EC 10 ED
2
In DAEB and DDEC,
∠A = ∠D (∠s in the same segment)
\ 5 + EC = 4 × 2 = 8

\ EC = 3 cm
∠B = ∠C (∠s in the same segment)
and ED = 4.5 × 2 = 9 cm
\ DAEB ~ DDEC (AA similarity rule)
(iii) area DABC : area DAED = AC2 : AD2
AE EB AB
= =
DE EC DC = 52 : 102 = 1 : 4.
2 EB 5 Example 53: In the figure, two circles intersect
= =
3 6 DC
at C and Q. Line segments ABCD and APQR
2
\ EB = × 6 = 4 cm are drawn through C and Q intersecting the
3
3×5 circles at B, P and D, R. Prove that
DC = = 7.5 cm
2 (i) AB × AR = AP × AD  (ii) BP y DR.
area DAEB : area DDEC D
C
= AE2 : DE2 B
A
= 22 : 32 = 4 : 9. P
Q
Example 52: In the given circle, chords DB Solution: R
and EC intersect externally at A.
(i) Prove that DABC ~ DAED. (i) ∠A = ∠A (Common)
(ii) If AB = 4 cm, DB = 6 cm, AC = 5 cm and
∠APB = ∠ACQ .... (1)
BC = 4.5 cm, find EC and DE. (Ext. ∠ = int. opp.
(iii) Find area DABC : area DAED ∠ in cyclic quad. PBCQ)
D ∠ACQ = ∠ARD .... (2)
B
 (Ext. ∠ = int. opp.
A
 ∠ in cyclic quad. CDRQ)
C

\ ∠APB = ∠ARD (From 1 and 2)
E
\ DAPB ~ DARD(AA similarity rule)

252 ICSE Mathematics—X

 AB AP Example 55: P and Q are centres of the circles

\ = ⇒ AB × AR = AD × AP with radii 9 cm and 6 cm, AB = 12 cm. Find
AD AR
the lengths of PQ and BC.
(ii) ∠APB = ∠ARD. But these are A
corresponding ∠s of lines BP and DR.
B
Q

\ BP y DR P
C

Example 54: A circle with centre O, diameter

Solution:
PQ and a chord PS is drawn. Another circle
is drawn with PO as diameter to cut PS at R. Join PA and QC.
In DPAB and DQCB,
Prove that SQ = 2RO. [2005]
∠PAB = ∠QCB (Each equal 90°, radius
S
R
 ^ tangent)
∠ABP = ∠CBQ (Vertically opp. ∠s)
P Q
O \ DPAB ~ DQCB (AA similarity rule)

Now, PB = PA 2 + AB2
Solution:
= 9 2 + 12 2 = 15 cm
In DPOR and DPQS,
AB BP AP
∠P = ∠P (Common) = =  (Corresponding
CB BQ CQ
∠PRO = ∠PSQ (Each equals 90°, Angles 3
 in semicircles)  sides of similar Ds)
12 15 9
= =
\ DPRO ~ DPSQ (AA similarity rule) BC BQ 6
2
PR RO PO 12 × 2
= = \ BC = = 8 cm
PS SQ PQ 3
RO 1 15 × 2
= (Diameter PQ = 2 radius PO) BQ = = 10 cm
SQ 2 3

\ 2 RO = SQ. Thus, PQ = PB + BQ = 15 + 10 = 25 cm.

EXERCISE 15C
1. Chords BA and CD are extended to meet at P. 2. Tangent to the circle at T and chord RQ
If AB = 5 cm, AP = 3 cm, DP = 4 cm, find CD. extended meet at point P. If PQ = 4.5 cm and
QR = 13.5 cm, find the length of tangent PT.
B 5 cm R
A 3 cm
P Q

P
4 cm
D

C
T

Circles 253
 3. In the given figure, chords AB and CD 7. In the given figure, find the radius of the circle
intersect at M. If AM = 4 cm, MB = 9 cm and and the length of tangent PT if chord CD =
CD = 15 cm, find the length of CM. 7 cm, DP = 9 cm and PB = 6 cm.
A C T

M B
A P
O
B
D
D C
8. PQT and PR are tangents to the circle. If ∠QPR
4. Chord AB is perpendicular to chord CD and
= 38°, ∠PRS = 111°, find ∠TQS.
they intersect at P. If AP = 18 cm, PB = 12 cm and
T
BC = 15 cm, find the length of PD.
Q

P 38° S

P
C D R

B
9. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. AT is a tangent.
5. In the circle with centre O, chord AT meets ∠ABC = 112°, ∠BAT = 38°. Find ∠ADC and
tangent BS at T. Show that ∠ATS + ∠BAT = 90°. ∠CAB.
D

A
C

O 2°
11

38°
S B A
T T

6. AB is the diameter of the semicircle. AD is a 10. AB is a common chord of the two intersecting
tangent to the semicircle at A. If AD = 30 cm and circles. AT and PB are tangents to the two
circles.
AC = 24 cm, find the length of DB and the
(i) Prove that DAPB ~ DBAT.
radius.
(ii) If PA = 4.5 cm, BT = 8 cm, find AB.
D
P A
C
30 cm

cm
24

B
T
B
A

254 ICSE Mathematics—X

 11. DABC is inscribed in a circle. AB = AC. BT is 15. ABC is a triangle inscribed in a circle. PBT is
a tangent so that ∠CBT = 42°. Find ∠ACB. a tangent. ∠T = 15°, ∠CBT = 20°. Find ∠ABP.

A C
A

T P 20° C
42° B 15°
T
B 16. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral in the circle with
centre O. PDQ is a tangent with ∠CDQ = 40°
12. SCT is a tangent to the circle with centre O. AB
and ∠ACB = 52°. Find ∠ACD and ∠BAC.
is a diameter. If ∠ACS = 15°, find ∠B and ∠A. Q
D
B 40°
C
P
52°
O O

A B

S
A T 17. AB is a tangent to the circle at Q. PQRS is a
C
cyclic quadrilateral. If ∠PSQ = 38°, ∠PQR =
13. ATP is a tangent to the circle with centre O. 110°, find ∠QPR, ∠PQA and ∠RQB.
ABC is a straight line. ∠TAB = 55°, ∠PTD = S
30°, find ∠TCD, ∠OCB and ∠BOC.
38° O
P
P
30°
T D R

A B
Q
O 18. DABC is inscribed in a circle. TC is a tangent
A 55° to the circle. O is the
B centre of the circle.
C
If∠ABC = 35°, find O
A B
∠ACT and ∠BAC. 35°

14. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, AB = AD. PAQ T

is a tangent to the circle. BA is produced to a C

point T. ∠DAT = 112°, find ∠PAD and ∠AOB. 19. PQ is a common tangent to the circles
D intersecting at A and B. Write down the
measure of (∠PAQ + ∠PBQ). Justify your
P answer. [2000]
C Q
O
P A
T B
A

Q B

Circles 255
 20. Two circles intersect at A and B. TP and TQ 24. PQR is an isosceles D with PQ = PR. A circle
are tangents to the two circles. Prove that TP through Q touches PR at its midpoint M and
= TQ. intersects PQ in S. Show that PQ = 4 × PS.
T
P

P
A
Q S

B
Q R

21. Two circles touch externally at T. PQR and 25. UST is a tangent to the circle with centre O.
PMN are secants to the two circles respectively. PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. ∠USQ = 50°,
PQ PN ∠OQP = 20°, find ∠SPQ, ∠SRQ and ∠PST.
Prove that = .
PM PR
Q
P

20
°
Q R
O

M P
R T N 50°
U T
S

26. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. TA and TC are

tangents. ∠BCT = 20° and ∠BAT = 35°, find
22. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. PC is a tangent
∠ADC, ∠AOC, ∠ABC and ∠ATC.
at C. ∠DCP = 40° and ∠DCA = 65°. Find angles
marked x, y and z. C

A 20°
x B
D O
D T
z B
P y
35°
40° 65°
A
C

27. PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. RT is a tangent,

23. In DABC, the incircle with centre O touches ∠PQR = 80° and ∠SRT = 50°. Find the angles
sides AB, BC and CA at P, Q and R respectively. of DPSR.
Calculate ∠POR and ∠PQR if ∠A = 40°. P

A a

40°
b S
P R
Q 80°

O
c 50°
T
B C R
Q

256 ICSE Mathematics—X

 28. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. SDT is a
tangent. ∠ABD = 50°, ∠DBC = 35°. Find
∠ADC, ∠ADS, ∠CDT and ∠ADO.
A B
50°
35°
O
S O
C
D P
T Q
29. In the figure, DABD is inscribed in the circle.
EDC, EA and BC are tangents to the circle.
∠E = 40°, ∠ADB = 60°. Find ∠EDA, ∠DBA
and ∠BCD. E (i) Prove that DOAB ~ DPCB.
40°
D A
60°
C
B
30. AB is a diameter of the circle. TS is a tangent
to the circle at C and O is the centre. ∠ACT =
48°. Find ∠A, ∠B and ∠BOC.
A O
B A
48°
T S
C
31. (a) Prove that DPAD ~ DPCB.
(b) If PA = 4 cm, PC = 16 cm, AD = 2 cm,
PD = 3 cm, find (i) AB and BC (ii) area
DPAD : area DPCB (iii) area DPAD : area
ABCD.
P
A D
B C
32. O and P are centres of two circles of radii 5 cm
and 2 cm respectively. The common tangent
AB when extended meets OP extended at Q.
(i) Prove that DOAQ ~ DPBQ.
(ii) If AB = 6 cm, find the length of BQ.
x
A 6 B
33. ABC is a transverse common tangent to the
two circles with centres O and P.
(ii) If the radii are 6 cm , 4.5 cm and BC =
6 cm, find the length of AB.
A
B P
O
C
34. AB is a diameter of the semicircle. CD ⊥ AB.
(i) Prove that DADC ~ DCDB.
(ii) Find CD if AD = 4.5 cm and DB = 8 cm.
C
B
D
35. The radii of the two concentric circles are 9 cm
and 15 cm. Tangent AB touches the smaller circle
at T. Chord DC produced intersects the larger
circle at B. If BD = 18 cm, find the length of BC.
A
D
T
C
36. AB is a diameter of a circle with centre O. (The
tangent at B and chord AC extended meet at T).
Circles 257
 (i) Prove that DABC ~ DATB. 37. DPQR is inscribed in a circle with PQ = PR.
(ii) If radius = r, prove that AC . AT = 4r2. Tangents at P and R meet at point T. If ∠PTR
(iii) If AB = 20 cm, AC = 16 cm, find BC, AT = 48°, find ∠POR, ∠Q and ∠TPR.
and TB.
T Q R

O
C
48° T

P
A B
O

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE

1. In the figure, PQ is a diameter of the circle QP and chord RS, when produced intersect at T. Given
∠PRS = 20° and ∠PQR = 58°, find ∠RPQ, ∠RSP and ∠T.
T
S B

20° P
R A C
130°
58° O
Q

Figure for Q.1 Figure for Q.2
2. A, B and C are points on the circle, with centre O. ∠AOC = 130° and AO y BC. Calculate
(i) ∠OAC   (ii) ∠ABC   (iii) ∠BAC
3. The tangents TA and TB are drawn to the circle with centre O. The diameter BC and tangent TA,
when produced, meet at D. Given that ∠ABC = 24°, calculate the values of x, y and z.
T A
z D
y
C
O C

x 24° O

A B
B
D

Figure for Q.3 Figure for Q.4

4. A, B, C and D are points on the circle with centre O. If ∠AOB = 132°, find ∠ACB and ∠ADB.

258 ICSE Mathematics—X

 5. PT is a tangent to the given circle. Diameter AB and chord CD when extended meet the tangent at
P. If PD = 9 cm, CD = 7 cm and PB = 6 cm, find the length of
(i) radius of the circle    (ii) the tangent PT

Figure for Q.5 Figure for Q.6
6. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle and BT is a tangent at B. OA y CB. OB and AC intersect
at P. ∠AOB = 46°, calculate ∠ACB and ∠OTB and ∠APB.
7. A, B and C are the centres of three circles. AB = 6 cm, AC = 7 cm and BC = 5 cm. Find the radii of
the circles.
D
A E 30°
B
O

C A
130° C

B
Figure for Q.7 Figure for Q.8
8. A, B, C, D and E are points on the circle. O is the centre, ∠ADE = 30°, ∠ABC = 130°. Calculate ∠ACE,
∠AEC and ∠EOC.
9. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral in the circle with centre O. ∠COD = 70°, ∠ADO = 48°. Calculate
∠DAC, ∠OCD and ∠ABC. A

A D
D
48°

O 70°
B C

B
C
E
Figure for Q.9 Figure for Q.10
10. In the figure, ∠DBC = 58°. BD is a diameter of the circle. Calculate:
(i) ∠BDC (ii) ∠BEC (iii) ∠BAC [2014]
11. (i) P is the midpoint of chord AB = 24 cm. Chords AB and CD intersect at P and PC = 4 cm. Calculate
the radius of the circle with centre O.
(ii) Two circles with centres O and P intersect at B. Lines AC and DE pass through B. Prove that
AB × BC = BD × BE.
D

O
P
A B
12 12
4
                           
C
           Figure for Q.11(i)                      Figure for Q.11(ii)
Circles 259
 12. (i) At B and D, tangents BC and DC are drawn to the circle with centre O. A is a point on the
circle. If ∠OCB = 36°, find the measures of angles marked x, y and z.
(ii) AB is a chord of a circle with centre O. At B, a tangent PB = 24 cm is drawn. If OP = 26 cm and
AB = 16 cm, find the distance of AB from the centre O.
B

x 36°
A z O y C

D         
Figure for Q.12 (i)              Figure for Q.12 (ii)
13. ST is a tangent to the circle at D. Points A, B and C lie on the circle with centre O. If ∠BDT = 46°
and ∠ABC = 50°, find the angles marked x and y.
T

D D C
46°
80° 52°
y B
S
O 50°

x
A

C A B
Figure for Q.13 Figure for Q.14
14. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, ∠ADC = 80° and ∠ACD = 52°. Find the value of ∠ABC and ∠CBD.
15. Chords AB and CD intersect at P in the given circle. If AP = 4 cm, PB = 15 cm and CD = 17 cm, find CP.

C B A
A C 25° 72°
M
P
55°
D B E
D

Figure for Q.15 Figure for Q.16
16. The diagonals of quadrilateral BCDE intersect at M, side CB is produced to a point A. Calculate.
(i) ∠CDE (ii) ∠EBD (iii) ∠CDB
17. Chords AD and CB produced intersect at P.
(i) Prove DABP ~ DCDP.
C
(ii) Find DP if AB = 6 cm, CD = 9 cm and BP = 3 cm. D
B
A
D
53°
P
A 68°
B
C E
Figure for Q.17 Figure for Q.18

18. In the given diagram, ABCDE is a pentagon. AE || CD, ∠DAB = 53°, ∠DAE = 68° and AD is a diameter
of the circle. Find ∠ADE, ∠ABC and ∠BCD.
260 ICSE Mathematics—X
 BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
1. In the figure AB = AC = CD, angle ADC = 38°. 5. A, B and C are three points on a circle. The tangent
Calculate at C meets BA produced at T. Given that ∠ATC =
(i) angle ABC. (ii) angle BEC. 36° and that the ∠ACT = 48°, calculate the angle
A subtended by AB at centre of the circle.

C
E

48°
O
[1995]
B C D 36° [2001]
B T
A
2. In the figure, AC is the diameter of circle, centre
O. Chord BD is perpendicular to AC. Write down 6. In the given figure, find TP if AT = 16 cm and
the angles p, q, r in terms of x. AB = 12 cm.
D
P
r

C
q
T
O
p x B B
[1996] [2001, 2007]
A

3. D C
7. In the given circle with diameter AB, find the
value of x.
C
10°

O
30°
80°
A B
E B x E

A
In the diagram given above, AC is the diameter of
     [2003]
the circle, with centre O. CD and BE are parallel. D
Angle AOB = 80° and angle ACE = 10°. Find: 8. PQR is a right-angled triangle with PQ = 3 cm and
(i) Angle BEC, (ii) Angle BCD, QR = 4 cm. A circle which touches all the sides of

(iii) Angle CED. [1998] the triangle is inscribed in the triangle. Calculate
4. the radius of the circle. [2005]
A 9.
B
y

X
160°
A C
O
D
C
x
In the figure, chords AB and CD when extended
In the above figure, O is the centre of the circle
meet at X. Given AB = 4 cm, BX = 6 cm, XD =
and ∠AOC = 160°. Prove that 3∠y – 2∠x = 140°.
5 cm, calculate the length of CD. [2000]
 [2005]
Circles 261
 10. In the given figure, AB is a diameter. The tangent 14.
at C meets AB produced at Q. If ∠CAB = 34°, find: A
25° B
(i) ∠CBA (ii) ∠CQA
C

80°
D E
34° C
A Q
B
In the above figure, AB is parallel to DC, ∠BCE
= 80° and ∠BAC = 25°. Find:

[2006] (i) ∠CAD (ii) ∠CBD

11. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle

(iii) ∠ADC [2008]
and ∠PBA = 45°. Calculate the value of ∠PQB.
15. In the given figure, AE and BC intersect each other
P at point D. If ∠CDE = 90°, AB = 5 cm, BD = 4 cm
and CD = 9 cm, find DE.[2008]
C
45°
A B
O

Q
[2007] A
D
E
12. In the given figure, if ∠ACE = 43° and ∠CAF =
B
62°, find the values of a, b and c.
C 16.
A
B
B 43° C
a D

D
62° b In the above figure, AB = 7 cm and BC = 9 cm.
A F
E
(i) Prove DACD ~ DDCB.
[2007]
(ii) Find the length of CD. [2009]
13. In the figure given below, PQ = QR, ∠RQP = 68°,
PC and CQ are tangents to the circle with centre 17. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle.
O. Calculate the values of: Tangents at A and B meet at C. If ∠ACO = 30°,
(i) ∠QOP (ii) ∠QCP find (i) ∠BCO    (ii) ∠AOB (iii) ∠APB
P
C A

O 30°
O C
[2011]
68° P
R Q
B
[2008]

262 ICSE Mathematics—X

 18. ABC is a triangle with AB = 10 cm, BC = 8 cm and
AC = 6 cm (not drawn to scale). Three circles are
drawn touching each other with the vertices as
centres. Find the radii of the three circles.
22. In the given circle with centre O, ∠ABC = 100°,
∠ACD = 40° and CT is a tangent to the circle at
C. Find ∠ADC and ∠DCT.
A

C
R
B
Q B 100° O D
P
A
[2011] 40°
[2013]
C
19. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle T

and AB is a tangent at B. If AB = 15 cm and AC 23. In the given figure, ∠BAD = 65°, ∠ABD = 70° and
= 7.5 cm. Calculate the radius of the circle. ∠BDC = 45°.
B (i) Prove that AC is a diameter of the circle.

(ii) Find ∠ACB.
D
O
D A
C 45
°

C
[2012]
65°
70°
[2006, 2013]
20. In triangle PQR, PQ = 24 cm, QR = 7 cm and ∠PQR A B
= 90°. Find the radius of the inscribed circle.
P
24. In the figure given below, diameter AB and chord
CD of a circle meet at P. PT is a tangent to the circle
at T. CD = 7.8 cm, PD = 5 cm, PB = 4 cm. Find:
(i) AB.    (ii) the length of tangent PT.
T
O
x cm
[2012]
Q R B
A P

21. In the given figure, AB is the diameter of a circle

with centre O. ∠BCD = 130°. Find: D

(i) ∠DAB (ii) ∠DBA C [2014]

25. AB and CD are two chords of a circle intersecting

at P. Prove that AP × PB = CP × PD.

A C

 B [2015]
 [1998, 2002, 2012] D

Circles 263
 26. In the adjoining figure, AD is a diameter. O is the
centre of the circle. AD is parallel to BC and CBD E
= 32°. Find:
(i) ∠OBD O D
A
(ii) ∠AOB
(iii) ∠BED [2016]
32°
B C

COMMON ERRORS
1. When chords AB and CD intersect at P externally, instead of
A
B
writing PA × PB = PC × PD an error is made by writing as P
PA × AB = PC × CD when the length of AB or CD is given. D

2. When a semicircle is drawn, one often fails to recognise the angle C

in semicircle. C

e.g., The error is assuming that

D

∠ADC = 90° or ∠BCD = 90° A B

O
Remember   ∠ADB = 90° and ∠ACB = 90°
The two end points of the angle should be A and B, the end points
of the diameter.
P
3. (i) To recognise angle at the centre and angle at the circumference by x
the same arc (or chord) AB, again the two end points of the angle O

should be A and B, only the middle letter is centre O or point P on 2x

the circumference. A B

∠AOB = 2∠APB

(ii) When ∠APB is in the minor arc, it is obtuse. 2x

reflex ∠AOB = 2 ∠APB O

A B
Here, ∠AOB is not double of ∠APB but the reflex ∠AOB is double x
of ∠APB. P

4. In this figure, often error of equating ∠AOB and ∠APB is made O

P
assuming both the angles are in the same segment.
But ∠AOB = 2 ∠APB. Remember ∠AOB is at the centre and ∠APB is
A B
at circumference.

264 ICSE Mathematics—X

 POINTS AT A GLANCE
1. Equal chords are equidistant from the centre.

2. Angle at the centre = 2 × Angle at the circumference.

3. Angles in the segment are equal.
4. The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
5. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
6. The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.
7. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
8. Tangents from a point to the circle are equal.
9. If two circles touch each other, then the point of contact lies on the line of centres.
10. The angle between chord and tangent is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
11. If a chord and a tangent intersect externally, then the product of lengths of segments of chord
= (length of tangent)2.
12. If two chords AB and CD meet internally or externally, then the product of the lengths of the segments
are equal.
Area of triangle
13. The radius of in circle of a triangle = or, the radius can be found using the tangents from a
Semi perimeter
point to a circle are equal.

DO YOU KNOW?

CIRCLE
Circle is called “Queen of Curves”, since it possesses maximum number of properties amongst curves. Some may
even believe that the almighty had produced the circle. It is regarded as the most beautiful curve in the world. It
has infinite diameters and infinite axes of symmetry. It is one of the curves to have constant curvative at all points.
A circle will touch at the maximum of six other circles of the same size in a plane.
Among all shapes with given perimeter, circle encloses maximum area and among all solids with given surface
area, sphere encloses maximum volume.

ARCHIMEDES
Archimedes, a Greek mathematician who lived in the 3rd century BC studied
Mathematics and Physics and made many inventions. Using his knowledge of
density, he found that the crown made for the King was not made of pure gold.
He also studied circles and discovered formulae for the circumference and area of
a circle. He used his inventions to help defend his city.

Circles 265
 CONSTRUCTIONS
16
1. A. Construction of tangents to a circle (b) PA = PB. Tangents from an external point to a
from an external point using the centre circle are equal.
(c) Two theorems on circles have been used for this
of the circle. construction.
Draw a circle with centre O and let P be (i) Angle in a semicircle is 90°.
(ii) The tangent at any point of a circle and the
a point outside the circle.
radius through the point are perpendicular
Steps of Construction: to each other.

1. Join OP. B. Construction of tangents to a circle from

2. Find the midpoint M of OP by
constructing a perpendicular bisector
of OP.
3. With M as centre and MP as radius,
draw a circle. It intersects the given
circle at two points. Name them as A
and B.
4. Join PA and PB.
PA and PB are the required tangents.
A the circle at Q and R.
external point without using the centre
of the circle.
Draw a circle with centre O and radius r.
Take a point P outside it. Without using
the centre, draw two tangents to the circle
from the point P.
Steps of Construction:
1. Draw a circle with centre O and mark a
point P outside it.
2. Through P, draw a secant PQR to intersect

O P 3. Extend QP to a point S such that

M
SP = PQ.
B
4. Draw the ^ bisector of SR to get M the
midpoint of SR. With M as centre and MS
Fig. 16.1
as radius, draw a semicircle.
5. Draw PN ^ SR, cutting the semicircle at
Remarks: N.
(a) To verify the length of the tangent, use Pythagoras
Theorem, because radius OA is perpendicular to 6. With P as centre and radius PN, draw arcs
tangent AP. to cut the circle at A and B.
OA2 + AP2 = OP2
7. Join PA and PB, which are the required

\ Tangent AP = OP 2 − radius 2
tangents.
 N
2. At O, construct an angle AOB = 120° to
get a point B on the circle.
A
3. At points A and B, construct perpendiculars
M
O to radii OA and OB which intersect at P.
R
S P Q
4. PA and PB are the required tangents.
B

Fig. 16.2 Method 2:

PA = PB
SP = PQ and SM = MR Let the angle given be 60°. Draw any diameter
PN = PA = PB AB in the circle. At centre O, construct
∠BOC = 60°.
Remarks:
In the figure, DSPN ~ DNPR (AA similarity rule) At A and C, construct perpendiculars to the
SP PN radii OA and OC. Let the point of intersection
\ =
NP PR
of the perpendiculars be T.
⇒ PN2 = SP × PR
= PQ × PR (SP = PQ) \ TA and TC are the required tangents.
Also PQ × PR = PA2
\ PN2 = PA2 or PN = PA. Since ∠OAT = ∠OCT = 90°

2. To draw tangents to a circle when the
angle between them is given.
Draw a circle of radius r. Take a point P
outside the circle. Draw two tangents PA and
PB so that the angle between them is 60°.
(radius ⊥ tangent)
\ ∠AOC + ∠ATC = 180°
 [Sum of the ∠s of a quadrilateral is 360°]
Also ∠AOC + ∠COB = 180° (Linear pair)

Method 1: \ ∠ATC = ∠COB

A T
Let O be the centre of the given circle.
Since the radius is perpendicular to the tangent,
in the quadrilateral OAPB, ∠OAP = ∠OBP = 90°. O
60°
∴ ∠AOB = 180° – 60° = 120° C
A
B

Fig. 16.4
O 120° 60° P
3. Circumscribing a circle on a triangle
Steps of Construction:
B
1. Construct the triangle ABC.
Fig. 16.3
2. Bisect any two sides of the triangle.
Steps of Construction: Let the perpendicular bisectors of AB
1. Draw the circle of given radius and then and BC intersect at point O.
draw any radius OA. 3. With O as centre and radius = OA =
OB = OC, draw a circle.
Constructions 267
 A Remarks:
1. To construct an incircle of a triangle, bisect any two
angles and from the point of intersection I of the
B O
bisectors, drop a perpendicular to any one side.
2. The incentre of the circle is equidistant from the sides
C of the triangle.

Fig. 16.5
5.  To circumscribe a circle about a given
  regular hexagon
This is the required circle, passing through
the vertices A, B and C. Exterior angle of a regular hexagon
O is called the circumcentre. 360° 360°
= = = 60°.
emarks:
R n 6
1. In an acute-angled triangle, the circumcentre lies
∴ Interior angle = 180° – 60° = 120°
inside the triangle. E D
2. In an obtuse-angled triangle, the circumcentre lies
outside the triangle.
3. In a right-angled triangle, the circumcentre lies at F O
C
the midpoint of the hypotenuse.

4.  Inscribing a circle in a triangle A B

  Steps of Construction:
1. Construct the triangle ABC.
2. Construct the bisector of any two angles,
say, ∠B and ∠C. Let their point of
intersection be I.
3. From I, drop a perpendicular to any side
of the triangle. Let IP be the perpendicular
from I to side BC.
4. With I as centre and IP as radius, draw
a circle. It touches all the sides of the
triangle.
A regular hexagon ABCDEF. Observe that
I
6. To inscribe a circle in a given regular
B C
P
Fig. 16.7
Steps of Construction:
1. Construct a regular hexagon ABCDEF of
given side by constructing 120° at A, B,
C and F.
2. Draw the perpendicular bisector of sides
of AB and AF which intersect at point O.
3. With O as centre and OA as radius, draw
a circle which will pass through B, C, D,
E and F.
The circle drawn circumscribes the
the radius of the circle is equal in length
to the side of the regular hexagon.
hexagon E D

F I
Fig. 16.6 C

This is the required circle and is called

the incircle of ∆ABC and I is called the A P B
incentre of the circle.
Fig. 16.8

268 ICSE Mathematics—X

 Steps:
1. With the given length as side, construct
the regular hexagon ABCDEF.
2. Draw the bisectors of angles at A and B.
Let these intersect at point I.
3. From point I, draw IP perpendicular to
side AB.
EXERCISE 16
1. Draw a circle of radius 2.5 cm. Mark a point P
at a distance of 6.5 cm from the centre of the
circle. Draw two tangents to the circle from
P and measure the length of each.
2. Draw a circle of diameter 9 cm. Take a point P
at a distance of 7.5 cm from the centre of the
circle. Draw tangents PA and PB to the circle
and measure their length.
3. Draw a circle of radius 4 cm. Draw two
tangents to this circle so that the angle between
the tangents is 60°.
4. Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. Draw the
tangents to the circle so that the angle between
them is 45°.
5. (i) Construct a triangle ABC, given AB =
4 cm, BC = 6 cm and ∠ABC = 90°.
(ii) Construct a circle which passes through
the points A, B and C. Mark its centre
as O.
6. Construct a triangle PQR, given PQ = 5 cm,
QR = 6.5 cm and ∠PQR = 120°. Construct a
circumcircle of DPQR.
7. Construct a triangle DEF, with DE = 6 cm,
∠FDE = 60° and ∠FED = 45°. Circumscribe a
circle about the triangle.
8. Construct a triangle ABC, given that AB =
4 cm, BC = 6 cm and median AM = 3 cm.
Circumscribe a circle about the triangle.
BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
1. Use a ruler and compass only in this question.
(i) Draw a circle, centre O and radius 4 cm.
(ii) Mark a point P such that OP = 7 cm.
Construct the two tangents to the circle from
4. With I as centre and IP as radius, draw a
circle which touches all the sides of the
regular hexagon.
This is the required incircle of regular
hexagon ABCDEF.
9. Construct a DPQR, given PQ = 5 cm, QR =
7 cm and ∠PQR = 60°. Inscribe a circle in the
triangle.
10. Construct a DABC, given that AB = 5 cm,
BC = 6 cm and ∠ABC = 120°. Inscribe a circle
in the triangle.
11. Construct a DPMN, given that MN = 5 cm,
PN = 7 cm and ∠PMN = 90°. Construct an
incircle of the triangle.
12. Construct a triangle ABC, given that AB =
6 cm, BC = 8 cm and median AM = 5 cm.
Construct an incircle of triangle ABC and
measure its radius.
13. Construct a regular hexagon of side 4 cm.
Construct a circle circumscribing the hexagon.
14. Construct a regular hexagon of side 3.5 cm.
Construct a circumcircle of the hexagon.
15. Construct a regular hexagon of side 5 cm.
Inscribe a circle in it.
16. Construct a regular hexagon of side 4.5 cm.
Inscribe a circle in it.
17. Construct DPQR, QR = 5 cm, ∠PQR = 60° and
perpendicular from P to QR is 3 cm. Draw an
incircle of DPQR.
18. Construct DABC, BC = 6 cm, ∠ABC = 45°
and perpendicular from A to BC is 3.5 cm.
Construct a circumcircle of the triangle.
P. Measure and record the length of one of the
tangents. [1999]
2. Only ruler and compass may be used in this
question.
Constructions 269
 (i) Construct DABC such that AB = AC = 7 cm (i) Construct a circle circumscribing the triangle
and BC = 5 cm. ABC.
(ii) Draw AX, the perpendicular bisector of side (ii) Draw a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD so that D
BC. is equidistant from B and C. [2012]
(iii) Draw a circle with centre A and radius 3 cm 7. Construct a D ABC with BC = 6.5 cm, AB = 5.5 cm,
cutting AX at Y. AC = 5 cm. Construct the incircle of the triangle.
(iv) Construct another circle to touch the circle
Measure and record the radius of the incircle.
with centre A externally at Y and passing
 [2014]
through B and C. [1998, 2003]
8. Construct a regular hexagon of side 5 cm.
3. Using a ruler and compass only, construct a
Construct a circle circumscribing the hexagon.
triangle ABC such that AB = 5 cm, ABC = 75° and
All traces of construction must be clearly shown.
the radius of the circumicircle of triangle ABC is
 [2010, 2015]
3.5 cm. [2004]
9. Construct a regular hexagon of side 5 cm. Hence
4. Using a ruler and compass construct a triangle
construct all its lines of symmetry and name
ABC with BC = 6.4 cm, CA = 5.8 cm and ∠ABC
them. [2016]
= 60°. Draw its incircle. Measure and record the
10. Draw a line AB = 5 cm. Mark a point C on AB
radius of the incircle. [2007]
such that AC = 3 cm. Using a ruler and a compass
5. Using a ruler and a pair of compasses only,
only, construct:
construct:
(i) A circle of radius 2.5 cm, passing through A
(i) a triangle ABC, given AB = 4 cm, BC = 6 cm
and C.
and ∠ABC = 90°.
(ii) Construct two tangents to the circle from
(ii) a circle which passes through the points A,
the external point B. Measure and record
B and C and mark its centre as O. [2008]
the length of the tangents. [2016]
6. Construct a triangle ABC in which base BC =
6 cm, AB = 5.5 cm and ∠ABC = 120°.

COMMON ERRORS
1.
To construct a parallel line to AB at 2 cm distance, do not use ‘eye-brow method’. Draw two
perpendiculars and cut off 2 cm on the perpendiculars.

A B

OR
2 cm 2 cm 2 cm

A B

2.
To find the midpoint of a line segment, do not just mark the midpoint
using a ruler. Draw the perpendicular bisector of the line segment.

e.g., when asked to construct a circle on diameter AB, find the centre A M B
by constructing ⊥ bisector of AB.
3. Forgetting to drop a perpendicular from the incentre of a triangle to one
side, before drawing the incircle.
4. Forgetting to measure the tangent or the radius of the circle constructed when asked to do so.

270 ICSE Mathematics—X

 17
UNIT-V: MENSURATION
AREA AND VOLUME OF SOLIDS

CYLINDER (ii) Curved surface area

Right Circular Cylinder = Circumference of the base × height
When a rectangle is rotated about one of its = 2pr × h = 2prh
sides, a solid is formed which is a right circular
(iii) Total surface area = Curved surface
cylinder.
area + area of the two circles at its
top and bottom
= 2prh + 2pr2 = 2pr(h + r)

Hollow Cylinder
Examples of hollow cylinder are hollow pipe,
a roll of cellotape, etc.

R
Fig. 17.1

(a) In the given figures CD is the axis of

the cylinder and rectangle ABCD moves h

around CD. The radius is AD and AB is

the height of the cylinder. r

(b) Also if circular cards of same radius are Fig. 17.3

placed one on top of another, a solid
cylinder is formed. A hollow cylinder has external and internal
(i) Volume of the cylinder radii R and r and height h.
= Area of the base × height
(i) Volume of the hollow cylinder = Area of
= pr2 × h
the base ring × height
= pr2h
= p(R2 – r2) × h
r
(ii) Total surface area = External and internal
h
curved surface area + area of 2 rings at
the top and bottom
= 2pRh + 2prh + 2p(R2 – r2)
Fig. 17.2
Water flowing through a pipe Solution:
When water is flowing through a pipe, (i) Curved surface area = 2prh = 3850
Volume of water that flows in unit time 220h = 3850
= Area of cross-section × Rate of water flow
Value of p 3850 35
h = = = 17.5
For any circle, the ratio of circumference to 220 2
the length of its diameter is the same number Circumference = 2pr = 220
called p (Greek letter pronounced as Pi).
220 × 7
p is an irrational number, i.e., it is a non- r = = 35
2 × 22
terminating and non-repeating decimal
number. The value of p correct to 9 decimal (ii) Volume of the cylinder = pr2h
places is 3.141592653.
22 5
Two approximate values used for computation = × 35 × 35 × 17.5
7
22 22
are or 3.142. We take the value of p = = 67375 cm3
7 7
Example 3: A hollow tube open at both ends
unless otherwise specified. is made of a metal and is 4 cm thick. If the
Mnemonics to Remember: The value of p (up external radius is 40 cm and the length of the
to 9 decimal places) can be memorised as: tube is 70 cm, find the volume of the metal
in the tube.
Count the number of letters in each word of
the following. Solution:

May I have a large container of coffee, thank you R = 40 cm

3 l 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 r = R – thickness
       3.141592653 = 40 – 4 = 36 cm
Example 1: Find the volume and curved Volume of the metal in the tube = p(R2 – r2)h
surface area of a solid cylinder of height
22
20 cm and radius of the base 3.5 cm. = (402 – 362) × 70
7
Solution: = 220(40 + 36)(40 – 36)
Volume = pr2h
= 220 × 76 × 4
22
= × 3.5 × 3.5 × 20 = 66880 cm3
7
= 11 × 70 = 770 cm3 Example 4: The diameter of a garden roller
Curved surface area = 2prh is 2.1 m and its width is 3 m. What is the area
22 covered by it in 10 revolutions?
= 2 × × 3.5 × 20 = 440 cm2
7
Solution:
Example 2: The curved surface area of a
Curved surface area of the roller = 2prh
cylinder is 3850 cm2 and the circumference
of the base is 220 cm. Calculate: 22 2.1
= 2 × × ×3
7 2
(i) the height
= 19.8 m2
(ii) the volume of the cylinder.
272 ICSE Mathematics—X
 2.31 m
3m

4m
Area covered by roller in 10 revolutions
Solution:
= Area of curved surface ×
7
Number of revolutions d = 7 cm   \ r = m
200
= 19.8 × 10 = 198 m2 (i) Volume of water discharged in 1 second
= pr2 × rate
Example 5: A paper label 22 cm by 10 cm 22
11
7 7
= × × × 5 m3
completely covers the curved surface of a tin 7 200 100 200 40
of beans. Find the volume of the tin. 77
= m3 (1 m3 = 1000 litres)
4000
22 cm
Volume of water in 1 minute
Beans
10 cm

77
= × 60 m3
4000
231 3
= m
Solution: 200
Circumference = 2pr = 22 231 × 1000
= litres
22 200
2× r = 22 = 1155 litres
7
7
r = = 3.5 (ii) Time taken in minutes
2
and h = 10 cm Volume of tank
=
Volume of water from
Volume of the tin = pr2h
the pipe in 1 minute
22 7 7
= × × × 10 4 × 3 × 231
7 2 2 = 4 × 3 × 2.31 = × 200
231 231 × 100
= 385 cm3
200
Example 6: Water flows through a cylindrical = 24 minutes
pipe of internal diameter 7 cm at 5 m/s.
Calculate: Example 7: An open rectangular tank of
depth 50 cm has a horizontal base of length 80
(i) the volume, in litres, of water discharged cm and breadth 25 cm. A solid metal cylinder
by the pipe in 1 minute. of volume 21000 cm3 rests with its curved
(ii) the time, in minutes, the pipe would surface on the base of the tank. 39000 cm3
take to fill an empty rectangular tank of water is poured into the tank at the rate
4 m by 3 m by 2.31 m. of 65 cm3/sec.
Area and Volume of Solids 273

\  The drop of the water level

50 m
Volume
=
l×b

m
21000

25
80 m
= = 10.5 cm
80 × 25
(i) How many minutes does it take for all
the water to be poured in? Remember:
(a) 1 m3 = 1000 L
(ii) If the water just covers the cylinder
(b) 1000 cm3 = 1 L
as shown in the figure, calculate the
(c) 1 cm3 = 1 mL
(a) depth of the water, (b) radius of
the cylinder, (c) length of the cylinder
[Take p = 3.14] Example 8: A cylinder filled completely has
7392 cm3 in volume. When it is filled 2 cm less
(iii) If the cylinder is removed from the from the top, its volume becomes 6160 cm3.
tank, by how much does the water Find its radius and height.
level fall?
Solution:
Solution:
pr2H – pr2h = 7392 – 6160 = 1232
(i) Time to fill the water in the tank
pr2 × 2 = 1232 (Q H – h = 2 cm)
39000
= = 600 seconds 1232 × 7
65 r2 = = 196
= 10 minutes 2 × 22
(ii) (a) Total volume \ r = 14
= l × b × depth of the water 22
× 142 × H = 7392
39000 + 21000 = 80 × 25 × d 7
7392
60000 \ H = = 12
\ Depth of the water == 30 cm 44 × 14
80 × 25 H = 12 cm
(b) Radius of the cylinder Example 9: The total surface area of a hollow
1 metal cylinder, open at both ends, of external
  =
of the depth of the water
2 radius 8 cm and height 10 cm is 338p cm2.
1 Taking r to be the inner radius, write down an
 = × 30 = 15 cm
2 equation in r and use it to state the thickness
(c) Volume of the cylinder = pr2h of the metal in the cylinder.
Inner radius = r cm
\ Length of the cylinder
External radius = R = 8 cm
Volume
= Height = h = 10 cm
πr 2
Solution:
21000
= = 29.72 cm Total surface area of a hollow cylinder
3.14 × 152
= 2p (R2 – r2) + 2prh + 2pRh
(iii) Volume of the cylinder = l × b × drop in ⇒ 2p (82 – r2 + 10r + 8 × 10) = 338p
water level

274 ICSE Mathematics—X

⇒ 64 – r2 + 10r + 80 = 169   (Dividing by 2p) Example 12: A metal cuboid of dimensions
⇒ r2 – 10r + 169 – 144 = 0 5 cm × 4.4 cm × 3.5 cm is submerged in a
⇒ r2 – 10r + 25 = 0 cylinder of base radius 7 cm containing some
water. Find the rise in the level of water in
⇒ (r – 5)2 = 0
the cylinder.
⇒ r = 5 cm
∴ Thickness = R – r Solution:
= 8 – 5 = 3 cm
Example 10: How many cylindrical glasses
3 cm in radius and 5 cm deep can be filled
with fruit juice from a full cylindrical jug of
radius 5 cm and 18 cm deep?
Solution: Let n glasses be filled.
Volume of juice in = Volume of juice from Volume of cuboid = V
 olume of water rise in
n glasses the jug the cylinder

n(pr2h) = pR2H lbh = pr2h

22
n(3 × 3 × 5) = 5 × 5 × 18 5 × 4.4 × 3.5 = ×7 ×7×h
7
2 2 5
5 × 5 × 18 5 × 44 × 35
n = = 10 = h
3× 3× 5 100 × 22 × 7
\ 10 glasses can be filled. 1
\ h = = 0.5
2
Example 11: A solid cylinder 8 cm long and
of 3.5 cm radius is melted to form a hollow \ The rise in water level = 0.5 cm
cylinder of external radius 4 cm and 1 cm Note: In questions of the above kind, avoid unnecessary
thickness. What is the length of the hollow multiplication. Do not multiply the numbers to find each
volume, their factors get cancelled in most cases.
cylinder?
Solution:
Example 13: Earth taken out on digging a
Hollow cylinder: cylindrical tank of diameter 8 m is spread
R = 4 cm, thickness = 1 cm \ r = 3 cm all around the tank uniformly to a width of
Solid cylinder: 1 m, to form an embankment of height 3 m.
7 Calculate the depth of the tank correct to 2
r = 3.5 cm = cm, h = 8 cm decimal places.
2
Volume of hollow cylinder
= volume of solid cylinder 1 mm
1.5
28 m
m
p(R2 – r2)h = pr2h
7 7 2 3m
2 m
(42 – 32)h = × ×8
2 2 Ground
7×7×2 7×7×2
h = = = 14
16 − 9 7
8 2mm
\ The length of hollow cylinder = 14 cm
Area and Volume of Solids 275
Solution:
Radius of the tank = r = 4 m
Embankment’s width = 1 m
∴ R = 4 + 1 = 5 m
Height of the embankment = 3 m
Volume of earth from = Volume of earth in the
the tank embankment
EXERCISE 17A
22
Note: Take p = unless otherwise mentioned
7
1. If the radius of a cylinder is 14 cm and height
10 cm, find its
(i) volume   (ii) curved surface area
2. If the curved surface area of a cylinder is
2750 cm2 and the circumference of the base is
110 cm, find
(i) the height of the cylinder
(ii) its volume
3. A cylindrical glass of 6 cm height has radius
3.5 cm. Find the wet surface area of the glass
when water is poured into it.
4. A cylindrical jug of radius 6 cm and height
35 cm is full of orange juice. How many glasses
can be filled if the radius of each glass is 3 cm
and height 7 cm?
5. A building has 8 cylindrical pillars of radius
0.5 m and height 6.3 m. If these pillars are to
be painted at the rate of `15 per m2, what will
be the cost of painting all of them?
6. (i) A garden roller is 2 m wide and has
diameter 1.4 m. In how many revolutions
will it level a field 24 m by 11 m?
(ii) The radius of a roller is 35 cm and its length
is 3 m. If it takes 30 revolutions to level a
playground, find:
(a) the area of the playground
(b) the cost of levelling the ground at
 `5 per m2.
7. A rectangular solid metal 60 cm by 66 cm by
10 cm is melted and formed into a cylindrical
wire with radius 2 cm. Find the length of the
wire in metres.
276 ICSE Mathematics—X
pr2H  = p(R2 – r2)h
4 × 4 × H = (52 – 42)3
   = (25 – 16)3
27
∴   H = = 1.687 = 1.69 m
16
8. A cube is put in a cylindrical glass jar
containing some water. If the radius of the jar
9
is 12 cm and the rise in water level is 3 cm,
11
find the length of the edge of the cube.
9. Find the length of the edge of a metal cube
which when placed in a cylindrical glass
containing water, the level of water rises by
7
cm and the radius of the glass is 6 cm.
99
10. Total surface area of a cylinder of height 5.5cm
is 198 cm2. Find its radius.
11. From a can containing 1.256 l milk, how many
cylindrical glasses 5 cm deep and of radius
2 cm can be filled? [Take p = 3.14]
12. A cylindrical tube which is 28 cm long is made
of iron. If its internal radius is 6 cm and is 0.5 cm
thick and open at both ends, calculate the
volume of iron.
13. The radius and height of a cylinder are in the
ratio 1 : 2. If its volume is 54p, find its curved
surface area in terms of p.
14. The radius and height of a cylinder are in the
ratio 2 : 3. If its curved surface area is 300p
cm2, find its volume. (Take p = 3.14)
15. Find the radius and the volume of the largest
cylinder formed when a rectangular piece
of paper 33 cm by 20 cm is rolled along the
longer side.
 33 cm
20 cm
16. A circular tank of diameter 2 m is dug out
and the earth removed is spread out evenly
all around the tank to form an embankment
1.5 m wide and 2 m in height. Find the depth
of the tank.
1.5 m
2m
2m
Ground
2m
17. When a cylinder is filled completely with
water, its volume is 1540 cm3 and when filled
upto 2 cm below from the top, its volume is
1232 cm3. Find the radius and height of the
cylinder.
18. Hot coffee from a cylindrical jug 15 cm deep and
radius 16 cm is poured into cylindrical glasses
4 cm in diameter and 8 cm deep. How many
such glasses can be filled?
19. Arjun and Beena ordered some fruit juice
from a shop. Arjun’s drink is served full in a
cubical container of side 7 cm. Beena’s drink
is served in a cylindrical glass of diameter
7 cm and height 10 cm. If Arjun’s juice costs
`49, how much will Beena’s juice cost?
20. A solid cylinder 10 cm long and 2 cm radius is
melted to form a hollow cylinder of external
radius 3 cm and 1 cm thickness. What is the
length of the hollow cylinder?
21. If a well is dug 21 m deep and 1.4 m in radius,
how much earth is dug out from it? If the inner
wall of well is plastered at `20 per m2, what
will be its cost?
22. A metal cuboid with dimensions 5.5 cm ×
4 cm × 3.5 cm is submerged in a cylinder of
base radius 7 cm containing some water. Find
the rise in level of water in the cylinder.
23. 88 litres of oil is poured into a cylindrical tin
which has a diameter of 40 cm. Find the depth
of oil in the tin.
24. A cylindrical can of an aerated drink has a
radius of 2.5 cm and height 8 cm.
CAN
(i) How much drink can it hold?
(ii) If 1 cm3, = 1 mL, how many mL does it
  hold? [Take p = 3.14]
25. Water flows through a cylindrical pipe of
internal diameter 7cm at 36 km/h. Calculate
the time it would take to fill a cylindrical
tank, the radius of whose base is 35 cm and
height 1 m.
26. The cross-section of a gutter is a circle 14 cm
in diameter. If water flows along the gutter
at 10 cm/s, how many litres does it carry per
minute?
27. A cylindrical tank of diameter 1.4 m and
height 2.1 m is being fed by a pipe of diameter
3.5 cm through which water flows at the rate
of 2 m/s. Calculate in minutes the time taken
to fill the tank.
28. A cylindrical can is filled with water. Its
capacity is 346.5 litres and is 90 cm high.
(i) Calculate its radius.
(ii) If the water is poured into a rectangular
tank of length 125 cm and width 88 cm,
find the depth of water in the tank.
Area and Volume of Solids 277
 29. In a cylinder of radius 7 cm, there is water 4 cm in diameter and 3 cm thick, how many
1 cm, below from the top. When a cube is such discs can be made?
dropped into the water, 62 cm 3 of water 32. Water flows through a circular pipe of radius
overflows. Find the length of the cube. 3.5 cm at 12 km/h into a cylindrical tank of
30. The total surface area of a hollow cylinder radius 7 m and height 25 m. Find the depth
of internal radius 6 cm and height 5 cm is of water in the tank after 15 minutes.
616 cm2. Taking R to be the external radius,
write an equation in R and solve it to find the
thickness of the metal.
31. A girl makes a cylindrical sand castle 16 cm
in diameter and 12 cm high on the beach. If
the same sand is moulded into circular discs

CONE Length of arc APB of sector = Circumference

When a right-angled triangle is rotated about of the base of cone
one of its sides (other than hypotenuse), a right Area of sector = Curved surface area of cone
circular cone is formed. In the figure, AB is 1 1
Volume of a cone = × base area × height = pr2h
the axis of the cone about which the triangle 3 3
is moving to form a cone. Curved surface area = prl
Hypotenuse AC = slant height = l
where, l = r 2 + h2
A

Total surface area = Base area +

 Curved surface area
= pr2 + prl = pr(r + l)
C
C Note: When radius and height of a cone and cylinder
B
are same, then Volume of cylinder = 3 × Volume of cone
C C

Fig. 17.4 =
Side AB = height = h
Side BC = radius Activity: Try making a cone with a plastic
Also when a sector of a circle is folded by sheet with radius and height same as that of a
joining the two radii OA and OB shown in the beaker in your lab. Measure sand or water with
Fig. 17.5, a cone is formed whose slant height the cone and fill it 3 times and pour into the
(l) is the radius of the sector. beaker. Observe that the cylinder is completely
O filled.
O

 l
r Example 14: The radius and the height of a
A
Sector
B cone are 6 cm and 8 cm respectively. Find the
P AB curved surface area and volume of the cone.
P
Fig. 17.5
[Take p = 3.14]

278 ICSE Mathematics—X

Solution: Solution:
radius = 6 cm, height = 8 cm
(i) Area of the floor = pr2 = 154
2 2 2 2
\ l = r + h = 6 +8 = 10 cm 22 2
r = 154
\ Curved surface area 7
= prl = 3.14 × 6 × 10 = 188.4 cm2 154 × 7
r2 = = 72
1 1 22
Volume = pr2h = × 3.14 × 62 × 8 r = 7 m
3 3
1
= 301.44 cm3 (ii) Volume of the cone = pr2h = 1232
3
1 22
Example 15: The total surface area of a cone 1232 = × × 7 ×7×h
3 7
is 200p cm2 and the slant height is 17 cm. Find
1232 × 3
(i) the radius of the cone \ h = = 24 m
22 × 7
(ii) the volume of the cone in terms of p.
(iii) l = 7 2 + 24 2 = 25 m
Solution:
22
(i) Total surface area = pr (r + l) = 200 p Area of canvas required = prl = × 7 × 25
7
r (r + 17) = 200 = 550 m2
r2 + 17r – 200 = 0 Area 550
\ Length of canvas = =
Width 2
r2 – 8r + 25r – 200 = 0
= 275 m
(r – 8) (r + 25) = 0
Example 17: An inverted cone is filled with
\ r = 8 cm 1
water. When a cube is dropped into it, of
11
(ii) h = l 2 − r 2 = 17 2 − 8 2 = 15 cm
1 water from the cone overflows. Find the
Volume of the cone = pr2h length of the cube if radius of the cone is
3
18 cm and height is 7 cm.
1
= p × 8 × 8 × 15 Solution:
3
Volume of cube = Volume of water displaced
= 320p cm3 1
Volume of cube = × Volume of cone
11
Example 16: The volume of a conical tent is
1232 m3 and the area of the floor is 154 m2. 1 1 2
l3 = × πr h
Calculate the 11 3
2
6
(i) radius of the base 1 1 22
= × × × 18 × 18 × 7 = 216
(ii) height of the tent 11 3 7

(iii) length of canvas required to cover the l = 3 216 = 6

tent if the width is 2 m. [2008]
\ Length of the cube = 6 cm

Area and Volume of Solids 279

Example 18: From a solid cylinder of height
24 cm and radius 7 cm, a conical cavity of same
radius and height are made. Calculate the
volume and surface area of the remaining solid.
Example 19: A quadrant of a circular paper of
radius 28 cm is folded into a cone of maximum
size.

cm

cm
28

28
r = 7cm
A B
P
Sector Cone

Find the
h = 24 cm (i) radius
(ii) curved surface area
(iii) height of the cone

Solution:
R = radius of sector = 28 cm = slant height of
cone
(i) Length of arc APB = Circumference of
Solution:  base circle of cone
Volume of the remaining solid
1
1 × 2 πR = 2πr
= pr2h – pr2h 4
3
28
2 2 = r
= pr h 4
3

\ Radius of cone = 7 cm
2 22
= × × 7 × 7 × 24 = 2464 cm3
3 7 (ii) Curved surface area of cone
 l = r 2 + h 2 = 7 2 + 24 2 = 25cm 22
= prl = × 7 × 28 = 616 cm2
7
Note: To find the surface area of the remaining solid, do
not subtract the surface areas of the two solids but add
area of all surfaces of the remaining solid.
(iii) h = l 2 − r 2

Surface area of the remaining solid = 28 2 − 7 2

= Curved surface area of cylinder + curved
= 784 − 49
surface area of cone + base area
= 2prh + prl + pr2 = 735
pr (2h + l + r)
=
\ Height = 27.11 cm.
22
=  × 7 [2 × 24 + 25 + 7]
7
= 22 [48 + 32]
= 22 × 80 = 1760 cm2

280 ICSE Mathematics—X

 EXERCISE 17B
1. Find the volume of a conical tent whose
vertical height is 8 m and the area of the base is
156 m2. [Hint: Do not find the radius]
2. Find the volume and curved surface area of a
cone which is 24 cm high and having radius
7 cm. Find the cost of tin required to make
such an open cone if the rate is `800 per m2.
3. The curved surface of a cone is 2200 cm2. If
the radius of its base is 14 cm, calculate its
height.
4. The volume of a cone with radius 6 cm is
 22 
264 cm3. Find its height. Take π = 
 7 
5. The radius and height of a cone are in the
ratio 8 : 15 and its volume is 8038.4 cm3. Find
the radius and the curved surface area of the
cone . [Take p = 3.14]
6. The total surface area of a cone of slant height
15 cm is 216p cm2. Calculate its
(i) radius (ii) volume [Take p = 3.14]
7. A conical vessel of radius 12 cm and height
9 cm is full of water. When some cones of radius
3 cm and height 4 cm are dropped into it, one-
fourth of water overflows. Find the number
of cones dropped into the vessel.
8. Find the area of canvas required to just cover
a heap of grain of radius 3 m and height
4 m. [Take p = 3.14]
9. The total surface area of a cone of slant height
25 cm is 600p cm2. Find
(i) the radius
(ii) the volume of the cone [Take p = 3.14]
10. The radius and height of a cone are in the
ratio 7: 24. Find the radius and slant height
if the volume of the cone is 154 cm3.
 22 
Take π = 7 
11. A conical cavity of radius 3.5 cm and height
12 cm is drilled in a cylinder of radius 7 cm
and height 20 cm. Find the volume and surface
 22 
area of the remaining solid. Take π = 
 7 
12. A cone of radius 15 cm and height 17.5 cm is
filled with water. When a cube is placed in
1
the cone, of the water overflows. Find the
33
length of the cube.
13. A solid metallic cone of radius 6 cm and height
12 cm is melted and shaped into 36 cones of
radius 2 cm. Find their height.
14. The volume of a cone is same as that of a
cylinder whose height is 9 cm and diameter
40 cm. Find the radius of the base of the cone
if its height is 108 cm.
15. A pillar consists of a cylinder 4 m high
surmounted by a cone of height 40 cm
and both of diameter 60 cm. Find the
cost of painting the pillar at `10 per m 2 .
[Take p = 3.14]
16. A cone of height 20 cm and radius 6 cm is cut
through the midpoint of vertical axis. Find the
volume of the conical part.
 r h r 10 
Hint : R = H ∴ 6 = 20 

17. A cylindrical jug of radius 8 cm and height
10 cm is filled with orange juice. It is then
poured into small conical cups of radius 2 cm
and height 6 cm. Find the number of cups that
can be filled.
18. A joker’s cap is in the form of a right circular
cone of base radius 6 cm and height 8 cm.
Find the area of a sheet required to make
10 such caps. [Take p = 3.14]
Area and Volume of Solids 281
 19. A right triangle ABC with sides 5 cm, 12 cm
 r h 3.5 h
and 13 cm is revolved about the side of 12 cm.
Hint : R = H ∴ 4 = 12 
Find the volume of solid so obtained. [Take p
= 3.14] [Hint: r = 5 cm, h = 12 cm]
22. A sector of a circle containing an angle of 90°
20. The base area of a cone is 1386 cm2 and its is cut out of a circular paper of radius 14 cm.
volume is 12936 cm3. Find (i) the radius, (ii) the
It is folded into a cone of maximum size. Find
height and (iii) the curved surface area of the
the
cone.
(i) radius
21. A conical biscuit of inner radius 3.5 cm is
0.5 cm thick and 12 cm high. Find the inner (ii) curved surface area
height and volume of cream it can hold. (iii) height of the cone

cm
14
Sector

h = 12 cm

SPHERE Hemisphere
When a circle is rotated about its diameter, a r
sphere is formed.

O r Fig. 17.7
A B

2 3
Volume of a hemisphere = pr
3
Fig. 17.6 Curved surface area = 2pr2
Surface area of a sphere = 4pr2
Total surface area = Curved surface area + Area
4 of the circle on the top
Volume of a sphere = pr3
3 = 2pr2 + pr2
Hollow sphere (Spherical shell) = 3pr2
It is a solid enclosed between two concentric Fig. 17.8
spheres. Hollow Hemisphere
4
Volume of hollow sphere = p (R3 – r3), where 2
3 Volume of a hollow hemisphere = π (R3 – r3)
3
r and R are the internal and external radii
2 3
respectively. Internal volume = Its capacity = πr
3
282 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 20: The surface area of a sphere is (i) the volume of wood in it
2464 cm2. Find its radius and volume. (ii) quantity of oil it can hold.
Solution:
Surface area of sphere = 4pr2 = 2464
22 2
4× r = 2464
7
112
2464 × 7 Solution:
r2 = r = 8 cm, thickness = 1 cm
4 × 22
\ R = 8 + 1 = 9 cm
r2 = 196 (i) Volume of a hollow hemisphere
r = 14 cm 2
= π (R3 – r3)
3
4 4 22
Its volume = πr 3 = × × 14 × 14 × 14 = ×
2 22 3
(9 – 83)
3 3 7 3 7
88 × 196 × 2 44
= = (729 – 512)
3 21
31
44
= 11498.67 cm3 = × 217
21
Example 21: The volume of a sphere is 3
38808 cm3. Find its radius and surface area. 1364
= = 454.67 cm3
Solution: 3
4 3 (ii) Volume of oil it can hold
Volume of sphere = πr = 38808
3
= Inner volume of hemisphere
4 22 3
× × r = 38808 2 3 2 22
3 7 = πr = ×  × 8 × 8 × 8
441
3 3 7
9702 22528
38808 × 3 × 7 = = 1072.76 cm3
r3 = = 441 × 21 21
4 × 22
Example 23: Into a hemispherical bowl of
r3 = 212 × 21 radius 15 cm, some water is poured. If the
r = 21 cm radius of the surface of water is 9 cm. Find
the depth of water in the bowl.
\ Surface area of sphere
22 Solution:
= 4pr2 = 4 × × 21 × 21
7 O
= 5544 cm2
15
cm

B 9 cm
Example 22: The internal radius of a hollow A

wooden hemisphere is 8 cm and it is uniformly P

1 cm thick. Find:

Area and Volume of Solids 283

In DOAB, Solution:
OA = 15 = radius of hemisphere Let x cones be made.
Volume of x cones = Volume of hollow
AB = 9 cm = radius of water surface hemisphere
r = 2 cm R = 8 cm
\ OB = 152 − 9 2 = 12 cm h = 8 cm r = 6 cm
radius OP = 15 cm π
3
 4
(
x  r 2 h  = π R3 − r 3
 3
)
\ BP = depth of water = 15 – 12 = 3 cm
π
Conversion of Solids Dividing both sides by and substituting for
3
1. When a solid is melted and shaped into
another solid we equate the volumes. the given measures.
x (2 × 2 × 8) = 4 (83 – 63)
2. When a liquid from a full cylindrical can is
4
poured into an empty cone and if it is filled x = (512 – 216)
4 ×8
up to the rim, we equate the volumes.
296
x = = 37
Combination of Solids 8
Example 24: A solid cylinder of radius 3 cm \ 37 cones are made.
and height 8 cm is melted and formed into
Example 26: A hemispherical bowl of
a cone of radius 6 cm. Find the height of the
diameter 7.2 cm is completely filled with
cone.
sauce. This sauce is poured into an inverted
Solution: cone of radius 4.8 cm and is completely filled.
The cylinder is melted to form a cone. Find the height of the cone. [2010]
Cone: R = 6 cm Solution:
Cylinder: r = 3 cm, h = 8 cm
Radius of bowl = 3.6 cm
\ Volume of cone = Volume of cylinder
Cone: R = 4.8 cm
= pr2h  Volume of sauce in the bowl
2 = Volume of sauce in the cone
1
π × 6 × 6 × H = p × 3 × 3 × 8 2 3 π
3 πr = R2 h
3 3
[Dividing both sides by p] π
2 Dividing by and substituting, we get
3
3× 3 × 8
H = =6
2×6   2 × 3.6 × 3.6 × 3.6 = 4.8 × 4.8 × h
2 3 3 0.9
\ h = 2 × 3.6 × 3.6 × 3.6
\ Height of cone = 6 cm.
4.8 × 4.8
Example 25: A hollow sphere of internal and 4 4
2
external radii 6 cm and 8 cm is melted and 8.1
recast into small cones of base radius 2 cm = = 4.05
2
and height 8 cm. Find the number of cones.
\ Height of the cone = 4.05 cm.
[2012]
284 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 27: The radius of a sphere is 6 cm. In DOBC, radius OB ^ tangent BC.
It is melted and drawn into a cylindrical wire OB2 + BC2 = OC2 ( Pythagoras Theorem)
of diameter 4 mm. Find the length of the wire
in metres. x2 + 22 = (4 – x)2

Solution: x2 + 4 = 16 – 8x + x2
Radius of sphere = R = 6 cm 8x = 12
2 1 12 3
Radius of wire, r = 2 mm = cm = cm x = = = 1.5 cm
10 5 8 2
Let the length of wire = h cm
\ Radius of sphere = 1.5 cm
Volume of sphere = Volume of cylindrical wire
Fraction of water overflowing
4 4
πR 3 = pr2h πr3
3 Vol. of sphere 3
= =
Dividing by p and substituting, we get Vol. of cone π 2
R H
2 3
4 1 1
× 6 × 6 × 6 = × × h 3 3 3
3 5 5 3 4× × ×
= 4r = 2 2 2 = 3
8 × 36 × 25 = h 2
R H 3×3×4 8
h = 7200 cm = 72 m
\ Length of wire = 72 m. Example 29: A cylindrical test tube is of
hemispherical base of radius 3 cm and length
Example 28: A cone of radius 3 cm and
1
height 4 cm is full of water. When a sphere 8 cm. Find its volume (in terms of p). If the
9
which exactly fits and touches the sides of
the cone is immersed, what fraction of water volume of a cone is same as the volume of
overflows? the test tube, find the height of the cone
Solution: 1
(given that tan q = ,) when q is the vertical
3
l = r 2 + h 2 = 32 + 4 2 = 5 cm = CT
angle of the cone.
TA = TB = 3 cm [Tangents from T]
Solution:
\ BC = 2 cm
3 For test tube,
A T

x Radius of hemisphere = 3 cm
3
O x
1 1
\ Height of cylinder = 8 − 3 = 5 cm.
B 9 9
2
For cone,
r 1
C tan q = =
Height of the cone = AC = 4 cm h 3
Let radius of sphere be x.
\ OA = OB = x Let radius be x \ height = 3x
OC = AC – OA = 4 – x
Area and Volume of Solids 285
 πr 2 h 2
= + πr 2 H + πr 3
3 3
πr 2
= [h + 3H + 2r]
3
22 7 ×7
= × [24 + 3 × 30 + 2 × 7]
7 3

154 19712
2 = [128] = = 6570.67 cm3
Volume of test tube = pr2h + pr3 3 3
3
1 2 (ii) Cone’s slant height
= p × 32 × 5 + p × 33
9 3
= l = r 2 + h 2 = 7 2 + 24 2 = 25 cm
46
= π × 9 × + 18p = 64p
9 Total surface area of the solid
πr 2 h π.x 2 .3 x = prl + 2prH + 2pr2
Volume of cone = = = πx 3 .
3 3
= pr [l + 2H + 2r]
Both volumes are equal. 22
= × 7 [25 + 2 × 30 + 2 × 7]
\ px3 = 64p 7
x = 4 = 22 [99] = 2178 cm2.
\ Radius of the cone = 4 cm
Example 31: An exhibition tent is in the form
and Height = 3x = 12 cm
of a cylinder surmounted by a cone. The
Example 30: The given figure shows the cross- height of the tent above the ground is 85 m
section of a cone, cylinder and hemisphere all and height of the cylindrical part is 50 m. If the
with the same diameter 14 cm. The height of diameter of the base is 168 m, find the quantity
the cone is 24 cm and height of the cylinder of canvas required to make the tent allowing
is 30 cm. 20% extra for folding and stitching. Give your
answer to the nearest m2.[2001]

30 cm
85 m
Find the
(i) volume 50 m
(ii) total surface area of the solid
Solution:
168 m
d = 14 cm \ r = 7 cm
h (of cone) = 24 cm Solution:
and H (of cylinder) = 30 cm Height of cone = 85 – 50 = 35 m
(i) Volume of solid = Vol. of cone 168
Radius of cone = = 84 m
   + Vol. of cylinder + Vol. of hemisphere 2

286 ICSE Mathematics—X

 Example 33: A metallic cylinder has radius
2 2 2 2
\l= r +h = 84 + 35 = 91 m 3 cm and height 5 cm. It is made of metal A.
To reduce its weight, a conical hole of
Area of tent = Curved surface area of
3 8
 cylinder and cone r = cm and h = cm is drilled in the cylinder
2 9
= 2prh + prl = pr (2h + l)
as shown in the figure and it is completely
12
22 filled with a lighter metal B. Calculate the
= × 84 (2 × 50 + 91)
7 ratio of the volume of metal A to the volume
of metal B in the solid.
= 264 (191) = 50424 m2 3 cm
120
With extra 20%, area of canvas = × 50424
100 8 cm
9
= 60508.8 = 60509 m2 to nearest m2.
5 cm

Example 32: A cone of radius 3.5 cm and

height 8 cm is filled with ice-cream with a
hemispherical topping. Find the volume of 3 cm [1992]
the ice-cream.
Solution:
Solution: Radius of cylinder, R = 3 cm
1 7
r = 3.5 cm = 3 cm = cm Height of cylinder, H = 5 cm
2 2
h = 8 cm 3
Radius of cone, r = cm
2
8
Height of cone, h = cm
9
Vol. of metal A : Vol. of metal B
8 cm
= (Vol. of cylinder – Vol. of cone) : Vol. of cone
 πr 2 h  πr 2 h
=  πR2 H − :
Volume of ice-cream = Volume of hemisphere  3  3

 + Volume of cone
2 3 1 2  2   2 
= πr + πr h 1 3 3 8 1 3 3 8
3 3 = π 32 × 5 − × × ×  : π  × × × 
 3 2 2 9 3 2 2 9
2    
πr 3  3 
= [2r + h]
3  2 2
11 =  45 −  : [Dividing by p on both sides]
 3 3
22 7 7
= × × [2 × 3.5 + 8] 135 − 2 2
7 ×3 2 2 = : = 133 : 2.
3 3
77
= [7 + 8] Example 34: A cylindrical can of internal
6
diameter 12 cm contains some water. When
5
77 385 a solid sphere of diameter 9 cm is placed in
= × 15 = = 192.5 cm3.
6 2 it, it is completely immersed. Find the rise in
2 water level, if no water over flows.
Area and Volume of Solids 287
Solution:
2 7 7
4 
9  1 1 1
r = radius of sphere = cm x  4 × × ×  =  × × 8 
2  2 2 2 7 2 2 
12
R = radius of cylinder = = 6 cm x = 2 × 7 × 4 = 56
2
Let h = rise in the level of water \ 56 marbles are dropped into the vessel.
Volume of sphere = Volume of water rise in 3.5 cm
the cylinder
4 3
πr = p R2 h
3 3
8 cm
4 9 9 9
× × × = 6 × 6 × h
3 2 2 2
[Dividing both sides by p]
Remarks:
3× 9 ×9 When radius = Height of a cone and cylinder
2 × 6 × 6 = h h Vol. of cone : Vol. of hemisphere : Vol. of cylinder
2 2 1 2
= πr 2 h : πr 3 : πr 2 h
27 3 3 3
\ h = = 3 cm = 3.375 cm.
8 8 1 3 2 3
= πr : πr : πr 3 = 1 : 2 : 3.
3 3
Example 35: A vessel is in the form of an
inverted cone. Its height is 8 cm and the Example 36: The surface area of a solid
radius of its top is 3.5 cm. It is filled with metallic sphere is 5024 cm2. It is melted
water up to the rim. When marbles of radius and recast into solid cones of radius 5 cm
2 and height 10 cm. Calculate (i) the radius of
0.5 cm are dropped into the vessel, of the
7 the sphere, (ii) the number of cones recast.
water overflows. Find the number of marbles (Take p = 3.14)
dropped into the vessel.
Solution:
Solution: The surface area of a sphere = 4pr2
1
r = Radius of a marble = 0.5 cm = cm (i) 4 × 3.14r2 = 5024
2
R = Radius of the cone = 3.5 cm 5024 5024 × 100
1 7 r2 = = = 400
= 3 cm = cm 4 × 3.14 4 × 314
2 2
r = 20
H = height of the cone = 8 cm.

\ radius of sphere = 20 cm.
Let x marbles be dropped into the vessel.
2 (ii) Let n cones be recast.
Vol. of x marbles = × Vol. of cone
7 Vol. of n cones = Vol. of 1 sphere
4  2 π 
x  πr 3  =  R 2 H   π r2h  4
3  7 3  n   = π R3
2  3  3
x (4r3) = (R2H)  Dividing by π 
7  3
n (5 × 5 × 10) = 4 × 20 × 20 × 20

288 ICSE Mathematics—X

 4 4 7 2 cm
4 × 20 × 20 × 2 0 77 × 7
n = r2 =
5 × 5 ×10 22 × 2
2
n = 128 7
\ 128 cones are recast. \ r = = 3.5 cm
2
Example 37: A test tube consists of a \ radius of the test tube = 3.5 cm
hemisphere and a cylinder of the same radius. Total volume = Vol. of cylinder + Vol. of
hemisphere
Volume of water required to fill the tube is
2849 2618 2849 2  2 
cm3 and cm3 of water to fill the tube = πr 2 h + πr 3 = πr 2  h + r 
3 3 3 3  3 
11
2849 22 7 7  2 7
to a level 2 cm below the top. Find the radius of = × × h + × 
3 7 2 2  3 2
the tube and the length of cylindrical part.
37
Solution: 407
7 2849 2 74
Vol. of the top 2 cm of cylindrical part \ h + = × =
3 3 11 × 7 3
2849 2618
= pr2h = − 74 7 67 1
3 3 h = − = = 22
22 2 231 3 3 3 3
× r × 2 = = 77
7 3 \ Height of cylindrical part = 22.33 cm.

EXERCISE 17C
1. From a wooden cube of side 14 cm, largest (ii) If the metal is of density 1.2 g/cm3,
sphere is carved out. Find the volume of the calculate the total mass of the bowl in kg.
remaining wood.  22 
Take π = 7 
1
2. The volume of a sphere is 1437 cm3. Find
3 (iii) Find its capacity, answer correct to two
its radius and surface area. decimal places.

 22  5. The radius of the base of a cone and the radius

Take π = 7 
3. The surface area of a sphere is 1386 cm2. If
the sphere is melted and recast into solid
cylinders of radius 3.5 cm and height 6 cm.
Calculate the
(i) radius of the sphere
(ii) number of cylinders recast.
4. A hollow hemispherical bowl of external
diameter 36 cm is made of 3 cm thick metal.
(i) Find the volume of metal.
of a sphere are both 8 cm. Given that their
volumes are also same, calculate the (i) height
of the cone (ii) slant height to nearest integer.
6. A ball of diameter 7 cm is exactly fitted into a
cylindrical box. Find the volume of the box.
7. A solid cone made of an alloy is 15 cm high
and has radius 24 cm. When it is melted and
shaped into some hemispheres of radius 6 cm,
how many such hemispheres can be made?

Area and Volume of Solids 289

 8. Two solid spheres of radii 1 cm and 3 cm are 15. A sphere is formed by melting 96 cones of
melted and recast into a cone of height 7 cm. radius 1.5 cm and height 4 cm. Find the radius
Find the radius of the cone so formed. of the sphere.
9. Anil and Bela ordered some ice-creams in
16. A hollow sphere of internal and external
a shop. Anil wants it to be served in a cone
diameters of 6 cm and 12 cm is melted into a
with a hemispherical topping and Bela in
cone of base diameter 18 cm. Find the height
a cylindrical cup. The height of cone and
of the cone.
cylinder are 5 cm and radius of cone, cylinder
and hemisphere are all 3.5 cm. 17. The surface area of a sphere is 154 cm2. Find its
radius. If it is melted and recast into a cylinder
of radius 7 cm, find the height of the cylinder.
5
5 18. Water is poured into a plastic sphere of radius
15 cm through a small hole on the top. It is
noticed that the radius of surface of water is
(i) Find the volume of ice-cream each got. 12 cm. Find the depth of water in the sphere.
(ii) If Anil’s ice-cream costs `40. What must
Bela pay for her ice-cream cup if the
shop charges according to the quantity
of ice-cream served?
10. The volume of a cone is the same as that of
a cylinder whose height is 3 cm and radius
10 cm. Find the radius of the base of the cone
if its height is 36 cm. 19. A spherical watermelon of radius 4 cm is
halved. The uniform width of the white part
11. The radius of a tangerine is R units before the
surrounding the red edible part is 1 cm. From
skin is removed and r units after. If R : r = 5 : 4
half of the melon, the red part of the fruit is
and assuming tangerine to be a sphere. Find:
scooped out. Taking p = 3.14, find
(i) the ratio of the volume of the unskinned
to the skinned tangerine. (i) the volume of the edible part of the fruit
(ii) the ratio of the non-edible part to the taken out (ignore the volume of seeds).
edible part. (ii) the surface area of the white part of that
12. A solid metal cone of radius 6 cm is melted hemispherical piece.
and shaped to form a solid sphere of radius
3 cm. Find the height of the cone.
13. A hollow sphere of internal and external radii
of 6 cm and 8 cm is melted and recast into
small cones of base radius 2 cm and height
8 cm. Find the number of cones. 20. A hemispherical bowl of radius 4 cm is filled
14. A child is given a modelling clay cone of radius to the brim with chocolate sauce. It is later
2 poured into a cone of radius 8 cm.
9 cm and height 10 cm. He reshapes it into
3 (i) What is the height up to which the sauce
a sphere. Find the radius of the sphere. is filled in the cone?

290 ICSE Mathematics—X

 (ii) If the height of the cone is 10 cm, what
fraction of the cone is filled?
21. Twenty seven cones of radius 8 cm and height
4 cm are melted and recast to form a sphere.
Find the radius of the sphere.
22. A cone of radius 6 cm is full of water. When
32 marbles of radius 0.5 cm are dropped into
the cone,
1 of its water overflows. Find the
18
height of the cone.
23. Two plastic hemispheres are joined together
to just cover a cylinder of height 8 cm and
base radius 3 cm. Find
(i) the radius of the sphere
(ii) the ratio of the volumes of the sphere
and cylinder.
3
4
4
24. The height and diameter of a cylinder are
14 cm. The cylinder is filled with water upto
the brim. Four equal solid spheres are placed
into it. The diameter of each sphere is equal
to the radius of the base of the cylinder. What
fraction of water overflows?
25. An ice-cream cone is covered with wafer
of negligible thickness. The base radius is
3.5 cm and height of the cone is 11 cm.
The cone is filled with ice-cream with a
hemispherical topping. Find the quantity of
ice-cream in it.
26. A wooden toy is in the shape of right circular
cone mounted on a hemisphere. Find the
height of the cone if the radius of the cone
is 1.5 cm and volume of the toy is 28.26 cm3.
[Take p = 3.14]
27. A cone of radius 9 cm and height 12 cm is
filled with water. A sphere just fits in the cone
when placed in it. Find
(i) the radius of the sphere.
(ii) the fraction of the water that overflows.
9 cm
12 cm
28. A cylindrical vessel of radius 5 cm and height
6 cm is filled upto the brim with water. When
some spherical lead shots of radius 0.5 cm are
1
dropped into it, of the water overflows.
3
Find the number of lead shots put into it.
29. A metallic cylinder of radius 2 cm and height
6 cm is made of metal A. To reduce its weight,
a conical hole is drilled in the cylinder as
shown and is completely filled with lighter
metal B. The radius of the conical hole is
1.5 cm and its depth is 4 cm. Calculate the ratio
of the volume of the metal A to the volume of
metal B in the solid.
3 cm
4 cm
6 cm
2 cm
Area and Volume of Solids 291
 30. A hemisphere is surmounted by a cone of slant
height 16 cm. The surface area of the solid is
660 cm2. Find the radius of the base of the
 22 
cone. Take π =
 7 
16 cm
31. A hemispherical bowl of internal diameter
24 cm contains a fruit juice. This juice is poured
into conical cups of radius 3 cm and height
4 cm. How many such cups can be filled?
32. A toy is in the shape of a right circular cylinder
with a cone on one side and a hemisphere on
the other, all with the same radius 5 cm. The
height of the cylinder is 13 cm. Find the surface
area of the toy if the total length is 30 cm.
13 cm
30 cm
33. Seven metal hollow hemispheres of internal
and external diameters 20 cm and 24 cm
respectively are melted and recast into one
solid cone of radius 28 cm. Find the height
of the cone.
34. A sphere of diameter 12 cm is melted and
drawn into a wire of radius 0.5 cm. Find the
length of the wire in metres.
35. A metallic sphere of radius 3 cm is melted and
drawn into a wire of uniform thickness. If the
length of the wire is 16 m, find the radius of
wire.
36. A cone is mounted on a hemisphere of same
radius 3.5 cm. Find the height of the cone if
the volume of the solid is 154 cm3.
292 ICSE Mathematics—X
37. A solid is in the shape of a hemisphere
surmounted by a cone of same base radius
6 cm and height 8 cm. It is melted and formed
into a cylinder of height 15 cm. Find the radius
of the cylinder.
38. A solid consisting of a cone mounted on a
hemisphere is placed in a cylinder full of
water. Find the volume of water left in the
cylinder if the radius of cylinder is 3 cm and
height 6 cm, and the radius of the solid is
2 cm and height of the cone is 4 cm.
[Take p = 3.14]
39. A solid cone of height 19 cm is melted and
recast into four hollow hemispherical bowls
of external and internal radii 6 cm and 4 cm.
Find the radius of the cone.
40. The curved surface area of a cone is 550 cm2.
(i) If the slant height is 25 cm, find the
radius.
(ii) If this cone is melted and recast into
small spheres of diameter 2 cm, find
the number of spheres formed.
41. A cylindrical can of radius 12 cm is full of oil
which is fully emptied into a hemispherical
vessel of radius 18 cm and filled up to the
brim. Find the height of the cylinder.
 22 
Take π = 7 
42. A cone is cut from a solid hemisphere of diameter
30 cm. The diameter of the base of the cone is
10 cm. Calculate the volume of the remaining
solid, giving your answer correct to one
decimal place.
43. The vertical and slant height of a solid cone
are 15 cm and 17 cm respectively. Find
 (i) its radius
(ii) if this cone is melted and formed into
spheres of radius 2 cm, how many such
spheres can be formed?
44. A circus tent is in the form of a cylinder
30 m
surmounted by a cone. The height of the tent
above the ground is 60 m and the height of the
cylinder is 30 m. If the diameter of the base is 80 m
80 m, find the quantity of canvas required to 45. Eight solid iron spheres are dropped into a
make the tent allowing 10% extra for stitching. cylindrical can of diameter 24 cm containing
[Take p = 3.14] water. If the water level rises by 2 cm, calculate
the radius of the spheres.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE

1. A piece of butter 3 cm × 5 cm × 6 cm is placed in a hemispherical bowl of diameter 7 cm.

(i) Find the volume of the bowl.
(ii) Will the butter overflow, when it completely melts?
2. The bottom of a cylindrical glass had a hemispherical portion raised as shown in the figure. If the
inner radius of the glass is 3 cm and the height of the glass is 9 cm, find the capacity of the glass.

 22 

Take π = 7 

9 cm

3. A hollow sphere of internal and external diameters 4 cm and 8 cm is melted and recast into small
cones of radius 2 cm and height 8 cm. Find the number of cones formed.
4. A cylindrical test tube with a hemispherical base has radius 3 cm. The length of its cylindrical part
is 22 cm. Find its volume in terms of p. If the volume of a cone is same as the volume of the test
tube and tan q = 1 , where q is the vertical angle of the cone, calculate the radius of the cone.
3

5. The surface area of a solid metallic sphere is 2464 cm2. It is melted and recast into solid cones of
radius 3.5 cm and height 7 cm. Calculate

Area and Volume of Solids 293

 (i) the radius of the sphere
 22 
(ii) the number of cones recast. Take π =
 7 
6. 125 marbles of diameter 1.2 cm are dropped into a beaker containing some water and are fully
submerged. If the diameter of the beaker is 6 cm, calculate the rise in the water level in the beaker.
7. Some wheat is placed on the floor in a conical shape of diameter 4.8 m and height 1.5 m. This wheat
is transferred into a cylindrical drum of diameter 2.4 m and is completely filled. Find the height of
the drum.
8. The volume of a conical tent is 2156 m3 and the area of the floor is 616 m2. Calculate the
(i) radius of the base (ii) height of the tent
(iii) length of canvas required to cover the tent if the width is 2 m.
9. A cylindrical can of base radius 3.5 cm contains sufficient water so that when a sphere is placed in
the can, the water just covers the sphere. Given that the sphere just fits into the can, calculate
(i) the total surface area of the can, in contact with water when the sphere is put in it.
 22 
(ii) the depth of water in the can before the sphere was put into the can.  Take π =  [1997]
 7 
10. The circumference of the edge of a hemispherical vessel is 66 cm. The bowl is full of sugar syrup.
The syrup is then emptied into a cylindrical glass bottle of radius 7 cm. Find
 22 
(i) radius of the vessel (ii) the height of syrup in the bottle.  Take π = 
 7 
11. Three solid spheres of radii 8 cm, 6 cm and 1 cm are melted and formed into cones of radius 3 cm
and height 6 cm. Find the number of cones formed.
12. Two solid cones of radii 6 cm and 8 cm but of same height of 5 cm are melted down and recast into
a sphere. Find the radius of the sphere.
13. A solid cone of radius 6 cm and height 8 cm is melted down and recast into two spheres of different
sizes. If the radius of one sphere is 2 cm, find the radius of the other.
1
14. A cylinder whose height is 4 times its base radius, has the same volume as a sphere of radius
2
12 cm. Calculate the radius of the cylinder.
15. A solid metal cylinder of radius 14 cm and height 21 cm is melted down and recast into spheres of
radius 3.5 cm. Calculate the number of spheres that can be made.
16. A circular room has a hemispherical roof. The maximum height of the room is same as its inner
diameter. If the capacity of the room is 1130.4 m3, find the radius of the room. (Take p = 3.14)

294 ICSE Mathematics—X

 BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
1. The figure shows the cross-section of an ice- 3.
cream cone consisting of a cone surmounted by
a hemisphere. The radius of the hemisphere is
3.5 cm and the height of the cone is 10.5 cm. The
outer shell ABCDEF is shaded and is not filled
with ice-cream. AE = DC = 0.5 cm, AB y EF and
BC y FD.
7 cm

With reference to the figure given above, a metal

container in the form of a cylinder is surmounted
A E D C by a hemisphere of the same radius. The internal
height of the cylinder is 7 m and the internal
radius is 3.5 m.
Calculate:
(i) the total area of the internal surface,
excluding the base;
10.5 cm (ii) the internal volume of the container in m3.
22
(Take p to be .) [1999]
7

4. The surface area of a solid metallic sphere is

1256 cm2. It is melted and recast into solid right
F circular cones of radius 2.5 cm and height 8 cm.
Calculate:
(i) the radius of the solid sphere,
B
(ii) the number of cones recast.
Calculate:
(i) the volume of the ice cream in the cone (the Take p = 3.14 [2000]
unshaded portion including the hemisphere) 5. A hollow sphere of internal and external diameters
in cm3; 4 cm and 8 cm respectively, is melted into a cone
(ii) the volume of the outer shell (the shaded of base diameter 8 cm. Find the height of the cone.
portion) in cm3.
[2002]
Give your answers correct of the nearest cm3.
[1996] 6. A vessel is in the form of an inverted cone. Its
height is 11 cm and the radius of its top which is
2. A solid consisting of a right circular cone, standing
open, is 2.5 cm. It is filled with water up to the
on a hemisphere, is placed upright, in a right
rim. When lead shots, each of which is a sphere
circular cylinder, full of water, and touches the
2
bottom. Find the volume of water left in the of radius 0.25 cm are dropped into the vessel,
5
cylinder, having given that the radius of the
cylinder is 3 cm and its height is 6 cm; the radius of the water flows out. Find the number of lead
of the hemisphere is 2 cm and the height of the shots dropped into the vessel. [2003]
cone is 4 cm. Give your answer to the nearest
22
cubic centimetre. [Take p = ]. [1998]
7
Area and Volume of Solids 295
 7. A girl fills a cylindrical bucket 32 cm in height
and 18 cm in radius with sand. She empties the
5 cm
bucket on the ground and makes a conical heap
of the sand. If the height of the conical heap is 6 cm
24 cm. Find:

(i) its radius and

(ii) its slant height. (Leave your answer in square [2009]

root form). [2004]
8. A metallic sphere of radius 10.5 cm is melted and
then recast into small cones, each of radius 3.5 cm
and height 3 cm. Find the number of cones thus
obtained. [2005]
9. A vessel in the form of an inverted cone is filled
with water to the brim. Its height is 20 cm and
diameter is 16.8 cm. Two equal solid cones are
dropped in it so that they are fully submerged.
As a result, one third of the water in the original
cone overflows. What is the volume of each of the
solid cones submerged? [2006]
10. The surface area of a solid metallic sphere is
616 cm2. It is melted and recast into smaller
spheres of diameter 3.5 cm. How many such
spheres can be obtained? [2007]
11. The given figure represents a hemisphere
surmounted by a conical block of wood. The
diameter of their bases is 6 cm each and the slant
height of the cone is 5 cm. Calculate:
(i) the height of the cone.
(ii) the volume of the solid.
12. A solid cone of radius 5 cm and height 8 cm is
melted and made into small spheres of radius
0.5 cm. Find the number of spheres formed.
 [2011]
13. A solid sphere of radius 15 cm is melted and recast
into solid right circular cones of radius 2.5 cm and
height 8 cm. Calculate the number of cones recast.
 [2013]
14. The surface area of a solid metallic sphere is
2464 cm2. It is melted and recast into solid right
circular cones of radius 3.5 cm and height 7 cm.
Calculate:
(i) the radius of the sphere.
 22 
(ii) the number of cones recast.  Take π = 
 7 
 [2014]
15. Two solid spheres of radii 2 cm and 4 cm are
melted and recast into a cone of height 8 cm. Find
the radius of the cone so formed. [2015]
16. A certain number of metallic cones, each of radius
2 cm and height 3 cm are melted and recast into
a solid sphere of radius 6 cm. Find the number
of cones. [2016]
17. A conical tent is to accommodate 77 persons. Each
person must have 16 m3 of air to breathe. Given
the radius of the tent as 7 m, find the height of
the tent and also its curved surface area. [2017]

POINTS AT A GLANCE
Solids Volume Curved Surface Area Total Surface Area
Cylinder pr2h 2prh 2pr(r + h)

πr 2 h
Cone prl pr(r + l)
3

4 πr 3
Sphere 4pr2 4pr2
3

296 ICSE Mathematics—X

 2 πr 3
Hemisphere 2pr2 3pr2
3

4
Hollow sphere
r
π ( R3 − r 3 ) 4pR2 4pR2
R
3

2 2p(R2 + r2) + p(R2 – r2) =

Hollow hemisphere π ( R3 − r 3 ) 2p(R2 + r2)
3 p(3R2 + r2)
R

Hollow cylinder h p(R2 – r2)h 2p(R + r)h 2p(Rh + rh + R2 – r2)

2 3
Note: Capacity of hollow hemispherical bowl = πr .
3
22
Assume p = unless otherwise mentioned.
7

DO YOU KNOW?
THE FIVE PLATONIC SOLIDS

The Tetrahedron The Cube The Octahedron The Dodecahedron The Icosahedron

The five regular solids discovered by the Ancient Greek mathematicians are:
The Tetrahedron: 4 vertices 6 edges 4 faces each with 3 sides
The Cube: 8 vertices 12 edges 6 faces each with 4 sides
The Octahedron: 6 vertices 12 edges 8 faces each with 3 sides
The Dodecahedron: 20 vertices 30 edges 12 faces each with 5 sides
The Icosahedron: 12 vertices 30 edges 20 faces each with 3 sides
The solids are regular because the same number of sides meet at the same angles at each vertex and identical
polygons meet at the same angles at each edge.
These five are the only possible regular polyhedra.
The name of each figure is derived from its number of faces: respectively 4, 6, 8, 12 and 20.
The aesthetic beauty and symmetry of the Platonic solids have made them a favourite subject of geometers for
thousands of years. They are named after the ancient Greek philosopher Plato who theorized that the classical
elements were constructed from the regular solids.
Why are there only 5 platonic solids?
The key observation is that the interior angles of the polygons meeting at a vertex of a polyhedron add to less
than 360 degrees.

Area and Volume of Solids 297

 18
UNIT-VI: TRIGONOMETRY
TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry is the study of the properties (v) Cosecant A

of triangles, trigonometric functions and their
Hypotenuse AC
applications. cosec A = =
Side opposite to ∠A BC
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS (vi) Cotangent A
Side adjacent to ∠A AB
In a right-angled triangle, the six trigonometric cot A = =
Side opposite to ∠A BC
ratios for an acute angle are defined as follows:
1
C =
tan A
opposite side to A

Reciprocal Relations
se
nu
te

In the right-angled triangle ABC

po
hy

A B
adjacent side to A
Fig. 18.1

(i) Sine of angle A A B

Fig. 18.2
Side opposite to ∠ A BC
sin A = = BC AC
Hypotenuse AC (i) sin A = and cosec A =
AC BC
(ii) Cosine of angle A
1 1

⇒ cosec A = and sin A =
Side adjacent to ∠ A AB sin A cosec A
cos A = =
Hypotenuse AC
\ sin A and cosec A are reciprocals of
each other.
(iii) Tangent of angle A
(ii) Similarly,
Side opposite to ∠ A BC AB AC
tan A = = cos A = and sec A =
Side adjacent to ∠ A AB AC AB
(iv) Secant A \ cos A and sec A are reciprocals of each
Hypotenuse AC other.
sec A = = 1 1
Side adjacent to ∠A AB i.e., sec A = and cos A =
cos A sec A
 BC AB AB BC AC
(iii) tan A = and cot A = i.e., = =
AB BC PQ QC PC
\ tan A and cot A are reciprocals of each QC BC
other. \ cos q = = ,
PC AC
1 1
i.e., cot A = and tan A =
tan A cot A PQ AB
sin q = = and so on.
Quotient Relations PC AC
In DABC,
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
C

1. Consider DABC, ∠B = 90° and let ∠C = q.

A

B A
Fig. 18.3

sin A BC AC BC
(i) = = = tan A
cos A AB AC AB 
C
B
sin A Fig. 18.5

⇒ tan A =
cos A 2 2
 AB   BC 
cos A AB AC AB sin2 q+ cos2 q =   + 
(ii) = = = cot A  AC   AC 
sin A BC AC BC

cos A AB2 + BC 2 AC 2

⇒ cot A = . = = =1
sin A AC 2 AC 2
Remarks: [Using Pythagoras theorem,AB2 + BC2 = AC2]
1. The trigonometric ratios are real numbers.
\ sin2 q + cos2 q = 1
2. sin2 A means (sin A)2 and sin2 A is read as sine
squared A. Similarly cos2 A, tan2 A, etc. 2. Dividing both sides of this identity by
3. The value of a trigonometric ratio of the same cos2 q, we get
angle does not change in different triangles.
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 1
+ =
In the given figure, DABC ~ DPQC. cos 2 θ cos 2 θ cos 2 θ
A

\ tan2 q + 1 = sec2 q

P 3.
Similarly, dividing both sides of the first
identity by sin2 q,

 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 1
C
Q B 2
+ 2
=
Fig. 18.4 sin θ sin θ sin 2 θ

\ The ratio of corresponding sides is same.

\ 1 + cot2 q = cosec2 q

Trigonometry 299
Corollaries:
cos 2 A
1. From 1st identity, sin2 q + cos2 q = 1, we get =
 1 
(i) 1 – cos2 q = sin2 q (ii) 1 – sin2 q = cos2 q cos 2 A  2
– 1
2. From 2nd identity, tan2 q + 1 = sec2 q, we get  sin A 
(i) sec2 q – 1 = tan2 q (ii) sec2 q – tan2 q = 1 [Taking cos2 A common in the denominator]
3. From 3rd identity, 1 + cot2 q = cosec2 q, we get sin 2 A sin 2 A
1
(i) cosec2 q – 1 = cot2 q = = =
1 – sin 2 A 1 – sin 2 A cos 2 A
(ii) cosec2 q – cot2 q = 1
sin 2 A
To prove the trigonometrical identities we
[ 1 – sin2 A = cos2 A]
start from one side which is complicated, and = tan2 A = RHS
reduce it to get the other side, or reduce both
sides independently to get the same result.
Example 3: Prove that (cosec A – sin A)
1
Example 1: Prove the following identity. (sec A – cos A) = .
tan A + cot A
sin3 A
+ sin A cos A = tan A Solution:
cos A
 1  1 
LHS =  – sin A   – cos A 
Solution:  sin A   cos A 
sin 3 A

LHS = + sin A cos A 1 – sin 2 A 1 – cos 2 A
cos A = ×
 sin 2 A  sin A cos A
= sin A  + cos A 
 1 1 
 cos A   ∵ cosec A = sin A , sec A = cos A 
 
 [Taking sin A common]
 sin 2 A + cos 2 A  cos 2 A sin 2 A
= ×
= sin A   sin A cos A
 cos A 
 1  [ 1 – sin2 A = cos2 A, 1 – cos2 A = sin2 A]
= sin A   [ sin2 A + cos2 A = 1]
 cos A  = cos A sin A
1
= tan A = RHS RHS =
sin A cos A
+
cos A sin A
Example 2: Prove that
 sin A cos A 
 ∵ tan A = cos A , cot A = sin A 
cos2 A  
= tan2 A
2 2
cot A – cos A 1 cos A sin A
= 2 =
sin A + cos A sin 2 A + cos 2 A
2
Solution:
cos 2 A  cos 2 A  cos A sin A
2
LHS = 2 ∵ cot A = 2

cos A  sin A  = cos A sin A [ sin2 A + cos2 A = 1]
2
– cos 2 A 
sin A \ LHS = RHS
300 ICSE Mathematics—X
 cosec θ Example 6: Prove that
Example 4: Prove that = cos θ.
tan θ + cot θ cosA 1 + sin A
+ = 2sec A
1 1 + sin A cos A
Solution:
sin θ Solution:
LHS =
cos 2 A + ( 1 + sin A )
2
sin θ cos θ
+ LHS =
cos θ sin θ
 1 sin θ cos θ 
(1 + sin A )( cos A )
 cosec θ = , tan θ = , cot θ = cos 2 A + 1 + 2 sin A + sin 2 A
 sin θ cos θ sin θ  =
cos A ( 1 + sin A )
1
= 1 + 1 + 2 sin A 2 + 2 sin A
 sin θ + cos 2 θ 
2
= =
sin θ   cos A ( 1 + sin A ) cos A ( 1 + sin A )
 cos θ sin θ 
 
cos θ 2 ( 1 + sin A )
= = = 2 sec A
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ cos A ( 1 + sin A )
= cos q[sin2 q + cos2 q = 1]
Example 7: Prove that
Example 5: Prove that cos A sin A
+ = cosA + sin A.
cos θ cos θ 1 – tan A 1 – cot A
+ = 2tan θ .  [2003, 2015]
cosec θ + 1 cosec θ – 1 Solution:
Solution: cos A sin A
 1 1  LHS = +
LHS = cos θ  +  sin A cos A
1− 1−
 cosec θ + 1 cosec θ – 1  cos A sin A
 [Taking cos q common] cos A sin A
= +
 cosec θ – 1 + cosec θ + 1  cos A − sin A sin A − cos A
= cos θ   cos A sin A
 (cosec θ + 1) (cosec θ – 1) 
cos 2 A sin 2 A
 2 cosec θ  = +
= cos θ  cos A − sin A sin A − cos A
 cosec 2 θ – 1 
 
cos 2 A sin 2 A
= −
[(cosec q + 1) (cosec q – 1) = cosec2 q – 1] cos A − sin A cos A − sin A
 2  Observe that + sign between fractions 
 sin θ   
= cos θ   [cosec2 q – 1 = cot2 q] changed to – because sin A – cos A 
 cot 2 θ   = − (cos A − sin A) 
 
 cos 2 A − sin 2 A
cos θ × 2 cos 2 θ  =
=  ∵ cot 2 θ =  cos A − sin A
cos 2 θ  sin 2 θ 
sin θ × (cos A + sin A) (cos A − sin A)
sin 2 θ =
(cos A − sin A)
2 sin θ
= = 2 tan q = RHS
cos θ    = cos A + sin A = RHS

Trigonometry 301
 1 + sin θ 1 – sin θ
Example 8: Prove that – = 2(1 + cot q).
cosec θ – cot θ cosec θ + cot θ
Solution:
(1 + sin θ) (cosec θ + cot θ) – (1 − sin θ) (cosec θ − cot θ)
LHS =
(cosec θ − cot θ) (cosec θ + cot θ)

cosec θ + sin θ cosec θ + cot θ + sin θ cot θ – ( cosec θ − sin θ cosec θ – cot θ
+ sin θ cot θ )
=
cosec 2 θ − cot 2 θ
2 sin θ cosec θ + 2 cot θ
= [cosec2 q = 1 + cot2 q]
1
1  1 
= 2 sin θ × + 2 cot θ   cosec θ =
sin θ  sin θ 

= 2 (1 + cot q) = RHS

tan A cot A (sin A – cos A) (sin 2 A + cos 2 A + sin A cos A)

Example 9: Prove that + =
1 – cot A 1 – tan A cos A sin A (sin A – cos A)
= 1 + cosec A sec A. [Using a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2]
Solution: sin A cos A 1 + sin A cos A 1 sin A cos A
= = +
cos A sin A cos A sin A cos A sin A cos A sin A
LHS = +
cos A sin A
1– 1– = sec A cosec A + 1 = RHS
sin A cos A
sin A cos A Example 10: Prove that
= +
(sin A – cos A) (cos A – sin A) 1 + tan2 A – 2 tan A
cos A sin A = tan2 A.
sin A cos A 2
1 + cot A – 2 cot A
2 2
sin A cos A
= + Solution:
cos A (sin A – cos A) sin A (cos A – sin A)
1 + tan 2 A − 2 tan A
LHS =
sin 2 A cos 2 A 1 + cot 2 A − 2 cot A
= –
cos A (sin A – cos A) sin A (sin A – cos A) 2
= (1 − tan A)
(1 − cot A)2
[Observe that the + sign between fractions has
become – sign because (cos A – sin A) = – (sin  [Applying (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2]
2
A – cos A)]  sin A 
 1 – cos A 
sin 3 A – cos 3 A =  
= 2
cos A sin A (sin A – cos A)  cos A 
 1 – sin A 
 
302 ICSE Mathematics—X
 (cos A − sin A)2 1
2
= 2 = RHS
cos A sin A − sin 4 A
=
(sin A − cos A)2
sin 2 A Example 13: Prove that
[ (cos A – sin A)2 = (sin A – cos A)2] cot 2 A 1 – sin A
=
sin 2 A (cosec A + 1)2 1 + sin A
= 2 = tan2 A = RHS
cos A
Solution:
cosec 2 A − 1
Example 11: Prove that LHS =
(cosec A + 1)2
sin A – 2 sin3 A
= tanA. (cosec A + 1) (cosec A − 1)
2 cos3 A – cos A =
(cosec A + 1)2
Solution: [Applying a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
2
sin A (1 − 2 sin A)
LHS = 1
cos A (2 cos 2 A − 1) −1
cosec A − 1 sin A
= =

=  (
sin A 1 − 2 1 − cos 2 A 
 ) cosec A + 1 1
sin A
+1

( 2
cos A 2 cos A − 1 ) 1 − sin A
1 − 2 + 2 cos 2 A  sin A 1 − sin A
= tan A   = = = RHS
2 1 + sin A 1 + sin A
2 cos A − 1
sin A
( 2 cos 2
A −1 )
= tan A Example 14: Prove that
( 2 cos 2
A − 1)
1 – sin A cosA
= .
= tan A = RHS 1 + sin A 1 + sin A
Solution:
Example 12: Prove that
1 Observe that the denominators of both sides
2 + tan2 A + cot2 A = . have 1 + sin A and 1 + sin A.
sin2 A – sin 4 A
So, we multiply both numerator and
Solution:
denominator of LHS by 1 + sin A
LHS = 2 + sec2 A – 1 + cosec2 A – 1
1 − sin A 1 + sin A
  = sec2 A + cosec2 A LHS =
1 1 1 1 1 + sin A 1 + sin A
  = 2 + 2
= +
cos A sin A 1 − sin A sin 2 A
2
1 − sin 2 A cos 2 A
= =
1 + sin A 1 + sin A
sin 2 A + 1 − sin 2 A
 = cos A
(1 − sin 2 A) sin 2 A = = RHS
1 + sin A
Trigonometry 303
Example 15: Prove that Example 17: If q is an acute angle, and sin2 q

sec A – 1 1 – cos A 1
= . = cos2 q + , find the value of sin q.
sec A + 1 sin A 8
Solution:
Solution:
1 − cos A We have
1
−1 1
cos A cos A 1 − cos A sin2 q – cos­2 q = (Given)
LHS = = = 8
1 1 + cos A 1 + cos A
+1 But sin2 q + cos2 q = 1
cos A cos A
1
Adding 2 sin2 q = 1 +
1 − cos A 1 − cos A 8
= 9 1
1 + cos A 1 − cos A sin2 q = ×
8 2
[Rationalising the denominator]
1 − cos A 1 − cos A 1 − cos A 3
= = = = RHS \ sin q =
2 2 sin A 4
1 − cos A sin A
Example 18: Prove that

Example 16: Prove that sin2 A – sin2 B

tan2 A– tan2 B= .
3 3 2 2 cos2 A cos2 B
tan A cot A 1 – 2 sin A cos A
+ = .
1 + tan2 A 1 + cot 2 A sin A cos A Solution:
sin 2 A sin 2 B
Solution: LHS = 2 −
cos A cos 2 B
tan 3 A cot 3 A
LHS = + sin 2 A cos 2 B − cos 2 A sin 2 B
sec 2 A cosec 2 A =
3 3 cos 2 A cos 2 B
sin A cos A
= +
 1   1  sin2 A (1– sin2 B) – (1– sin2 A) sin2 B
cos 3 A  2
3
 sin A  2  =
 cos A   sin A  cos2 A cos2 B

sin 3 A cos 3 A sin2 A – sin2 A sin2 B – sin2 B + sin2 A sin2 B

= + =
cos A sin A cos2 A cos2 B
sin 4 A + cos 4 A
= sin 2 A − sin 2 B
cos A sin A = = RHS
cos 2 A cos 2 B
2 2 2 2 2
= (sin A + cos A) − 2 sin A cos A
cos A sin A Example 19: Prove that

1 − 2 sin 2 A cos 2 A sinA – cos A +1 sin A +1

= = RHS = .
cos A sin A sin A + cosA – 1 cosA

304 ICSE Mathematics—X

Solution: Solution:
We use sin2A + cos2A = 1, by multiplying Method 1: Recall that sec2 q – tan2 q = 1
the numerator and denominator of LHS by So, multiply the numerator and denominator
(sinA + cos A + 1) of the fraction on LHS by (sec q + tan q)

LHS =
( sin A − cos A + 1) ( sin A + cos A + 1) 1 (sec θ + tan θ)
( sin A + cos A − 1)( sin A + cos A + 1) LHS = − sec θ
(sec θ − tan θ) (sec θ + tan θ)
( sin A + 1) − cos A
2 2

= sec θ + tan θ
= − sec θ
( sin A + cos A ) − (1)
2 2
sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ
sin 2 A + 2 sin A + 1 − cos 2 A sec θ + tan θ
= = − sec θ = tan q
sin 2 A + cos 2 A + 2 sin A cos A − 1 1
sin 2 A + 2 sin A + sin 2 A 2 sin 2 A + 2 sin A Multiply the numerator and denominator of
= =
1 + 2 sin A cos A − 1 2 sin A.cos A the fraction on RHS by (sec q – tan q).
2 sin A ( sin A + 1) sin A + 1 RHS = sec θ −
1 (sec θ − tan θ)
= = = RHS (sec θ + tan θ) (sec θ − tan θ)
2 sin A cos A cos A

sec θ − tan θ
= sec θ − = tan q
Example 20: Prove that 1
tan2 A (cosec A – 1) cosec2 A (cos A – 1) \ LHS = RHS.
+ = 0.
(cos A + 1) (cosec A + 1)
Method 2:
1
Solution: LHS = − sec θ
sec θ − tan θ
tan 2 A (cosec A − 1) (cosec A + 1)
1 1 cos θ 1
+ cosec 2 A (cos A − 1) (cos A + 1) = − = −
LHS = 1 sin θ cos θ 1 − sin θ cos θ
(cos A + 1) (cosec A + 1) −
cos θ cos θ
tan 2 A (cosec 2 A − 1) + cosec 2 A (cos 2 A − 1) cos 2 θ − 1 + sin θ − sin 2 θ + sin θ
= = =
(cos A + 1) (cosec A + 1) cos θ (1 − sin θ) cos θ (1 − sin θ)
sin θ (1 − sin θ) sin θ
= = =
cos θ (1 − sin θ) cos θ
1 cos θ
RHS = −
cos θ 1 + sin θ
1 + sin θ − cos 2 θ sin θ + sin 2 θ
1−1 = =
= = 0. cos θ (1 + sin θ) cos θ (1 + sin θ)
(cos A + 1) (cosec A + 1)
sin θ (1 + sin θ) sin θ
= =
Example 21: Prove that cos θ (1 + sin θ) cos θ
1 1 \ LHS = RHS.
– sec θ = sec θ – .
sec θ – tan θ sec θ + tan θ
Trigonometry 305
Example 22: Prove that Solution:
(i) (cos q – cosec q)2 + (sin q – sec q)2 Here, we replace 1 by cosec2 A – cot2 A in
= (1 – sec q cosec q)2 the numerator of LHS and apply
a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b).
(ii) sec4 A– tan4 A = 1 + 2 tan2 A
Solution: cot A + cosec A − (cosec 2 A − cot 2 A)
LHS =
2 2
cot A − cosec A + 1
 1   1 
(i) LHS =  cos θ −  +  sin θ − (cot A + cosec A) −
 sin θ   cos θ 
(cosec A + cot A) (cosec A − cot A)
 cos θ sin θ − 1 
2
 sin θ cos θ − 1 
2 =
=  cot A − cosec A + 1
 + 
 sin θ   cos θ 
(cot A + cosec A) 1 − (cosec A − cot A) 
=
 1 1  cot A − cosec A + 1
= (cos q sin q – 1)2  + 
 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ  (cot A + cosec A) (1 − cosec A + cot A)
=
 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ  (cot A − cosec A + 1)
= (cos q sin q – 1)2  
 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ 
cos A 1 cos A + 1
= + = = RHS
 1  sin A sin A sin A
= (cos q sin q – 1)2 
2 2 
 cos θ sin θ 
2
 cos θ sin θ 1 
=  −  ALGEBRAIC FORMULAE USED IN
 cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ  IDENTITIES IN TRIGONOMETRY
= [1 – sec q cosec q]2 = RHS. 1. (a + b) (a + b) = (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
= (–a – b)2
(ii) LHS = (sec2 A + tan2 A) (sec2 A – tan2 A)
= (sec2 A + tan2 A) × 1 = sec2 A + tan2 A 2. (a – b) (a – b) = (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
= 1 + tan2 A + tan2 A = 1 + 2 tan2 A = RHS 3. (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2

Example 23: Prove that a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)

4.

cot A + cosec A – 1 1 + cos A a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)

5.
= .
cot A – cosec A + 1 sin A

EXERCISE 18A
Prove the following identities. (iv) (1 + cot q)2 + (1 – cot q)2 = 2 cosec2 q
1. (i) (sin q + cos q)2 + (sin q – cos q)2 = 2 (v) (tan q + cot q)2 – (tan q – cot q)2 = 4
(ii) (1 + sin q)2 + (1 – cos q)2 (vi) tan q + cot q = sec q cosec q
 = 3 + 2 (sin q – cos q)
tan θ
(vii) 1 + = sec2 q
(iii) (1 + tan q)2 + (1 – tan q)2 =2 sec2 q cot θ

306 ICSE Mathematics—X

  1  1  sin 2 θ sin A sin A
2. (i)  + 1  – 1  = (ii) + = 2 cosec A
 cos θ   cos θ
2 1 − cos A 1 + cos A
 1 − sin θ

 1  1  cos 2 θ tan A tan A

(ii)  + 1  − 1 = (iii) + = 2 cosec A
sec A − 1 sec A + 1
 sin θ   sin θ
2
 1 − cos θ
1 1 2 cot A cot A
(iii) + = (iv) + = 2 sec A
sec θ − tan θ sec θ + tan θ cos θ cosec A − 1 cosec A + 1
1 1 2 [Hint: Take out common factor from the numerators]
(iv) + =
cosec θ − cot θ cosec θ + cot θ sin θ sin A tan A
8. (i) = 1 + sec A
1 1 1 − cos A
(v) + = 2 sec2 q
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ cos A cot A
(ii) = 1 + cosec A
1 − sin A
1 1
(vi) + = 2 cosec2 q 2 cos 2 A − 1
1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ 9. (i) cot A – tan A =
sin A cos A
1 1 2 sin θ
(vii) + = tan 2 A 1 + cos A
sin θ + cos θ sin θ − cos θ 1 − 2 cos 2 θ (ii) = [2012]
(sec A − 1) 2 1 − cos A
[2002] cot 2 A 1 + sin A
tan θ2 2
cot θ (iii) =
(viii) + =1 (cosec A − 1) 2 1 − sin A
1 + tan 2 θ 1 + cot 2 θ
(1 − tan A )
2
1 + tan 2 A
3. (i) sec2 q+ cosec2 q= sec2 q cosec2 q (iv) =
1 + cot 2 A (1 − cot A )
2

(ii) cot2
q– q= cos2 q cot2 cos2 q
1 cos θ sin 2 A
(iii) = 10. (i) 1 − = cos A
sec θ + 1 1 + cos θ 1 + cos A

1 tan θ cos 2 A
(iv) = (ii) 1 − = sin A
cot θ + 1 1 + tan θ 1 + sin A

sin θ − cos θ 1 − cot θ tan 2 A

(v) = (iii) 1 + = sec A
sin θ + cos θ 1 + cot θ sec A + 1
cot 2 A
(iv) 1 + = cosec A
1 − cos A sin A cosec A + 1
4. =
1 + cos A 1 + cos Α
11. (i) sec 2 A + cosec 2 A = tan A + cot A [2017]
1 − cos A
5. (i) = cosec A – cot A
1 + cos A (ii) tan2 A + cot2 A + 2 = sec2 A cosec2 A

1 − sin A sin A 1 + cos A

(ii) = sec A – tan A 12. + = 2 cosec A
1 + sin A 1 + cos A sin A

cosec A − 1 1 − sin A sin A

6. = 13. (i) = cosec A – cot A
cosec A + 1 cos A 1 + cos A
cos A
cos A cos A (ii) = sec A – tan A
7. (i) + = 2 sec A 1 + sin A
1 − sin A 1 + sin A
Trigonometry 307
14. (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 cos A − 2 cos 3 A
15. = cot A
=7+ tan2 A+ cot2 A 2 sin 3 A − sin A

Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles

To remember the trigonometric ratios for the standard angles follow the steps:
(i) Write from 0 to 4 .
(ii) Divide by 4 and simplify.
(iii) Take the square root to get the values for sin q.
(iv) For cos q, write the values of sin q from right to left because cos q = sin(90° – q).
sin q
(v) For tan q = . Divide each value of sin q by the corresponding value of cos q.
cos q
Table for t-ratios for standard angles

Angle 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

0 1 2 1 3 4
=0 = =1
4 4 4 2 4 4

1 1 3
sin q 0 1
2 2 2

3 1 1
cos q 1 0
2 2 2

1 ∞ or not
tan q = sin q 0 1 3
defined
cos q 3

Example 24: Without using tables, find the Example 25: Without using mathematical
value of: tables, find the value of x if
 1  tan x = cos 30° sin 90° + sin 60° cos 0°.
(sin 45° – tan 30°)  cos 45° + .
 tan 60°  Solution:
Solution:
3 3
 1 1   1 1  tan x = ×1+ ×1
 −   +  2 2
 2 3  2 3
3+ 3 2 3
2 2 = =
 1   1  2 2
=
  − 
 2  3 tan x = 3
tan 60° = 3
1 1 3−2 1
= − = = . \ x = 60°
2 3 6 6

308 ICSE Mathematics—X

 EXERCISE 18B
1. Find the value of the following without using cosec A
mathematical tables. (iii) = cos A
cot A + tan A
(i) 6 sin 30° + 4 cos 60° – 2 tan 45°
(ii) 4 cosec 30° – 3 tan2 30° – 2 cos 60° (iv) sin2 A tan A + cos2 A cot A + 2 sin A cos A
 = tan A + cot A
(iii) (sin 45° – cos 60°) (cos 45° + sin 30°)
(iv) tan2 60° – cos2 30° 1 + cos A 1 − cos A
(v) − = 2 (1 + tan A)
(v) 2 sec 60° – tan2 60° + cosec 30° + sin 90° sec A − tan A sec A + tan A

2. Find q if cos 3 A + sin 3 A cos 3 A − sin 3 A

6. + =2
(i) cos q = cos 60° cos 30° + sin 60° sin 30° cos A + sin A cos A − sin A
(ii) sin q = tan 45° – cos2 45° + cos 60° 1 1 1
7. + +
(iii) cos 2q = sin 30° tan 60° (1 + sin A) (1 + cos A) (1 + sec 2 A)
2 2

(iv) sin 3q = sec 60° sin 30° 1

+ =2
3. (i) If 2 sin q – 1 = 0; (1 + cosec 2 A)
 show that sin 3q = 3 sin q – 4 sin3 q. tan A + cot B
(ii) If 4 cos2 q – 3 = 0; 8. (i) = tan A cot B
tan B + cot A
 show that 4 cos3q – 3 cos q = cos 3q.
(iii) If 3 tan2q – 1 = 0; cos A − cos B sin A − sin B
2 tan θ (ii) + =0
 show that = tan 2q. sin A + sin B cos A + cos B
1 − tan 2 θ
cos 2 A − cos 2 B
(iii) cot2 A – cot2 B =
Prove the following identities sin 2 A sin 2 B
sin 3 A
4. (i) + sin A cos A = tan A  Hint : cot 2 A − cot 2 B 
cos A  
cos 2 A  = (cosec 2 A − 1) − (cosec 2 B − 1) 
(ii) = tan2 A 
2
cot A − cos A 2 1 1 
 = cosec 2 A − cosec 2 B = − 
1  sin 2 A sin 2 B 
(iii) (cosec A – sin A) (sec A – cos A) =
tan A + cot A
sin θ sin θ
(iv) (sec A + cos A) (sec A – cos A) = tan2 A + sin2 A 9. (i) If + =4
1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ
(v) (cosec A – sin A) (sec A – cos A) sec2 A = tan A and 0 < q < 90°, find q.
1 tan θ tan θ
5. (i) = sin A cos A (ii) If − =2
tan A + cot A sec θ − 1 sec θ + 1
sec A and 0 < q < 90°, find q.
(ii) = sin A
cot A + tan A

USE OF TRIGONOMETRICAL TABLES of all acute angles to the nearest minute up

In problems using acute angles (other than to four places of decimals. Remember that
standard angles), we use trigonometrical tables 1 degree = 60 minutes (1° = 60′) and 1 minute
given at the end of book. These tables give the = 60 seconds (1′ = 60′′).
approximate values of sine, cosine and tangent
Trigonometry 309
 (i) In the first column of the table angles
from 0° to 89° are written.
(ii) The next 10 columns give values of the
ratio of these angles with 0′, 6′ … 54′ (all,
multiples of 6).
(iii) The last 5 columns give the mean
differences for 1′ to 5′.
(a) The mean differences are to be added
in case of sine, tangent and secant
tables and they are subtracted in case
of cosine, cotangent and cosecant tables.
(b) Use tables with heading Natural sine,
Natural cosine, Natural tangent (not log
sine, log cosine, etc.)
(c) The decimal point and integers are put
only in the column of zero minutes.
Remember sin q and cos q ≤ 1.
\ Put decimal point before the 4 figures.
Sine Table
(i) To find sin 24°.
Look horizontally along the line for 24°.
Since there are no minutes after 24°, we
take the value from 0′ column.
sin 24° = 0.4067
(ii) To find sin 41° 38′.
First locate 41° in the first column.
Look horizontally along the line 41°, go
up to 36′ column. Note the value 6639.
Put a decimal point before the numbers
0.6639.
Now note the value from mean difference
column under 2′ in the same horizontal
line. It is 4. Add these numbers as shown
below
sin 41° 36′ = 0.6639
+ 2′ = +4
sin 41° 38′ = 0.6643
(iii) To find sin 54° 27′.
sin 54° 24′ = 0.8131
+ 3′ = +5
sin 54° 27′ = 0.8136
310 ICSE Mathematics—X
Cosine Table
(i) To find cos 38° 45′.
We follow the same procedure, but
subtract mean difference. First look in
Natural cosine table for the angle 38°
in the first column. Now proceed along
this horizontal line of 38° and look in the
column of 42′. Note the value 7804. Put
the decimal point before the numbers
0.7804. Proceed along this row for mean
difference of 3′. It is 5. Now remember to
subtract the mean difference.
cos 38° 42′ = 0.7804
+ 3′ = –5
cos 38° 45′ = 0.7799
[Note: Add the minutes but subtract the mean
difference.]
Tangent Table
In this case also we proceed like before, but
add the mean difference. Also remember when
q ≥ 45°, tan q ≥ 1.
\ For integral part look in the 0′ column.
(i) To find tan 51° 40′.
[Note: Integer for 51° 36′ is not given in the
column, it is taken down from tan 51° 0′.]
tan 51° 36′ = 1.2617
+ 4′ = + 30
tan 51° 40′ = 1.2647
(ii) To find tan 63° 44′.
tan 63° 42′ = 2.0233
+ 2′ + 29
tan 63° 44′ 2.0262
[Note: Here only 0233 is printed in
tan 63° 42′. Integer in the 0′ column is 1 but
read carefully under 30′ column it is 2.006.
\ For all other angles in this row after 30′, the
integer is 2.]
To find the angle q when the ratios are given (ii) For cos q look for a number > 0.8410.

(i) sin q = 0.6459 cos 32° 42′ = 0.8415

(ii) cos q = 0.8410 + 3′ = –5
(iii) tan q = 0.7490 cos 32° 45′ = 0.8410
[Note: For sin q and tan q we look for number

\ q = 32° 45′
less than or equal to the given value.]

(i) sin 40° 12′ = 0.6455 (iii) tan 36° 48′ = 0.7481

+ 2′ = +4 + 2′ = +9

sin 40° 14′ 0.6459 tan 36° 50′ = 0.7490

\ q = 40° 14′
\ q = 36° 50′

EXERCISE 18C

1. Use tables to find sine of: 4. Find the acute angle q if sin q is:

(i) 18° 47′ (ii) 32° (i) 0.2930 (ii) 0.5798

(iii) 40° 36′ (iv) 75° 20′
2. Use tables to find cosine of:
(i) 15° (ii) 20° 27′
(iii) 54° 14′ (iv) 70° 33′
3. Use tables to find tangent of:
(i) 12° (ii) 24° 45′
(iii) 0.8596 (iv) 0.96
5. Find the acute angle q if cos q is:
(i) 0.908 (ii) 0.6318
(iii) 0.4457 (iv) 0.387
6. Find the acute angle q if tan q is:
(i) 0.1790 (ii) 0.3343
(iii) 0.8516 (iv) 2.045

(iii) 63° 50′ (iv) 78° 51′ 7. (i) Find angle q if 2 sin 7° 42′ = sin q.
(ii) Find angle q if 2 cos 77° = cos q.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
rove the following identities:
P
(i) (1 + tan2 q) sin q cos q = tan q
(ii) (sin q + cos q) (tan q + cot q) = sec q + cosec q

tan 2 θ 1
(iii) 1 + =
1 + sec θ cos θ

Trigonometry 311
 1 + tan θ sec θ 2 sin θ cos θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ − sin θ 2
(iv) − = (v) + =
sec θ 1 + tan θ sin θ + cos θ cos θ − sin θ cos θ + sin θ 1 − 2 sin 2 θ

(vi) sec 2 θ + cos ec 2 θ = tan q + cot q = sec q cosec q

1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ
(vii) + = 2 sec q
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
1 1
(viii) + = sec q + cosec q
cos θ + sin θ − 1 cos θ + sin θ + 1

tan 3 θ + tan θ cosec θ

(ix) = tan4 q (x) = cos q
3
cot θ + cot θ tan θ + cot θ

(xi) sin A (1 + tan A) + cos A (1 + cot A) = sec A + cosec A

BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS

1. Given 5 cos A – 12 sin A = 0, evaluate without 9. Prove the identity:

using tables: sin A
= cosec A − cot A.  [2008]
sin A + cos A 1 + cos A
. [1995]
2 cos A − sin A
10. Prove that following identity:
2. If 2 sin A – 1 = 0, show that:
sin A 1 + cos A
sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A. [2001] + = 2 cosec A. [2009]
1 + cos A sin A
cos θ
2

3. Prove that: 1 − = sin θ . [2001] tan 2 θ 1 + cos θ

1 + sin θ 11. Prove that = . [2012]
(sec θ − 1)2 1 − cos θ
3 12
4. If sin x = and cos y = ; evaluate
5 13 1 − cos A sin A
12. Show that = .  [2000, 2013]
1 + cos A 1 + cos A
(a) secant2 x (b) tan x + tan y. [2003]
13. Prove the identity
5. Without using tables, find the value of
(sin q + cos q) (tan q + cot q) = sec q + cosec q.
14 sin 30° + 6 cos 60° – 5 tan 45°. [2004]
 [2014]
6. Prove that (1 + tan A)2 + (1 – tan A)2 = 2 sec2 A. cos A
14. Prove that + tan A = sec A. [2016]
 [2005] 1 + sin A
15. Prove that
sin θ tan θ
7. Prove that = 1 + sec q. [2006] (1 + cot q – cosec q) (1 + tan q + sec q) = 2 [2018]
1 − cos θ
sec A − 1 1 − cos A 16. Prove that
8. Prove that identity: = . [2007] (cosec q – sin q) (sec q – cos q) (tan q + cot q) = 1
sec A + 1 1 + cos A
 [2019]

312 ICSE Mathematics—X

 COMMON ERRORS
1. While using trigonometric tables, do not use log sine, log cosine or log tan tables, use
natural sine, natural cosine, etc.
2. While proving the identities:
(i) Avoid cross multiplication.
(ii) If there is a square root sign on one side, do not square both sides like we do in
equations.
Either rationalise or multiply numerator and denominator with the same expression
to get the other side.
(iii) Do not transpose the terms, like in an equation.

POINTS AT A GLANCE
opposite side to θ
1. sin q =
hypotenuse

Opposite side
Hy
po
adjacent side to θ ten
us
cos q = e
hypotenuse

opposite side to θ 
tan q = Adjacent side
adjacent side to θ
1 1 1
2. cosec q = ; sec q = and tan q =
sin θ cos θ cot θ
3. Identities
cos2 q + sin2 q = 1; tan2 q + 1 = sec2 q and cot2 q + 1 = cosec2 q
4. While proving the identities: (i) simplify the complicated side and reduce it to get the other side.
(ii) reduce both sides to get the same result.

DO YOU KNOW?

HIPPARCHUS
Hipparchus was known as Father of Trigonometry. He was a Greek astronomer
who lived between 190-120 B.C. He used Hellenistic Mathematics with Egyptian and
Babylonian influence to create his theory of Trigonometry. It was his work as an
astronomer that helped him in Trigonometry. He constructed trigonometric tables,
that were able to solve many problems such as those of Spherical trigonometry. He
was said to be best at predicting solar eclipse due to his models of the Sun, moon
and his trigonometric calculations. He also developed the first accurate star catalogue.
In modern age of enlightenment, Isaac Newton and James Stirling were the two
credited with furthering Trigonometry, subsequently by Leonard Euler.
The trigonometric tables seen in modern textbooks were prepared by Claudius Ptolemy.
Hipparchus

Trigonometry 313
 HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES
19
One of the practical applications of Trigono- A

metry is to find distances and heights of far

off and inaccessible objects. When a person is
observing an object higher than his eye level,
the angle between a horizontal line through the
observer’s eye and a line joining his eye to the B
Fig. 19.3
object is called the angle of elevation.
[Note: The observer is taken as a point unless his height
Object
is given or mentioned]

Example 1: A tower is 30 m high. A man

ht
sig
of

 = angle of elevation standing at some distance from the tower

ne
Li

observes that the angle of elevation of the


Horizontal line
top of the tower is 60°. How far is he from
Eye of the the foot of the tower?
Observer
Fig. 19.1 Solution:
A
The line joining his eye to the object is called
the line of sight or the line of vision. Tower
30 m
Now, when a person is observing an object
lower than his eye level, the angle between 60° Man
x
line of sight and the horizontal line is called B C

the angle of depression. 30

tan 60° =
x
Horizontal Line 30
 3 =
x
 = angle of depression
30 30 3
Li
ne

\ x = =
of

3 3 3
sig
ht

Object 10
Fig. 19.2
= 30 × 1.732 = 17.32
From Fig. 19.3, it is clear that the angle 3
of elevation of A as seen from B = angle of \ He is 17.32 m away from the foot of the
depression of B as seen from A. tower.
Example 2: From the top of a tower, a guard Solution: A
is watching a prisoner on the ground at an
angle of depression of 36°. If the height of
the tower is 100 m, how far is the prisoner 20 m
from the foot of the tower?
Solution: B x

C

Guard
A 36°
Let q be the angle of elevation of the top of
Tower
tower A from point C.
100 m cos q = 0.766
36°
\ q = 40° (from cosine table)
C Prisoner
B x
20
tan 40° = = 0.8391
x
Let the distance from the foot of the tower to 20
the prisoner be x. \ x =
0.8391
100 To avoid division by the decimal number, we
tan 36° = = 0.7265
x take tan A.
∠A = 90° – 40° = 50°
100
\ x = x
0.7265 tan 50° = = 1.192
20
[Note: Instead of dividing by the decimal number 0.7265, \ x = 1.192 × 20 = 23.840
it is simpler if complementary angle of 36° is taken. The surveyor is 23.84 m from the foot of the
tower.
∠BAC = 90° – 36° = 54°
Example 4: A man stands at a point A on
 [Sum of the acute ∠s of right D is 90°] the bank of a river and looks at the top of
x a tree exactly opposite to him on the other
\ tan 54° = = 1.376
100 bank and finds that the angle of elevation
of the top of the tree is 60°. When he moves
x = 1.376 × 100 = 137.6 50 m away from the bank, he finds the angle
The prisoner is 137.6 m from the base of the of elevation to be 30°. Calculate
tower. (i) the width of the river.
[Note: If cot table is provided, you can use
(ii) the height of the tree.
x Solution:
cot 36° = = 1.375]
100 Method 1:

Example 3: A vertical tower is 20 m high. A C

Tree
surveyor standing at some distance from the
tower knows that the cosine of the angle of h
elevation of the top of the tower from that
point is 0.766. How far is he standing from 60° 30°
B D
the foot of the tower? x A 50 m
River

Heights and Distances 315

Let the height of the tree be h metres and width C
of river be x metres.
h
tan 60° = = 3
x h 50 m

\ h = 3x  ...(i)
60°
B A
h 1 x
and tan 30° = =
x + 50 3

x + 50 50 3
\ h =  ...(ii) ⇒ h = = 25 3 = 43.3 m
3 2
x 1
Equating the RHS of the two equations, cos 60° = =
50 2
x + 50
3x = 50
3 \ x = = 25 m
2
\ 3 × 3x = x + 50
Example 5: A man on the top of a tower
3x – x = 50
observes a car moving at a uniform speed
x = 25 towards it. If it takes 12 minutes for the angle
\ h = 25 3 = 25 × 1.732 = 43.3 of depression to change from 30° to 45°, how
soon will the car reach the tower? Give the
(i) The width of the river = 25 m answer correct to nearest second.
(ii) The height of the tree = 43.3 m. Solution:
A
Method 2: 30°
45°
When the two base angles are 60° and 30°, we h
Tower
can see that DADC is isosceles [120°, 30°, 30°].
30° 45°
D x
C C B

30
°
h Let the height of the tower AB = h m.
and DC = x
60° 120° 30° AB
B x A 50
D tan 45° = =1
BC
AB = BC = h
AD = AC = 50 m
h 1
and tan 30° = =
In DABC, hypotense AC = 50 m. h+x 3

h 3 \ 3h − h = x
\ sin 60° = =
50 2 h ( 3 − 1) = x.

316 ICSE Mathematics—X

 Distance Time 14x = 504
x = h ( 3 − 1) 12 minutes 504
x = = 36
h t 14
5x 5 × 36
12 ( 3 + 1) and h =
= = 15
12 h 12 12 12
t=
= =
h ( 3 − 1) 3 −1 ( 3 − 1) ( 3 + 1) \ AD = 15 cm.
Example 7: From the top of a church spire
12 (2.732) which is 96 m high, the angles of depression
=
2 of 2 cars on the road on the same side of the
3
\ Time = 16.392 minutes church are x° and y° where tan x° = and
4
= 16 minutes 24 seconds 1
tan y° = . Find the distance between the cars.
[0.392 minutes = 0.392 × 60 seconds 3
= 23.520 = 24 seconds] Solution:
5
A
Example 6: In the given figure, tan B = ,
12
3 Church
tan C = and BC = 56 cm. Find AD. 96 m
4
y° x°
 [1995] D
C B
A

3 1
h Note: >
4 3
B
x D 56 – x
C
i.e., tan x > tan y
Solution:
56 cm
⇒ x > y
Let AD = h, BD = x. \ DC = 56 – x The angle closer to the church is x°.

h 5 5x 96 3
tan B = =  ⇒ h = tan x = =
x 12 12 BC 4
h 3 ⇒ BC = 128 m
tan C = =
56 − x 4
96 1
and tan y = =
3 (56 − x) DB 3
⇒ h =
4
⇒ DB = 288 m
Equating the RHS of both equations,
\ Distance between cars = DC
5x 3 (56 − x)
=
12 4 = 288 – 128 = 160 m.
3
12 × 3 (56 − x) Example 8: A kite is flying at a height of
5x = 60 m and the elevation of the string is 61°
4
36′. Find the length of the string, correct to
5x = 504 – 9x 2 decimal places.

Heights and Distances 317

Solution: (i) the height of CD.
(ii) the distance between AB and CD.
x
str Solution:
60 m ing

Let CE = x m
61°36'
and AE = y m
Let the length of the string be x m. 18
60 tan 60° = = 3
sin 61° 36′ = = 0.8796 y
x
18 18 3
60 \ y = = = 6 3
x = 3 3 3
0.8796
[At this stage do not change this into decimal]
To avoid division by decimal number, we find
x 1
the complementary angle of 61° 36′ and use Now, tan 30° = =
secant table. y 3
y 6 3
Total = 90° = 89° 60′ ⇒ x = = =6
3 3
Angle = 61° 36′
Complement = 28° 24′ (i) Height of building CD = 18 + 6 = 24 m.
Hypotenuse (ii) The distance between AB and CD
\ sec 28° 24′ =
Adjacent side = 6 3 = 6 × 1.732 = 10.392 m
x
1.1368 =
60 Example 10: From the top of a tower 60 m
high, the angles of depression of the top and
\ x = 1.1368 × 60 = 68.208
bottom of a building are observed to be 30°
Length of the string = 68.208 m = 68.21 m
and 60° respectively. Find the height of the
Example 9: From the top of building AB building and the distance between them.
if the top of building CD is observed, the [2013]
angle of elevation of the top C is 30° and the Solution:
angle of depression of the foot D is 60°. If the Let AB be the height of tower.
height of AB is 18 m, find
C AB = 60 m

x
and let h be the height of the building DC.
30°
A E A
60° y 30°
60°
60–h

30° tower = 60 m
D E

18 m 18 m
building h
h
60°
C x B

∠ADE = 30° and ∠ACB = 60°

B D
y
Let the distance between them = CB = x

318 ICSE Mathematics—X

 60 From tan tables, q = 51°4′
In DABC, tan 60° = = 3
x \ Angle of elevation of the window = 51°4′.
60 60 3
\ x = = = 20 3
3 3 3 Example 12: Two lamp posts of equal height
are standing opposite to each other on each
60 − h 1
In DADE, tan 30° = = side of a road, which is 80 m wide. From a
x 3 point between them on the road, the angle of
60 − h 1 elevation of the top of the posts are 60° and
= 30° respectively. Find the height of the lamp
20 3 3
posts and the distance of the point from the
\ 60 – h = 20 lamp posts.
h = 60 – 20 = 40 Solution:
Height of the building = 40 m Let the height of the lamp post be x metres.
and the distance between them
AB = CD = x A D
= 20 3 = 20 × 1.732 = 34.64 m.
Let P be the point on x x

Example 11: A boy is standing on the ground the road and BP = y 60° 30°
B y P C
80 – y
and waving to his mother who is near the 80 m
window of their house which is exactly at x
tan 60°= = 3 ∴ x = 3y
half the height of their building. If the angle y
of elevation of the top of the building is 70°,
x 1 80 − y
find the angle of elevation of the window. tan 30°= = ∴ x=
80 − y 3 3
Solution:
80 − y
Let AD = DB = x. D is the point where the ∴ 3y = ∴ 3 y = 80 − y
3
window is situated.
⇒ 4 y = 80
Height of the building AB = 2x and let BC = y.
A
⇒ y = 20 ∴ x = 3 y = 1.732 × 20
= 34.64
x
window
D
20 m is the distance from P to one lamp post.
x Height of the lamp post = 34.64 m.
 70°
C y B

In DABC, Example 13: In the given figure, find AD if BC

2x = 100 m, ∠ACD = 8° 25′ and ∠BCD = 51° 45′.
tan 70° = = 2.475
y A
y

x 2.475 D
\ = = 1.2375
y 2
x 8°2
5'
In DBDC,
x 51°45
tan q = = 1.2375 B
100 m
C
y
Heights and Distances 319
Solution: Let BC = h
\ BD = (h + 5) + 5 = h + 10
x
tan 51° 45′ = = 1.268 [ CE = DE]
100
In DABC,
BC
x = 126.8 m tan 45° = =1
AB
∠BCD = 51° 45′ \ AB = BC = h
∠ACD = + 8° 25′ In DABD,
BD
tan 60° =
∠ACB = 59° 70′ = 60° 10′ AB
x+y h + 10
\ tan 60° 10′ = = 1.744 = 3
100 h
\ 3h = h + 10
⇒ x + y = 174.4
\ AD = y = 174.4 – 126.8 = 47.6 m. 3h − h = 10

h ( 3 − 1) = 10
Example 14: There is a coconut tree on the 10 10 ( 3 + 1)
h = =
bank of a river. From a boat 5 m above water, 3 −1 ( 3 − 1) ( 3 + 1)
the angle of elevation of the top of the tree is = 5 × 2.732 = 13.66
45° and the angle of depression of reflection
\ Height of the tree = h + 5 = 18.66 m.
of tree top is 60°. Find the height of the tree.
Solution: Example 15: The angle of elevation of an
Remember: Distance from object to water aeroplane from a point on the ground is 50°.
= Distance from its image to water After 6 seconds, the angle of elevation changes
to 60°. If the plane is flying horizontally at a
Let C be the top of the coconut tree and D be height of 3000 m, find the speed of the plane
the reflection of tree top. in km/h.
\ CE = DE Solution:
C Let the original position of the plane be D.
6 seconds
h C D

40°
45°
A B
5m 60° 5m
3000 3000
E
water
60°
50°
h+5 A y B X E

After 6 seconds it moves to point C.

3000
D tan 50° = = 1.192
x+y

320 ICSE Mathematics—X

 3000 \ AF = AC – FC
\ x + y = = 40 – 16 = 24 m
1.192
AF
x+y In DAEF, sin 60° =
tan 40° = = 0.8391 AE
3000
3 24
[To avoid division by decimal take the =
2 AE
complementary angle.]
48 48 3
⇒ x + y = 0.8391 × 3000 = 2517.3 m AE = =
3 3 3
3000
tan 60° = = 3 = 16 × 1.732 = 27.712
y
Distance between the girl and kite = 27.712 m.
3000 3000 3
⇒ y = = = 1732 m
3 3 3
Example 17: When a building under
\ x = 2517.3 – 1732 = 785.3 m construction was observed from a point P
Distance x = 785.3 is covered in 6 seconds. 120 m from its base, the angle of elevation
of the top was 30°. After its completion when
Distance 785.3
Speed = = m/s it was again observed from the same point,
Time 6
the angle changed to 60°. How much higher
3
was the building raised, from the time it was
785.3 18
= × km/h first observed?
6 5
Solution:
= 471.18 km/h. Let RQ be the original height = x m.
Example 16: A boy is flying a kite with a PQ = 120 m S

string of length 80 m. The angle of elevation Let it be raised by y metres. y

of the kite is found to be 30°. On the other side
\ SR = y
of the kite, a girl standing near the window R
In DPQR,
at a height of 16 m observes that the angle of
elevation of the kite is 60°. Find the distance x 1 x
tan 30° = =
between the girl and the kite. 120 3 30°
60°
Q
P 120 m
Solution: 120 120 3
\ x = =
Let the height of the kite be AC = h m. 3 3 3
A
= 40 × 1.732 = 69.280
60° 80 In DSPQ,
girl E F m x+y
tan 60° = = 3
16 m
120
30°
D B
C boy x + y = 120 3 = 120 × 1.732
h 1
In DABC, sin 30° = = x + y = 207.840
80 2
x = 69.280
AC = h = 40 m y = 138.560
ED = 16 m \ It was raised by 138.56 m.
Heights and Distances 321
Example 18: From the top of a hill, the angles complementary. Prove that the height of the
of depression of two consecutive kilometre tower is ab .
stones, due east are found to be 30° and 45°
Solution:
respectively. Find the distance of the two
stones from the foot of the hill. [2007] ∠P + ∠Q = 90° is given
h
Solution: tan P =
a
Note that the distance between the two
h
consecutive kilometre stones C and D tan Q =
b
= 1 km = 1000 m h
⇒ tan (90° – P) =
A
30° b
45°
h
⇒ cot P =
hill b
b  1 
45° 30° ⇒ tan P =  ∵ cot θ = tan θ 
B
C 1000 m D h  
Let AB be the height of the hill. S

AB
tan 45° = = 1
BC h

⇒ AB = BC = x (say)
AB 1 R a P
Q
tan 30° = = b
BD 3
x 1
⇒ = Equating the value of tan P,
x + 1000 3
h b
\ 3x = x + 1000 =
a h
3x − x = 1000 \ h2 = ab or h = ab
1000
x ( )
3 − 1 = 1000 = Example 20: The angle of elevation of top of
3 −1 a tower from a point A on the ground is q.
1000 3 +1 On walking 85 m towards the tower, the angle
x = ×
3 −1 3 +1 8
of elevation is found to be 2q. If tan 2q = ,
15
1000 × 2.732
= = 1366 calculate the height of the tower and the
2
distance of tower from A.
\ Stone C is 1366 m from the hill and stone D
Solution:
is 2366 m from the hill.
D
Example 19: The angles of elevation of the
top of a tower SR from two points P and Q
at distances a and b respectively from the
base and in the same line with it, are 2 
C B 85 m A

322 ICSE Mathematics—X

 ∠A = q, ∠DBC = 2q
\ DB = (8 x)2 + (15 x)2 = 17 x (ii)
\ ∠DBA = 180 – 2q, ∠BDA = q.
∠A = ∠BDA = q From (i) and (ii), we get
17x = 85
\ AB = DB = 85 ...(i)
x = 5
DC 8 \ Height of the tower = 8x = 8 × 5 = 40 m
tan 2q = =
CB 15
BC = 15x = 75 m
Let DC = 8x, CB = 15x \ AC = 85 + 75 = 160 m

EXERCISE 19
1. A boy 1.7 m tall is flying a kite with a 50 m 8. When the angle of elevation of the sun
long string. If the angle of elevation of the increases from 30° to 60°, the length of the
kite from his eye level is 60°, find the height shadow of a tower reduces by 20 m. Find the
at which the kite is flying. height of the tower.
9. From the top of a cliff 200 m high, the angles
2. If the height of a flag pole is 3 times
of depression of two rocks on the ground are
the length of its shadow, find the angle of
60° and 30°. Find the distance between the
elevation of the sun.
rocks if they are on
3. A man 1.5 m tall observes that the angle of (i) opposite sides of the cliff.
elevation of the top of a building is 60°. If
(ii) the same side of the cliff.
he stands 50 m away from the base of the
building, find its height to the nearest metre. 10. From the top of a light house, the angles of
depression of two ships on the same side of
4. The top of a tall tree broken by wind, falls
the light house are 60° and 45°. Find the height
to the ground at angle of 30° at a distance of
of the light house, if the distance between the
6 m from the foot of the tree. Find the original
ships is 36 m. Answer to the nearest metre.
height of tree.
11. An advertising board at the top of a building
5. From the top of 38 m high tower, the angle
is being illuminated by a projector’s light that
of depression of the top of a building is 30°.
is placed 60 m from the base of the building.
If the height of the second building is 18 m,
How tall is the board if the angles of elevation
find the distance between the tower and the
of the lower and upper ends of the board from
building.
the projector’s light are 30° and 45°?
6. A tower is 62 m high. A man standing at a
12. Two poles are on either side of road. A 10 m
distance of 35 m from the base of the tower
long ladder is placed between the two poles.
observes that the angle of elevation of the top
When the ladder rests against one pole, it
of the tower is 60°. Find the height of the man.
makes an angle 30° with the pole and when
7. A man finds the angle of elevation of the it is turned to rest against the other pole, it
top of a church spire is 30°. On walking makes 30° with the road. Calculate the width
40 m towards the church, he finds the angle of the road.
of elevation to be 60°. Deduce the height of
13. In a hall, the distance between two pillars of
the spire and his original distance from the
equal height is 60 m. At a point between the
foot of the church.
pillars, the angles of elevation of the tops of
Heights and Distances 323
 the pillars are 60° and 30°. Find the height of
the pillars and the position of the point.
14. From the top of a tower AB, 90 m high, the
angles of depression of the top and the bottom
of a building CD are observed to be 45° and
60° respectively. Find
A 21. A man on the top of an observation tower
Tower
C
Building
B D
(i) the horizontal distance between AB and
CD.
(ii) the height of the building CD.
15. From the top of a tower, 45 m high, the angle
of elevation of the top of a cliff is 30° and the
angle of depression of the bottom of the cliff
is 60°. Find the height of the cliff.
16. From a cliff 75 m high, a man observes a boat
at an angle of depression of 30°, approaching
the shore beneath him. Four minutes later, the
angle of depression changes to 60°. How soon
will it reach the shore? How fast is it sailing?
17. From the top of a hill, an eagle spots a mouse
on the ground, making an angle of depression
of 30°. With a speed of 8 m/s, it swoops down
on the mouse and catches it in 10 seconds.
What is the height of the hill?
18. From the top of two coconut trees, two men
started dropping coconuts at a point P on
the ground between the two trees. If the
trees are 15 m and 10 m high, the angles of
depression of point P from the top of the
trees are 60° and 45° respectively, find the
distance between the trees.
19. The angle of elevation of an aeroplane from
a point P on the ground is 60°. After 12
seconds, the angle of elevation changes to 30°.
If the plane is flying horizontally at a speed
of 600 3 km/h, find the height at which it is
flying.
324 ICSE Mathematics—X
20. An aeroplane is flying horizontally at an
altitude of 1500 m above the ground. When
it is observed from a point on the ground, the
angle of elevation changes from 60° to 30° in
12 seconds. Find the speed of the plane in
km/h.
observes a car moving at a uniform speed
coming directly towards it. If it takes 30
seconds for the angle of depression to change
from 30° to 45°, how soon will the car reach the
observation tower. Answer to nearest second.
22. A pillar stands on the top of a cliff. From
a point on the ground 40 m away from the
base, the angles of elevation of the top of the
pillar and the top of the cliff are 60° and 45°
respectively. Find the height of the pillar.
23. A person walking along a straight road
observes that at two consecutive kilometre
stones, the angles of elevation of the top of a
hill in front of him are 30° and 60°. Find the
height of the hill.
24. In the given figure, AD is perpendicular to
3 5
BC. tan B = , tan C = and BC = 76 cm.
4 6
Calculate the length of AD.
A
C
B D
25. At a point on level ground, the tangent of the
5
angle of elevation of the top of a tower is .
9
On walking 56 m towards the tower, the
3
tangent of the angle is . Find the height of
4
the tower.
26. From the top of a temple 66 m high, the angles
of depression of two flower stalls on the road
at the same level as the base of the temple and
 on the same side of it are x° and y° where aeroplane if the observers are 1000 m apart
3 2 (Write answer to the nearest metre).
tan x = and tan y = . Calculate the distance
4 5 30. A boy 1.8 m tall spots a balloon moving with
between the two stalls. the wind in a horizontal line at a height of
85.8 m from the ground. The angle of elevation
27. From a window A, 12 m above the ground, of the balloon is 60°. After some time, he
the angle of elevation of the top C of a tower notices that it has moved away and the angle
9 of elevation is 45°. Find the distance travelled
CD is x° where tan x = and the angle of
4 by the balloon during that time. Give the
depression of the foot D of the tower is y°, answer correct to one decimal place.
3 31. From the top of a cliff, a man observes a car
where tan y = . Calculate the height of the
5 moving on the road beneath him. If it takes 40
C
tower CD. seconds for the angle of depression to change
from 30° to 60°. Find
(i) the time taken to reach the base of the
A E
cliff.
12 m (ii) the speed of the car in km/h, if the height
of cliff is 600 m.
B D
32. The height of the world’s tallest tree in Howard
28. With reference to the given figure, a man Libbay Redwood in California is 112 m. If
stands on the ground at a point A which is the angle of elevation of the top of the tree
on the same horizontal given plane as B, the from a point on the ground is 20°, calculate
foot of a vertical pole BC. The height of the
the distance of the point from the foot of the
pole is 12 m. The man’s eye is 2 m above the
tree. Give your answer correct to the nearest
ground. He observes the angle of elevation of
C, the top of the pole as x°, where metre.
2 33. Find the length of the shadow of a building
tan x = . Calculate
3 which is 50 m high when the altitude of the
sun is 22°.
(i) the distance AB
(ii) the angle of elevation of the top of the 34. A boy 1.4 m tall is 20 m away from a tower
pole when he is standing 12 m from the and observes the angle of elevation of the top
of the tower to be 60°.
pole.
(i) Find the height of the tower to nearest
C
metre.
(ii) If he walks 10 m towards the tower and
observes the top of the tower, what is
D
x
E
the new angle of A

2m elevation?
x
A B
35. Find x and y in the B
29. The angles of elevation of an aeroplane given figure. AB = BC
which is vertically over a point between two
= x and ∠BDC = 31°, x
observers on the ground are found to be 60° y°
and 45° respectively. Find the height of the ∠ADB = y°. CD = 10. D
31°
C
10

Heights and Distances 325

 36. From a boat 200 m away from a vertical cliff,
the angles of elevation of the top and foot of
a vertical pillar at the edge of the cliff are 31°
and 22°. Find the height of the pillar.
Pillar
Cliff
Boat
37. From the window of a building, a lady is
watching her son in the playground below
her building and the angle of depression is
35°. If the child is 50 m away from the base of
the building, find the height of the window.
38. From the top of a 80 m high tower, the angles
of depression of two people standing on the
ground, in a straight line with the tower are
32° and 42°. Find the distance between them
if they are on
(i) the same side of the tower.
(ii) the opposite sides of the tower.
39. A man standing 10 m away from a flag pole
observes that the angle of elevation of the top
of the pole is 24° and the angle of depression
of the bottom of the pole is 10°. Find the height
of the man and the pole.
40. The angle of elevation of the top of a building
under construction from a point 70 m from
its base is 34°. After the construction was
completed, the angle of elevation of the
top became 49°. How much higher was the
building raised?
41. A and B are two points on the opposite banks
of a river. Between them is a ship whose mast is
60 m above A and B. Find the width of the
river if angles of elevation of the top C of the
mast of the ship are 17° from A and 19° from B.
326 ICSE Mathematics—X
42. The famous Gomateshwara temple is on
Vindhyagiri hill in Sravanabelagola near
Bengaluru in Karnataka. A man standing on
the road finds that the angles of elevation of
the top and the base of the statue are 69° 24′
and 61° respectively, when he stands 20 m
away from the base of the hill. Find the height
of the statue to the nearest metre.
43. A pilot in a plane observes that the angle of
depression of the ground station is 32° and
makes a straight line flight to it with a speed
of 180 km/h and reaches it in 25 seconds. Find
the height of the plane before the dive.
44. A and B are two points 78 m apart, on a
straight stretch of a bank of a river. C is an
object on the opposite bank such that ∠CAB
= 58° and ∠CBA = 45°. Calculate the distance
C from AB.
C
58° 45°
A
78 m
B
45. In the given DPQR, ∠Q = 90°. S is a point on
PQ such that ∠SRQ = 35° 18′ and ∠PRS = 3° 30′.
If QR = 200 m, find the length of PS.
P
S
35°18'
R Q
200 m
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE

1. The top of a tower is observed from two points on the same horizontal line through a point on
the base of the tower. If the angles of elevation at the two points which are on the same side of the
tower are 30° and 45° and the distance between them is 60 m, find the height of the tower.
2. The shadow of a vertical tower on a level ground increases by 10 m when the altitude of the sun
changes from 45° to 30°. Find the height of the tower, correct to two decimal places. [2002, 2006]
3. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point P is 60° and from a point R

Q 50 m vertically above P is 45°. Find the

Q
(i) distance between P and the base of the tower. 50 m
Tower

(ii) height of the tower. P S

4
4. At a point on the ground, the angle of elevation of a tower is such that its tangent is . On walking
9
2
60 m towards the tower, the tangent of the angle of elevation changes to . Find the height of the
3
tower.
5. An aeroplane 4500 m high passes vertically above another plane at an instant when the angles of
elevation of the two planes from a point P on the ground are 60° and 30°. Find the vertical distance
between the planes.
6. From the top of a tower, the angles of depression of the top and bottom of a building are 30° and
60° respectively. Find the height of the building if the height of the tower is 90 m.
7. Two ships are sailing in the sea on either side of a light house. The angles of depression of the ships
from the top of the light house are 42° and 28°. Find the distance between them, if the light house
is 200 m high.
8. A helicopter is flying at an altitude of 250 m between two banks of a river. From the helicopter,
it is observed that the angles of depression of two boats on the opposite banks are 45° and 60°
respectively. Find the width of the river. Give your answer correct to nearest metre.
9. Standing on a bank of a river, Tanay observes a stationary cloud at an angle of elevation of 30°,
which is 100 m above a river. At the same time, Sudesh sitting on a tree 20 m high, on the opposite
bank finds the angle of elevation of the cloud is 25°. Find the width of the river, correct to nearest
metre.
10. From an observation tower, at a height of 180 m above sea level, a man finds that the angle of
depression of a boat is 30°.
(i) Calculate, to the nearest metre, the distance of the boat from the foot of the tower.
(ii) After sometime, it is observed that the boat is 200 m from the foot of the tower. Calculate the
new angle of depression to the nearest degree.
11. The horizontal distance between two towers is 120 m. The angle of elevation of the top and the
angle of depression of the bottom of the first tower as observed from the second are 30° and 24°
respectively. Find the height of the towers. Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.
12. From a point P on the ground, the angles of elevation of a 30 m tall building and a helicopter,
hovering at some height above the top of the building are 30° and 60° respectively. Find the height
at which the helicopter is hovering above the ground.

Heights and Distances 327

 BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS

1. In triangle ABC, AD = 12 cm, angle B = 58°, the 4.

perpendicular from A to BC meets it at D. The C
bisector of angle ABC meets AD at E. Calculate:
(i) the length of BD;
(ii) the length of ED.
Give your answers correct to one decimal place.
x
0

[1996] D

2. 2m

T A B

With reference to the figure given above, a man

stands on the ground at a point A, which is on the
same horizontal plane as B, the foot of a vertical
pole BC. The height of the pole is 10 m. The man’s
x° y° eye is 2 m above the ground. He observes the
A B F angle of elevation at C, the top of the pole as x°,
In the figure, not drawn to scale, TF is a tower. where tan x° = 2/5. Calculate:
2 (i) the distance AB in m,
The elevation of T from A is x°, where tan x =
5
(ii) the angle of elevation of the top of the pole
and AF = 200 m. The elevation of T from B, where when he is standing 15 m from the pole.
AB = 80 m, is y°. Calculate: Give your answer to the nearest degree. See
(i) The height of the tower TF; the figure above.  [1999]

(ii) The angle y, correct to the nearest degree. 5.

C
 [1997]
3.
A
60°
45°

300 m
A E

B D
B
C D
From a window A, 10 m above ground the angle
The figure drawn above is not to the scale. AB of elevation of the top C of a tower is x°, where
is a tower, and two objects C and D are located tan x = 5/2 and the angle of depression of the foot
on the ground, on the same side of AB. When
D of the tower is y°, where tan y = 1/4. See the
observed from the top A of the tower, their angles
figure given above.
of depression are 45° and 60°. Find the distance
between the two objects, if the height of the tower Calculate the height CD of the tower in metres.
is 300 m. Give your answer to the nearest metre.
[2000]
[1998]

328 ICSE Mathematics—X

 6. A vertical tower is 20 m high. A man standing 13. A man observes the angle of elevation of the top
at some distance from the tower knows that the of a building to be 30°. He walks towards it in
cosine of the angle of elevation of the top of the horizontal line through its base. On covering
tower is 0.53. How far is he standing from the
60 m, the angle of elevation changes to 60°. Find
foot of the tower? [2001]
the height of the building to the nearest metre.
7. A man standing on the bank of a river observes
that the angle of elevation of a tree on the opposite  [2011]
bank is 60°. When he moves 50 m away from the
bank, he finds the angle of elevation to be 30°. 14. As observed from the top of a 80 m tall lighthouse,
Calculate: the angles of depression of two ships on the
(i) the width of the river and same side of the light house in horizontal line
with its base are 30° and 40° respectively. Find
(ii) the height of the tree. [2003]
the distance between the two ships. Give your
8. Two people standing on the same side of a tower answer correct to the nearest metre. [2012]
in a straight line with it, measure the angles of
elevation of the top of the tower as 25° and 50° 15. An aeroplane at an altitude of 250 m observes the
respectively. If the height of the tower is 70 m,
angle of depression of two boats on the opposite
find the distance between the two people.[2004]
banks of a river to be 45° and 60° respectively.
9. From the top of a cliff 92 m high, the angle of Find the width of the river. Write the answer
depression of a buoy is 20°. Calculate to the
correct to the nearest whole number. [2014]
nearest metre, the distance of the buoy from the
foot of the cliff.  [2005]
16. The horizontal distance between two towers is
10. A vertical pole and a vertical tower are on the 120 m. The angle of elevation of the top and angle
same level ground. From the top of the pole the of depression of the bottom of the first tower as
angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 60°
observed from the second tower is 30° and 24°
and the angle of depression of the foot of the
tower is 30°. Find the height of the tower if the respectively.
height of the pole is 20 m.  [2008]
A
11. From two points A and B on the same side of
a building, the angles of elevation of the top of
the building are 30° and 60° respectively. If the
E C
height of the building is 10 m, find the distance
between A and B correct to two decimal places.
 [2009]
B D
12. From the top of a light house 100 m high the
angles of depression of two ships on opposite Find the height of the two towers. Give your
sides of it are 48° and 36° respectively. Find the
answer correct to 3 significant figures. [2015]
distance between the two ships to the nearest
metre. 17. An aeroplane at an altitude of 1500 metres finds
A that two ships are sailing towards it in the same
48° 36°
direction. The angles of depression as observed
from the aeroplane are 45° and 30° respectively.
Find the distance between the two ships.
B C
D [2016]
[2010]

Heights and Distances 329

 POINTS AT A GLANCE
1. Table for Standard Angles

0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

0 1 3 4
=0 =1
4 4 4 4
1 1 3
sin q 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos q 1 0
2 2 2
sin θ 1
tan q = 0 1 3 ∞
cos θ 3

2. (i) Use natural sin, natural cos tables, etc. and not log sin, log cos, etc.
(ii) For sin and tan add the mean difference. But for cos subtract the mean difference.
3.
Use complementary angle (in some cases) to avoid ÷ by decimals
e.g.,  ∠B = 90°, ∠C = 28° ∴∠A = 62° A
Here use
10
x
  tan 62° = (instead of tan 28°) 28°
10 B x C

4.
In the base angles (the angles of elevation of a tower), the angle closer Tower >
to the tower is larger.  

5. Height of a bullding can also be found in the following using the formulae D

distance AB
(i)
= h Height
=
cot A − cot B h
D
Where A and B are on the same side of a building.
C B A
distance AB
(ii)
= h Height
= h
cot A + cot B
Where A and B are on the opposite sides of a building. A C B

DO YOU KNOW?
THEODOLITE
A theodolite is a surveyor’s measuring instrument that began to take its present form in the
17th century. It is a measuring tool specifically designed to work with angles and is used by
engineers to aid in proper construction. It is a precision instrument to measure horizontal and
vertical angles, can rotate on its horizontal axis and has high flexibility and precision. It has
a telescope connected to two rotating circles. It can be used in buildings and underground
environment. It can improve efficiency, accuracy and shorten construction time.

330 ICSE Mathematics—X

 20
UNIT-VII: STATISTICS
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

Measure of central tendency is a number which Example 1: Let us find the mean of 2, 2, 8,
represents the given data. It is the value of 5, 3, 2, 6.
the variate around which the observations of Solution:
a group tend to cluster. Measures of central
Here n = 7 numbers.
tendency are useful in comparing two types
of data. Some of the measures are 2 + 2 + 8 + 5 + 3 + 2 + 6 28
\ Mean = = =4
7 7
(1) Arithmetic mean
(2) Median and II. When data is tabulated or discrete grouped
data is given.
(3) Mode
Mean is found using the formula:
Let us take an example. When a teacher is
Mean = ∑
fx
asked about the performance of the students
in her class in an examination, her responses ∑f
could be as follows:
Each x is multiplied by the corresponding
(i) Most of the students have scored 65 frequency f and ∑fx stands for sum of these
marks (mode = 65) products in fx column.
(ii) Half the class has got above 60 marks Example 2: Find the mean for the following:
(median = 60)
x 10 11 12 13 14
(iii) The average marks of the class is 57 f 2 7 9 6 1
(Mean = 57)
Solution:
I. Discrete Data x f fx
When a variate x takes value x1, x2, ...,xn. 10 2 20
11 7 77
Arithmetic Mean: If n is the no. of observations,
12 9 108
the arithmetic mean denoted by x is defined as
13 6 78
x1 + x2 + ... + xn ∑ x 14 1 14
     x = =
n n ∑f = 25 ∑fx = 297
Here, the Greek letter ∑ (sigma) represents the
Mean =
∑ fx = 297 = 297 × 4 = 1188 = 11.88
sum of numbers. ∑ f 25 25 × 4 100
MEAN OF GROUPED DATA Class Frequency Mid value fx
When frequency distribution with classes are (f) (x)
given (discrete or continuous). 10–18 4 14 56
There are three methods: 18–26 7 22 154
1. Direct Method 26–34 11 30 330
2. Short-cut Method 34–42 18 38 684
3. Step-Deviation Method 42–50 10 46 460
∑f = 50 ∑fx = 1684
1.  Mean by Direct Method

Example 3: Find the mean of the following Mean = ∑ fx = 1684 = 1684 × 2

by direct method. ∑ f 50 50 × 2
3368
Class 10–18 18–26 26–34 34–42 42–50    = = 33.68
100
Frequency 4 7 11 18 10
2. Mean by Short-cut Method
Solution: Steps:
Steps:
(i) We find ‘x’ the midvalue of class.
(i) Choose the midvalue of each class.
(ii) Choose any number as assumed mean
To find the midvalue of a class take the
but for simpler calculations one of the
average of upper and lower limits.
midvalues is chosen as A.
e.g., Midvalue of class 18–26
(iii) Calculate d = x – A; d = deviations of x
18 + 26 44 from the assumed mean.
= = = 22
2 2 (iv) Multiply d with f.
(v) Apply the formula, Mean = A + ∑
fd
(ii) Multiply f with x and apply the formula.
∑f
Mean = ∑
fx
∑f Observe that we subtract ‘A’ from, each x to
get ’d’ so we now add A to the mean of ‘d’ to
get the actual mean of x.

Example 4: Find the mean of the following by short-cut method.

Class 40–45 45–50 50–55 55–60 60–65 65–70 70–75 75–80

Frequency 5 12 20 16 10 8 5 4

Solution:

Class Frequency (f) Midvalue (x) d = x – 57.5 fd

40–45 5 42.5 –15 –75 
45–50 12 47.5 –10 –120 
 – 295
50–55 20 52.5 –5 –100 


332 ICSE Mathematics—X

 55–60 16 57.5 = A 0 0
60–65 10 62.5 5 50 
65–70 8 67.5 10 80 

 285
70–75 5 72.5 15 75 

75–80 4 77.5 20 80
∑f = 80 ∑fd = –10
A = Assumed mean = 57.5

Mean = A + ∑ = 57.5 +  −10  = 57.5 – 0.125 = 57.375

fd
\
∑f  80 
3. Mean by Step-Deviation Method
In this method, we find the deviations of x from the assumed mean like we did in short-cut
method, and then we divide the deviations by the width of the class interval. We use the formula

Mean = A + i
∑ ft
∑f
x−A
where i = width of the class interval t = .
i
Here, since we divide the deviations by ‘i‘, while finding the actual mean, we multiply by ‘i‘
the mean of deviations and add ‘A‘, the assumed mean.

Example 5: Find the mean of the following by step-deviation method.

Class 140–144 145–149 150–154 155–159 160–164 165–169

Frequency 3 18 12 7 6 4
Solution:

Class Frequency (f) Midvalue (x) x – 152 ft

t=
5
140–144 3 142 –2 –6 
145–149 18 147 –1 –18  –24

150–154 12 152 = A 0 0
155–159 7 157 1 7 
160–164 6 162 2 12  31

165–169 4 167 3 12 

∑f = 50 ∑ft = 7

Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 333

Note: Width of the classes = Difference between Σfx 3813
continuous class limits Mean = = = 38.13 = 38.1
140–144 139.5–144.5 etc., are the continuous Σf 100
145–149 144.5–149.5 class limits
 (Answer to one decimal point)
\ Width = 149.5 – 144.5 = 5
or = 144.5 – 139.5 = 5 (ii) New Mean required = 39. Let x matchsticks
 be added.
Observe that difference between two consecutive
midvalues also gives class width. 3813 + x
\ = 39
147–142 = 5 100
152–147 = 5, and so on
3813 + x = 3900 ⇒ x = 3900 – 3813 = 87
Mean = A + i ∑ ft where i = Width of class = 5 \ 87 matchsticks have to be added.
∑f
A = Assumed Mean = 152 Example 7: (i) Find the mean of the following
7 7 frequency distribution.
= 152 + 5 × = 152 + = 152.7
50 10 (ii) What will be new mean when each
Example 6: The contents of 100 match boxes frequency is doubled?
were checked to determine the number of x 4 6 8 10 12
matches they contained.
f 3 5 10 4 3
No. of matches 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Solution:
No. of boxes 6 10 18 25 21 12 8 (i)
(i) Calculate, correct to one decimal place, x f fx
the mean number of matches per box. 4 3 12
(ii) Determine how many extra matches 6 5 30
would have to be added to the total 8 10 80
contents of the 100 boxes to bring the 10 4 40
mean up to exactly 39 matches. 12 3 36
Solution: [1997] Sf = 25 Sfx = 198

(i) Using Direct Method: Σfx 198 198 × 4 792

Mean = = = = = 7.92
No. of matches No. of boxes fx Σf 25 25 × 4 100
(x) (f ) (ii) When each frequency (f) is doubled, each
35 6 210 fx gets doubled. So the total also gets doubled.
36 10 360
New Sfx = 2 × 198 = 396
37 18 666
Also, sum of all frequencies will get doubled.
38 25 950
39 21 819 New Sf = 50
40 12 480 396
\ New mean = = 7.92. Mean does not
41 8 328 50
Sf = 100 Sfx = 3813
change.
334 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 8: If the mean of the following Solution:
distribution is 15.5, find the value of a.
Class Midvalue No. of
fx
Class 0–5 5–10 10–15 15–20 20–25 25–30 marks (x) students (f)
Frequency 2 7 18 10 a 5 0–10 5 4 20
Solution: 10–20 15 a 15a
Class Midvalue Frequency fx
20–30 25 20 500
x (f)
0–5 2.5 2 5 30–40 35 b 35b

5–10 7.5 7 52.5 40–50 45 4 180

10–15 12.5 18 225 ∑f = 28 + a ∑fx = 700 +

+b 15a + 35b
15–20 17.5 10 175
Note: Total no. of students = 50 = Sf
20–25 22.5 a 22.5a \ 28 + a + b = 50

25–30 27.5 5 137.5 ⇒ a + b = 22 ...(1)

∑f = 42 + a ∑fx = 595.0 Mean = ∑ fx = 23

+ 22.5a ∑f
Mean =
∑ fx = 15.5
700 + 15a + 35b
= 23
∑f 50

595 + 22.5a 155 31 \ 15a + 35b = 1150 – 700 ...(2)

= =
42 + a 10 2
Dividing the 2nd equation by 5, we get
1190 + 45a = 1302 + 31a 3a + 7b = 90 ...(3)
 45a – 31a = 1302–1190 Multiplying equation (1) by 3, we get
   14a  = 112 3a + 3b = 66 ...(4)
112
     a = =8 Subtracting equation (4) from (3),
14
3a + 7b = 90
Note: 22.5a is put slightly to the right so that no error is
3a + 3b = 66
made by adding 595 + 22.5a and saying total is 617.5a.
(–) (–) (–)
Example 9: The mean marks obtained by 50
We get 4b = 24
students in a test is 23, where a and b are two
missing data. Find a and b. 24
b = =6
4
Marks 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50

No. of students 4 a 20 b 4 \ a = 22 – b = 22 – 6 = 16

Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 335

 EXERCISE 20A
1. Find the mean of the following: 6. The mean of the following is 6.8. Find the
  2, 3, 8, 2, 2, 4 missing frequency ‘a’.

2. The mean of 5, 4, 7, a, 10, 6, 8 is (a – 2). Find x 5 6 7 8 9 10

the value of a and the mean. f 4 a 6 4 2 1
3. The mean of 8, 13, 6, 4, x, 7, 9, 16, 12 is (x + 3). 7. The mean of the following distribution is 9.6.
Find the value of x and the mean. Find the missing frequency ‘b’.
4. Find the mean of 7, 11, 8, 12, 6, 4, 2, 9, 6, 5. If x 5 7 9 11 13 15
each number is increased by 5, what will be f 4 6 b 4 2 5
their new mean?
8. Marks obtained by a group of 40 students in a test
5. (i) Find the mean for the following frequency are given below. Find the missing frequencies
distribution. a and b if their mean is 18.
x 5 10 15 20 25 Marks 5 10 15 20 25 30
f 4 10 16 12 8 No. of students 6 4 a 12 b 4
What will be their new mean when 9. Calculate the mean of the following distribution
(ii) each value of x is doubled? by step-deviation method.

(iii) each value of f is doubled? Class 10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59
Frequency 8 10 20 7 5

10. Calculate the mean of the following distribution by short-cut method.

Marks 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80
No. of students 3 8 12 14 10 6 5 2
11. Calculate the mean by step-deviation method.
Class 10–15 15–20 20–25 25–30 30–35 35–40
Frequency 10 15 20 12 10 5
12. The following table shows the differences of the ages of 20 couples. Find the mean by direct method.

Difference in ages (in years) 0–2 2–4 4–6 6–8 8–10 10–12
No. of couples 1 2 8 5 3 1
13. Calculate the mean of the distribution given below by short cut method. [2014]

Marks 11–20 21–30 31–40 41–50 51–60 61–70 71–80

No. of students 2 6 10 12 9 7 4
14. The following table gives the pocket money of 200 students. Calculate the mean of the following
distribution by step-deviation method.

Pocket money in ` 100–150 150–200 200–250 250–300 300–350 350–400 400–450 450–500
No. of students 10 14 28 42 50 30 14 12
Calculate the new mean if the pocket money increases by `20.

336 ICSE Mathematics—X

 15. The following table gives marks of 80 students in a class.

Marks obtained 0–9 10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 80–89 90–99
No. of students 2 5 7 18 11 12 9 7 5 4
(i) Using step-deviation method, calculate the mean for the above frequency distribution.
(ii) How many scored marks 20 or more but less than 50?
16. Given below are the weekly wages of 40 workers in a small factory. If their mean weekly wage is
`145, find the values of a and b.
Weekly wages (`) 80–100 100–120 120–140 140–160 160–180
No. of workers 4 6 a b 18
17. The following table gives daily wages of some employees in a firm. Find the missing frequency ‘p‘
if the mean is `78.

Daily wages (in `) 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90–100 100–110

No. of employees 1 8 10 p 4 2

MEDIAN Rank of the middle terms

th th
Median for Raw Data n n 
=   and  + 1 
It is the value of middle observation or if there 2 2 
th th
are 2 middle terms, it is the average of the 8 8 
=   and  + 1 
2 middle observations when the variables are 2 2 
arranged in ascending or descending order.
= 4th and 5th
Examples:
terms after arranging in ascending order are 6
1.
To find the median of 2, 1, 4, 7, 5. and 7. 2, 2, 3, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9  

Let us first arrange the data in ascending \ Median = Average of the middle 2 terms
order. 6+7
     = = 6.5
1, 2, 4, 5, 7 2
There are n = 5 observations. i.e., n is odd. Median for Tabulated Data

\ Here is only one middle term. Steps:
Rank of the middle term (i) Calculate cumulative frequencies.
n+1 5+1 (ii) Find the rank of the middle number.
 = = = 3rd observation
2 2 (iii) Choose this rank from cf column and the
corresponding value of x = median.
\ Median = Middle number
= 3rd observation = 4
Example 10: Find the median of the following:
2.
To find the median of 3, 2, 2, 7, 8, 6, 9, 7.

Here, n = 8 observations. i.e., n is even. x 30 31 32 33 34 35

There are 2 middle terms. f 3 8 11 12 5 2

Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 337

Solution: 5. Join the points by a free hand smooth
curve. Extend the lower part of the curve
x f cf
to join to the lower limit of the first class
30 3 3
on x-axis.
31 8 11
[A ruler should not be used to join the
32 11 22 21st
points, since it is a curve.]
33 12 34
Remarks:
34 5 39
1. An ogive starts from a point on x-axis representing
35 2 41 the lower limit of the first class and ends at the upper
n = ∑f = 41 limit of the last class.
2. This ogive is called ‘less than’ ogive. It is a smooth
Note: 1. Check your total = n = ∑f = last cf = 41.
ascending curve, ‘ ’ shaped.
n + 1 41 + 1
Rank of median = = = 21st
2 2 3. A ‘more than’ ogive can also be drawn if the
frequencies are added from the opposite end of the
2. Up to 11 numbers are in the 2nd row, first 22 frequency table. It will be a descending curve, ‘ ’
numbers are in 3rd row
21st is also in the 3rd row shaped.
\ Corresponding x = 32 = Median.
N
N
To find the Median: Take the rank where
3. If N is even use as rank for median. 2
2
N = sum of all frequencies = last cf.
ESTIMATION OF MEDIAN AND Locate this point on y-axis. From this point
QUARTILES FROM OGIVE draw a horizontal line to meet the ogive. From
this point on the ogive, drop a perpendicular
Ogive line to the x-axis. The variate at this point is
the median.
An ogive is a cumulative frequency curve.
Cumulative frequency of a class is the sum To find the Quartiles: Quartiles, as the name
of the frequencies of all the classes up to this suggests, divide the data into 4 equal parts.
class. N
Rank of Q1, the lower quartile =
Each cumulative frequency is plotted against 4
the upper limit of its corresponding class and 3N
Rank of Q3, the upper quartile =
all such points are joined with a smooth free 4
hand curve to draw an ogive. From these points on y-axis lines parallel to
Procedure x-axis are drawn to touch the ogive and from
these points on ogive, perpendiculars are
1. Construct the cumulative frequency table.
drawn to the x-axis to locate Q1 and Q3.
2. Mark the actual upper class limits on x-axis.
Interquartile range = Q3 – Q1
3. Mark cumulative frequency against the
corresponding upper class limit along Remark: In graphical location, the ranks are taken as
y-axis. N N 3N
, and whether N is even or odd while finding
4. Plot the points representing upper class 2 4 4
limits and the respective cumulative
median, lower quartile and upper quartile respectively.
frequencies.
338 ICSE Mathematics—X
 y
3N
4
N
2

N
4

N/2
O Q1 M Q3 x

Example 11: Draw an ogive for the following

frequency distribution and estimate the
M
median.
Weight in kg 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80
No. of students 8 12 15 8 5 the previous point on x-axis is (20, 0) not
Solution: (0, 0).

(i) The cumulative frequency is first found. (iii) Take scale 1 cm = 10 kg on x-axis
1 cm = 4 students on y-axis.
No. of Cumulative
Weight (iv) Plot the points (40, 8), (50, 20), (60, 35),
students (f) frequency (cf)
(70, 43), (80, 48) where the x-coordinate is
30–40 8 8 the upper limit of class and y-coordinate is
40–50 12 8 + 12 = 20 the corresponding cumulative frequency.

50–60 15 20 + 15 = 35 (v) Join all these points by a smooth free

hand curve and join the lower part of
60–70 8 35 + 8 = 43
the curve to 30 on the x-axis which is the
70–80 5 43 + 5 = 48 lower limit of the first class.
N = 48 (vi) The required ogive is shown in above Fig.
Verify that the last cumulative frequency N 48
(vii) Rank of median = = = 24
2 2
= Sf = N = 48 Draw a line parallel to x-axis from 24 on
(ii) The scale on x-axis starts from 30, a kink y-axis to the curve and drop a ⊥ from that
is shown near the point O on x-axis to point to x-axis. It touches at 53.
show the graph is starting at (30, 0) and Median = 53 kg.

Example 12: Marks of 60 students in a class are tabulated below.

 arks
M 10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 69–79
No. of students 3 8 16 12 10 8 3
Draw the ogive for the above data and estimate the median.

Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 339

Solution:
(i) The above frequency distribution is discontinuous. \ To make it continuous, we find the
adjustment factor.
lower limit of a class – upper limit of previous class
Adjustment factor =
2
20 − 19 1
= = = 0.5
2 2

(ii) We subtract 0.5 from lower limits and add N 60

0.5 to upper limits. (vii) Rank of the median = = = 30
2 2
From 30th student on y-axis, draw a line
Cumulative Frequency Distribution table
parallel to x-axis till it touches the curve
Continuous No. of Cumulative and from that point drop a perpendicular
class limits students (f) frequency (cf) to x-axis.

9.5–19.5 3 3 Less than cf

9.5 0
19.5–29.5 8 8 + 3 = 11
19.5 3
29.5–39.5 16 16 + 11 = 27
29.5 11
39.5–49.5 12 12 + 27 = 39
39.5 27
49.5–59.5 10 10 + 39 = 49 49.5 39
59.5–69.5 8 8 + 49 = 57 59.5 49
69.5–79.5 3 3 + 57 = 60 69.5 57
Sf = N = 60 79.5 60

Verify that N = Sf = last cf = 60

Mark the kink to show we are not starting
at origin but at (– 0.5, 0).
(iii) Take scale 1 cm = 10 marks on x-axis and
1 cm = 10 students on y-axis.
(iv) Plot the points with upper limits as
N/2
the x co-ordinates and corresponding
.
cumulative frequencies as the y co-
ordinates.
(v) By a free hand curve join these points M
and also join the point 9.5 on x-axis to
the lower end of the curve.
(vi) The required ogive is shown in adjacent
Median = 41.5 marks
figure.
340 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 13: Draw an ogive for the following data taking 2 cm = 10 marks on one axis and
2 cm = 10 students on the other. From your graph determine:

Marks 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70

No. of students 6 10 15 13 20 9 7
(i) the median.
(ii) the inter-quartile range.
Solution: We plot cumulative frequency against the upper limits of the class.
Upper limits No. of students (f) (cf)
10 6 6
20 10 16
30 15 31
40 13 44
50 20 64
60 9 73
70 7 80
∑f = 80 = N
Scale: x axis 1 cm = 10 marks
y axis 1 cm = 10 students
80

70
3N
4
60

50
No of students

N
2
40

. 30
N
4
20

10

0
10 20 Q1 30 Q2 40 Q3 50 60 70
Marks

n 80 Median = Q2 = 36.5 marks

Rank = = = 40 th
2 2
3n 3
Rank = = × 80 = 60 th Upper Quartile = Q3 = 48.5 marks
4 4
n 80 Lower Quartile = Q1 = 23 marks
Rank = = = 20 th
4 4
\ Inter-Quartile Range = Q3 – Q1 = 25.5 marks

Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 341

Example 14: The table shows scores obtained by 200 shooters in a shooting competition.
Using graph, draw an ogive and estimate
(i) the median.
(ii) the lower quartile.
(iii) the no. of shooters who scored more than 75% score.

Score less than 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

No. of shooters 5 16 30 56 85 110 135 168 190 200

Solution:
Observe the words “less than” and notice how
the number of shooters is increasing and the
last number 200 is the biggest. This shows that
already cumulative frequencies are given and
scores are the upper limits of classes.
\ We plot these given numbers directly on
the graph.
Note that in frequency column, generally, the
numbers keep on increasing, till they reach
a large number somewhere in the middle
and taper off becoming small again unlike
in cumulative frequency column, where the
numbers keep on increasing and the last
number is the largest.
n 200
(i) Rank of median = = = 100
2 2

\ Median = 56
n 200
(ii) Rank of lower quartile = = = 50 th
4 4

\ Lower Quartile = 38
(iii) No. of shooters scoring above 75
= 200 – 150 = 50 shooters
From score 75 on x-axis draw a line
parallel to y-axis to touch the curve. From
the point on the curve, draw a line ^ to
y-axis. It touches at 150.
\ All those above 150 ⇒ 200 – 150 = 50
342 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 15: The following numbers 1, 1, 3, x, Mean = Median
6, 6, 7 are arranged in ascending order. If their
mean and median are same, find the value 24 + x
= x
of  x. 7
Solution: 24 + x = 7x
Median is the middle no. = x 24 = 6x
24
1 + 1 + 3 + x + 6 + 6 + 7 24 + x \ x = =4
Mean = = 6
7 7

EXERCISE 20B
1. Find the median of the following:
(i) 19, 13, 18, 16, 15, 19, 23
(ii) 7, 1, 3, 5, 8, 12
(iii) 43, 21, 37, 73, 64, 15
(iv) 78, 64, 15, 80, 25, 43, 29
(v) 37, 19, 23, 17, 11, 13, 29, 31
2. The following numbers are arranged in ascending order. Find the value of x if their median is 16.
 3, 7, 12, x – 1, x + 3, x + 4, 20, 24
3. The following numbers are arranged in ascending order. If their mean and median are same, find
the value of x and the mean.
(i) 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, x
(ii) 37, 41, x + 2, x + 8, 51, 55
4. The marks obtained by 100 students in a test are given below.
Marks 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90–100
No. of students 3 7 12 17 23 14 9 6 5 4
Draw an ogive for the given distribution on a graph sheet. Use a scale of 2 cm = 10 units on both
axes. Estimate from the ogive.
(i) the median
(ii) the lower quartile
(iii) the number of students who obtained more than 85% marks in the test.
(iv) the number of students who did not pass in the test if the pass percentage was 35. [2014]
5. Use graph paper for this question. The table shows the distribution of the monthly earnings of 120
workers in a building site.

Daily earnings (in `) 15–20 20–25 25–30 30–35 35–40 40–45 45–50 50–55
No. of workers 10 15 20 25 18 13 12 7

Taking a scale of 2 cm = `5 and 2 cm = 20 workers, draw a smooth ogive and estimate:

Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 343

 (i) the median.
(ii) the inter-quartile range.
(iii) the number of workers earning more than `47
6. The following table shows a record from a hospital of 84 number of casualities due to accidents
of different age groups.  [1995]

Age (in years) 5–15 15–25 25–35 35–45 45–55 55–65 65–75
No. of casualties 6 10 15 13 25 8 7

Taking a scale of 2 cm = 10 years on one axis and 2 cm = 10 casualities on the other draw an ogive
and estimate:
(i) the median.
(ii) the upper quartile.
(iii) the number of casualities above age 57 years.
7. Draw an ogive for the following frequency distribution and estimate:
Marks 0–9 10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 80–89 90–99
No. of students 2 5 7 18 11 12 9 7 5 4
(i) the median.
(ii) the number of students getting a scholarship if students scoring above 85 marks were given
the scholarship.
(iii) the lower quartile.
Take a scale of 2 cm = 10 marks on one axis and 2 cm = 10 students on the other.
8.
Monthly income 8000–9000 9000–10000 10000–11000 11000–12000 12000–13000 13000–14000
No. of employs 5 9 16 22 26 18

14000–15000 15000–16000 16000–17000

11 8 5

Using a scale 2 cm = `1000 on one axis and 2 cm = 20 employees on another draw the ogive and
from it determine:
(i) the median income.
(ii) the lower quartile.
(iii) the number of employees getting above `15,500.
(iv) the number of employees getting below `9,500

9. Marks below 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
No. of students 15 35 60 80 96 127 156 190 200

Taking a scale of 2 cm = 10 marks on one axis and 2 cm = 20 students on another, draw the ogive
and estimate:
(i) the median mark.
(ii) the inter-quartile range.

344 ICSE Mathematics—X

 10. The following table shows the distribution of heights of a group of 200 factory workers. Take a
scale of 2 cm = 5 cm of height and 2 cm = 20 workers.

Height (in cm) 145–150 150–155 155–160 160–165 165–170 170–175 175–180 180–185
No. of workers 6 12 20 46 57 37 15 7

Draw ogive and estimate the following:

(i) the % of workers of height 178 cm or taller.
(ii) the height above which the tallest 25% of workers fall.
(iii) the number of workers who are considered short if 154 cm is considered as standard height.
(iv) the median height.
11. The results of an examination are tabulated below:

Marks (less than) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

No. of candidates 8 20 40 75 125 160 185 192 197 200

Taking 2 cm = 10 marks on one axis and 2 cm = 20 students on the other, draw an ogive for the
above data and from it determine:
(i) the median marks.
(ii) the number of candidates who failed if pass mark is 35.
(iii) the number of candidates who obtained grade A, if the lowest mark for grade A is  75.
12. 100 pupils in a school have weights as tabulated below.

Weights (in kg) 40–45 45–50 50–55 55–60 60–65 65–70 70–75
No. of pupils 12 16 30 20 14 5 3

Draw an ogive for the above data and from it determine:

(i) the median.
(ii) the number of pupils who are obese, if weight more than 67 kg is considered obese.
(iii) the number of pupils whose weight is less than 47 kg.

MODE
Solution:
Mode is the most frequently occurring number.
It occurs most number of times or it is the most 3+7+x+9+4+2+y
Mean = =5
common number. 7
1. Mode for Raw Data \ 25 + x + y = 35
Example 1. To find the mode of 3, 1, 2, 1, 4, 7,
5, 1, we have x + y = 10

Mode = 1 (most common number).
Since mode is 4 and each no. has occurred only
Example 16: The mean of the following
numbers is 5 and their mode is 4. What are once. Either x = 4 or y = 4.
the values of x and y?
\ Other value has to be 6.
3, 7, x, 9, 4, 2, y
Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 345
2. Mode for Tabulated Data frequencies, with no gap between any two
Example 17: Find the mode from the successive rectangles.
following: Estimation of Mode from Histogram
Age in years 5 6 7 8 9 When the frequency distribution is continuous,
the mode can be estimated by drawing
No. of children 8 10 12 23 10
a histogram. But when the distribution
Solution: is discontinuous, we first convert it into
continuous distribution by widening the class
Here, age = x and no. of children = frequency intervals and then draw the histogram.
Most number of children (23) are 8 years old. Procedure:
1. A histogram is a set of rectangles with
i.e., the highest frequency = 23
bases along the class boundaries and the
Its corresponding value of x = 8 is the mode. heights proportional to the frequencies.
\ Mode = 8 years 2. In the highest rectangle (with maximum
frequency), we draw 2 cross lines from
3. Mode for Grouped Data the corners of the highest rectangle to
HISTOGRAM the inside opposite corners of its adjacent
rectangles.
A histogram is a graphical representation of
continuous frequency distribution. It consists 3. From the point of intersection of the 2
of rectangles with class intervals as bases and cross lines, we drop a perpendicular to
heights proportional to the corresponding the x-axis. The value of this point on
x-axis is the mode.
Histogram for Continuous Grouped Data
Example 18: Find the mode of the following distribution by drawing a histogram.
Wages in ` 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90–100
No. of workers 3 8 12 6 4 2
Solution:
A B
12
Steps:
(i) Take scale 1 cm = ` 10 cm on x-axis. 10
No. of Workers

D
1 cm = 2 workers on y-axis. 8
C
(ii) Construct rectangles corresponding to the given data. 6
The required histogram is shown in the graph given 4
alongside.
2
Observe that the kink is drawn between 0 and 40 to show
that graph is not starting from the origin. 0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Wages in `
Mode = `64
Notes.
1. The highest rectangle represents the maximum frequency (the modal class). We join the top vertices A and B
to C and D respectively, i.e., to the upper inner vertices of adjacent rectangles.
2. Through their point of intersection, drop a ^ to x-axis, which gives us the mode.
3. Mode = `64.

346 ICSE Mathematics—X

Histogram for Discontinuous Grouped Data (iii)

Example 19: Draw a histogram for the Continuous class units No. of students
following data and estimate the mode. 9.5–19.5 6
19.5–29.5 9
Marks
10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 29.5–39.5 16
No. of 39.5–49.5 13
6 9 16 13 4
students 49.5–59.5 4

Solution:
Here, we first make the class interval continuous 16
by using the adjustment factor and use a graph 14
to draw the histogram.
12

No. of Students
(i) The adjustment factor
10
1
= (difference between the lower limit 8
2
6
of a class and the upper limit of previous
class) 4

1 2
= (20 – 19) = 0.5.
2 0
9.5 19.5 29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5 Marks
Marks
We subtract the adjustment factor (0.5)
from the lower limits and add the (iv) Construct rectangles corresponding to the
adjustment factor (0.5) to the upper limits. continuous frequency distribution given
Thus, we widen the class interval so that in the table.
when plotted, there is no gap between the The required histogram is shown in the
rectangles. adjoining figure. Observe the kink on
(ii) Take scale 1 cm = 10 marks on x-axis and x-axis to show that the point 0 is not
1 cm = 2 students on y-axis. (0, 0) here but (– 0.5, 0).

Example 20: Find the mode for the following frequency distribution.

Class 1–10 11–20 21–30 31–40 41–50

Frequency 2 3 5 7 1
We use a histogram to find the mode here.
Solution:
Continuous class interval 0.5–10.5 10.5–20.5 20.5–30.5 30.5–40.5 40.5–50.5
Frequency 2 3 5 7 1
Since the classes are not continuous, we make them continuous with the help of adjustment
21 – 20
factor = = 0.5
2
Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 347
 y Solution:
7
(i) Modal class: The class which contains
6
the mode, i.e., the class with highest
5
frequency = 145 – 149
Frequency

4
(ii) Median class: The class which contains
3
the median. Here find the cf column,
2
then find the rank of the median. The
1 corresponding class is the median class.
0
0.5 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 x N 50
Continuous class interval Rank = = = 25th  
Mode = 33 2 2
Remark:
1. Here kink is not required because we started with
(0.5, 0) which is mentioned on the graph.

Example 21: Find the modal class and Class Frequency (f) cf
median class in the following frequency 140–144 3 3
distribution.
145–149 18 21
Class f
150–154 12 33
140–144 3
155–159 7 40 25th in
145–149 18
this row
150–154 12 160–164 6 46
155–159 7 165–169 4 50
160–164 6
165–169 4 \ Median class = 150–154.

EXERCISE 20C
1. Find the mode of the following data:
(i) 4, 6, 7, 3, 5, 4, 9, 11, 4
(ii) 13, 21, 43, 73, 67, 21, 19, 11
(iii) 37, 40, 23, 17, 40, 13
2. Find the mode from the following frequency distribution.

Age in years 11 12 13 14 15
No. of children 10 13 16 28 12

3. The daily pocket money of some students in a school are given below. Draw a histogram and
estimate the mode.

Pocket money in ` 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70

No. of students 12 28 42 36 14

348 ICSE Mathematics—X

 4. The following table shows daily wages of some workers in a factory.

Wages in ` 300–349 350–399 400–449 450–499 500–549

No. of workers 14 28 43 50 29

Draw a histogram for the above data and estimate the mode from it.
5. Draw a histogram of the following data and find the mode.

Class 0–5 5–10 10–15 15–20 20–25

Frequency 5 9 18 12 4

6. A mathematics aptitude test of 44 students is recorded below. Draw a histogram and estimate the
mode.

Marks 50–59 60–69 70–79 80–89 90–99

No. of students 4 7 15 13 5
7.
In a school the weekly pocket money of 50 students is as follows:

Pocket money (in `) 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90–100

No. of students 2 8 12 14 8 6

Draw a histogram and find the mode.
8. The following table gives the expenditure of boys on sports equipments. Draw a histogram and
estimate the mode.

Expenditure in (`) 200–250 250–300 300–350 350–400 400–450 450–500

No. of students 6 9 17 15 6 3
9.
The weight of some athletes were grouped as follows. Draw a histogram and determine the mode.

Weight (in kg) 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65–69

No. of athletes 10 16 32 28 14
10. The distribution of height of children was as under. Draw a histogram and estimate the mode.

Heights (in cm) 100–110 110–120 120–130 130–140 140–150

No. of students 6 8 14 10 4
11. The following table shows marks of students in a test. Draw a histogram and find the mode.

Marks 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50

No. of students 6 12 22 7 3
12. A box contains nails of different lengths as shown below. Draw a histogram and estimate the mode.

Lengths (in cm) 2.0–2.5 2.5–3 3–3.5 3.5–4 4–4.5

No. of nails 5 8 7 11 9

Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 349

 13. Draw a histogram and estimate the mode for the following frequency distribution.

Class 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50

Frequency 2 8 10 7 4
14. The daily profit, in rupees, of 40 shops in a department store are distributed as follows. Draw a
histogram and find the mode.

Profit per shop (in `) 0–100 100–200 200–300 300–400 400–500

No. of shops 6 8 14 5 7

15. Draw a histogram to represent the following data and determine the mode.

Pocket money (in `) 150–200 200–250 250–300 300–350 350–400

No. of students 2 9 10 6 2

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. Find the mean, median and mode for the 8. The mean of 12, 13, 15, 18, x, 28 is 18. Find the
following: value of x.
(a) 1, 4, 5, 4, 7, 9    (b) 5, 8, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2 9. The mean of 8, 10, x + 1, x + 3, x + 4 and 19 is 13.
2. Find the mode and median of the following Find:
data. (i) the value of x (ii) the median of the group
12, 21, 13, 15, 16, 13, 30 10. ‘a’ is the mean of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 20.
3. The ages of 10 boys in a group are as follows: (i) Find the value of a.
7, 6, 9, 8, 5, 7, 6, 5, 6, 8 (ii) Determine the median of 24, 22, a, a–1, 12, 26.
(i) Find the mean. 11. Mean of 5, 0, 4, 3, 4, 2 is m and median of 6,
(ii) If one more boy joins them, the new mean 3, 4, m, 5 is n. Find the values of m and n.
is 7. Find his age. 12. The following numbers are arranged in
4. The mean of the following set of numbers is 6 ascending order and their median is 12. Find
and the mode is 8, find the values of x and y. the value of  x.
4, 8, 6, x, 9, 5, y  3, 7, x, x + 1, x + 3, x + 4, 16, 22
5. The following numbers are arranged in Also find their mean.
ascending order: 13. If 11, 13, 15, 18, x + 1, x + 3, 30, 32, 33, 40 have
1, 1, 2, x, 8, 12 median 24, find the value of x and mean.
If their median is 4, find the value of x and 14. The numbers 1, 1, 3, x, 6, 6, 7 are arranged in
hence find the mean. ascending order. If their mean and median
6. Ten students of a class scored the following are same, find the value of x.
marks in a test. Find the mean, median and 15. Given below is the frequency distribution of
mode. the number of factors of the first 25 natural
9, 6, 5, 8, 7, 8, 4, 2, 10, 8 numbers. Find the mean, median and mode.
7. The numbers 2, 3, 5, x, 10, 12, 16 are arranged
No. of factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
in ascending order. Find the value of x, if their
mean and median are same. Frequency 1 9 3 7 1 3 0 1

350 ICSE Mathematics—X

 16. The distribution shows the marks obtained by 22. The mean of the following is 19.5. Find the
25 students in an aptitude test. Find the mean, value of k.
median and mode of the distribution.  [2010] x 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Marks obtained 5 6 7 8 9 10 f 1 2 5 6 3 k 1
No. of students 3 9 6 4 2 1
23. Scores obtained by 25 shooters in a shooting
17. Ages of 25 boys in a summer coaching camp
competition are given below. If their mean
are as follows. Find the mean age, mode and
score is 10.2, find the missing data a and b.
median.
Scores 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Age (in years) 9 10 11 12 13
No. of shooters 2 4 a 7 b 2 1
No. of boys 5 7 8 3 2
18. The frequency distribution of height of 30 24. The mean wages of the following 50 workers
boys in a class is given below. Find the mean is `84. Find the missing number of workers a
height to nearest cm. Also find the mode and and b.
median. Wages (in `) 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Height (in cm) 152 153 154 155 156 157 No. of workers 2 a b 12 10 5 8

No. of boys 3 8 9 5 4 1 25. From the following frequency polygon

showing the marks of 25 students, frame the
19. A study of the yield of 100 tomato plants
frequency distribution table and calculate the
resulted in the following record:
mean. Also find the mode.
Tomatoes
1–5 6–10 11–15 16–20 21–25
per plant 10

Number 8
10 30 26 22 12
of plants
No. of students

6
Calculate the mean of the number of tomatoes
4
per plant. Also, state the modal class.
2
20. Weights of 50 eggs were recorded as given
below: 0
5 10 15 20 25 30
Weight (in g) No. of Eggs Marks in a test

80–84 5 26. The following histogram shows the weight of

85–89 10 50 people in a group.
90–94 12
95–99 12
100–104 8
105–109 2
110–114 1
Using short-cut method, calculate their mean
weight to the nearest gram.
21. Find the median and mode of the following
distribution:
(i) Frame the frequency distribution table and
x 1 2 3 4 5 find the mean weight.
f 2 5 1 6 1 (ii) State the modal class.

Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 351

 27. x 5 10 15 20 25 30
f 6 4 6 12 8 4
(i) In the above distribution, calculate the mean.
(ii) If the frequency in each is doubled, what would be the new mean?
(iii) If each x is increased by 3, what would be the new mean?
28. The following table gives the weights in grams of a sample of 100 potatoes taken from a large
consignment.
Weights (in g) 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90–100 100–110 110–120 120–130
No. of potatoes 8 10 12 16 18 14 12 10
Calculate the mean by step-deviation method. Also, state the modal class. [1996]
29. Calculate the mean by short-cut method of the following frequency distribution. State the median
class.
Class 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80
Frequency 12 20 30 38 16 14 12 8
30. The ages of 48 players in a coaching camp are as follows:
Age (in years) 11–13 13–15 15–17 17–19 19–21 21–23 23–25
No. of players 3 6 9 13 8 5 4
(i) Calculate their mean age.
(ii) How many players are 13 or more but less than 19 years old?
31. The table below gives the number of books borrowed by 50 people from a library.
No. of books 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of people 4 10 14 a 10 b
(i) Find the value of a + b.
(ii) If the mean no. of books borrowed is 3.4, show that 4a + 6b = 54.
(iii) Solve for a and b.
32. A fair dice is rolled 29 times. The results are shown in the table below.
No. shown on dice 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 8 7 4 3 4 3
(a) Find (i) the mode, (ii) the median.
(b) If the dice is thrown one more time, find the number shown on the dice if the mean of the 30
throws is exactly 3.
33. Using a graph paper, draw an ogive for the following distribution which shows a record of weights
in kg of 200 students. [2005]

Weights (in kg) 40–45 45–50 50–55 55–60 60–65 65–70 70–75 75–80
No. of students 5 17 22 45 51 31 20 9
Use your ogive to estimate:
(i) the median weight.    (ii) the weight above which the heaviest 30% of the students fall.
(iii) the number of students who are
(a) under weight.  (b) overweight, if 55.7 kg is considered as standard weight.

352 ICSE Mathematics—X

 34. The table shows the distribution of the scores obtained by 160 shooters in a shooting
competition. Use a graph sheet and sraw an ogive for the distribution.
(Take 2 cm = 10 scores on the x-axis and 2 cm = 20 shooters on the y-axis).
Scores 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90–100
No. of shooters 9 13 20 26 30 22 15 10 8 7
Use your graph to estimate the following:
(i) The median. (ii) The interquartile range.
(iii) The number of shooters who obtained a score of more than 85%.  [2016]
35. The following table shows savings of a group of 100 students of their pocket money.
Savings (in `) 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70
No. of students 8 12 18 22 26 10 4
Use a graph sheet to draw an ogive for the distribution and find:
(i) the inter-quartile range. (ii) the number of students saving more than `55.
(iii) the number of students saving less than `15.
36. The weights of 160 applicants for the Army are shown below:

Weight (in kg) 50–55 55–60 60–65 65–70 70–75 75–80 80–85 85–90
No. of applicants 5 8 16 26 40 28 21 16

Draw an ogive for the above data and estimate:

(i) the median weight. (ii) the lower quartile.
(iii) If an applicant weighing less than 52 kg and more than 87 kg is rejected, what fraction of the
applicants is rejected because of their weight?
37. In a collection of funds for flood hit victims, 200 people in a colony contributed some money. The
following table shows the distribution:
Contribution in (`) 500–600 600–700 700–800 800–900 900–1000 1000–1100
No. of people 6 12 16 34 40 36

1100–1200 1200–1300 1300–1400 1400–1500

28 14 8 6
Draw the ogive and use it to answer the following:
(i) Estimate the median.
(ii) If the top 10% of the contributors were to attend an official entertainment programme, what
 would be the lowest contribution which would qualify a contributor to attend the programme?
(iii) Find the lower quartile.
38. The table below gives the marks of 160 students in a school.

Marks 20–30 30–50 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90–100

No. of students 8 10 15 25 30 38 24 10

Draw ogive and estimate from the graph:

(i) the median  (ii) the lower quartile  (iii) the number of students getting above 85 marks.

Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 353

 39. In a school the money spent in the canteen by 60 students is as follows.
Money spent (in `) 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70
No. of students 6 16 22 13 3
Draw a histogram and find the mode.
40. The heights of boys in a group were recorded as follows.
Height (in cm) 120–129 130–139 140–149 150–159 160–169 170–179
No. of boys 2 12 16 10 6 2
Estimate the mode by drawing a histogram for the above frequency distribution.

BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS

1.
Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 10 marks and
Category A B C D E F G 2 cm to represent 50 students, plot these values
Wages in `/day 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 and draw a smooth curve through the points.
Number of Workers 2 4 8 12 10 6 8 Estimate from the graph (i) the median mark
(ii) the quartile marks. [1997]
(i) Calculate the mean wage, correct to the
nearest rupee. 4. The daily profit in Rupees, of 100 shops in a
(ii) If the number of workers in each category department store, are distributed as follows:
is doubled, what would be the new mean

100—200

200—300

300—400

400—500

500—600
wage? [1995] Profit per 0—100
shop (in `)
2. The histogram alongside represents the marks
obtained by some candidates in an examination. No. of
Using the data in the diagram, calculate the mean 12 18 27 20 17 6
shops
mark.  [1996]
Draw a histogram of the data given above, on
graph paper, and estimate the mode. [1998]

20
20 5. Attempt this question on a graph paper. The table
shows the distribution of the daily wages, earned
15
15 by 160 workers in a building site.
12
10 10
10 Wages
10—20

20—30

30—40

40—50

50—60

60—70

70—80
0—10

5 in ` per
5
day
No. of
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 12 20 30 38 24 16 12 8
Marks
workers

Using a scale of 2 cm to represent `10 and 2 cm to

3. Attempt this question on a graph paper. represent 20 workers, plot these values, and draw
a smooth ogive, through the points. Estimate from
The table shows the distribution of marks gained
the graph—
by a group of 400 students in an examination:
(i) The median wage;
Marks (ii) The upper and lower quartile wages earned
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
less than
by the workers. [1998]
No. of
5 10 30 60 105 180 270 355 390 400
Students

354 ICSE Mathematics—X

 6. Given below are the weekly wages of 200 workers
Weekly

50–55

55–60

60–65

65–70

70–75

75–80

80–85

85–90
in a small factory:
wages in `

110—120

120—140

140—160

160—180
80—100
No. of
Weekly wages in ` 5 20 10 10 9 6 12 8
workers

No. of workers 20 30 20 40 90 Calculate:

(i) The mean.   (ii) The modal class.
Calculate the mean weekly wage of the workers.
(iii) The number of workers getting weekly
 [1998]
wages, below `80/-.
7. The marks obtained by a set of students in an (iv) The number of workers getting `65/- or
examination are given below: more, but less than `85/- as weekly wages.
Marks: 5 10 15 20 25 30  [2002]
12. The marks obtained by 120 students in a
No. of students: 6 4 6 12 y 4
Mathematics test is given below:
Given that the mean mark of the set is 18, calculate

90—100
10—20

20—30

30—40

40—50

50—60

60—70

70—80

80—90
the numerical value of y. [1999]

0—10
Marks
8. (i) Using the table, calculate the cumulative
frequencies of workers.
No. of
5 9 16 22 26 18 11 6 4 3
(ii) Draw the cumulative frequency curve. Students
Use 2 cm = `500, starting the origin at `6500
on x axis, and 2 cm = 10 workers on the y axis. Draw an Ogive for the given distribution on a
graph sheet. Use a suitable scale for your Ogive.
(iii) Use your graph to write down the median Use your Ogive to estimate:
wage in `.
(i) The median.  (ii) The lower quartile.
No. of Cumulative (iii) The number of students who obtained more
Wages in `
workers Frequency than 75% in the test;
6500–7000 10 .................. (iv) The number of students who did not pass in
the test if the pass percentage was 40.[2002]
7000–7500 18 ..................
13. Draw a histogram and hence estimate the mode
7500–8000 22 .................. for the following frequency distribution:
8000–8500 25 .................. Class 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60
8500–9000 17 .................. Frequency 2 8 10 5 4 3
9000–9500 10 ..................
 [2003]
9500–10000 8 .................. 14. Find the mean of the following frequency
[1999] distribution:  [2003]
9. Calculate the mean, the median and the mode of
100–150

150–200

200–250

250–300
50–100
0–50

the following numbers: Class Interval

     3, 1, 5, 6, 3, 4, 5, 3, 7, 2 [2000]
10. The marks of 20 students in a test were as follows: Frequency 4 8 16 13 6 3

5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15. For the following set of numbers, find the median:
16, 16, 18, 19, 20.   10, 75, 3, 81, 17, 27, 4, 48, 12, 47, 9, 15[2004]
Calculate: 16. For the following frequency distribution, draw a
histogram. Hence, calculate the mode.
(i) The mean (ii) The median
(iii) The mode [2002] Class 0–5 5–10 10–15 15–20 20–25 25–30

11. The following table gives the weekly wages of Frequency 2 7 18 10 8 5

workers in a factory:  [2004]

Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 355

 17. The marks obtained by 200 students in an 22. The table below shows the distribution of the
examination are given below: scores obtained by 120 shooters in a shooting
competition. Using a graph sheet, draw an ogive

90—100
10—20

20—30

30—40

40—50

50—60

60—70

70—80

80—90
for the distribution.
0—10
Marks

90—100
10—20

20—30

30—40

40—50

50—60

60—70

70—80

80—90
Scores

0—10
No. of
5 10 11 20 27 38 40 29 14 6 obtained
Students
No. of
Using a graph paper, draw an ogive for the above 5 9 16 22 26 18 11 6 4 3
shooters
distribution. Use your ogive to estimate:
(i) the median;  (ii) the lower quartile; Use your ogive to estimate:
(iii) the number of students who obtained more (i) The median  (ii) The inter quartile range
than 80% marks in the examination and (iii) The number of shooters who obtained more
(iv) the number of students who did not pass, if than 75% scores. [2007]
the pass percentage was 35. 23. Find the mean of the following distribution:
Use the scale as 2 cm = 10 marks on one axis and
Class Interval 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50
2 cm = 20 students on the other axis. [2004]
Frequency 10 6 8 12 5
18. If the mean of the following distribution is 7.5,
find the missing frequency ‘f’:  [2005]  [2007]
Variable: 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 24. The weights of 50 apples were recorded as given
Frequency: 20 17 f 10 8 6 7 6
below. Calculate the mean weight, to the nearest
gram, by the step-deviation method.  [2008]
19. The median of the following observations 11, 12,
14, 18, (x + 4), 30, 32, 35, 41 arranged in ascending

100–105

105–110

110–115
95–100
Weight in
80–85

85–90

90–95
order is 24. Find x. [2006]
grams
20. Draw a histogram to represent the following data:
No. of apples 5 8 10 12 8 4 3
Pocket
money 150–200 200–250 250–300 300–350 350–400
25. Using a graph paper, draw an ogive for the
in ` following distribution which shows the marks
obained in the General Knowledge paper by 100
No. of
10 5 7 4 3 students.
Students
10—20

20—30

30—40

40—50

50—60

60—70

70—80
0—10

21. The daily wages of 160 workers in a building Marks

project are given below:
No. of
Wages 5 10 20 25 15 12 9 4
10—20

20—30

30—40

40—50

50—60

60—70

70—80
0—10

students
in ` per
day Use the ogive to estimate:
No. of
12 20 30 38 24 16 12 8 (i) the median
workers
(ii) the number of students who score marks
Using a graph paper, draw an ogive for the above above 65. [2008]
distribution.
26. Attempt this question on graph paper.
Use your ogive to estimate:
(i) the median wage of the workers Marks obtained by 200 students in examination
are given below:
(ii) the upper quartile wage of the workers
90—100

(iii) the lower quartile wage of the workers

10—20

20—30

30—40

40—50

50—60

60—70

70—80

80—90
0—10

Marks
(iv) the percentages of workers who earn more
than `45 a day. [2006]
No. of
5 10 14 21 25 34 36 27 16 12
students

356 ICSE Mathematics—X

 Draw an ogive for the given distribution taking Draw an ogive of the given distribution on a
2 cm = 10 marks on one axis and 2 cm = 20 graph sheet taking 2 cm = `1000 on one axis and
students on the other axis. 2 cm = 50 employees on the other axis. From the
From the graph find: graph, determine:
(i) the median  (ii) the upper quartile (i) the median wage
(iii) Number of students scoring above 65 marks. (ii) the number of employees whose income is
(iv) If 10 students qualify for merit scholarship, below `8500.
find the minimum marks required to qualify. (iii) If the salary of a senior employee is above
 [2009] `11,500, find the number of senior employees
27. In a school the weekly pocket money of 50 in the company.
students is as follows: (iv) the upper quartile. [2010]
32. Marks obtained by 200 students in an examination

90—100
40—50

50—60

60—70

70—80

80—90
Weekly pocket money in ` are given below:

90—100
No. of students 2 8 12 14 8 6

10—20

20—30

30—40

40—50

50—60

60—70

70—80

80—90
0—10
Marks
Draw a histogram and a frequency polygon on
the same graph. Find the mode from the same No. of
5 11 10 20 28 37 40 29 14 6
graph. [2009] students
28. Find the mean, median and mode of the following Draw an ogive for the given distribution taking
distribution: 2 cm = 10 marks on one axis and 2 cm = 20 students
8, 10, 7, 6, 10, 11, 6, 13, 10 [2009] on the other axis. Using the graph, determine
29. The following table gives the wages of workers
(i) The median marks.
in a factory:
(ii) The number of students who failed if
45–50

50–55

55–60

60–65

65–70

70–75

75–80

Wages in ` minimum marks required to pass is 40.

No. of workers 5 8 30 25 14 12 6 (iii) If scoring 85 and more marks is considered

as grade one, find the number of students
Calculate the mean by the short cut method. who secured grade one in the examination.
 [2009]  [2011]
30. The mean of the following distribution is 52 and
the frequency of class interval 30-40 is ‘f’. Find ‘f’. 33. A Mathematics aptitude test of 50 students was
recorded as follows:
10—20

20—30

30—40

40—50

50—60

60—70

70—80

Class Interval Marks 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90–100

No. of students 4 8 14 19 5
Frequency 5 3 f 7 2 6 13
Draw a histogram for the above data using graph
 [2010]
paper and locate the mode. [2011]
31. The monthly income of a group of 320 employees
in a company is given below: 34. (i) Using step-deviation method, calculate the
mean marks of the following distribution.
Monthly Income No. of Employees
(ii) State the modal class.
6000–7000 20
50–55

55–60

60–65

65–70

70–75

75–80

80–85

85–90

7000–8000 45 Class Interval

8000–9000 65
9000–10000 95 Frequency 5 20 10 10 9 6 12 8

10000–11000 60  [2011]
11000–12000 30
12000–13000 5

Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 357

 35. Marks obtained by 40 students in a short (ii) The number of students who obtained more
assessment is given below, where a and b are two than 75% marks in the test.
missing data. (iii) The number of students who did not pass
the test if minimum marks required to pass
Marks 5 6 7 8 9
is 40. [2013]
Number of Students 6 a 16 13 b
39. Draw a histogram from the following frequency
If the mean of the distribution is 7.2, find a and b. distribution and find the mode from the graph:
 [2012]
36. Find the mode and median of the following Class 0–5 5–10 10–15 15–20 20–25 25–30
frequency distribution: Frequency 2 5 18 14 8 5

x 10 11 12 13 14 15  [2013]
f 1 4 7 5 9 3
40. Find the mean of the following distribution by
 [2012] step-deviation method:
37. The following distribution represent the height

20—30

30—40

40—50

50—60

60—70

70—80
of 160 students of a school. Class Interval
Height (in cm) No. of Students
140–145 12 Frequency 10 6 8 12 5 9
145–150 20  [2006, 2013]
150–155 30
41. The median of the following observations 11, 12,
155–160 38
14, (x – 2), (x + 4), (x + 9), 32, 38, 47 arranged in
160–165 24
ascending order is 24. Find the value of x and
165–170 16
hence find the mean. [2013]
170–175 12
175–180 8 42. The numbers 6, 8, 10, 12, 13 and x are arranged in
an ascending order. If the mean of the observations
Draw an ogive for the given distribution taking is equal to the median, find the value of x.
2 cm = 5 cm of height on one axis and 2 cm =
20 students on the other axis. Using the graph, [2014]
determine:
43. The marks obtained by 30 students in a class
(i) The median height. assessment of 5 marks is given below:
(ii) The interquartile range.
Marks 0 1 2 3 4 5
(iii) The number of student whose height is above
172 cm. [2012] No. of students 1 3 6 10 5 5

38. The marks obtained by 120 students in a test are Calculate the mean, median and mode of the
given below: above distribution. [2015]
44. Calculate the mean of the following distribution:
90—100
10—20

20—30

30—40

40—50

50—60

60—70

70—80

80—90
0—10

Marks Class interval Frequency

0—10 8
No. of
5 9 16 22 26 18 11 6 4 3 10—20 5
students
20—30 12
Draw an ogive for the given distribution on a
graph sheet. 30—40 35
Use suitable scale for ogive to estimate the 40—50 24
following: 50—60 16
(i) The median.
[2015]

358 ICSE Mathematics—X

 45. The weight of 50 workers is given below: 45, 52, 60, x, 69, 70, 26, 81, and 94.
Hence estimate the median. [2016]
Weight in kg No. of workers
47. The histogram below represents the scores
50—60 4
obtained by 25 students in a Mathematics mental
60—70 7 test. Use the data to:
70—80 11 (i) Frame a frequency distribution table.
80—90 14 (ii) To calculate mean.
90—100 6 (iii) To determine the Modal class. [2016]
100—110 5 y
110—120 3 9
8
Draw an ogive of the given distribution using a

No. of students
7
graph sheet. Take 2 cm = 10 kg on one axis and 6
5
2 cm = 5 workers along the other axis. Use a 4
3
graph to estimate the following: 2
(i) the upper and lower quartiles. 1

(ii) if weighing 95 kg and above is considered 0 10 20 30 40 50 x

Marks
overweight, find the number of workers who
48. If the mean of the following distribution is 24,
are overweight. [2015]
46. The mean of following numbers is 68. Find the find the value of ‘a’. [2018]
value of ’x’. Marks 0—10 10—20 20—30 30—40 40—50
Number of
7 a 8 10 5
students

COMMON ERRORS
1. Forgetting to put kink for histogram or ogive when not starting at (0, 0).
3N N
2. Assuming wrongly that inter-quartile range is − .
4 4
3. In calculation of mean by step-deviation method assuming wrongly that i = 9 when classes are
0 – 9, 10 – 19, 20 – 29, etc. [i = 10 here].
4. While finding the median from Raw Data, forgetting to arrange the given numbers in ascending
(or descending) order.

POINTS AT A GLANCE
 1. Raw data
l Range = Highest value – Lowest value
Sum of observations
l Mean =
No. of observations

l Mode = Most common number

l Median = The middlemost number after arranging the data in ascending or descending order
(i) If n is odd,
n+1
Median = th observation or Middle observation
2

Measures of Central Tendency and Graphical Representation 359

 (ii) If n is even,
1  n  
th th
n 
Median =    observation +  + 1 observation 
2   2  2  

or Average of middle 2 observations

 2. Grouped data without class interval
l Mean by Direct Method:
Σfx
Mean =
Σf
l Mean by Short-cut Method:
Σfd
Mean = A + , where d = x – A
Σf
l Mean by Step-deviation Method:
Σfu x–A
Mean = A + i , where u =
Σf i
 3. (i) In a frequency distribution, when the frequency is doubled or halved, the mean of distribution does
not change.
(ii) But if each value of x is increased by a certain number ‘n’, the mean would also increase by n.
 4. Grouped data with class interval cf
Ogive = Cumulative frequency curve 3N
4
Draw ogive to find median and quartiles.
N
 5. Answer should be in decimal form. 2

Note: N
4
(i) Label the axes → wt. in kg., height, marks, etc. on x-axis
(ii) Put upper limits of class on x-axis.
(iii) No. of people, No. of students, cumulative frequency, etc., on y-axis. O Q1 M Q3
Upper limits of class
N
\ In OGIVE, use whether N is even or odd for median’s rank and
2
N 3N
  , for quartiles ranks.
4 4

Use Histogram to find Mode.

(i) If class interval is not continuous, e.g., 0–9, 10–19, 20–29, etc.
make it continuous.
–0.5 –9.5, 9.5 –19.5, 19.5 –29.5, etc.
(ii) If already CI is continuous, e.g., 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, etc. Take
these on x-axis, frequency on y-axis.
(iii) Show the kink when not starting at the origin (0, 0). 40 50 60 70 80
Mode

360 ICSE Mathematics—X


UNIT-VIII: PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
Based on past experience, people often make
statements like:
l This
boy is likely to top the school in the
ICSE examination this year.
l Most probably it will rain today.
l There is a good chance of India winning
the cricket match against Bangladesh.
All these words—likely, probably, chance
involve an element of uncertainty. Probability
measures numerically the possibility of an
event happening. A numerical value is given
to an event to show how likely the event can
happen.
Some Basic Terms
l An Experiment is an activity which
produces well defined outcomes (or
results).
l A Random experiment is an experiment
in which all possible outcomes of the
experiment are known but which outcome
will occur cannot be predicted. The
results can be different even in identical
situations.
Tossing of a coin, rolling a dice or drawing
a card from a pack of 52 playing cards are
all random experiments.
l Samplespace: The set of all possible
outcomes of a random experiment is
known as the sample space.
l An Event is a subset of the sample space.
It is a well-defined collection of some
specific outcomes of an experiment.
21
e.g., in the experiment of tossing 3 coins
simultaneously, the event of getting
exactly 2 heads is {HHT, HTH, THH}.
l An Elementary event is an event with
only one favourable outcome.
e.g., when 5 identical cards are marked
with numbers 1 to 5 picking a card with
number 3 is an elementary event.
l A Compound event is an event which
has more than one favourable outcome.
e.g., in the above example picking an odd
numbered card has favourable outcomes
{1, 3, 5}.
l Complementary events: If E is an event
happening, then E is the event non-
occuring.
Taking the above example of 5 cards, picking
an even numbered card E = {2, 4}, E = {1, 3, 5},
then E E = S = Sample space
P(E) + P(E) = 1
Mutually exclusive events: Two events A and
B are said to be mutually exclusive if they both
cannot occur together or the intersection of the
two events is empty.
A  B = f and P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)
e.g., when a coin is tossed both head and tail
cannot show up together.
Occurrence of an event
An event occurs when the outcome of an
experiment satisfies the condition mentioned
in the event.
e.g., when two coins are tossed if an event E
is named as getting two tails and if the pair
of coins shows two tails, we say that event E
has occurred.
Favourable outcomes
The outcomes which ensure the occurrence of
an event are called favourable outcomes.
e.g., the favourable outcomes for an event E of
getting a sum of 5 when two dice are rolled are
{(1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)}.
Here (1, 4) means showing up 1 on the first
dice and 4 on the second dice.
Equally likely outcomes
Two or more outcomes are called equally
likely outcomes if any one of the outcomes
can occur without any preference to the other.
Examples:
(i) When a coin is tossed, it is equally likely
that the coin shows up either head or tail.
(ii) When a dice is rolled, each of the numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is equally likely to occur.
(iii) When a card is selected from a pack of
well shuffled playing cards, an event of
getting a club is equally likely as getting
a heart or a spade or a diamond.
But in a bag when there are 4 red and 6 green
balls, the outcome of getting a red ball is not
same as getting a green ball.
Sure Event
An event which always happens is a sure event.
The probability of a sure event is 1.
362 ICSE Mathematics—X
Impossible Event
An event which never happens is an impossible
event. The probability of an impossible event
is zero.
e.g., when a dice is rolled, probability of getting
a number more than 6 is an impossible event.
Classical/Theoretical Probability
Here we predict what will happen without
actually performing the experiment. We assume
that all outcomes are equally likely to happen.
If E is an event, then
Probability of the event E happening
No. of favourable outcomes to E
P(E) =
Total no. of possible outcomes
The probability has to satisfy 3 axioms:
(i) 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
The probability of event is a number
between 0 and 1 both inclusive.
(ii) P(S) = 1
The probability of the sample space S
considered as an event has to be 1. It is
called a sure event.
e.g., when a dice is rolled, the probability
of getting a positive number less than 7
is 1.
(iii) For any sequence of mutually exclusive
events E1, E2, E3 ..., their sum of probability
is 1.
e.g., when a dice is rolled, then
P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4) + P(5) + P(6) = 1
Note: If probability of an event happening is P, then the
probability of the event not happening is 1 – P.
Empirical/Experimental Probability
Here probability of an event E is based on what
actually happens in the experiment.
No. of trials in which the event occurs
P(E) =
Total no. of trials
e.g., when 2 coins are rolled 100 times and the (ii) 2 heads (iii) at least 2 heads
results are as follows: (iv) at most one head?
No. of heads 0 1 2 Total
Solution:
No. of trials 14 56 30 100
Total number of outcomes = 23 = 8 which are
Here, probability of getting one head = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH), (TTH), (THT),
56 14 (HTT), (TTT)}.
= .
100 25
(i) Favourable outcomes for 1 head = {(TTH),
2 (THT), (HTT)}
3 1 Probability of getting 1 head
No. of favourable outcomes 3
Fig. 21.1 = =
Total no. of outcomes 8
Note:
1. (ii) Favourable outcomes for 2 heads
Total no. of = {(HHT), (HTH), (THH)}
Random Experiment
outcomes 3
Probability of getting 2 heads =
(i) When a coin is tossed 21 = 2 8
(ii) When 2 coins are tossed 22 = 4
(iii) Favourable outcomes for at least 2 heads
(iii) When 3 coins are tossed 23 = 8 = {(HHT), (HTH), (THH), (HHH)}
(iv) When a dice is rolled 61 = 6
Probability of getting at least 2 heads
(v) When 2 dice are rolled 62 = 36
= 2 heads or 3 heads
(vi) When 3 dice are rolled 63 = 216
4 1
2. A pack of playing cards has 52 cards. = =
8 2
52 Cards
(iv) Favourable outcomes for at most 1 head
= {(TTT), (HTT), (THT), (TTH)}
26 Red Cards 26 Black Cards
Probability of getting at most 1 head
= 0 heads or 1 head
13 Diamonds 13 Hearts 13 Clubs 13 Spades 4 1
= =
Fig. 21.2 8 2
These are 4 suits each consisting of 2 to 10 numbered
Example 2: If two dice are thrown
cards and Jack, Queen, King–face cards.
simultaneously, what is the probability of
\ In a pack there are 12 face cards.
getting on the uppermost faces of the dice?
Each suit has an Ace, which is neither a face card nor
a number card. (i) a doublet (same number on both)
(ii) a sum of 7
Example 1: If 3 unbiased coins are tossed,
what is the probability of getting (iii) a product of 12
(i) one head (iv) both are odd numbers.

Probability 363
Solution: (ii) A multiple of 2 and 3 = a multiple of 6
Total no. of outcomes = 62 = 36 = {6, 12, 18, 24}
(i) Favourable outcomes for doublet = 4 1
P(multiple of 2 and 3) = =
{(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)} 24 6
6 1
P(doublet) = = (iii) A multiple of 7 = {7, 14, 21}, i.e., 3 cards
36 6
but not a multiple of 7 = 24 – 3 = 21 cards.
(ii) Favourable outcomes for a sum of 7 = 21 7
{(1, 6), (6, 1), (2, 5), (5, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3)} \ P(not a multiple of 7) =
=
24 8
6 1
P(sum 7) = = Example 4: If all face cards are removed from a
36 6
pack of 52 playing cards and well shuffled, then
(iii) Favourable outcomes for a product of 12 = what is the probability of picking a card with
{(2, 6), (6, 2), (3, 4), (4 3)} (i) a red even number
4 1 (ii) a club odd number
P(product 12) = =
36 9 (iii) a Jack

(iv) Favourable outcomes for both are odd (iv) a prime number.
numbers = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (3, 1), Solution:
(3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 5)}
12 face cards are removed from the pack.
9 1
P(both odd) = = \ Total number of cards = 52 – 12 = 40.
36 4
(i) Even numbers = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} × 2
Example 3: Some identical cards are red suits
numbered from 2 to 25 and well shuffled. = 10 favourable cards
When a card is drawn randomly, what is the
10 1
probability that the card has
\ P(red even) = =
40 4
(i) a prime number
(ii) A club odd number = {3, 5, 7, 9}
(ii) a multiple of 2 and 3
 i.e., 4 favourable cards
(iii) not a multiple of 7.
Solution: \ P(club odd) = 4 = 1
40 10
From 1 to 25, there are 25 cards but 1 is not (iii) A Jack, there are no Jacks as all face cards
there. are removed.
0
\ Total no. of cards = 24. or no. of cards = (25 –2) + 1 \ P(Jack) = = 0
40
(i) A prime number = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, (iv) A prime number = {2, 3, 5, 7} × 4 suits
19, 23}
 i.e., 16 favourable cards
9 3 16 2
P(prime) = =
\ P(prime) = =
24 8 40 5
364 ICSE Mathematics—X
Example 5: If All even numbered cards are No. of green balls x
removed from a pack of 52 playing cards. P(green ball) = =
Total no. of balls x+5
What is the probability that a card picked
up is No. of red balls 5
P(red ball) = =
(i) a face card Total no. of balls x+5

(ii) a multiple of 3 of clubs P(green ball) = 2 P(red ball)

(iii) a red multiple of 5 x  5 

= 2  
x+5 x + 5
(iv) a prime numbered card.
Solution: \ x = 2 × 5 = 10
Even number cards = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} × 4 suits  No. of green balls = 10.
i.e., 20 cards are removed. Example 7: If two-digit numbers are made
\ No. of cards left = 52 – 20 = 32. with 3, 5, 7 and 9, what is the probability that
(i) No. of face cards = 12 the number is
12 3 (i) greater than 55

\ P(face card) = =
32 8 (ii) a prime number.
(ii) A multiple of 3 of clubs = {3, 9} Solution:
Note that 6 is removed. Two digit numbers = {(33, 35, 37, 39), (53, 55,
2 1 57, 59), (73, 75, 77, 79), (93, 95, 97, 99)}
\ P(multiple of 3 of clubs) =
=
32 16 \ Total no. = 16
(iii) A red multiple of 5 = {5 of Hearts, 5 of (i) Numbers greater than 55 = {57, 59, 73, 75,
diamonds} = 2 cards 77, 79, 93, 95, 97, 99}
Note that even number 10 is removed.
10 5
2 1
\ P(number > 55) = =
\ P(red multiple of 5) = = 16 8
32 16
(iv) A prime numbered card = {3, 5, 7} × (ii) Prime Numbers = {37, 53, 59, 73, 79, 97}
 4 suits = 12 cards 6 3

\ P(a prime number) = =
Note that prime number 2 is removed. 16 8
12 3 Example 8: If an office works for 5 days
P(prime) = =
32 8 in a week (Monday to Friday) and if two
employees of the office remain absent in the
Example 6: A bag contains 5 red balls
same week, what is the probability that it is
and some green balls. If the probability of
drawing a green ball is double that of a red (i) the same day
ball, find the number of green balls in the (ii) different days
bag.
(iii)consecutive days?
Solution:
Solution:
Let there be x green balls and 5 red balls.
Total no. of working days for both in a week
\ Total no. of balls = x + 5 = 52 = 25
Probability 365
 (i) Same day = {(Mon, Mon), (Tue, Tue), rejects the vests with major defects. What is
(Wed, Wed), (Thurs, Thurs) (Fri, Fri)} the probability that a vest is acceptable to
5 1 (i) A and (ii) B?
P(same day) = =
25 5 Solution:
(ii) P(different days) No. of good vests
(i) For A → Probability =
= 1 – P(absent on the same day) Total no. of vests
1 4 480 24
= 1 − = = =
5 5 500 25
(iii) Consecutive days = {(Mon, Tue), (Tue,
Total no. − No. with
Wed), (Wed, Thurs), (Thurs, Fri), (Tue,
major defects
Mon), (Wed, Tue), (Thurs, Wed), (Fri, (ii) For B → Probability =
Thurs)} Total no. of vests
8
\ P(consecutive days) = 500 − 5 495 99
25 = = =
500 500 100
Example 9: Find the probability that in a Example 11: A bag contains 6 green, 7 red
year January may have 5 Mondays if it is a and 3 white balls. A ball is chosen without
(i) leap year looking into the bag. Find the probability that
the ball is
(ii) non-leap year.
(i) red
Solution:
(ii) not white
(i) If 1st Jan is a Monday, then Mondays are (iii) white or green.
{1st, 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th}.
Solution:
If 2nd Jan is a Monday, then {2nd, 9th, 16th, No. of red balls 7 7
(i) P(red) = = =
23nd, 30th} are Mondays. Total no. of balls 6 + 7 + 3 16
If 3rd Jan is a Monday, then {3rd, 10th, 17th, No. of non-white balls
24th, 31st} are Mondays. (ii) P(not white) =
Total no. of balls
But if 4th Jan is a Monday we can get only 6+7 13
4 Mondays in January. = =
6+7+3 16
3 (iii) P(white or green)

\ P(in a leap year) =
7 No. of white + green balls
 =
(ii) In a non-leap year also there are 31 days Total no. of balls
in January. 6+3 9
3 = =
\ P(in a non-leap year) = 16 16
7
Example 12: There are 12 cards numbered 1 to
Example 10: A carton has 500 vests of which 12. What is the probability that a card picked
480 are good, 15 have minor defects and 5 up randomly has
have major defects. There are 2 traders A and
(i) a prime number
B. A accepts only the good vests whereas B
366 ICSE Mathematics—X
 (ii) a number between 3 and 11 Example 14: Two dice are rolled together. Find
(iii) a square number the probability that the sum of the numbers
on the uppermost faces of two dice is
(iv) a cube number.
(i) 4 or 5
Solution:
(ii) More than 10.
(i) A prime number = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} = 5
Solution:
5
P(prime) = The sum of 2 numbers is
12
(i) 4 = (1 + 3), (2 + 2), (3 + 1)
(ii) A number between 3 and 11
5 = (1 + 4), (2 + 3), (3 + 2), (4 + 1)
= {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} = 7
7  = 7 favourable outcomes
P(between 3 and 11) =
12 Total no. of outcomes = 62 = 36

(iii) A square number = {1, 4, 9} = 3 7

\ Probability =
3 1 36
P(square no.) = =
12 4
(ii) More than 10 = 11 or 12
(iv) A cube number = {1, 8} = 2
2 1 Sum 11 = {(6 + 5), (5 + 6)} = 2 outcomes
\ P(cube no.) = =
12 6 Sum 12 = (6 + 6) = 1 outcome
Example 13: A circle with diameter 20 cm 3 1
is drawn somewhere on a rectangular paper Probability = =
36 12
of length 40 cm and width 30 cm. If a small
cube is thrown on this paper and assuming Example 15: When 3 coins are tossed together,
that the cube falls on the paper, what is the find the probability of getting
probability that it will fall
(i) exactly 2 heads
(i) inside the circle
(ii) at least two tails.
(ii) outside the circle.
Solution:
Solution: Total no. of outcomes = 23 = 8
(i) Probability of falling inside the circle (i) Exactly heads = {HHT, HTH, THH}
Area of circle
= = 3 favourable outcomes
Area of rectangle
3
P(2 heads) =
22 8
× 10 × 10
πr 2 7 22 × 100 11
= = = = (ii) At least 2 tails = 2 or 3 tails
l×b 40 × 30 7 × 1200 42
{HTT, TTH, THT, TTT} = 4 favourable
(ii) Probability of falling outside the circle outcomes
11 42 − 11 31 4 1
= 1− = = \ P(at least 2 tails) = =
42 42 42 8 2
Probability 367
Example 16: There are 60 balls in a box. Some Probability of white ball
are white and others black. Probability of 3
= × Probability of getting a black ball
2
3
getting a white ball is of getting a black x 3 (60 − x)
2 =
60 2 60
ball. How many of each coloured balls are
2x = 3(60 – x)
there?
2x = 180 – 3x
Solution: 5x = 180
Let there be x white balls. \ x = 36 white
\ (60 – x) black balls. No. of black balls = 60 – 36 = 24

EXERCISE 21
1. If a dice is rolled, what is the probability of (i) a face card
getting a
(ii) an even numbered red card. [2011]
(i) prime number (ii) multiple of 3
6. A circle with diameter 20 cm is drawn on
(iii) number 7 a rectangular paper with 30 cm × 20 cm
dimensions. If a small cube is dropped on the
2. If two coins are tossed, what is the probability
paper and assuming that it falls on the paper
of getting
what is the probability that it will fall
(i) 2 heads (ii) no head
(i) inside the circle?
(iii) at least 1 head
(ii) outside the circle?
3. A card is drawn at random from a pack of well
[Take p = 3.14]
shuffled playing cards. Find the probability
that the drawn card is 7. Find the probability that the month of
February may have 5 Tuesdays in a
(i) neither a red card nor a black king
(i) leap year (ii) non-leap year
(ii) a multiple of 3
8. Find the probability that there are 53 Mondays
(iii) neither a club nor a king
in a
4. A bag contains 18 balls out of which x are
(i) leap year (ii) non-leap year
white.
9. If 2 digit numbers are made with 3, 7, 9, a digit
(i) If one ball is drawn without looking, what
can be repeated, what is the probability that
is the probability that it will be a white
the number is
ball?
(i) greater than 70 (ii) a prime number
(ii) If 6 more white balls are put in the bag,
the probability of drawing a white ball is (iii) a multiple of 3
thrice that in (i), find x. 10. When 2 coins are tossed together, what is the
5. From a pack of playing cards, all cards whose probability of getting different faces on the
numbers are multiples of 3 are removed. A coins?
card is now drawn at random. What is the 11. When 2 dice are rolled, what is the probability
probability that the card drawn is of getting

368 ICSE Mathematics—X

 (i) the same number on both (iii) a number more than 5
(ii) a product of 6 (iii) a sum of 8 (iv) a perfect square

12. A bag contains 5 white, 6 red and 7 green 12 1

balls. One ball is drawn at random from the 11 2
bag. What is the probability that the ball is 10 3
(i) red (ii) not green  (iii) black 9 4
13. A bag contains 6 black balls and some green 8 5
balls. If the probability of drawing a green 7 6
ball is double that of a black ball. Find the
number of green balls. 21. A dice is thrown 500 times and frequency of
the outcomes are noted as given below.
14. If the probability of winning a game is 0.45,
what is the probability of losing the game? Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6
15. When 2 dice are rolled, what is the probability Frequency 75 85 100 86 90 64
that Find the probability of getting
(i) the sum of the numbers is at least 10 (i) a number less than 3
(ii) the product of numbers is 8 (ii) a prime number
22. A bag contains 4 green, 12 red and x yellow
(iii) both are even numbers
balls. Express in terms of x the probability of
16. What is the probability that a leap year has getting a yellow ball. When a ball is drawn, the
53 sundays? probability of getting a yellow ball is double
17. A box has 200 pens out of which 20 are that of green ball.
defective. One pen is taken out at random. (i) Find the number of yellow balls.
What is the probability that it is not defective?
(ii) What is the probability of getting a red
18. From a pack of playing cards, all odd ball?
numbered cards are removed. When a card
23. When 3 coins are tossed simultaneously, what
is removed from the remaining, find the
is the probability of getting
probability that it is
(i) 3 tails (ii) exactly 2 tails
(i) a multiple of 3 (ii) a face card
(iii) at least 2 tails (iv) at most 1 tail
(iii) an ace 24. Cards are marked with numbers from 10 to
19. Identical cards are marked with numbers from 50 and well shuffled. One card is drawn at
1 to 50 and well shuffled. One card is picked random. What is the probability that it is a
up from the set. Find the probability that the number
number on the card is (i) divisible by 5  (ii) a perfect square
(i) a perfect square (ii) a perfect cube (iii) a multiple of 3 and 4
(iii) a prime number (iv) a factor of 24 (iv) with one of the digits 5
20. A game of chance has a spinning arrow 25. There are 8 cards with the letters A, B, C, D,
pivoted at the centre of a dial as shown in the E, A, E, O written on them. When a card is
figure. When turned the arrow points to any randomly picked up from the set, what is the
of the twelve numbers. What is the probability probability that it is a
that the arrow points at
(i) vowel (ii) consonant
(i) an odd number  (ii) a prime number (iii) letter E
Probability 369
26. When 2 dice are rolled together, find the
probability that the sum of the numbers on
the uppermost faces of the dice is
(i) 4 or 5 (ii) more than 10
(iii) less than 6
27. A card is drawn at random from a well-
shuffled deck of 52 playing cards. Find the
probability that it is
(i) not a diamond
(ii) neither an ace nor a heart
(iii) a club or a face card
(iv) a red or a king  (v) an ace and a queen
28. A letter is chosen at random from the letters
of the word ‘TRIGONOMETRY’. Find the
probability that the letter is
(i) a vowel (ii) a T or O
(iii) neither M nor N
29. A bag contains red and yellow balls. Of these
24 are yellow balls and the remaining red. One
ball is chosen at random and the probability
6 red.
that it is yellow is . Find the number of
red balls. 13
30. What is the probability that one number
picked from a set of 2 digit numbers is
(i) a multiple of 2 and 7
(ii) one digit is thrice the other
31. Two coins are tossed together 100 times and
the results are as follows:
No. of heads 0 1 2
Frequency 28 52 20
What is the probability of
(i) one head   (ii) at most 1 head
32. A bag has 24 balls. Some are white and
remaining black. If the probability of drawing
a white ball is twice that of drawing a black
ball, find the number of white balls.
33. If two dice are rolled, What is the probability
that
(i) the sum of the numbers on the dice is a
prime number?
(ii) the sum of the numbers on the dice is 8?
34. There are 16 red balls and some white balls
in a box. If the probability of getting a red ball
2
is of getting a white ball, how many white
3
balls are in the box?
35. There are 30 blue balls and x red balls in a
bag. A ball is drawn at random from the bag.
(i) Write down, in terms of x, an expression
for the probability that the ball drawn is
7
(ii) Given that the probability is , find x.
13
36. A boy had thirty 2 rupee coins, twenty-five 1
rupee coins and twenty 50 paise coins in his
coin box? If he picks up a coin from the box,
what is the probability that it is
(i) a `2 coin
(ii) either `2 or a `1 coin
(iii) not a `1 coin

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. If two digit numbers are made with 3, 5 or 7, what is the probability that a number is
(i) a prime number (ii) a multiple of 5
(iii) less than 40.
2. In an aquarium, there are 36 red and some black fish. When a fish is removed, the probability of
11
getting a black fish is . Find the number of black fish.
20
370 ICSE Mathematics—X
 3. Identical cards are marked 1 to 100. When a card is drawn at random, what is the probability that
it is
(i) a multiple of 11 (ii) a perfect square
(iii) a number in which one digit is twice the other (iv) a multiple of 2 and 3
(v) a prime number containing the digit 9
4. On a square paper of side 20 cm, a circle of diameter 10 cm is drawn. Assuming that it falls on the
 22 
paper, what is the probability that a tiny cube dropped on the paper falls Take π =
 7 
(i) within the circle (ii) outside the circle?
5. When 3 unbiased coins are tossed, what is the probability of getting
(i) no heads (ii) at least 2 tails
6. When a deck of playing cards is well shuffled and a card is randomly picked up, what is the
probability that it is
(i) a red card or a queen (ii) a multiple of 3
(iii) a red face card (iv) a nine and an ace
7. From the letters of the word MATHEMATICS, a letter is chosen randomly. What is the probability
that it is a
(i) Vowel (ii) Consonant
(iii) M or T
8. When two dice are rolled, what is the probability that on the uppermost faces
(i) the sum of two numbers is less than 5 (ii) the product of the numbers is 6
(iii) the sum is divisible by 5
9. A dice has the following numbers marked on its 6 faces : 1, 2, 3, –1, –2, –3. What is the probability
of getting [2014]
(i) a positive integer (ii) an integer less than –1 8 1
(iii) the smallest integer
7 2
10. A spinning arrow pivoted at the centre of a dial is shown in the figure. When
turned, the arrow points to any of the 8 numbers. What is the probability that
6 3
the arrow points at
(i) a perfect cube (ii) an odd number 5 4

(iii) a factor of 8 (iv) the smallest prime number

11. Odd numbered cards 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, ......, 27, 29 were shuffled and put in a box. If a card is picked
up from this box, what is the probability that the number on the card is a
(i) prime number (ii) factor of 21  (iii) multiple of 5

BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS

1. A dice is thrown once. What is the probability 2. Cards marked with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ....., 20 are
that the well shuffled and a card is drawn at random. What
(i) number is even is the probability that the number on the card is
(ii) number is greater than 2? [2009] (i) a prime number (ii) divisible by 3
(iii) a perfect square? [2010]

Probability 371
 3. A box contains some black balls and 30 white
balls. If the probability of drawing a black ball
is two-fifths of a white ball, find the number of
black balls in the box. [2013]
4.
A bag contains 5 white balls, 6 red balls and
9 green balls. A ball is drawn at random from the
bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn is:
(i) a green ball    (ii) a white or a red ball
(iii) is neither a green ball nor a white ball. [2015]
5.
A game of numbers has cards marked with 11, 12,
13, ........, 40. A card is drawn at random. Find the
Probability that the number on the card drawn is:
(i) A perfect square
(ii) Divisible by 7 [2016]
6.
Sixteen cards are labelled as a, b, c, d,..., m, n, o,
p. They are put in a box and shuffled. A boy is
asked to draw a card from the box. What is the
probability that the card drawn is:
(i) A vowel? (ii) A consonant?
(iii) None of the letters of the word ‘median’.[2017]
7. Cards bearing numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18
and 20 are kept in a bag. A card is drawn at
random from the bag. Find the probability of
getting a card which is:
(i) a prime number.
(ii) a number divisible by 4.
(iii) a number that is a multiple of 6.
(iv) an odd number. [2018]
8. There are 25 discs numbered 1 to 25. They are put
in a closed box and shaken thoroughly. A disc is
drawn at random from the box.
Find the probability that the number on the disc is:
(i) an odd number
(ii) divisible by 2 and 3 both.
(iii) a number less than 16. [2019]

POINTS AT A GLANCE
No. of favourable outcomes
1. Probability of an event or an outcome =
No. of all possible outcomes

2. P(event) + P(not event) = 1 3. 0 ≤ Probability of an event ≤ 1

4. If the probability of an event = 0, the event is an impossible event.
5. If the probability of an event = 1, the event is a certain event or a sure event.
6. If a coin is tossed twice or 2 coins are tossed simultaneously, the total no. of possible outcomes = 22 = 4
7. If a coin is tossed n times or n coins are tossed together = 2n outcomes are possible.
8. If 2 dice are rolled simultaneously or one dice two times, the total no. of outcomes = 62 = 36
9. (i) At least 3 ⇒ 3 or more (ii) At most 2 ⇒ 0 or 1 or 2
10. (i) multiples of 2 and 3 ⇒ multiples of 6 ⇒ 6, 12 18, etc.
(ii) multiples of 2 or 3 ⇒ multiples of 2 as well as multiples of 3 ⇒ 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, etc.
11. Favourable outcomes should be listed in each case.

DO YOU KNOW?
BLAISE PASCAL (1623–1662)
Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician, was a child prodigy. He invented the first
digital calculator and hydraulic press. He gave a tabular presentation for binomial
coefficients in the expansion of (a + b)n. In Pascal’s triangle, each number is the
sum of the numbers above it.
Probability had its origin in the games of chance. In 1654, prompted by a friend
interested in gambling problems, Blaise Pascal corresponded with Fermat and
from that collaboration was born the Theory of Probability. Blaise Pascal helped
in creating two major new areas of research. He wrote a significant treatise on
the subject of Projective Geometry and later on Probability Theory strongly
influencing Modern Economics and Social Science. Blaise Pascal
372 ICSE Mathematics—X
 REVISION PAPER 1

SECTION A (40 Marks)

(Attempt all questions from this section)
1. (a) Find the number of terms in the A P.
1
18, 15 , 13, ..., ( −47) (3)
2 1 x 5
(b) Find the values of x, which satisfy the inequation: −1 ≤ + < 2, x ∈ R
6 2 6
Graph the solution set on the number line. (3)
(c) There were 50 questions in an examination paper numbered 1 to 50. Write down the probability that
the number of question chosen will
(i) contain more than one digit.  (ii) contain at least one figure 3.
(iii) not be divisible by either 2 or 3. A

(iv) ends in 5. (4)

− 4 1  −2  −3  1
2. (a) Find x, y if    +2  = 5  (3)
 2 5  3x  2 y O
(b) Akanksha opened a Recurring Deposit Account in a bank and deposited `2000 130°
28°
per month. If the bank paid interest at the rate of 11% p.a., what is the amount B D
received by her after 2 years? (3)
(c) A, B, C and D are points on the circumference of the circle with centre O. C
∠BOD = 130°, ∠ADO = 28°. Find ∠BAD, ∠BCD, ∠OBD and ∠ABO.
Y
3. (a) Prove that (x – 3) is a factor of 6x3 – 23x2 + 9x + 18. Hence factorise
B
the given expression fully. (3)
(b) A is on x-axis and B is on y-axis. If midpoint of AB is (–3, 4), find the X
(i) co-ordinates of A and B. A O
(ii)  slope of AB. A C (3)

(c) AB and CD are two chords of a circle intersecting at P.

P
Prove that AP × BP = CP × DP.
If AP = 5 cm, PB = 12 cm and CD = 19 cm, find D B
the length of CP. (4)
4. (a) Solve the following equation and calculate the answer correct to 3 significant figures.
(x – 2)2 – 2x – 5 = 0. (3)
(b) Calculate the ratio in which P(7, b) divides the line joining A(2, 6) and B(10, –2).
Also find the value of b. (3)
(c) Use graph paper to answer the following questions.
(i) Plot P(3, 1) and Q(0, 5). Reflect Q in the origin to get Q′.
(ii) Reflect P in y-axis to get R.
(iii) Reflect P and R in x-axis to get P′ and R′.
(iv) Give a name to figure PQRR′Q′P′.
(v) Find its perimeter. (4)

Revision Papers 373

 SECTION B (40 Marks)
(Attempt any four questions from this section)
5. (a) A shopkeeper bought a TV set at a discount of 20% from a wholesaler, the printed price of the TV set
being `24,000. The shopkeeper sells it to consumer at a discount of 10% on the printed price. If the
rate of GST is 18%, find:
(i) GST paid by the shopkeeper.
(ii) amount paid by the consumer for the TV set. (3)
(b) Using properties of proportion, solve for a, if (3)
2
7 a + 1 + 2a
=7
7 a2 + 1 − 2a
(c) A marksman, firing at a target, can score from 0 to 6 points for each of his shots. After firing 25 shots
his scores were distributed as follows.
Scores 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of shots 2 8 4 5 3 2 1
Find the mean, mode and median of the distribution. A (4)
6. (a) D is a point on side BC of DABC, such that ∠DAC = ∠B.
(i) Prove that DABC ~ DDAC.
(ii) If DC = 4 cm, BD = 5 cm and area of DABC = 18 cm2, find AC.
(iii) Find area DADC. B D C (3)
(b) Tanya invests a sum of money in `20 shares paying 12% dividend quoted at 20% premium. If the
annual dividend from these shares is `612, calculate:
(i) the number of shares she bought. (ii) her total investment.
(iii) the rate of return on her investment. (3)
(c) The total surface area of a right circular cone of slant height 17 cm is 200p cm2. Calculate its radius. If
this cone is melted and formed into solid spheres of radius 2 cm, find the number of spheres formed.
(4)
1 2 2 1 1 3
7. (a) If A =  , B =   and C =   , find the matrix C (B – A). (3)
2 3 3 2 3 1
(b) Draw a circle of radius 4 cm. Mark its centre as C and mark a point D, such that CD = 7 cm. Using
ruler and compasses only, construct two tangents from D to the circle. Measure their lengths. (3)
(c) Points A(5, –3), B(2, 6) and C are collinear. If C is on x-axis,
(i) Find the co-ordinates of C. (ii) Find the equation of the line. (4)
8. (a) TP and TR are tangents to the circle with centre O. If ∠POQ = 150° and ∠PTR = 50°.
Calculate: (i) ∠TPR   (ii) ∠QPR.
P

50° T
150°
O

Q
R
(3)
(b) If a : b = c : d, then prove that (3)
2 a 2 + 3b 2 3 2 a 3 + 3b3
=
2 c 2 + 3d 2 3 2c 3 + 3d 3
374 ICSE Mathematics—X
 (c) Draw a histogram for the following data and estimate the mode.
Income in ` 5000–6000 6000–7000 7000–8000 8000–9000 9000–10000
No. of employees 4 8 20 12 6
(4)
9. (a) If the line through A(3, –7) and B(4, 2) is perpendicular to the line x + py = 5, find the value of p. (3)
1
(b) Prove that (cosec q – sin q) (sec q – cos q) = . (3)
tan θ + cot θ
Use ruler and compasses only for the following questions. All construction lines and arcs must be
clearly shown.
(c) (i) Construct a ∆ABC in which BC = 6.5 cm, ∠ABC = 60°, AB = 5 cm.
(ii) Construct the locus of points at a distance of 3.5 cm from A.
(iii) Construct the locus of points equidistant from AC and BC.
(iv) Mark 2 points X and Y which are at a distance of 3.5 cm from A and also equidistant from AC
and BC. Measure XY. (4)
10. (a) Calculate the mean of the following frequency distribution by Step-deviation method.
Class 0–25 25–50 50–75 75–100 100–125 125–150
Frequency 4 8 16 13 6 3
(3)
(b) A map has a scale of 1 : 250,000.
(i) How many cm on the map is a journey of 40 km?
(ii) If the area of a lake on the map is 3 cm2, what is the actual area of the lake in km2? (3)
(c) A statue 1.8 m tall stands on the top of a pedestal. From a point on the ground, the angle of elevation
of the top and bottom of the statue are 60° and 45°. Find the height of the pedestal. (4)

11. (a) The following table shows the marks scored by 80 students in an examination.

Marks 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80

No. of students 3 7 15 24 16 8 5 2

Draw an ogive for the given distribution in a graph sheet using a scale of 2 cm = 10 units on both axes.
Use the ogive to estimate the:
(i) median
(ii) lower quartile
(iii) number of students who scored more than 65 marks.
(iv) the number of students who did not pass in the examination if the passing marks were 35. (6)

(b) A trader buys x articles for `9000. If the price of each were `15 less, one more article could have been
bought for `9000. Frame an equation in x and solve for it. (4)

Revision Papers 375

 REVISION PAPER 2
SECTION A (40 Marks)
(Attempt all questions from this section)
1. (a) How many terms are in the sequence 4, 12, 20, .... 100? Find its sum. (3)
(b) Find the values of x, which satisfy the inequation:
   x∈I

Graph the solution set on the number line. (3)

5 4 6
(c) If A =   , B =   and if AX = B, find the
3 7  −1 
(i) order of matrix X   (ii) the matrix X (4)
2. (a) There are 30 blue balls and x red balls in a bag. A ball is drawn at random from the bag.
(i) Write down in terms of x, an expression for the probability that the ball drawn is red.
7
(ii) Given that this probability is , find x. (3)
13
(b) Kavya has a Cumulative deposit account in a bank. She deposits `600 per month for 3 years. If at the
end of maturity period she gets `24,264, find the rate of interest. (3)
(c) Find the points of trisection P and Q of the line segment joining A(–6, 3) and B(9, 12)
(i.e., AP = PQ = QB). (4)
3. (a) The radius and height of a cylindrical tank are 3.5 m and 4 m respectively. How much water can the
tank hold? If a person needs 70 litres of water per day, how many people can use the water in a day?
[1m3 = 1000 litres] (3)
(b) When the polynomials ax3 + 5x2 – 11x – 14 and 3x3 + ax2 – 4x + 20 are divided by (x + 2), the remainders
are same. Find the value of a. (3)
a 5 + b5 122
(c) If = , using properties of proportions find the value of a : b. (4)
a 5 − b5 121

4. (a) The following numbers are arranged in ascending order. If their median is 10, find the value of x.
Hence, find their mean.
        4, 7, x + 1, x + 5, 15, 20 (3)
(b) In the figure, O is the centre of the circle and ∠AOC = 130°. If BT is a tangent, find ∠ATB. (3)
(c) Use graph paper to answer the following questions. A
(i) Plot the points A(2, 3) and B(6, 0).
(ii) A is reflected in the x-axis onto A′. Plot it on a graph and write the
13
0

co-ordinates of A′. O
°

C
(iii) B′ is the image of B when reflected in the line AA′. Write the co-ordinates
of B′.
B T
(iv) Write the geometrical name of the figure ABA′B′.
(v) Name the lines of symmetry of the figure formed. (4)

376 ICSE Mathematics—X

 SECTION B (40 Marks)
(Attempt any four questions from this section)
5. (a) A wholesaler buys a vacuum cleaner for `14,000 and supplies it to a shopkeeper for `15,000. The
shopkeeper sold it to a customer at `16,500. The rate of GST is 28%. Find the
(i) amount of CGST and SGST paid by the wholesaler.
(ii) amount of GST paid by the shopkeeper.
(iii) price paid by the customer. (3)
 4 sin 30° sin 90°  4
(b) Given matrix A =   and B =  
If AX = B.  cos 0° 4 cos 60° 5
(i) Write the order of matrix X. (3)
(ii) Find the matrix X. A

(c) In DABC, ∠APQ = ∠ACB, AP = 6 cm, AQ = 5 cm and PB = 4 cm. Q

(i) Prove that DAPQ ~ DACB.

P
(ii) Find the length of QC.
(iii) Find the area of DAPQ : area of DABC. B C
(iv) Find the area of DAPQ : area of PBCQ. (4)
6. (a) Find the equation of a line through P(5, –2) and perpendicular to the line 2x – 7y = 1. If (k, k + 2) lies
on that line, find the value of k. (3)
(b) Abhir buys 120 shares of face value `50 at `65.
(i) What is his investment?
(ii) If the dividend is 12.5%, what will be his annual income?
(iii) If he wants to increase his income by `250, how many extra shares should he buy? (3)
(c) A cylindrical can of radius 9 cm and height 12 cm is full of ice-cream. The can was emptied completely
when each child who attended a party was given a cone full of ice-cream with a hemispherical
topping. How many children attended the party, if the base radius of the cone is 3 cm and height
6 cm? (4)
 3 1 2
7. (a) If A =   , find the value of 5A – A . (3) T
 −1 2 
(b) In the given figure, diameter AB and chord CD of a circle meet at
B
P. PT is a tangent to the circle at T. If CD = 3.5 cm, DP = 4.5 cm and A P

BP = 3 cm, find:
D
(i) the radius  (ii) the length of tangent PT. (3) C

(c) If the mean of the following distribution is 30, find the value of a.
Marks 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60
No. of students 4 a 12 15 7 4
(4)
8. (a) Without solving the quadratic equation, find the value of ‘p’ for which the given equation has real and
equal roots.
  x2 + 2(p – 1) x + (p + 5) = 0. (3)

Revision Papers 377

 (b) Construct a DABC in which AB = 4.5 cm, BC = 7 cm and median AM = 4 cm. Inscribe a circle in it and
record its radius. (3)
(c) A man repays a loan of `3250 by paying `20 in the first month and then increases the payment by `15
every month. How long will it take to clear the loan? (4)
9. (a) If a, b, c, d are in proportion, prove that

a4 + c 4 ma 2 + nc 2
    =  (3)
b4 + d 4 mb2 + nd 2

(b) Solve for x using the quadratic formula. Write your answer correct to three significant figures.
   2x2 – 13x + 17 = 0 (3)
(c) In an amphitheatre, there were 38 seats in the front row, 42 in the second row, 46 in the third row and
so on. There were 4 more seats in each succeeding row. If there were 2016 seats in all, calculate the
number of rows and the number of seats in the last row. (4)
10. (a) A building and a tower are on the same level ground. From the top of the building, the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower is 60° and the angle of depression of the foot of the tower is 30°. If
the building is 40 m high, find the height of the tower. (4)
(b) The following table shows the daily expenditure on food of 100 families in a colony.
Daily Expenditure (in `) 100–150 150–200 200–250 250–300 300–350 350–400 400–450 450–500
No. of families 3 8 14 20 22 18 12 3
Draw an ogive for the given distribution on a graph sheet. Use a scale of 2 cm = `50 on one axis and
2 cm = 10 families on the other. Use the ogive to estimate the:
(i) median
(ii) the upper quartile
(iii) the number of families who spend less than `175
(iv) the number of families who spend more than `425. (6)
11. (a) In the figure, AC is a diameter of the circle, with centre O. Chords BA and CD extended meet at point
P. If ∠P = 35° and ∠ACB = 20°, calculate
(i) ∠BDC       (ii) ∠ABD       (iii) ∠AOB
P
(3)
35° D
(cos A − sin A) (1 + tan A)
(b) Prove that = sec A. (3)
2 cos 2 A − 1
(c) A passenger train covers a distance of 360 km at a certain speed. An A C
O 20°
express train which is 8 km/h faster covers the same distance in 1 hour
30 minutes less. Find the speed of the express train. (4)
B

378 ICSE Mathematics—X

 REVISION PAPER 3

SECTION A (40 Marks)

(Attempt all questions from this section)
1. (a) The sum of n terms of an AP is 3n2 + 5n. Find the AP and its tenth term. (3)
(b) Find the values of x, which satisfy the inequation.
3x x 1
    −1 < + 5 ≤ x− , x ∈ W
4 4 4
Graph the solution set on the number line. (3)
(c) There are two dice, one red and the other black. Both are rolled simultaneously. Calculate the probability
that
(i) the number on the red dice is 3.
(ii) each dice shows 5.
(iii) the number on the black dice is either 2 or 4.
(iv) the product of two numbers is odd. (4)
 4 sin 30° 2 cos 60°  6 7 
2. (a) Evaluate:     (3)
 sin 90° 2 cos 0°  7 6 
(b) ax3 + bx2 – 24x + 45 has (x + 3) as a factor and leaves a remainder –15 when divided by (x – 2). Find a
and b. (3)
(c) Find the sum upto n terms of the GP.
x3, x5, x7,.... (x≠ ±1) (4)
3. (a) If the 4th and 9th terms of a GP are 108 and 26244 respectively, find the GP. (3)
(b) Ravi deposits a certain sum of money every month in a Recurring deposit account for 2 years at 6%
p.a. If he receives `10,200 at the time of maturity, how much is his monthly deposit? (3)
(c) (i) Write down the coordinates of the point P that divides the line joining A(7, 14) and B(–3, 4) in the
ratio 1 : 4.
(ii) Find the mid-point of AB. (4)
4. (a) The following numbers are arranged in ascending order:
   13, 15, x – 5, x + 1, x + 5, 30, 32
C
If the mean of the observations is equal to the median, D
find the value of x. (3)
(b) In the figure, O is the centre and ∠ABC = 70°, ∠OAE = 40°. Calculate 70°
A B
(i) ∠ADC  (ii) ∠CAB  (iii) ∠EOB. (3) 40° O

(c) Use graph paper to answer the following questions.

(i) Plot the points A(2, 0), C(1, 4) and D(5, 4).
E
(ii) B is the image of A when reflected in y-axis.
(iii) Give a geometrical name to ABCD.
(iv) Find its area and perimeter. (4)

Revision Papers 379

 SECTION B (40 Marks)
(Attempt any four questions from this section)
5. (a) An article is marked at `5000 and the rate of GST is 5%. A trader buys it at a discount and sells it to
a customer at the MP. If the trader pays `60 as GST to the Government, find
(i) what per cent of discount does the trader get?
(ii) the total money paid by the trader including tax to buy the article. (3)

(b) If a, b, c are in continued proportion , prove that ( a − b )2 =

(b − c )2. (3)
ab bc
A R
(c) In the figure, AR y PQ y BC.
(i) Prove that DAQR ~ DCQB.
P Q
(ii) If AQ : QC = 2 : 3, find BC if PQ is 3 cm.
(iii) Find the area of DAPQ : the area of DABC.
B C
(iv) Find the area of DAQR : the area of DCQB. (4)
6. (a) Harsh invests `15000 in 8%, `100 shares at `125. At the end of one year, when the price rises to `140,
he sells the shares and invests the proceeds in 12% `50 shares at `60. Calculate
(i) the number of `60 shares he buys.
(ii) the change in his income.
(iii) the percentage increase in his return on the original investment. (3)
(b) 2x – 5y + 18 = 0 meets x-axis at A. Write the co-ordinates of A. Find the equation of a line passing
through A and perpendicular to the line 2x – 5y + 18 = 0. (3)
(c) The surface area of a sphere is 5544 cm2. Find its radius. If this sphere is melted and formed into solid
cones of radius 7 cm and height 14 cm, find the number of cones formed. (4)
7. (a) In the figure, O is the centre of the circle, ST is a tangent to the circle at
D, ∠ABO = 30° and ∠BDS = 66°. Find ∠A, ∠C and ∠ADT.     (3)
 2 −1 −3 2  1 3 
(b) Given A =  , B =  , C =   , find the matrix X such
2 6   4 0 0 − 4 
that A + 2X = 3B + C. (3)
(c) Calculate the mean of the distribution by Step-deviation method.
Marks 11–20 21–30 31–40 41–50 51–60 61–70 71–80
No. of students 4 7 9 12 9 6 3
Also state the modal class. (4)
8. (a) Construct a regular hexagon of side 4.5 cm. Circumscribe a circle about it. (3)
(b) From the top of a church spire which is 84 m high, the angles of depression of two cars on the same
1 3
side of church are a° and b° such that tan a = and tan b = . Calculate the distance between the cars.
3 5
(3)
(c) In the given figure PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral PQ and SR produced meet at T.
(i) Prove DTPS ~ DTRQ
S R T
(ii) Find SP if TP = 18 cm, QR = 4 cm and TR = 6 cm.
(iii) Find the area of quadrilateral PQRS if area of DTPS = 27 cm2 (4)
Q

380 ICSE Mathematics—X

 9. (a) In the given figure AB ⊥ CD, AP = 8 cm, CP = 16 cm and AD = 10 cm. Find the length of PB. (3)
C

A P B

(b) Solve the following equation and write your answer correct to two significant figures.
1
           2x − =7 (3)
x
(c) A line AB meets X-axis at A and Y axis at B. P(4, –1) divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2. Find the
(i) co-ordinates of A and B.
(ii) equation of the line through P and perpendicular to AB. (4)

O A
X

P(4, –1)

10. (a) A wire which is 48 cm long is shaped to form a right triangle of hypotenuse 20 cm. Take one of the
other two sides as x cm and frame an equation in x and solve. Find the other two sides. (4)
(b) The following table gives the daily wages of 20 workers in a small factory.
Wages in ` 50–100 100–150 150–200 200–250 250–300 300–350 350–400 400–450 450–500
No. of workers 14 13 26 18 15 12 9 7 6
Draw an ogive for the given data on a graph sheet.
Use a scale of 2 cm = `50 on one axis and 2 cm = 10 workers on the other axis. Use the ogive to estimate
the:
(i) median
(ii) lower quartile
(iii) number of workers earning more than `325
(iv) number who earn between `175 and `325. (6)
11. (a) Prove the identity
1 + (sec A − tan A)2
   = 2 tan A. (3)
cosec A (sec A − tan A)

a+x + a−x 2 ay
(b) If y = , show that x = . (3)
a+x − a−x y2 + 1
(c) The daily pocket expenses of some students in a class are given below.
Pocket expenses in ` 0–50 50–100 100–150 150–200 200–250
No. of students 8 10 24 18 6
On a graph paper, draw a histogram for the given distribution and estimate the mode. (4)

Revision Papers 381

 Appendix I
Suggested Projects
1. Shares
Students have to collect data on shares of 5 different companies — Nominal value, rate of dividend given
by the companies in the previous year and market value for 15 days prior to the project day. Questions
will be given on the day of the project as follows:
(i) Calculate the total income one would obtain if he held 20 shares of each of the 5 companies.
(ii) Draw a graph showing the price variation in 15 days using 5 different colours for the graph of 5
companies.
(iii) Choose any two companies from the 5 and name them Co. A and Co. B. Find the annual
dividend of Co. A if you had 40 shares in it. Find the rate of return of Co. A by taking the market
value on the previous day’s price.
(iv) If the 40 shares of Co. A are sold on the previous day, find the sale proceeds and how many shares
of Co. B can be bought with the proceeds. What will be the annual income from Co. B?
(v) What is the procedure for Dematting the shares of a company?

2.  Trigonometric Ratios by Construction

(a) On a blank paper construct ∆ABC with base BC = 10 cm, ∠ABC = 35° and ∠ACB = 90°.
A
(i) Measure AB and AC and record.
(ii) Find the values of sin 35°, cos 35° and tan 35° using sides of ∆ABC.
35°
B 10 cm C
(b) Draw QR = 10 cm. Describe a semicircle on diameter QR.
P
Mark a point P on the semicircle so that ∠PQR = 40°.
(i) What is the measure of ∠QPR? Give reason.
40°
(ii) Measure and record PQ and PR.  Q 10 cm R

(iii) Find the values of sin 40°, cos 40° and tan 40° with the measure of sides of ∆PQR.

3. Theodolite
Theodolite is a tool for measuring angles and is used by engineers and surveyors
to aid in proper construction. To prepare a simple tool, take a straw or a thin tube.
(i) From a square piece of cardboard, cut an isosceles right angled triangle whose
hypotenuse is the length of the straw.
(ii) With the help of a cello tape, fasten the straw along the hypotenuse.
(iii) Cut off a piece of string about 25 cm long. Tie a small weight to one end of the thread. Fasten the
 other end of the thread under the top end of the straw, so that the string with the weight hangs
straight down the edge of the triangle. Use it to find the height of the classroom, the school building
or a flag pole in the school compound.

To find the height of a pole

Stand at a distance from the pole, move forwards or backwards as you look through the straw, until
the top of the pole can be seen through it. Measure the distance between you and the foot of the pole
and add your height to it.
Height of the pole = your height + distance between you and the pole.
Note : Another tool known as clinometer can also be made to find the heights.

4.  Bhaskaracharya’s “LEELAVATI”

In 1150 A D Bhaskaracharya composed Leelavati as the first part of his larger work called Siddhanta-
Siromani, comprehensive exposition of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, mensuration, number theory
and related topics. Leelavati has been used as a standard textbook for about 800 years. Its lucid,
scholarly and literary presentation has attracted several cultural areas and it was widely used and
commented and translated into several languages of the world.
The text of Leelavati runs into 261 Shlokas. These Shlokas give problems in arithmetic, algebra
and geometry; the use of fractions and square roots; equations with one unknown; Pythagoras’
Theorem and properties of triangles. These problems are addressed to Leelavati by her father
Bhaskaracharya.
Three of the Shlokas are translated below. Solve the problems and draw or stick some related
pictures depicting the Shlokas.
1. Bees equal to the square root of one half from a swarm flew towards the Malati trees. Eight ninth of
the swarm also followed them. Out of the two bees remaining one was lured by the sweet smelling
lotus and got entangled. His out cry was responded by his mate. Tell me dear, the number of bees
in the swarm.
If you thought that solving a quadratic equation was quite boring, this swarm of bees would dispel
that notion.
2. There lived in a lake full of dainty lotuses, a flock of swans. Once when the sky was overcast with
clouds, ten times the square root of the total number in the flock flew towards lake Manas. One
eighth of the flock hurried to the woods full of Hibiscus. Left behind in lake were only three lovelorn
pairs. Tell me my little girl the number of swans in the flock.
3. An oil-lamp and a cone are standing three hands apart. The lamp is three-and-a-half hands tall; the
height of the cone is half-a hand. Tell me how far the shadow of the cone would fall.
This is one of the more ingenious of Bhaskaracharya’s real life oriented problems. Visualise the oil-
lamp and its rays falling on the cone standing some distance apart. It is easy to see the usage of
rule governing the ratios of sides in similar triangles.

5.  Maths Housie

This worksheet is given to each child and questions are read out by the teacher giving 1 minute for
each answer. The student can quickly work out the sum and circle the right answer in the box and
write the Q no. around it.

Appendix 383
e.g. Q.b. is Evaluate (–7)3 + (–5)3 + (12)3, the student observes that (–7) + (–5) + (12) = 0, therefore,
answer = 3(–7) (–5) (12) = 1260 and encircle the answer 1260 and put b outside the circle to indicate
the answer is for Q.b. 1260 b
Similary, if Q.c. is Find the value of 25 × 37 × 4, the student works it out in a simple way (25 × 4) × 37
= 100 × 37 = 3700. He puts a circle around that no. in the given worksheet and also writes its question
c
no. outside the circle as shown. 3700   .
Instructions to students
• Working is allowed, but no overwriting or cancellations are allowed.
• Circle the correct answer in the box and also write the Q no. on it.

108 65 3 25 14

9 20 1 4 115 7

100 0 8 28 5

This list of following questions are with only the teacher who reads them loudly to the students.
(a) The mode of the following set of numbers is
7, 1, 3, 8, 4, 3, 5, 3, 7
(b) The mean of the following set of numbers is
1, 4, 3, 8, 5, 9
(c) This number is the median of 2, 15, 11, 7, 9, 14, 6
(d) The value of 9 tan2 30° – cos 0° + sec 60° is....
(e) The length of the diagonal of a square of area 200 cm2 is....
(f) The slant height of a cone of radius 7 cm and height 24 cm is this number.
(g) The no. of shares that can be bought when `10,800 is invested in `100 share standing at `108.
(h) If the circumference of a circle is 88 cm, then its diameter is....
(i) PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. If ∠ P = 65°, then ∠ R = ....
(j) Find the rate of return on a share of face value `100 bought at `125 if the dividend declared is 10%.
D
6. Activities on Circle Theorems E
C
1. (a) Draw a circle of any radius on a blank sheet of paper.
(b) Mark 5 points A, B, C, D, E as shown in the figure.
(c) Now trace ∠ADB. Place this replica on ∠ACB and ∠AEB.
A B
P
What do you observe?
Q
Write your conclusion and state the theorem.
O O
2. Draw two circles and mark their centres.

B D
A C

384 ICSE Mathematics—X

 (a) Mark points A, P, B in the first circle and C, D, Q in the second.
(b) Trace ∠APB and ∠CQD and make 2 replicas of each.
(c) Place the 2 replicas of ∠APB at the centre so that P falls at centre O, PA falls along OA and PB
of the second replica falls along OB.
(d) Similarly, in the next circle place the 2 replicas of ∠CQD so that point Q falls on O and QC
along OC and QD of the second replica falls along OD.
Write your observation and conclusion.
D
3. (a) Draw a circle of any radius on a blank paper.
(b) Take any 4 points A, B, C, D on the circle. Join AB, BC, CD and DA.
A C
Paint the 4 angles in 4 different colours.
(c) Trace the 4 angles and place the cut outs of ∠A and ∠C adjacent to each other.
B
Similarly, place ∠B and ∠D adjacent to each other.
(d) What do you observe? State the theorem on this observation.

∠A ∠B
∠C ∠D

7. Algebraic Identities
(a) Observe the following and state the algebraic identity in each.
(i) 1 × 3 is one less than 22 (ii) 102 + 10 + 11 = 112
3 × 5 is one less than 42 152 + 15 + 16 = 162
6 × 8 is one less than 72 192 + 19 + 20 = 202
(b) Observe the patterns given below and answer the questions

(i) 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 + 1 = 25 (ii) 12 + 22 + 22 = 32 (iii) 1 + 1 = 3

2 2
2 × 3 × 4 × 5 + 1 = 121 22 + 3 3 + 6 2 = 7 2
1 1 7
3 × 4 × 5 × 6 + 1 = 361 32 + 42 + 122 = 132 1+ + + =
2 4 4
4 × 5 × 6 × 7 + 1 = 841 52 + 62 +— = 312 1 1 1 15
1+ + + =
If a × b × c × d + 1 = 3025, 2 2
6 +7 +—=— 2 4 8 8
find a, b, c, d. 1 1 1 1 31
1+ + + + =
2 4 8 16 16
1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + + + + =
2 4 8 16 32 64
n −1
1 1
1 + + .................... +   =
2 2
(c) An ancient manuscript contained this statement x2 + bx + 30 = 0 has two integer roots. How
many possible values are there for b? Explain.

Appendix 385
8. Data Handling
(a) The teacher asks the students of his/her class for likes and dislikes of different subjects.
Tabulate the data as suggested below.
Subject/Division A B C D
Total no. of students
1. English like
dislike
neutral
2. Second language like
dislike
neutral
3. Mathematics like
dislike
neutral
4. Science like
dislike
neutral
5. Social studies like
dislike
neutral
(i) Each student picks up the data of his class (division) and draws a compound bar graph for the
5 subjects on the same graph sheet showing scale and colour key.
(ii) A pie chart is also drawn for each of the 3 subjects—English, Math and Science, showing colour
key, the calculation of angles, etc.
(iii) Give weightage as 4 marks for like option
2 marks for neutral option
0 mark for dislike option.
Tabulate the marks for each subject.
(iv) Analysis and Interpretation: Which is the most favourite subject and which is the least favourite.
What according to you could be the reason?

9. Mensuration
(i) Place thin circular rings (thin plastic bangles) one on top of the other to form a hollow cylinder.
The curved surface area of the cylinder can be obtained from the circumference of the circle ×
height of the cylinder.
Curved surface Area = 2πrh
(ii) Take a rectangular paper and roll it to form a cylinder — breadth of the paper becomes height
of the cylinder and the length of the paper becomes the circumference of the top/base circle

386 ICSE Mathematics—X

 and the area of the paper becomes the curved surface area of the cylinder. Roll the paper other
way also. Will the volume be different ? Verify by calculation.

(iii) Take a beaker from your laboratory and with a plastic sheet make a right circular cone of radius
and height the same as your beaker. Use sand or saw dust to verify the relationship between
their volumes.
(iv) If height of a cylinder is twice its radius and the volumes of a cone, cylinder and a sphere of
same radii are compared, what is the ratio of their volumes ?
(v) Draw a circle on thick coloured card paper and cut out a sector
from it. Join the two radii to form a cone. Calculate the radius, r l
curved surface area and volume of the cone formed. Observe
that radius of sector = slant height of cone.

10.  Jigsaw Puzzle

Paste these 9 pieces on a thick card paper. Like in a regular puzzle, join these in such a way that at
each joint the numbers from the two cards match.
Put together 9 square pieces to form a larger square, in such a way that at each joint the value of
expressions should correspond.
0.25 0.9 0.375
1/ 3

20%

2025
2–3
1/8

14

1728 3 3/8 64

12 45 1225
(0.3)2
0.13

0.33
10

1/5

3/3

3–2 4–1 (0.3)2

0.09 23 1/ 2
62 + 82
0.0169

0.09

25%

1/9
–4

3 5 0.013 352

Similarly, more puzzles can be made with trigonometric ratios, integers, fractions, etc.
Note: In the 2nd square bottom no. 3/8 written upside down.

Appendix 387
11.  Arithmetic Progression
(a) Geometrical Representation of the sum
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Using colour pencils, shade the first rectangle in the first row, shade the first 2 rectangles in the second
row and shade first 3 rectangles in the third row and so on till the last row is completed. How much
of the given big rectangle has been shaded?
How many small rectangles are shaded?
Can you state what is 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 10 = ______.
Give an expression for 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n = ______.
Hence state in terms of n the value of 2 + 4 + 6 + .... + 2n.
(b) Draw a square and divide it into 100 small equal squares as shown in the figure.

388 ICSE Mathematics—X

Colour the first square red. Now use green colour and colour the 3 squares around the first. Now use
yellow colour and colour the 5 squares around the green. This way completely colour the big square
sheet given to you, using different colours.
How many small squares have you coloured?
Can you state what is 1 + 3 + 5 + .... + 19 =....
  1 + 3 + 5 + .... + (2n – 1) =....
Write down the sum of first 50 odd numbers. Also find the sum of first 75 odd numbers.

12. Fibonacci Sequence

The sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,.... is known as Fibonacci sequence. The Italian mathematician
Leonardo de Pisa (1170–1250 A D) was known as Fibonacci.
This sequence has fascinated mathematicians for hundreds of years.
(i) Name a few arrangements in nature which follow this sequence.
(ii) Write 10 more terms of the sequence.
(iii) Take 2 successive numbers from the sequence and write your observations from the following:
(a) Add them.
(b) Divide each number by its previous number upto 15 terms.
Comment upon the quotient found upto 1 decimal place as the numbers get larger.
(c) Add squares of 2 successive terms. Find their sum for 6 such pairs
(12 + 12), (12 + 22), (22 + 32)....
(iv) Now take 3 successive terms. Do the following for 6 such sets and write your observations for
each of the following.
(a) Add them (1 + 1 + 2), (1 + 2 + 3), (2 + 3 + 5)....
(b) Find the product of the 2 extreme numbers and square of the middle no.
e.g., 2, 3, 5 (2 × 5), 32
(v) Take 4 successive terms and write your observations after each of the following.
(a) Find the sum of 6 such sets. (1 + 1 + 2 + 3), (1 + 2 + 3 + 5),....
(b) Find the product of 2 extremes and product of 2 middle terms in each of 6 sets.
e.g., 2, 3, 5, 8 (2 × 8), (3 × 5)
(vi) Take 3 sets of 10 consecutive numbers in the sequence.
Find their sum and compare with the seventh term of the group.
e.g., 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 8 + 13 + 21 + 34 + 55
Write a relation between the sum and the seventh term.

13.  Mathematical Clock

Take a thick coloured chart paper and cut out a circle of radius 10.5 cm from it. Calculate the area of the
circle and the area of the remaining paper. Now make a clock face on the circle but instead of writing
numbers from 1 to 12, express each number using three nines with any mathematical operations.

e.g., 7 = 9 − 9 + .9 or ( 9 )! + 99
The symbol ! stands for factorial e.g., 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24.

Appendix 389
14.  Srinivasa Ramanujan and his Magic Square
Ramanujan, a mathematics genius, was born at Erode, Tamilnadu in the year 1887. There are two incidents
narrated about his deep insight in mathematics.
One day his school teacher gave some examples on a number divided by itself and wanted Ramanujan
to give its generalisation. e.g. if three bananas were given to three boys, each boy would get a banana.
Ramanujan stood up and asked, “Sir, if no bananas are distributed to no students, will everyone get a
banana”? He then generalised the statement by saying that if any number other than zero, is divided
by the same number, the result will be one. He got a fellowship for higher education in Trinity in 1917.
When G.H. Hardy, a prominent mathematician, visited Ramanujan in hospital, he said that his taxi had
the license plate number 1729, unlucky because 13 was a factor of the number. Ramanujan immediately
replied that in fact it was a fantastic number, being the smallest which could be represented as the sum
of two cubes in two different ways. 1729 is known as Ramanujan number.
His conjecture, theorems and even his “lost notebook” laid foundation for a major branch of modern
mathematics.
Magic square is an arrangement of distinct numbers, usually integers, in a square grid, where the
numbers in each row, in each column and the two diagonals, all add up to the same total. Ramanujan’s
magic square is a 4 × 4 square grid which satisfies the above properties and many more.

22 12 18 87 22 18 87

88 17 9 25 88 17

10 24 89 16 16

19 86 23 11 19 11

Apart from each row, each column and each diagonal’s numbers adding up to 139, there are some
combinations shown here by linked dots giving same total.

12 18 22 18 22 12 18 87

88 25 17 25 88 17 9 25

10 16 10 89 10 24 89 16

86 23 86 11 19 86 23 11
Questions
1. Can you state how 1729 can be expressed as a sum of two cubes in two different ways?
2. Why is the first row special in Ramanujan’s square?
3. Give 3 more combinations of numbers from the magic square which give the same total 139.
4. Make a 3 × 3 magic square by writing numbers from 1 to 9.

390 ICSE Mathematics—X

 Appendix II
SI Units (International Symbol of Units)
The metric system of measurement of length, mass, capacity and time done by the International System
of Units which is called S.I. Unit. The basic units of measurements are metre, kilogram and second.
Note the following points.
1. The same symbol is used for both singular and plural. e.g., 5 centimetres is written as 5 cm and
not cms. 3 kilograms is written as 3 kg and not 3 kgs.
2. A dot is not placed after symbol for units unless it occurs at the end of the sentence.
3. The square and cubic units are written in exponential form. e.g., 14 square centimetres is written
as 14 cm2. 8 cubic metres is written as 8 m3.
4. When a rate of units is written, a slanting stroke (/) is put. e.g., speed of a car is expressed as km/h
or m/sec or m/s or they can be even written as ms–1 or km–1.
5. The scientific way of expressing a number is as a product of two quantities, the first quantity is a
number greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10 and the second quantity is a power of 10.
e.g., 3456 = 3.456 × 103 or 0.237 = 2.37 × 10–2
MEASURES OF LENGTH WITH SYMBOLS

10 millimetres (mm) = 1 centimetre (cm) Measures of Mass

10 centimetres (cm) = 1 decimetre (dm) 10 milligrams (mg) = 1 centigram (cg)
10 decimetres (dm) = 1 metre (m)
10 centigrams (cg) = 1 decagram (dg)
10 metres (m) = 1 dekametre (dkm)
10 decagrams (dg) = 1 gram (g)
10 dekametres (dkm) = 1 hectometre (1 hm)
10 grams (g) = 1 dekagram (dkg)
10 hectometres (hm) = 1 kilometre (1 km)
Square units 10 dekagrams (dkg) = 1 hectogram (hg)

100 mm2 = 1 cm2 10 hectograms (hg) = 1 kilogram (kg)

100 cm2 = 1 dm2 1 tonne = 1000 kg
100 dm2 = 1 m2 Measures of Capacity
100 m2 = 1 dkm2 10 millilitres (mL) = 1 centilitre (cL)
100 dkm2 = 1 km2
10 centilitres (cL) = 1 decilitre (dL)
100 m2 = 1 are
10 decilitres (dL) = 1 litre (L)
100 ares = 10000 m2 = 1 hectare
10 litres (L) = 1 dekalitre (dkL)
Cubic units
1000 mm3 = 1 cm3 10 dekalitres (dkL) = 1 hectolitre (1 hL)
1000 cm3 = 1 dm3 10 hectolitre (hL) = 1 kilolitre (1 kL)
1000 dm3 = 1 m3 Commonly used in Volume
1000 m3 = 1 dkm3 1000 mL = 1 L
1000 dkm3 = 1 hm3 1000 L = 1 m3
1000 hm3 = 1 km3

Appendix 391
 Appendix III
Symbols and Abbreviations
 : Identically equal to Ext. : Exterior
↔ : is equivalent to vert. opp. : Vertically opposite
 : is not equivalent to st. line : Straight line
⇒ : implies that adj. : Adjacent
⇔ : logically equivalent to  : Circle
∪ : Union ce : Circumference
∩ : Intersection  : Arc ABC
ABC
f : The empty set sq. : Square
 : Universal set rect. : Rectangle
 : belongs to quad. : Quadrilateral
 : does not belong to √ : positive square root
 : is contained in s.f. : significant figure
N : The set of natural (counting) numbers d.p. : decimal place
W : The set of whole numbers
f(x). : f of x
Z or I : The set of integers
S : The sum of
Q : The set of rational numbers
Q1 : Lower quartile
Q′ : The set of irrational numbers
Q2 : Median or second quartile
R : The set of real numbers
Q3 : Upper Quartile
≥ : greater than or equal to
SI : Simple Interest
≤ : less than or equal to
CI : Compound Interest
@ : is congruent to
SP : Selling Price
~ : is similar to
CP : Cost Price
|| : is parallel to
MP : Marked Price
^ : is perpendicular to
co-od : Co-ordinates
||gm : Parallelogram
D : Triangle \ : Therefore

rt. ∠ : Right angle Q : Since

alt. : Alternate km/h : kilometre per hour

corr. : Corresponding m/s : metre per second

Int. : Interior P(A) : Probability of event A

392 ICSE Mathematics—X

 ANSWERS
EXERCISE 1 BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
1.
`250 2. `9 , `9 1. `500 2. `6811.20
3. `1236 4. 7%
3.
(i) `30 (ii) `48 (iii) `4256
5. `40,440 6. (i) `7500 (ii) 12%
4.
(i) `90 (ii) `90 (iii) `630 7. (i) `6250 (ii) 10% 8. `8421
5.
(i) `60 (ii) `72 (iii) `8064 (iv) `432 9. `200 10. 6% 11. (i) `1500 (ii) `25,500
6.
(i) `10325 (ii) `14750 (iii) `337.50 12.
(i) `2000 (ii) `80, 325

7.
(i) `11424 (ii) (a) `36, (b) `72 (iii) `13440 EXERCISE 3
8.
(i) (a) `56.25, (b) `11.25 (ii) `15 (iii) `3150 1.
`224
9.
(i) `750 (ii) `45 10. (i) `28800 (ii) `700 2.
(i) `7500 (ii) `720 (iii) 9.6%
11.
(i) `8 (ii) `1848 (iii) `44 3.
(i) `80,000 (ii) `100 (iii) `80
12.
(i) `40.50 (ii) `4956 (iii) `432 (iv) `5664 4.
(i) 60 (ii) `225 5. (i) `24 (ii) `16,800
6. (i) `6864 (ii) `624 (iii) 20
13.
(i) `36 (ii) `2688 14. `35840
2 7. (i) 670 (ii) `6030
15.
`2832 16. (i) `9408 (ii) ` 6 % 8. (i) `5400 (ii) `29,400
3
17.
(i) `28320 (ii) `20% (iii) `35400 9. `3250 10. `8000
18.
(i) `30000 (ii) `34560 (iii) `280 11.
`16 12. `60
19.
`30000 13.
15% 14. 18%
1
15.
(i) 40 (ii) 10% 16. (i) 7 % (ii) `3600
20.
(i) `5000 (ii) `5310 (iii) `90 2
21.
(i) `47082 (ii) `3591, `3591 17.
`56 18. `18
19.
`540, `1080 20. `450, `150
22.
(i) 28% (ii) `45000 (iii) `12600
21.
`84 22. `3600
23.
`63 24. (i) `4200 (ii) `200 23.
`9600, `5400 24. (i) `300, (ii) `4500
1
25.
(i) `168 (ii) `1568 (iii) `14336 25.
12%, `4200 26. `585, 7 %
2
EXERCISE 2 27.
(i) `320  (ii) `1200 28. 60
1
1. `16,842 2. `22,725 29.
(i) `3000  (ii) 12 %
2
3. `39,000 4. `24,597
30.
Company B, `4500
5. 8% 6. 7%
31.
(i) 80 (ii) `12,800 (iii) 320 (iv) `960
7. 6% 8. 14%
9. `1500 10. `800 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
11.
`250 12. `400, `16176 1.
(i) `8750 (ii) `525 (iii) 14
13.
15 months 14. 10 months 2.
(i) 80   (ii) 15%
15.
8 months 16. 12 3.
(i) `30 (ii) `240 4. (i) 400 (ii) `4800
17.
8%, `20,220 5.
`48,000
1
6.
(i) 80 (ii) `4800 (iii) 12 %
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 2
1.
6% 2. 8% 7.
`130 8. 8%
3.
`300 4. `200 9.
(i) `5200 (ii) `31200
1
5.
`500 6. `9930 (i) `600 (ii) `900  (iii) 3 %
10.
8
7.
20 8. 9%, `26,790
11.
(i) `700  (ii) `900 (iii) 2.5%

Answers 393
BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS 1
6.
{x : ≤ x < 2, x ∈ R}
1. (i) `9600 (ii) 200 (iii) `1800 2
2. (i) `4320 (ii) 12.5%
0 1 1 2 3
3. `27,000, 11% 2
{x : –3 < x ≤ 2, x ∈ R}
7.
4. (i) `50,000 (ii) `360 (iii) `125
5. (i) `120    (ii) `8400
6. (i) `8184 (ii) `465 (iii) 20
– – – – 0 1 2 3
7 1
7. (i) 700 (ii) `2730 (iii) 13 % {x : –1 ≤ x < 2 , x ∈ R}
8.
11 2
8. (i) 242 (ii) `3630 (iii) 12.5%
– – 0 1 2 3
9. (i) `1260 (ii) 7.5%
21
10. (i) `66,000 (ii) `1452 (iii) `165 2

11. (i) 300 (ii) `4500 (iii) 13% 9.

{1, 2, 3}
0 1 2 3 4
12. (i) `9000 (ii) 72 (iii) `624 10.
{0, 1, 2, 3}
– 0 1 2 3 4
13. (i) 120 (ii) `2160 (iii) 22 1 % 11.
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
14. (i) `6600 (ii) `375 (iii) 20 {x : –3 ≤ x < –2, x ∈ R}
12.
15. (i) 825 (ii) `32
– – – –
EXERCISE 4 0

I. 1. {x : x > 3, x∈R} 2
2 3 4 5 6 7 IV. 1. {x : 2 ≤ x < 4 , x ∈ R}
3
{x : x ≥ 4, x∈R}
2.
3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1 2 3 4 5
{x : x ≥ 5, x∈R}
3. 4
2
4 5 6 7 8 9 3

{x : x ≥ 6, x∈R}
4. {x : 2 < x ≤ 3, x ∈ R}
2.
5 6 7 8 9

{x : x < 1, x∈R}
5.
– – – 0 1 2
1 2 3 4
{x : x ≥ 3, x∈R}
6. {x : –4 < x ≤ 3, x ∈ R}
3.
1 2 3 4 5

II. 1. {–4, –5, –6} 2. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
1 1
3.
{5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ...} 4. {..., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1} 4.
{x : – ≤ x < 2 , x ∈ R}
2 4
1
(i) 2 4 (ii) 3
5. 6. {5, 7, 11, 13}

III. 1. {10, 11, 12} 

9 10 11 12 13
5.
{3, 4, 5}
2.
{0, 1, 2, 3} 
– 0 1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5 6
6.
{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
3.
{–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7.
{–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
– – – – 0 1 2 3

4.
{–2, –1, 0} – – – 0 1 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5

1 1
5.
{x : – 4 ≤ x < 3, x ∈ R} {x: – 4 < x < 1, x ∈ R}
8.
2 2

– – – – – 0 1 2 3 4

– 12
394 ICSE Mathematics—X
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 6. SS = {5, 6}
4 5 6 7
1. {–1, 0, 1, 2, 3} 7. {x : x ≥ 4, x ∈ R}
– – – 0 1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5 6 7
2. {x : –2 < x ≤ 1, x ∈ R}
8. {x : –1 ≤ x < 5, x ∈ R}
– – – 0 1 2
3. {1, 2, 3}
0 1 2 3 4
9. {x : –3 ≤ x < 3, x ∈ R}
4. {x : 2 ≤ x < 3, x ∈ R}
0 1 2 3 4
5. {2, 3}
1 2 3 4 10. {y : –2 ≤ y < 4, y ∈ R}
6. {5, 6, 7, 8, 9...}
4 5 6 7 8 9 10

7. (i)
 3 
11.  x : − 2 ≤ x < 3 , x ∈ R 
(ii)  4 

(iii) –3         (iv) 5
8. {x : –4 ≤ x < 5, x ∈ R}

12. {–3, –2, –1, 0, 1}

9. (i)  A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  3 
13.  x : 1 ≤ x < 3, x ∈ R 
 5 
  B

0 1 13 2 3 4
(ii) A ∩ B 5

10. {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} 14. {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

15.  x : − 3 ≤ x < 2, x ∈ R 
BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS  2 
 3 
1.  x : − ≤ x < 5, x ∈ R 
 2 

EXERCISE 5A
2. {x : x ≥ 6, x ∈ R}
1. (i) 10, – 4 (ii) –22, 6
5 1 −5
(iii) , 12 (iv) ,
3. {x : –3 < x ≤ 3, x ∈ R} 3 3 2
30 5
(v) −3, (vi) 3,
7 3
4. {x : –3 ≤ x < 1.4, x ∈ R} 13
2. (i) ±
3
(ii) 9, the other root –2 is rejected because
−2 + 27 = 25 = 5 not – 5
5. {x : 2.5 ≤ x ≤ 4, x ∈ R}
(iii) 4
0 1 2 3 4
2.5
Answers 395
 −7 EXERCISE 5D
3. (i) – 6, 1 (ii) 2,
2 1. 12 cm or 18 cm 2. 3 m, 6 m
27 8 3. 18 m 4. 3 m
(iii) 1, (iv) −2,
5 3 5. 14 m, 5 m 6. 5 m, 40 m
−26
(v) −1, (vi) ±1, –2, – 4
7 EXERCISE 5E
7 2 −7 1. 8 cm, 15 cm, 17 cm
4. (i) , (ii) 4,
2 3 3 2. 4 cm 3. 8
−7 2 4. 24 cm, 18 cm 5. 9
(iii) 3, (iv) 3,
5 3
−17 −6 EXERCISE 5F
(v) 2, (vi) 4,
13 7 1. 30 years, 5 years
(vii) 5, 12 (viii) 9, – 4 2. 30 years, 10 years 3. 9 years, 39 years
(ix) 12, 27
4. 11 years, 53 years 5. 3 years, 4 years
5. (i) 9, 1 (ii) 2, – 8
6. 19 years, 13 years
−1 2
(iii) −3, (iv) , −2 5
3 5 EXERCISE 5G
EXERCISE 5B 1. 45 km/h 2. 50, 9.45 a.m.
1. (i) 6.28, –1.28 (ii) 10.18, –1.18 3. 240 km/h 4. 5 km/h
(iii) 2.62, 0.38 (iv) 3.77, – 0.27 5. 50 km/h 6. 400 km/h
(v) 1.68, –1.08 (vi) 1.22, – 8.22 7. 10 km/h 8. 3 km/h
(vii) 3.19, – 0.94 (viii) 7.79, 3.21 9. 15 10. 40 km/h, 60 km/h
2. (i) 3.73, 0.268 (ii) 5.46, –1.46
EXERCISE 5H
(iii) 4.85, –1.85 (iv) 6.53, –1.53
(v) 3.64, – 0.138 (vi) 1.39, 0.360 1. `120 2. `60
(vii) 0.265, –2.27 (viii) 3.62, 1.38 3. 12 4. 16
(ix) 11.9, 1.09 5. 30 6. 25
3. (i) rational and unequal (ii) imaginary 7. 25 8. 35, `1400
(iii) irrational and unequal
(iv) real and equal (v) irrational and unequal MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
(vi) real and equal
−6 −7 −9
4. (i) 6, –2 (ii) 3, –9 1. (i) 2, (ii) ,
(iii) 5 (iv) 3, –5 7 4 2
(v) 10, –2 (vi) 2 2. (i) imaginary (ii) real and equal
1 3. (i) 20, 5  (ii) 6, 12
5. (i) k ≤ 6 (ii) k ≥ 6, k ≤ – 6
4 4. (i) 1.89, 0.106 (ii) 4.37, – 1.37
5
−1 5. (i) k = – 4, x = –1 (ii) k = 3, x = −
(iii) k ≥ 4
4 6. 20th 7. 40 km/h
4 1 8. 30 9. 75 10. 63
6. (i) 10, − (ii) 5, −
7 7
BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
EXERCISE 5C
1. 14, 16 2. 3, 6 3. 12, 16 600 600
1. − = 5; 40
4. 8, 12 5. 64 6. 11, 12, 13 x x + 20
7 400 400
7. 3 8. 24 or 48 9. 2. (i) , (ii) x = 20, 16 litres
9 x x+5

396 ICSE Mathematics—X

 216 208 3 13
3.
(i)  (ii) (iii) x = 36 (iv) 52 km/h 23.
(i) (ii)
x x + 16 2 5
`600 (i) a = 8, b = 27
24. (ii) a = 3, b = 48
4.
(i) (ii) x = 24
x
5.
8 6. 9.36, 0.64
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
400 400 1.
3 : 1 3. 2 4. 11
7.
(i)  (ii) ; 160 7.
3, 12 9. 6 11. 9
x x + 40
8.
(i) 30 (ii) 1200 BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
9.
–1.37, 1.70 10. 6 2.
24, 40 4. 3
11. 30 km/h 12. 45 6.
2 7. 3 : 2
13. (i) 5 years (ii) 30 years x = 7
9. 10. 3, 12
14.
16 1
11.
`200, `280 13. ±2 or ± 14. 4 : 3
2
15.
60 km/h 113 5
16.
(i) 8 : 7 (ii) 17. ±
4 15 8
16. 17. 20
3
EXERCISE 7
18. 48 km/h 19. –1, 4
20.
9, 1 21. 48 1. (i) 20 (ii) –31
(iii) 7 (iv) –9 2. 3
22. 23 23. 3, 5
3. (i) 4 (ii) –3
24.
50 Children 25. 27, 30
(iii) –5, Yes (iv) 10, Yes
EXERCISE 6 (v) –7, Yes
1. (i) 96, 120 (ii) 48, 54 (iii) 56, 91 4. (i) a = 7, b = 6 (ii) a = – 5, b = 3
2. 32 years, 40 years (iii) a = –1, b = –5 (iv) a = –7, b = 15
3.
`600, `500 4. 810 (v) a = 3, b = –20, 5x + 3 (vi) a = –10, b = 8

(i) 10a2b2 (ii) 6y

5. 5. (i) (x + 3) (x – 2) (x + 2)
xy (ii) (x + 2) (x – 2) (2x – 3)
(iii) 6 (iv)
x+y (iii) (x – 1)2 (x + 2)
(iv) (x – 15) (x + 2) (x – 2)
(i) 18ab4 (ii) ab
6.
(v) (x + 2) (2x + 3) (3x – 1)
7.
(i) 5 (ii) 11
6. (i) (x – 2) (x + 2) (x – 3)
8.
(i) 2 (ii) 3 (iii) 3
(ii) (x + 1) (x – 2) (x + 3)
9.
(i) 8, 32 (ii) 6, 24
(iii) (x + 2) (x – 5) (2x – 3)
13.
(i) 7 (ii) 2
(iv) (x + 1) (2x + 1) (3x – 2)
(iii) 12 (iv) 5
(v) (x – 2) (x + 3) (3x – 1)
15.
(ii) 2 : 3 (iii) 2     (iv) 4.5
1 3 (vi) (x – 2) (3x + 1) (4x – 3)
(v) ± 3, ± (vi) ± 2, ±    (vii) 2 : 3
3 2 7. (i) 4 (ii) 5 (iii) 3
16.
(i) 2 (ii) 2 (iv) 2 (v) 6
17.
(i) 16, 36 (ii) 12, 27 8. (i) –2 (ii) 5
20.
Raju –90, Umesh – 60, Sammi – 40 9. (i) 2 (ii) 21
21.
(i) 3 or 0 (ii) 7 or 0 10. (i) p = 6, q = 11 (ii) a = 10, b = –37
9 17
22.
(i) 5 : 2 (ii) (iii) MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
5 8
1.
6 2. 2

Answers 397
 3. 5 4. 3 EXERCISE 8B
5. 2 6. a = 2, b = –7
7. a = 3, b = –12 8. (x – 5) (x + 2) (2x + 3) 13 −1  −4 19 
1.   2.  
9. (x + 2) (x + 5) (3x – 2) 0 0  −18 −18 
10. –11 11. a = 7, yes  9 −14  3 3
3.   4.  
12. k = –13, (x + 2) (x – 5) (3x – 4)  −14 9  3 3
5. (i) x = 3, y = ± 2, z = –7
BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
(ii) x = 3, y = 1 or 3, z = 4
1. –2 2. a = 3, b = – 4
−7 5 
3. (x – 1) (x – 3)2 4. –2 6.   7. 2, –8
 6 2
5. (x + 1) (x + 2) (x – 2)
4 1 
6. a = –3, b = –1 7. (x – 2) (x + 1) (2x + 7) 8.  
8. (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 4)  1 −6 

9. (i) 5  (ii) (x – 2) (x + 1) (2x + 1) −1 2  0 0  0 2 

9. (i)   (ii)   (iii)  
10. a = 9, b = 6 11. (x – 2) (2x – 1) (x + 3)  3 −4  0 0   3 −3 
12. k = 13, yes 13. (x + 3) (x – 2) (3x – 1) 0
−4 −5   
14. 5,
14. a =–11
5, b = –11 15. (x + 13) (x – 2) (x – 1) 10.   11. 17 
16. 3 17. 13  6 −11  6 
18. (x – 2) (x + 1) (2x + 5)
6 1   0 9
12. (i)   (ii)  
EXERCISE 8A  1 12   −9 0 

4 6 2 2  8 
1. (i)  (ii)  13.   14. 1, –2
   −10 
12 14   −2 −2

9 7  18 15  8 3  −5 3 
2. (i)  (ii)  15.   16.  
   1 −9   1 3
8 6  15 12 
17. 2, 3 18. 3, –2
 0 1
(iii)  
 −1 0  EXERCISE 8C
3. a = –1, b = 2 8 0  5 0
4. a = 4, b = 3, c = 2, d = 1, e = 15, f = 11 1.   2.  
0 8  0 5 
2 5
   1 −1
5. A′ =  3 6  . Not possible because the order of 4.   5. x = 6, y = –2
 4 7   −1 1 
6. x = 6, y = 3 7. a = 5, b = –1
matrices is not same.
8. x = –3, y = 2, z = –4
6. (i) Row Matrix 1 × 3
11 6 
(ii) Rectangular Matrix 2 × 3 9. (i)   (ii) k = 1
 3 2
(iii) Rectangular Matrix 3 × 2
(iv) Column Matrix 2 × 1  10 
 
(v) Square Matrix 2 × 2 10. a = 2, b = 3 11.  −26 
(vi) Unit Matrix 2 × 2  (vii) Null Matrix 2 × 3  8 
0 9 12. a = 4, b = –5
7.  
16 15  13. a = –2, b = –4, c = 7

398 ICSE Mathematics—X

 16 0  12 0  k = 14
14.
14. (i)   (ii)  
 −1 12  15.
Yes [34 57], No. of columns in A = No. of rows
 0 16 
in B
−11 −2 
15.  
 3 4 BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
16. a = 2, b = 1, c = 1, d = 0 −1 1 
1.  x = 3, y = 0
 2.
17. a = –2, b = 1, c = 2, d = 3
 1 −1
 3 −2  6 12 
18.   19.   5 0
 −1 1  8 9  3. 4.  
0 5
0 
20.   21. x = 3, y = 4 x = 3, y = –10
5. 6. x = 3, y = 2  7. x = 36
0 
4 9
22. x = 3, y = –2 x = 2, y = –8
8. 9.  
 5 4
−2 
23. (i) 2 × 1 (ii)   4 1
3 10.
1 −6
11. p = 8, q = 4
24. x = –2, y = –7 25. a = 4, b = 1 0  13 14 
x = 2, y = 1
12. 13.       14.  
11 10  0  14 13
26. x = – 2, y = – 4 27.  
10 11 15.
Yes, no. of columns in A = no. of rows in B.

13 11  26   26 
28.   29.  
AB =  
11 13  25  0
30. x = 2, y = 3 31. a = 3, b = 2 11 −3 0 0  −2 5
 3 16.   17.       18.  
32. x = 2, y = 2 33.   16 2   0 0   3 1
 5
x = 1, y = 2
19. 20. x = 3, y = –2
34. 3 35. a = –2, b = 5
36. a = 2, b = 1 −23 3
21.   22. x = 4, y = –1
37. (i) [11 6] (ii) [30 16]  17 6 
38. (i) a = 1, b = 4 (ii) (a) 1 × 2 (b) [7 8]  30 52 
23.   24. –14
 2 −3  40 −14 
39.  
16 21
−15 40  1 0
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 25.   26.  
 1 33  0 1
a = 1, b = –5, c = 3 2. x = –3, y = 4
1. EXERCISE 9A
 5 2
x = 6, y = 3, z = 6 4.       5.
3.   1. 25 2. 13th term
6  − 4 3. 19th term 4. –127
14 0  2 0 5. –30 6. 3n – 1, 35
6.
  7.      8. x = 1, y = 4 7. No, it will be a fraction 8. 23rd term
 0 14  0 2
10. (
1 + mn − m) (6m + 1)
 19  9. 16th term ,
9.
Yes.   , No. of columns in A = No. of rows in B m m
0
11. 25th term 12. k = –2
10.
– 6 11. a = 2, b = –1 13. 31, 36, 41 14. 18, 26, 34
12.
Product of two non-zero matrices is a null matrix. 15. 20th term, –30 16. 7, 40
17. 16, 21, 26, 31, ..., and 86 18. 209
 2 3 6 8
13.
X=  , Y =   19. –32 20. 2, 7, 12, 17....
7 9   4 5 21. –1, 2, 5, 8, .... 22. 15

Answers 399
 23. 10th term 26. 128
14. −4 , −8 , −16 , .... or 4, − 8, 16,....
3 3 3 3
27. 4, 8, 12, 16 or 16, 12, 8, 4 28. 31   29.
2 7 , 7
4 5 15. 3, –6, 12, –24 16.
30. ,    31. 41 32. 58   33. –3, 2, 7, 12 1024 2n
3 3
17. 2059 18. 6
EXERCISE 9B 19. (i) 13th (ii) 8th
1. (i) 676 (ii) 585 (iii) 1600 (iv) 1090 (iii) 7th (iv) 13th
2. 11 3. 23
(v) 12th term (vi) 20th term
4. 156375 5. 3479
(vii) 8th term
6. 11 or 5 (a6 + a7 + ...a11 = 0)
20. 8 terms 21. 2, 6, 18, ....
7. 0 8. 4 or 11
22. 6144 23. 729
9. 20 months 10. 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, ...., 15
11. –840 12. 8850   13. 15000 1 1
24. , , 2, 8, 32,.... 25. 3280
14. 6 or 12 15. 19 rows 6 pipes 8 2
1
1 − (0.1) 
30
16. 404 17. 1635 26. ±1 27. (i)
6  
18. 150 19. 1525
(ii) 1023 (iii) 6560
20. 4, 10, 16, 22 or 22, 16, 10, 4
21. 52 22. 5610
1 1 n  1
23. 1470 28.
13
, 3,
26
(3 − 1) 29. 512  1 − n  , 504
 2 
24. 3, –1, –5, –9, –13,.... 25. 25
26. 3 27. 252 30. 480, 30 × 2n 31. 2, 6, 18, 54, ....
28. `38,400 30. 3 n−1
31. 67, 69, 71 32. `1,10,000 1
32. (i) 6 ×   , 0.0000768
33. `325, `775 34. 63 5
35. 2310 36. 4905 3 3 1 1 1 1
(ii) 33. , , ,
(–4)n , 4096 16 8 4 2
EXERCISE 9C 34. 9, 18, 36

10  1 
1. (i) 1 − 1 (ii)  1 − 10 n  MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
2 n
9
1. 29 2. 26 3. –3 4. 36 5. 1760 6. 10th term 7. 66
35   4  
n

 1 −    (iv) 4n –1
(iii) 3 8. –3 9. 1,5,9,13... 10. d = 1 , a = 8 11. 2 12. –128
  7   2
1 13. 2 14. r = , a = 40 15. 2 , 2 , 2 , 2...
1
1 − (−3) 
n
(v) 243 2 27 9 3
2 
1 16. (i) 5n, 510 (ii) (–2)n–1, –512
2. r = , GP = 288, 144, 72, 36, ...
2 (iii) 3n–3, 2187 (iv) 4n – 1, 39
4 5 5 4 17.  `40, `40960 18. 3072
3. , 1, or , 1,
5 4 4 5 19. (i) AP  (ii) N  (iii) AP  (iv) N
1023
4. 12 terms 5. (v) AP  (vi) GP (vii) AP  (viii) GP
512
6. r = 2, S10 = 4092 7. 243 (ix) AP  (x) N  (xi) AP   (xii) GP

27 9 3 2 20. –16 21. 2, 12, 22, ..., 92

8. 3072 9. , , , 1, , ....
8 4 2 3 22. n = 10 23. 24th term
125 25 5 2
10. 10 11. , , , 1, ,.... 1 1
8 4 2 5 24. d = ,1 25. 120
3 2
  1 n
 1023
12. 10 13. 4 1 −  −  , 26. 15, 10, 5, or 8, 10, 12 27. 5
  2   256
400 ICSE Mathematics—X
 1 5.
28. 1175 29. 10    30. 2
5 6.
2
31. 8   32. 4, 8, 14, 20, ...  33. r = , S6 = 665
3
34. r = ± 3, GP = 1, 3, 9, 27, ... or 1, – 3, 9, –27...
BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
1. n = 6, 189 2. a = 14, d = ± 12
3. (i) –1, (ii) 3, (iii) 550
BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
EXERCISE 10
1. (i) (4, –3) (ii) (2, 5)
(iii) x-axis (iv) y-axis
(v) Origin (vi) (0, 6)
(vii) (–3, 0)
2. (i) y = 0, x = 0 (ii) (3, –4); (–5, 2)
(iii) (–3, 4); (5, –2)
(iv) Reflection in origin
3. (ii) Rhombus
(iii) 24 sq. units, 20 units
4. (ii) Rhombus (iii) Diagonals
5. (iii) Hexagon, y-axis 6. x = 5
7. Isosceles trapezium; 16 sq. units; (0, 2), (0, 0)
8. (i) (0, –2), (–3, –2) (ii) Parallelogram
(iii) 16 units, 12 sq units (iv) P and P’
9. (1, 2), (–3, 5), (–1, 0); Isosceles trapezium
10. (i) Arrowhead (ii) y = 0
(iii) B and C
11. P’(–4, –2), Q’(2, –4); square; 4
12. Parallelogram, 24 sq. units; Q (0, 3), S (0, –3)
13. (ii) A’ = (2, –1), C’ = (8, –1)
(iii) Pentagon   (iv) 20 units  (v) x = 5
14. (2, –2), (6, 3)
15. (i) (5, 2) (ii) (3, –2)
(iii) Rhombus, 16 sq. units
16. (4, –5), (–2,–5); Square
17. (0, –4), (2, 2); Isosceles trapezium, 36 sq. units
18. (4, –3), (7, 2); Kite; x = 4; 18 sq. units
EXERCISE 11A
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1.
A′ (– 6, 3), B′ (–3, –1); Isosceles trapezium;
28 units
2.
A′ (–7, 4), B′ (0, 2); Arrowhead, 28 sq. units
3.
Q(– 4, –2), M(4, 0), N(– 4, 0); Parallelogram,
16 sq. units
4.
A′ (2, – 4), B′ (–1, 2); Kite,
R (4, –3); Rhombus, 20 units, 24 sq. units
(iii) A′ (4, – 4), B′ (–2, –2)  (iv) Rhombus
7.
(iii) A′ (4, 2), B′ (2, 0)    (iv) Kite
8. (i) A′ (1, 0), B′ (4, –3) (ii) Arrowhead
(iii) 6 sq. units
9.
(i) A′(3, –4), B′(–3, –4), C′(–6, 0)
(ii) hexagon (iii) 32 units
(iii) (a) isosceles trapezium (b) x-axis
1.
  (c) 45° (d) (–3, –2) (e) reflection in y-axis
(i) a = 5, b = 2 (ii) P″(–5, 2) (iii) reflecting in origin
2.
a = 2, b = 3, P″(–2, 3), P″′(6, 3)
3.
4.
(ii) A′(3, –5) (iii) B′(–2, 4)
(iv) Isosceles trapezium (v) (3, 0)(–2, 0)
5.
(i) (3, 2)  (ii) (–3, –2)  (iii) (–3, 2)  (iv) (–3, 2)
6.
(i) P′(3, – 4); O′(6, 0) (ii) 8, 6 (iii) 20 (iv) rhombus
7.
(a) (–3, –2) (b) Parallelogram, 12 sq. units
(c) (i) (3, 0)  (ii) (–3, 0)  (iii) (–3, 0)
8.
Isosceles trapezium A′(–1, –1), B(–5, –1), C(– 4, –2),
D(–2, –2); Yes, collinear
(i) y-axis  (ii) (2, 4)  (iii) 0  (iv) (2, 4)
9.
10.
(i) A′(–2, –3); B′(– 4, –5); C′(–7, –2)
(ii) A″(2, –3); B″(4, –5); C″(7, –2)
(iii) Isosceles trapezium; 21 sq. units
11.
(i) (–2, –4)  (ii) (–2, 4)  (iii) right angled triangle
(iv) 16 sq. units
12.
(ii) A′(4, –6) (iii) B′(7, 2) (iv) Kite
13.
(ii) (–3, –2) (iii) arrowhead (iv) x = 0
14.
(iii) A′(– 4, 4); B′(–4, –6); C′(–8, 0)
(iv) hexagon
15.
(ii) A′(–6, –4); B′(0, –4) (iii) Parallelogram
(iv) 32 units
(i) A′(4, 4); B′(3, 0)  (ii) hexagon (iii) y-axis
16.
1. (i) (3, 2) (ii) (3, –5) (iii) (3, 14)
2. (2, 4)
3. (i) (7, –1) (ii) (3, –2) 4. (10, 7)
5.
1 : 3 6. 5 : 7 7. 1 : 2
8.
3 : 4 9. 1 : 2; (1, 0) 10. 2 : 3; (0, 1)
11.
4 : 3, 5 12. 1 : 2, 3
Answers 401
 13.
A(5, 0), B(0, 10) 14. A(–5, 0), B(0, 10) –4 –1
2. (i) (ii) (iii) –1
15.
A(0, 15), B(10, 0) 16. A(–15, 0), B(0, 3) 3 10
17. (i) (–4, 4), (–2, 8) (ii) (5, 1), (7, 8) −3 1 –1
3. (i) (ii) (iii)
2 2 3

(iii) (–3, 2), (3, 4)
4. (i) 10 (ii) 2 5. 7
18.
(1, 3) 19. (8, 1) 6. (i) 4 (ii) 5
EXERCISE 11B 7. (i) 3 (ii)
−1
(iii)
1
3 2
1. (i) (5, 1) (ii) (–2, 2)
8. 0, 0, 1, –1 9. 0, 0, 1, 1 10. 3
2. (i) (12, 9)  (ii) (8, –13)  (iii) a = –2, b = –19
11. (i) –11 (ii) (20, –4)
3. (–2, 8) 4. a = –1, b = –16
−2 −5
5. (3, 1) 6. (–17, 6) 12. (i) , 3 (ii) 2, (iii) 0, 3
3 2
7. a = – 4, b = – 7 9. (0, –3)
10. (8, 9); (–3, 13) 11. 3, 2 12. –2, 7 1 −8

(iv) , 0 (v) ,8
13. (0, 4) 14.  (6, –14) 2 5
15. (i) A(6, 0); B(0, –4) 13. (i) perpendicular (ii) 15

(ii) C(–8, 0); D(0, 10); 40 sq. units (iii) –14 (iv) 2 (v) –7
14. –2 15. 45°
16.
 (–6, 7)
16. (i) (2, 5) (ii) (1, 1)
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 17. (i) 30°, 45° (ii) 15°
1.
(i) 1 : 2; (5, 0) (ii) 2 : 1; (4, 3) 18.
Yes, yes 19. (i) L = (1, 2), M = (–7, 7)
2.
(i) (3, 5)    (ii) A (–3, 0); B (0, 9) A(–2, 0), B(4, 9) 21. (5, 1), k = –11
20.
a = –10, b = –1
3.
EXERCISE 12B
4.
P = (4, 3); Q = (6, 2) 5. (1, 1)
1. (i) y = x – 4 (ii)  3y = x – 1
k = –3, m = –5
6.
7.
(i) C = (–1, 2)   (ii) B = (–3, 0) (iii) x + y = 5 (iv) y = 3x + 5 + 4 3
2. 3x + 4y = 26 3. 2y = 5x + 23
BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
4. 2y = 3x + 14
1.
(i) (3, 4) (ii) 5 units (iii) 4 : 17
5. (i) y = 9x – 39 (ii) 2x + 5y + 7 = 0
2.
A(8, 0), B(0, –6) 3. (0, 0) (iii) 7y = 8x + 9 (iv) y = x + 5

4.
A(–6, 0), B(0, 6) 5. 3 : 5 y = 5x + 15
6. 7. x + 2y = 10
 23  8. (i) A(0, 2) (ii) 2y = 3x + 4
6.
(i) 4 : 3 (ii)  0,
  (iii) 24.5 cm2
7  9. (i) x + y = 4 (ii) y = x – 4
5  10. y = 2x – 8
7.
0, 3 : 5 8.  , 1
3  1
11. (i) (ii) 7x + y = 44  (iii) 6y = 5x – 7
9. a = 2, b = 3 7
10.
(4, –1) 11. 1 : 2 12. 7y = x – 19 13. 3y = 4x + 16
a = 7, b = 5; 5 units
12. y = x – 5
14. 15. y + 2x = 10
13. (i) 1 : 2 (ii) (0, 3) 2x + y + 2 = 0
16.
14.
(–7, 17) 15. A(–5, 0); B(0, 10) 17. (i) 2x + 5y = 16 (ii) x + 4y = 11
−9
16.
1 : 3; 18. (i) (–3, 0) (ii) 3x + 4y + 9 = 0
4
19. (i) y = 6 (ii) y = 2x + 16
EXERCISE 12A

(iii) (–5, 6) (iv) 25 sq. units
1 1
1.
(i) 0, (ii) 1, (iii) 3 , (iv)
3, 20. (i) (0, 6) (ii) 4y = –3x + 24
3 3

(iii) Yes
402 ICSE Mathematics—X
 21. (i) l2 is y = 3x (ii) l3 is x = 2 8. (i) x + y = 1  (ii) a = –2
(iii) l5 is y + 2 = 0 (iv) l4 is y + 3x = 0
9. (i) P = (–3, –2); Q = (5, 0); R = (5, 4)
(v) l1 is y = 2 – 3x (ii) PR : 4y = 3x + 1; QR : x = 5
(iii) 4y = 3x – 15
22. (i) x = 4 (ii) y = 3x + 5
10.
5x + 6y = 20

(iii) (4, 17); (2, 11)
11.
(i) (– 8, 13) (ii) 4y = 3x – 24
2y = 3x – 15 24. y = 2x + 8
23.
(i) (16, 8) (ii) y = x – 3
12.
25. (i) y = 3x – 17 (ii) 3x + 7y = 39
26. (i) (4, 9) (ii) 5x + 3y = 47 BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
27. (i) (6, 7) (ii) 2x + 3y = 33
1.
(i) 2x + 3y = 12 (ii) A(6, 0), B(0, 4); 12 sq. units
28. (i) A(1, 4); B(–2, 3); C(4, 0)
2.
2y = 3x + 4 3. 3y = 2x + 12; (–6, 0)
(ii) x + 2y = 9

4.
3x + 5y = 20 5. x + y = 5
29. (i) 3x + 2y = 12 (ii) (4, 0)   (iii) 1 : 2
30. (i) (6, 3) (ii) 2x + y = 15 x + 2y = 4
6.

(iii) (7.5, 0)  11 11 
(i)  ,
7. (ii) 3x + 3y = 22
 3 3 
31. (i) (0, 2); (5, 2)
(i) x + y = 3 (ii) A(3, 0); B(0, 3)  (iii) (1.5, 1.5)
8.
(ii) 3y = 4x + 6; y = 2; 2x + y = 12

−5
32. (i) 1, x = y (ii) (2, 0) (iii) x + y = 2 9. 10. 7y = 2x – 3
2

(iv) (0, 2)
(i) A(2, 3), B(–1, 2), C(3, 0)  (ii) x + 2y = 8
11.
y = x + 6
33. 34. (2, 3); B(3, 7) 2
12. 13. 3x + 2y = 2
35.
4x + 3y = 17 3
36. (i) y = x – 4 (ii) A(4, 0); B(0, –4) 14. (i) –2 (ii) 2y = x + 2 (iii) p = 0
37. (i) y = 4 (ii) y = –2x + 10 p = 6
15. 16. y = 7x – 35

(iii) (3, 4); (5, 0) (iv) 9 sq. units 3
17.
(i) A(4, 0), B(0, – 6) (ii) (iii) 2y = 3x – 12
2
38. (i) y + 3x = 11 (ii) 2
−3
39. (i) y = x + 2 (ii) A(–2, 0); B(0, 2) 18. (i) (ii) 4x – 3y + 4 = 0
4
40. (i) (0, 2) (ii) 4x + 3y = 6 19. (i) (3, –3) (ii) y = 4x – 12

(iii) (1.5, 0) 20.
– 9 21. y + 6x = 23
41. (i) A(–3, 6); B(–3, – 4); C(2, – 4) 4 or –1, 2x + 3y = 7 or y = x – 1
22.
(ii) 2x + y = 0 (iii) –3
(iv) – 4 23. (i) D (1, –2) (ii) y = 2x
42. (i) P (0, 6) (ii) 2y = x (i) (4, 0) (ii) 2 : 1 (iii) 3y = 2x –8
24.

(iii) Yes, the product of their slopes is –1. (i) A (6, 0), B (0, –3) (ii) 2x + y = 7
25.
26.
(i) –11  (ii) (20, –4)
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1.
15 2. 8 EXERCISE 13A
3.
9 1. (i) SAS (ii) AA
AB : 3y = x − 5 + 4 3 , AD : x = 5, AC : y = x – 1;
4. (iii) AA (iv) SAS
C (1, 0) (v) SAS (vi) AA
5.
(i) (3, 2) (ii) 5y = 4x – 2
(vii) AA
6.
(0, –2); 3x + 4y + 8 = 0
2. (i) 3 cm (ii) 4 : 25
(i) 2y = x – 2 (ii) x + y = 5 (iii) 5x + y = 3
7.
(iii) 4 : 21

Answers 403
 3. (i) 10 cm, 15 cm (ii) 9 : 25 7.
(i) 4.5 cm (ii) 4 : 9
4. (i) 4 cm, 5 cm (ii) 16 : 1 8.
(i) 256 cm2 (ii) 100 cm2
5. (i) 25 cm, 20 cm (ii) 9 : 25 9.
(i) 60 cm (ii) 60000 m2
10.
(i) 40 m (ii) 3 cm3
6. (ii) 15, 39 (iii) 1 : 9
11.
(i) 10.4 cm (ii) 6 km2
7. (ii) DBXA (iii) 1 : 9
12.
(ii) QR = 12 cm, PS = 4 cm (iii) 4 : 1
(iv) 12 cm, 2 cm
x=4
8. BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
9. (i) 90° (iii) 7.2 cm, 5.4 cm 1.
(a) (i) 800 m (ii) 4 m2
10. (ii) 4 cm (iii) 4 : 25 (iii) 1600000 m3
11. (ii) 6 cm 12. (ii) x = 4, y = 15 3 3 9

(b) (i) (ii)   (iii)
13.
(ii) (a) 4 : 9 (b) 4 : 25 (c) 9 : 25 5 5 25
2.
(a) (i) 2 km  (ii) 4 km2 (iii) 5 cm2
15. (ii) 7.8 cm, 7.2 cm (iii) 9 : 64
1
16.
(ii) 7.5 17. (ii) 2, 10, 25
(b) (i) 6   (ii)
8
18.
(ii) 7.5, 17.5 19. 4.5, 4.5, 3, 12
3.
(i) 7.5 km (ii) 37.5 km2
20.
16 m 2
4.
(i) 15 cm (ii) 10 cm
21. (ii) (a) 12 cm (b) 36 cm2 3
22.
24 cm 5. (i) 5 km (ii) 12 km2
23. (ii) x = 6 cm, y = 3 cm (iii) 9 : 25 6. (i) 3 : 7   (ii) 14
7. 10 cm 8. 6 cm
10. (i) 4 : 25 (ii) 4 : 9
EXERCISE 13B
11. (i) 24 m   (ii) 0.001 m3
1. (i) 26 cm (ii) 6.3 m2 12.
(ii) 10 cm (iii) 25 : 64
2. (i) 65 cm (ii) 5 m2 13.
(ii) 12 cm (iii) 9 : 4
14.
(ii) 10 cm (iii) 9 : 4
3. (i) 37 km (ii) 80 cm2 2 1
(ii) 1 cm, 4 cm  (iii) 1 : 8
15.
4. (i) 3000 m (ii) 54 hectares 3 3
5. (i) 50 km (ii) 24 km2 16. (i) 600 m  (ii) 2 m2   (iii) 175500000 m3
6. (i) 40 m (ii) 3 m3 (ii) 12 cm  (iii) 24 cm2
17.
7. (i) 4.5 km (ii) 1 : 25000
(iii) 48 cm2 EXERCISE 14
8. 5.4 L 2. 4 5. (i) AC (ii) BD
9. (i) 15 m (ii) 250 cm2 6. (iii) Circumcentre
10. Incentre 11. 15°
(iii) 1620 m3
13. (iii) Square 15. (iii) 2 points
10. 112 cm2 11. 4 m3    12. 12 m
16. 4 points

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE

1.
(ii) 8 cm (iii) 16 : 49  (iv) 16 : 33 1.
90° 2. Yes
2.
(i) 4.5 cm (ii) 270 cm2 3.
Isosceles D 7. (iv) (6, 2)
3.
(ii) 3 cm, 12 cm, 15 cm
4.
(ii) 3 cm (iii) 4 : 9
BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
(ii) 3 cm2
5. 1.
(v) 4.6 cm 2. (v) 5.1 cm
6.
(ii) 6.4 cm, 2.5 cm (iii) 64 : 25 3.
(iii) 4.6 cm 5. (iv) 3.5 cm

404 ICSE Mathematics—X

EXERCISE 15A 10.
(ii) 6 cm 11. 69°
12.
∠A = 75°, ∠B = 15°
1.
70°, 145° 2. (i) 56° (ii) 70° (iii) 140°
13.
30°, 35°, 110°
3.
40°, 140° 4. 38°,128°, 24°
14.
56°, 112° 15. 35°
5.
66 cm 6. 50°
16.
50°, 38° 17. 32°, 38°, 32°
7.
60°, 120° 8. 70°
9.
34°, 56°, 32° 10. 47° 18.
35°, 55° 22. 40°, 35°, 105°

11.
38°, 142° 12. (i) 110°, 60° 23.
∠POR = 140°, ∠PQR = 70°
13.
35°, 30°, 35° 14. 80° 25.
50°, 130°, 60° 26. 55°, 110°, 125°, 70°
15.
(i) 75°, 15° (ii) 72° a = 50°, b = 100°, c = 30°
27.
16.
270° 17. 110°, 35°, 40° 28.
95°, 50°, 35°, 40° 29. 70°, 70°, 80°
18.
70° 19. 78° 30.
42°, 48°, 84°
20.
88°, 50° 21. 30°, 45°, 75° 31.
(b) (i) 8 cm, 8 cm  (ii) 1 : 16   (iii) 1 : 15
22.
(i) 125° (ii) 110° (iii) 35° (iv) 20° 32.
(ii) 4 cm 33. (ii) 8 cm
23.
21°, 69° 24. 50°, 115°, 40°, 80° 34.
(ii) 6 cm
25.
60° 26. 102° 35.
8 cm
27.
70°, 35° 28. 6 cm, 8 cm 36.
(iii) 12 cm, 25 cm, 15 cm  37. 132°, 66°, 66°
29.
110°, 40°, 70° 30. 45°, 60°
31.
124°, 68°, 34° 32. 22°, 28°, 22°
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
33.
110°, 20° 34. 55°, 35°, 87° 1.
32°, 122°, 12° 2. (i) 25° (ii) 115° (iii) 40°
35.
35°, 125°, 7° 36. 18°, 72° x = 66°, y = 48°, z = 24°
3.
37.
64°, 38° 38. (i) 40° (ii) 50° 4.
66°, 114° 5. (i) 9 cm (ii) 12 cm
39.
68°, 86° 40. x = 64°, y = 26° 6.
23°, 44°, 69° 7. 4 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm
a = 110°, x = 35°, y = 40°
41. 8.
30°, 50°, 160° 9. 35°, 55°, 77°
42.
(i) 53° (ii) 127° (iii) 53°   43. 48°, 72° 10.
(i) 32°  (ii) 148°   (iii) 32°
11.
(i) 20 cm
EXERCISE 15B
(i) x = 54°, y = 36°, z = 54°  (ii) 6 cm
12.
1.
70° 2. 110°, 35°, 55° x = 40°, y = 44°
13. 14. 100°, 48°
3. 38° 4. 110°, 120° 15.
5 cm or 12 cm 16. (i) 72°, (ii) 53°, (iii) 47°
5.
50°, 85° 6. 40° 17.
(ii) 4.5 cm 18. 22°, 112°, 127°
7.
18° 8. 60°
9.
(i) 54°  (ii) 18°  (iii) 36° BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
10.
9 cm 11. 8 cm 1.
(i) 76°  (ii) 28°
12.
24 cm 13. 24 cm x x x
p = 90° −
2. , q = , r = 90° −
14.
3 cm 15. 5 cm 2 2 2
16.
7 cm 17. 90° 3.
(i) 50° (ii) 100° (iii) 30°
(i) x = 9 (ii) 117° (iii) 27°
18. 4. 7 cm 5. 96°   6. 8 cm
19.
4 cm 7.
60° 8. 1 cm  10. (i) 56° (ii) 22°
11. 45° 12. 105°, 13°, 62°
EXERCISE 15C 13.
(i) 112°  (ii) 68° 14. (i) 55° (ii) 55° (iii) 100°
1. 2 cm 2. 9 cm 15.
12 cm 16. (ii) 12 cm
3.
3 cm or 12 cm 4. 24 cm 17.
(i) 30°  (ii) 120° (iii) 60°
6.
50 cm, 20 cm 7. 9 cm, 12 cm 18.
2 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm 19. 11.25 cm
8.
40° 9. 68°, 30° 20.
3 cm 21. (i) 50° (ii) 40°

Answers 405
 22.
80°, 60° 23. (ii) 45° 3. (i) 10.5 cm   (ii) 21
24.
(i) 12 cm (ii) 8 cm 4. (i) 5148 cm3 (ii) 6.178 kg (iii) 7071.43 cm3
26.
(i) 32°  (ii) 64°  (iii) 58° 5. (i) 32 cm   (ii) 33 cm
6. 269.5 cm3 7. 20    8. 4 cm
EXERCISE 17A 9. (i) 154 cm , 192.5 cm3  (ii) `50
3

1. (i) 6160 cm3 (ii) 880 cm2 10.

5 cm 11. (i) 125 : 64 (ii) 61 : 64
2. (i) 25 cm (ii) 24062.5 cm3 12.
3 cm 13. 37
3. 170.5 cm 2 4. 20 14.
6 cm 15. 6 cm
1 1
5. `2376 16. 9 cm 17. 3.5 cm, 1 cm
3 6
6. (i) 30 (ii) (a) 198 m2, (b) `990
7. 31.5 m 8. 12 cm 18.
24 cm 19. (i) 56.52 cm3 (ii) 78.5 cm2
1
9. 2 cm 10. 3.5 cm 20.
(i) 2 cm (ii) 21. 12 cm
5
11.
20 12. 550 cm3
22.
8 cm 23. (i) 5 cm   (ii) 125 : 54
13.
36π 14. 4710 cm3
1
5.25 cm, 1732.5 cm3
15. 24. 25. 231 cm3
3
16.
10.5 m 17. r = 7 cm, h = 10 cm 3
26.
9 cm 27. (i) 4.5 cm   (ii)
18.
120 19. `55 8
20.
8 cm 21. 129.36 m3, `3696 28.
300 29. 7 : 1
22.
0.5 cm 23. 70 cm 30.
7 cm 31. 96
24.
(i) 157 cm 3 (ii) 157 mL 770 cm2
32. 33. 13 cm
1 34.
11.52 m 35. 0.15 cm
25. minutes 26. 92.4 L
6 36.
5 cm 37. 4 cm
27.
28 minutes 28. (i) 35 cm  (ii) 31.5 cm 136.07 cm3
38. 39. 8 cm
29.
6 cm 30. 2 cm 40.
(i) 7 cm (ii) 294 41. 27 cm
3 6672.5 cm3
42. 43. (i) 8 cm (ii) 30
31.
64 32. m
40 15197.6 m2
44. 45. 3 cm

EXERCISE 17B
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. 416 m3 2. 1232 cm3, 550 cm2, `44
1. (i) 89.83 cm3   (ii) Yes
3. 48 cm 4. 7 cm
2. 198 cm3 3. 7
5. 16 cm, 1708.16 cm2
4. 6 cm 5. (i) 14 cm  (ii) 128
6. (i) 9 cm (ii) 1017.36 cm3
6. 4 cm 7. 2 m
7. 9 8. 47.1 m2
8. (i) 14 m  (ii) 10.5 m  (iii) 385 m
9. (i) 15 cm (ii) 4710 cm3
1
3.5 cm, 12.5 cm 11. 2926 cm3, 1287 cm2
10. 9. (i) 192.5 cm2 (ii) 2 cm
3
12.
5 cm 13. 3 cm
10.
(i) 10.5 cm (ii) 15.75 cm
14.
10 cm 15. `80.07
11.
54 12. 5 cm
94.2 cm3
16. 17. 80
2 13.
4 cm 14. 8 cm
18.
1884 cm 19. 314 cm3
15.
72 16. 6m
(i) 21 cm   (ii) 28 cm   (iii) 2310 cm2
20.
10.5 cm, 134.75 cm3
21.
22.
(i) 3.5 cm (ii) 154 cm2  (iii) 13.56 cm
BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
(i) 175 cm3 (ii) 50 cm3
1.
EXERCISE 17C 136 cm3
2.
1306.67 cm3
1. 2. 7 cm, 616 cm2 (i) 231 m2 (ii) 359.33 m3
3.

406 ICSE Mathematics—X

 4.
(i) 10 cm (ii) 80 15.
60 m 16. 2 min (21.65 m/min)
5.
14 cm 6. 440 17.
40 m 18. 18.66 m
7.
(i) 36 cm (ii) 1872 cm 19.
3000 m 20. 519.6 km/h
8. 126 9. 246.4 cm3   10. 64 21.
41 s 22. 29.28 m
(i) 4 cm (ii) 94.2 cm3
11. 23.
0.866 km 24. 30 cm
12.
400 13. 270 25.
120 m 26. 77 m
14.
(i) 14 cm (ii) 128 15. 6 cm   16. 72 27.
57 m 28. ( ) 15 m  (ii) 39° 48′
24 m, 5550 m2
17. 29.
634 m 30. 35.5 m
EXERCISE 18B 31.
(i) 20 seconds (ii) 62.352 km/h
1 1 32.
308 m 33. 123.75 m
1.
(i) 3  (ii) 6  (iii)   (iv) 2   (v) 4
4 4 34.
(i) 36 m (ii) 73° 54′
2.
(i) 30°  (ii) 90°  ( ) 15°  (iv) 30° 35.
6.009; 19° 15′ 36. 39.38 m
9.
(i) 30°  (ii) 45° 37.
35.01 m 38. 39.152 m, 216.848 m
EXERCISE 18C 39.
1.763 m, 6.215 m 40. 33.313 m

1.
(i) 0.3220 (ii) 0.5299 41.
370.5 m 42. 17 m
(iii) 0.6508 (iv) 0.9674 43.
662.375 m 44. 48 m  45. 19.2 m
2.
(i) 0.9659 (ii) 0.9370
(iii) 0.5845 (iv) 0.3330 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
3.
(i) 0.2126 (ii) 0.4610 1.
81.96 m 2. 13.66 m
(iii) 2.035 (iv) 5.073 3.
(i) 68.3 m (ii) 118.3 m
4.
(i) 17° 2′ (ii) 35° 26′ 4.
80 m 5. 3000 m
(iii) 59° 16′ (iv) 73° 44′ 6.
60 m 7. 598.32 m
5.
(i) 24° 46′ (ii) 50° 49′ 8.
394 m 9. 345 m
( ) 63° 32′ (iv) 67° 14′ 10.
(i) 312 m (ii) 42° 11. 53.4 m, 123 m
6.
(i) 10° 9′ (ii) 18° 29′ 12.
90 m
(iii) 40° 25′ (iv) 63° 57′
7.
(i) 15° 33′ (ii) 63° 15′ BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
1.
(i) 6.4 cm (ii) 3.5 cm
BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
17 25 7 2.
(i) 80 m (ii) 34°
1. 4. (a) (b)
19 16 6 3.
127 m 4. (i) 20 m  (ii) 28°
5.
5 5.
110 m 6. 12.5 m
7. (i) 25 m (ii) 43.3 m
EXERCISE 19
8.
91.4 m 9. 253 m
1. 45 m
10.
80 m 11. 11.55 m
2.
60° 3. 88 m
12.
228 m 13. 52 m
4.
10.392 m 5. 34.64 m
6.
1.38 m 7. 34.64 m, 60 m 14.
43 m 15. 394 m

8.
17.32 m 9. (i) 461.87 m (ii) 230.93 m 16.
123 m, 53.4 m 17. 1098 m
10.
85 m 11. 25.36 m
12.
13.66 m
EXERCISE 20A
13.
25.98 m, 15 m from one pillar 1.
3.5 2. a = 9, Mean = 7
14.
(i) 51.96 m (ii) 38.04 m x = 6, Mean = 9
3. 4. 7, 12

Answers 407
 5. (i) 16 (ii) 32 (iii) 16 23.
6, 3 24. 5, 8
6. 8 7. 9 25.
13.8, 15
8. 6, 8 9. 32.7 26.
(i)
10.
36.33 11. 23.33 Class 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80
12.
6 13. 46.9
Frequency 5 20 15 10
14.
`303.50, `323.50
15.
(i) 49  (ii) 36 16. 4, 8   17. 5 (ii) 50–60, Mean = 61 kg
27.
(i) 18 (ii) 18 (iii) 21
EXERCISE 20B 28.
91.6, 90–100 29. 35.4, 30–40
1.
(i) 18  (ii) 6   (iii) 40  (iv) 43  (v) 21 30.
(i) 18 (ii) 28 31. (i) 12, (iii) a = 9, b = 3
2.
15 3. (i) 17, 11 (ii) 41, 46 32.
(a) (i) 1 (ii) 2 (b) 6
4.
(i) 45  (ii) 32  (iii) 6  (iv) 29 33.
(i) 61 kg  (ii) 65 kg  (iii) (a) 50, (b) 150
5.
(i) `33.50 (ii) `14.50 (iii) 14 34.
(i) 44 (ii) 30.5 (iii) 10
6.
(i) 44 (ii) 52 (iii) 13 35.
(i) 23.5 (ii) 9 (iii) 13
3
7.
(i) 46.5 (ii) 6 (iii) 33.5 36.
(i) 73.5 (ii) 67.5 (iii)
40
8. (i) `12350 (ii) `11000 (iii) 9  (iv) 9
37.
(i) `980 (ii) `1250 (iii) `850
9. (i) 52 (ii) 41
38.
(i) 67.5 (ii) 53.5 (iii) 22
10.
(i) 6% (ii) 171 (iii) 16
39.
`44 40. 143.5 cm
(iv) 166.5
11.
(i) 45 (ii) 55 (iii) 9
BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
12.
(i) 54 (ii) 6 (iii) 18
1. (i) `85  (ii) `84.80  2. 23.33
EXERCISE 20C 3. (i) 62  (ii) 49, 74 4. 257
5. (i) `35 (ii) `47, `23
1. (i) 4 (ii) 21 (iii) 40 2. 14
6. 145 7. 8
3. `47 4. `462
8. (iii) `8100 9. 3.9, 3.5, 3
5. 13 6. 77.5
10. (i) 13 (ii) 13.5 (iii) 15
7. `72.5 8. `340
11. (i) 69 (ii) 55–60 (iii) 60 (iv) 37
9. 58.5 kg 10. 126 cm
12. (i) 43 (ii) 30 (iii) 10 (iv) 52
11.
24 12. 3.8 cm
13. 23 14. 143
13.
24 14. `240    15. `260
15. 16 16. 13
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 17. (i) 57  (ii) 41  (iii) 20  (iv) 36
18. 16 19. 20
1. (a) 5, 4.5, 4 (b) 3, 2, 2,
21. (i) `35  (ii) `48  (iii) `23  (iv) 28.8%
2. 13, 15
22. (i) 43.5 (ii) 26   (iii) 10
3. (i) 6.7 (ii) 10 4. 8, 2
23. 24.024 24. 96 g
5. 6, 5 6. 6.7, 7.5, 8
25. (i) 36  (ii) 8 26. (i) 57 (ii) 72 (iii) 73 (iv) 92
7. 8 8. 22
27. 72.5 28. 9, 10, 10
9. (i) 11 (ii) 13 10. (i) 14 (ii) 18
29. 62.25 30. 4
11. 3, 4 12. 10, 12
31. (i) `9350  (ii) 93  (iii) 15  (iv) `10,250
13. 22, 24 14. 4
32. (i) 57    (ii) 46  (iii) 13
15. 3.48, 3, 2 16. 6.84, 7, 6
33. 82.5 34. (i) 69 (ii) 55–60
17. 10.6, 11, 11 18. 154, 154, 154
35. a = 1, b = 4 36. 14, 13
19. 12.8, 6–10 20. 94
37.
(i) 157.5 cm  (ii) 12.75 cm  (iii) 15
21. 3, 4 22. 2

408 ICSE Mathematics—X

 38.
(i) 43  (ii) 10   (iii) 52 3 9 11
27.
(i) (ii) (iii)
39.
13.8 40. 49.6 4 13 26
41.
20, 25 42. 17 7
(iv) (v) 0
13
43.
3, 3, 3 44. 36 1 1 5
45.
(i) 93 kg, 72 kg  (ii) 11   46. 115 28.
(i) (ii) (iii)
3 3 6
47.
(ii) 27.8 (iii) 20-30   48. a = 10 7 1
29.
28 30. (i) (ii)
90 15
13 4
EXERCISE 21 31.
(i) (ii) 32. 16
25 5
1 1 5 5
1.
(i) (ii) (iii) 0 33.
(i) (ii) 34. 24
2 3 12 36
x
1 1 3 35.
(i) x + 30 (ii) 35
2. (i) (ii) (iii)
4 4 4
2 11 2
6 3 9 36.
(i) (ii) (iii)
3. (i) (ii) (iii) 5 15 3
13 13 13
x 3 1 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
4. (i) (ii) 2 5. (i) (ii)
18 10 5 1 1 1
157 143 1 1.
(i ) , (ii ) , (iii ) 2. 44
6. (i) (ii) 7. (i) (ii) 0 3 3 3
300 300 7 9 1 2
3.
(i) (ii) (iii)  
2 1 100 10 25
8. (i) (ii)
7 7 4 3
(iv) (v)
2 4 4 25 50
9. (i) (ii) (iii)
3 9 9 11 45 1 1
4.
(i) (ii) 5. (i)    (ii)
1 1 1 5 56 56 8 2
10. 11. (i) (ii) (iii)
2 6 9 36 7 3 3
6.
(i) (ii) (iii)   ( ) 0
1 11 13 13 26
12.
(i) (ii) (iii) 0
3 18 4 7 4
7.
(i) (ii) (iii)
13.
12 14. 0.55 11 11 11
1 1 7
1 1 1 8.
(i) (ii) (iii)
15.
(i) (ii) (iii) 6 9 36
6 18 4
1 1 1
2 9 9.
(i) (ii) (iii)
16. 17. 2 3 6
7 10
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 10.
(i) (ii) (iii)   (iv)
18.
(i) (ii) (iii) 4 2 2 8
9 3 9
3 4 1
7 3 3 4 11.
(i) (ii) (iii)
19.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 5 15 5
50 50 10 25
1 5 7 1
20.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) BOARD PAPER QUESTIONS
2 12 12 4
8 11 1 1 2 2 3 1
21.
(i) (ii) 22. (i) 8 (ii) 1.
(i)  (ii) 2. (i) (ii) (iii)
25 20 2 2 3 5 10 5
1 3 1 1 9 11 3
23.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 3.
12 4. (i) (ii) (iii)
8 8 2 2 20 20 10
1 2
24.
(i)
9
(ii)
4
(iii)
4
(iv)
5 5.
(i) (ii) 6. (i) 1   (ii) 3   (iii) 5
10 15 4 4 8
41 41 41 41
5 3 1 1 1 3
25.
(i) (ii) (iii) 7.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 0
8 8 4 10 2 10
7 1 5 13 4 3
26.
(i) (ii) (iii) 8.
(i) (ii) (iii)
36 12 18 25 25 5

Answers 409
 REVISION PAPER 1 6.
(a) 7x + 2y = 31, k = 3

(b) (i) `7800 ( ) `750 (iii) 40  (c) 27
1.
(a) 27 terms
 1  7 0 
(b) SS =  x |− 4 ≤ x < 2 , x ∈ R  7.
(a)    (b) (i) 4.5 cm (ii) 6 cm (c) 8
 3  0 7 
8.
(a) 4, –1  (c) 20 months

 
9.
(b) 4.69, 1.81 (c) 24 rows, 130
41 7 17 1

(c) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 10.
(a) 160 m (b) (i) `315 (ii) `372 (iii) 7 (iv) 9
50 25 50 10
11.
(a) (i) 70° (ii) 35° (iii) 40° (c) 48 km/h
(a) x = 1, y = 3 (b) `53,500 (c) 65°, 115°, 25°, 37°
2.
3.
(a) (2x – 3) (3x + 2) (x – 3)
4

(b) (i) A = (–6, 0), B (0, 8)   (ii) REVISION PAPER 3
3
(c) 4 cm or 15 cm 1.
(a) 8, 14, 20, ....; 62
4.
(a) 6.16, – 0.162 (b) 5 : 3, b = 1
(b) {7, 8, 9, 10, 11}

(c) (iv) hexagon (v) 24 units
5.
(a) (i) `432, (ii) `25,488 (b) 3 (c) 2.36, 1, 2
  6 7 8 9 10 11 12

(a) (ii) 6 cm (iii) 8 cm2

6. 1 1 1

(c) (i)    (ii)   (iii)   (iv) 1

(b) (i)  (ii) `6120 (iii) 10% (c) 8 cm, 30 6 36 3 4
4 − 4 19 20 
2.
(a)    (b) 2, –7
7.
(a)     (c) (i) (4, 0) (ii) 3x + y = 12
4 − 4  20 19 
8.
(a) (i) 65° (ii) 40°  ( ) `7600 x3

(c) 1 − x 2 n 
9.
(a) 9  (c) (iv) 5.2 cm 1 − x2 

10.
(a) 71.5  3.
(a) 4, 12, 36, 108, ....

(b) (i) 16 cm (ii) 18.75 km2 (c) 2.4588 m
(b) `400  (c) (i) P(5, 12)  (ii) (2, 9)
11.
(a) (i) 37  (ii) 27  (iii) 4  (iv) 35  (b) 24 4.
(a) 21 (b) (i) 110°  (ii) 20°  (iii) 80°

(c) (iii) Parallelogram  (iv) 16 sq. units, 18 units
REVISION PAPER 2
5.
(a) (i) 24%   (ii) `3,990
1.
(a) 13 terms, 676

(b) {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}
(c) (ii) 7.5 cm  (iii) 4 : 25  (iv) 4 : 9
6.
(a) (i) 280  (ii) `720  (iii) 4.8%

 
2
(b) (–9, 0); 5x + 2y + 45 = 0   (c) 21 cm, 54

(c) (i) 2 × 1 (ii)  
 −1 7.
−5 5 
(a) 66°, 114°, 54° (b)    (c) 44.5, 41–50
2.
(a) 35 (b) 8% (c) (–1, 6), (4, 9)  5 −5
3.
(a) 154 m3, 2200 persons (b) 2  (c) 3 : 1 (b) 112 m  (c) (ii) 12 cm  (iii) 24 cm2
8.
(a) x = 7, 11
4. (b) 65° 9.
(a) 12 cm (b) 3.6, – 0.14 

(c) (ii) A′(2, –3) (iii) B′(–2, 0) (iv) Rhombus (c) (i) A (6, 0), B (0, –3)   (ii) 2x + y = 7


  (v) x-axis, AA′
10.
(a) 16 cm, 12 cm
5.
(a) (i) `140, `140 (ii) `420 (iii) `21,120

(b) (i) `217  (ii) `157  (iii) 28  (iv) 53
 1
(b) (i) 2 × 1 (ii)   11.
(c) `135
2
  (c) (ii) 7 cm  (iii) 1 : 4  (iv) 1 : 3

410 ICSE Mathematics—X

 NATURAL SINES sin x°

0′ 6′ 12′ 18′ 24′ 30′ 36′ 42′ 48′ 54′ Dm 1′ 2′ 3′ 4′ 5′

x°
0°.0 0°.1 0°.2 0°.3 0°.4 0°.5 0°.6 0°.7 0°.8 0°.9 + ADD
0° 0.0000 0017 0035 0052 0070 0087 0105 0122 0140 0157 18 3 6 9 12 15
1 0.0175 0192 0209 0227 0244 0262 0279 0297 0314 0332 17 3 6 9 11 14
2 0.0349 0366 0384 0401 0419 0436 0454 0471 0488 0506 17 3 6 9 11 14
3 0.0523 0541 0558 0576 0593 0610 0628 0645 0663 0680 17 3 6 9 11 14
4 0.0698 0715 0732 0750 0767 0785 0802 0819 0837 0854 17 3 6 9 11 14
5 0.0872 0889 0906 0924 0941 0958 0976 0993 1011 1028 17 3 6 9 11 14
6 0.1045 1063 1080 1097 1115 1132 1149 1167 1184 1201 17 3 6 9 11 14
7 0.1219 1236 1253 1271 1288 1305 1323 1340 1357 1374 17 3 6 9 11 14
8 0.1392 1409 1426 1444 1461 1478 1495 1513 1530 1547 17 3 6 9 11 14
9 0.1564 1582 1599 1616 1633 1650 1668 1685 1702 1719 17 3 6 9 11 14
10 0.1736 1754 1771 1788 1805 1822 1840 1857 1874 1891 17 3 6 9 11 14
11 0.1908 1925 1942 1959 1977 1994 2011 2028 2045 2062 17 3 6 9 11 14
12 0.2079 2096 2113 2130 2147 2164 2181 2198 2215 2233 17 3 6 9 11 14
13 0.2250 2267 2284 2300 2317 2334 2351 2368 2385 2402 17 3 6 8 11 14
14 0.2419 2436 2453 2470 2487 2504 2521 2538 2554 2571 17 3 6 8 11 14
15 0.2588 2605 2622 2639 2656 2672 2689 2706 2723 2740 17 3 6 8 11 14
16 0.2756 2773 2790 2807 2823 2840 2857 2874 2890 2907 17 3 6 8 11 14
17 0.2924 2940 2957 2974 2990 3007 3024 3040 3057 3074 17 3 6 8 11 14
18 0.3090 3107 3123 3140 3156 3173 3190 3206 3223 3239 17 3 6 8 11 14
19 0.3256 3272 3289 3305 3322 3338 3355 3371 3387 3404 16 3 5 8 11 13
20 0.3420 3437 3453 3469 3486 3502 3518 3535 3551 3567 16 3 5 8 11 13
21 0.3584 3600 3616 3633 3649 3665 3681 3697 3714 3730 16 3 5 8 11 13
22 0.3746 3762 3778 3795 3811 3827 3843 3859 3875 3891 16 3 5 8 11 13
23 0.3907 3923 3939 3955 3971 3987 4003 4019 4035 4051 16 3 5 8 11 13
24 0.4067 4083 4099 4115 4131 4147 4163 4179 4195 4210 16 3 5 8 11 13
25 0.4226 4242 4258 4274 4289 4305 4321 4337 4352 4368 16 3 5 8 11 13
26 0.4384 4399 4415 4431 4446 4462 4478 4493 4509 4524 16 3 5 8 11 13
27 0.4540 4555 4571 4586 4602 4617 4633 4648 4664 4679 16 3 5 8 11 13
28 0.4695 4710 4726 4741 4756 4772 4787 4802 4818 4833 15 3 5 8 10 13
29 0.4848 4863 4879 4894 4909 4924 4939 4955 4970 4985 15 3 5 8 10 13
30 0.5000 5015 5030 5045 5060 5075 5090 5105 5120 5135 15 3 5 8 10 13
31 0.5150 5165 5180 5195 5210 5225 5240 5255 5270 5284 15 2 5 7 10 12
32 0.5299 5314 5329 5344 5358 5373 5388 5402 5417 5432 15 2 5 7 10 12
33 0.5446 5461 5476 5490 5505 5519 5534 5548 5563 5577 15 2 5 7 10 12
34 0.5592 5606 5621 5635 5650 5664 5678 5693 5807 5721 14 2 5 7 9 12
35 0.5736 5750 5764 5779 5793 5807 5821 5835 5850 5864 14 2 5 7 9 12
36 0.5878 5892 5906 5920 5934 5948 5962 5976 5990 6004 14 2 5 7 9 12
37 0.6018 6032 6046 6060 6074 6088 6101 6115 6129 6143 14 2 5 7 9 12
38 0.6157 6170 6184 6198 6211 6225 6239 6252 6266 6280 14 2 5 7 9 12
39 0.6293 6307 6320 6334 6347 6361 6374 6388 6401 6414 14 2 5 7 9 12
40 0.6428 6441 6455 6468 6481 6494 6508 6521 6534 6547 13 2 4 7 9 11
41 0.6561 6574 6587 6600 6613 6626 6639 6652 6665 6678 13 2 4 7 9 11
42 0.6691 6704 6717 6730 6743 6756 6769 6782 6794 6807 13 2 4 6 9 11
43 0.6820 6833 6845 6858 6871 6884 6896 6909 6921 6934 13 2 4 6 9 11
44 0.6947 6959 6972 6984 6997 7009 7022 7034 7046 7059 12 2 4 6 8 10
45 0.7071 7083 7096 7108 7120 7133 7145 7157 7169 7181 12 2 4 6 8 10
46 0.7193 7206 7218 7230 7242 7254 7266 7278 7290 7302 12 2 4 6 8 10
47 0.7314 7325 7337 7349 7361 7373 7385 7396 7408 7420 12 2 4 6 8 10
48 0.7431 7443 7455 7466 7478 7490 7501 7513 7524 7536 12 2 4 6 8 10
49 0.7547 7559 7570 7581 7593 7604 7615 7627 7638 7649 11 2 4 6 7 9

Tables 411
 NATURAL SINES sin x°

0′ 6′ 12′ 18′ 24′ 30′ 36′ 42′ 48′ 54′ Dm 1′ 2′ 3′ 4′ 5′

x° 0°.0 0°.1 0°.2 0°.3 0°.4 0°.5 0°.6 0°.7 0°.8 0°.9 + ADD
50° 0.7660 7672 7683 7694 7705 7716 7727 7738 7749 7766 11 2 4 6 7 9
51 0.7771 7782 7793 7804 7815 7826 7837 7848 7859 7869 11 2 4 5 7 9
52 0.7880 7891 7902 7912 7923 7934 7944 7955 7965 7976 11 2 4 5 7 9
53 0.7986 7997 8007 8018 8028 8039 8049 8059 8070 8080 10 2 3 5 7 8
54 0.8090 8100 8111 8121 8131 8141 8151 8161 8171 8181 10 2 3 5 7 8
55 0.8192 8202 8211 8221 8231 8241 8251 8261 8271 8281 10 2 3 5 7 8
56 0.8290 8300 8310 8320 8329 8339 8348 8358 8368 8377 10 2 3 5 7 8
57 0.8387 8396 8406 8415 8425 8434 8443 8453 8462 8471 9 2 3 5 6 8
58 0.8480 8490 8499 8508 8517 8526 8536 8545 8554 8563 9 2 3 5 6 8
59 0.8572 8581 8590 8599 8607 8616 8625 8634 8643 8652 9 1 3 4 6 7
60 0.8660 8669 8678 8686 8695 8704 8712 8721 8729 8738 9 1 3 4 6 7
61 0.8746 8755 8763 8771 8780 8788 8796 8805 8813 8821 8 1 3 4 5 7
62 0.8829 8838 8846 8854 8862 8870 8878 8886 8894 8902 8 1 3 4 5 7
63 0.8910 8918 8926 8934 8942 8949 8957 8965 8973 8980 8 1 3 4 5 7
64 0.8988 8996 9003 9011 9018 9026 9033 9041 9048 9056 8 1 3 4 5 7
65 0.9063 9070 9078 9085 9092 9100 9107 9114 9121 9128 7 1 2 4 5 6
66 0.9135 9143 9150 9157 9164 9171 9178 9184 9191 9198 7 1 2 4 5 6
67 0.9205 9212 9219 9225 9232 9239 9245 9251 9259 9265 7 1 2 3 5 6
68 0.9272 9278 9285 9291 9298 9304 9311 9317 9323 9330 6 1 2 3 4 5
69 0.9336 9342 9348 9354 9361 9367 9373 9379 9385 9391 6 1 2 3 4 5
70 0.9397 9403 9409 9415 9421 9426 9432 9438 9444 9449 6 1 2 3 4 5

71 0.9455 9461 9466 9472 9478 9483 9489 9494 9500 9505 6 1 2 3 4 5
72 0.9511 9516 9521 9527 9532 9537 9542 9548 9553 9558 5 1 2 3 3 4
73 0.9563 9568 9573 9578 9583 9588 9593 9598 9603 9608 5 1 2 3 3 4
74 0.9613 9617 9622 9627 9632 9636 9641 9646 9650 9655 5 1 2 2 3 4
75 0.9659 9664 9668 9673 9677 9681 9686 9690 9694 9699 4 1 1 2 3 3
76 0.9703 9707 9711 9715 9720 9724 9728 9732 9736 9740 4 1 1 2 3 3
77 0.9744 9748 9751 9755 9759 9763 9767 9770 9774 9778 4 1 1 2 3 3
78 0.9781 9785 9789 9792 9796 9799 9803 9806 9810 9813 4 1 1 2 3 3
79 0.9816 9820 9823 9826 9829 9833 9836 9836 9842 9845 3 1 1 2 2 3
80 0.9848 9851 9854 9857 9860 9863 9866 9869 9871 9874 3 0 1 1 2 2

81 0.9877 9880 9882 9885 9888 9890 9893 9895 9898 9900 3 0 1 1 2 2
82 0.9903 9905 9907 9910 9912 9914 9917 9919 9921 9923 2 0 1 1 1 2
83 0.9925 9928 9930 9932 9934 9936 9938 9940 9942 9943 2 0 1 1 1 2
84 0.9945 9947 9949 9951 9952 9954 9956 9957 9959 9960 2 0 1 1 1 2
85 0.9962 9963 9965 9966 9968 9969 9971 9972 9973 9974
86 0.9976 9977 9978 9979 9980 9981 9982 9983 9984 9985
87 0.9986 9987 9988 9989 9990 9990 9991 9992 9993 9993
88 0.9994 9995 9995 9996 9996 9997 9997 9997 9998 9998
89 0.9998 9999 9999 9999 9999 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

412 ICSE Mathematics—X

 NATURAL COSINES cos x°

0′ 6′ 12′ 18′ 24′ 30′ 36′ 42′ 48′ 54′ Dm 1′ 2′ 3′ 4′ 5′

x° 0°.0 0°.1 0°.2 0°.3 0°.4 0°.5 0°.6 0°.7 0°.8 0°.9 – SUBTRACT
0° 1.0000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 9999 9999 9999 9999
1 0.9998 9998 9998 9997 9997 9997 9996 9996 9995 9995
2 0.9994 9993 9993 9992 9991 9990 9990 9989 9988 9987
3 0.9986 9985 9984 9983 9982 9981 9980 9979 9978 9977
4 0.9976 9974 9973 9972 9971 9969 9968 9966 9965 9963
5 0.9962 9960 9959 9957 9956 9954 9952 9951 9949 9947 2 0 1 1 1 2
6 0.9945 9943 9942 9940 9938 9936 9934 9932 9930 9928 2 0 1 1 1 2
7 0.9925 9923 9921 9919 9917 9914 9912 9910 9907 9905 2 0 1 1 1 2
8 0.9903 9900 9898 9895 9893 9890 9888 9885 9882 9880 3 0 1 1 2 2
9 0.9877 9874 9871 9869 9866 9863 9860 9857 9854 9851 3 0 1 1 2 2
10 0.9848 9845 9842 9839 9836 9833 9829 9826 9823 9820 3 1 1 2 2 3

11 0.9816 9813 9810 9806 9803 9799 9706 9792 9789 9785 4 1 1 2 3 3
12 0.9781 9778 9774 9770 9767 9763 9759 9755 9751 9748 4 1 1 2 3 3
13 0.9744 9740 9736 9732 9728 9724 9720 9715 9711 9707 4 1 1 2 3 3
14 0.9703 9699 9694 9690 9686 9681 9677 9673 9668 9664 4 1 1 2 3 3
15 0.9659 9655 9650 9646 9641 9636 9632 9627 9622 9617 5 1 2 2 3 4
16 0.9613 9608 9603 9598 9593 9588 9583 9578 9573 9568 5 1 2 3 3 4
17 0.9563 9558 9553 9548 9542 9537 9532 9527 9521 9516 5 1 2 3 3 4
18 0.9511 9505 9500 9494 9489 9483 9478 9472 9466 9461 6 1 2 3 4 5
19 0.9455 9449 9444 9438 9432 9426 9421 9415 9409 9403 6 1 2 3 4 5
20 0.9397 9391 9385 9379 9373 9367 9361 9354 9348 9342 6 1 2 3 4 5
21 0.9336 9330 9323 9317 9311 9304 9298 9291 9285 9278 6 1 2 3 4 5
22 0.9272 9265 9259 9252 9245 9239 9232 9225 9219 9212 7 1 2 3 5 6
23 0.9205 9198 9191 9184 9178 9171 9164 9157 9150 9143 7 1 2 4 5 6
24 0.9135 9128 9121 9114 9107 9100 9092 9085 9078 9070 7 1 2 4 5 6
25 0.9063 9056 9048 9041 9033 9026 9018 9011 9003 8996 8 1 3 4 5 7
26 0.8988 8980 8973 8965 8957 8949 8942 8934 8926 8918 8 1 3 4 5 7
27 0.8910 8902 8894 8886 8878 8870 8862 8854 8846 8838 8 1 3 4 5 7
28 0.8829 8821 8813 8805 8796 8788 8780 8771 8763 8755 8 1 3 4 5 7
29 0.8746 8738 8729 8721 8712 8704 8695 8686 8678 8669 9 1 3 4 6 7
30 0.8660 8652 8643 8634 8625 8616 8607 8599 8590 8581 9 1 3 4 6 7
31 0.8572 8563 8554 8545 8536 8526 8517 8508 8499 8490 9 2 3 5 6 8
32 0.8480 8471 8462 8453 8443 8434 8425 8415 8406 8396 9 2 3 5 6 8
33 0.8387 8377 8368 8358 8348 8339 8329 8320 8310 8300 10 2 3 5 7 8
34 0.8290 8281 8271 8261 8251 8241 8231 8221 8211 8202 10 2 3 5 7 8
35 0.8192 8181 8171 8161 8151 8141 8131 8121 8111 8100 10 2 3 5 7 8
36 0.8090 8080 8070 8059 8049 8039 8028 8018 8007 7997 10 2 3 5 7 8
37 0.7986 7976 7965 7955 7944 7934 7923 7912 7902 7891 11 2 4 5 7 9
38 0.7880 7869 7859 7848 7837 7826 7815 7804 7793 7782 11 2 4 5 7 9
39 0.7771 7760 7749 7738 7727 7716 7705 7694 7683 7672 11 2 4 6 7 9
40 0.7660 7649 7638 7627 7615 7604 7593 7581 7570 7559 11 2 4 6 7 9
41 0.7547 7536 7524 7513 7501 7490 7478 7466 7455 7443 12 2 4 6 8 10
42 0.7431 7420 7408 7396 7385 7373 7361 7349 7337 7325 12 2 4 6 8 10
43 0.7314 7302 7290 7278 7266 7254 7242 7230 7218 7206 12 2 4 6 8 10
44 0.7193 7181 7169 7157 7145 7133 7120 7108 7096 7083 12 2 4 6 8 10
45 0.7071 7059 7046 7034 7022 7009 6997 6984 6972 6959 12 2 4 6 8 10
46 0.6947 6934 6921 6909 6896 6884 6871 6858 6845 6833 13 2 4 6 9 11
47 0.6820 6807 6794 6782 6769 6756 6743 6730 6717 6704 13 2 4 6 9 11
48 0.6691 6678 6665 6652 6639 6626 6613 6600 6587 6574 13 2 4 7 9 11
49 0.6561 6547 6534 6521 6508 6494 6481 6468 6455 6441 13 2 4 7 9 11

Bold type indicates the change in integer.

Tables 413
 NATURAL COSINES cos x°

0′ 6′ 12′ 18′ 24′ 30′ 36′ 42′ 48′ 54′ Dm 1′ 2′ 3′ 4′ 5′

x° 0°.0 0°.1 0°.2 0°.3 0°.4 0°.5 0°.6 0°.7 0°.8 0°.9 – SUBTRACT
50° 0.6428 6414 6401 6388 6374 6361 6347 6334 6320 6307 14 2 5 7 9 12
51 0.6293 6280 6266 6252 6239 6225 6211 6198 6184 6170 14 2 5 7 9 12
52 0.6157 6143 6129 6115 6101 6088 6074 6060 6046 6032 14 2 5 7 9 12
53 0.6018 6004 5990 5976 5962 5948 5934 5920 5906 5892 14 2 5 7 9 12
54 0.5878 5864 5850 5835 5821 5807 5793 5779 5764 5750 14 2 5 7 9 12
55 0.5736 5721 5707 5693 5678 5664 5650 5635 5621 5606 14 2 5 7 9 12
56 0.5592 5577 5563 5548 5534 5519 5505 5490 5476 5461 15 2 5 7 10 12
57 0.5446 5432 5417 5402 5388 5373 5358 5344 5329 5314 15 2 5 7 10 12
58 0.5299 5284 5270 5255 5240 5225 5210 5195 5180 5165 15 2 5 7 10 12
59 0.5150 5135 5120 5105 5090 5075 5060 5045 5030 5015 15 3 5 8 10 13
60 0.5000 4985 4970 4955 4939 4924 4909 4894 4879 4863 15 3 5 8 10 13
61 0.4848 4833 4818 4802 4787 4772 4756 4741 4726 4710 15 3 5 8 10 13
62 0.4695 4679 4664 4648 4633 4617 4602 4586 4571 4555 16 3 5 8 11 13
63 0.4540 4524 4509 4493 4478 4462 4446 4431 4415 4399 16 3 5 8 11 13
64 0.4384 4368 4352 4337 4321 4305 4289 4274 4258 4242 16 3 5 8 11 13
65 0.4226 4210 4195 4179 4163 4147 4131 4115 4099 4083 16 3 5 8 11 13
66 0.4067 4051 4035 4019 4003 3987 3971 3955 3939 3923 16 3 5 8 11 13
67 0.3907 3891 3875 3859 3843 3827 3811 3795 3778 3762 16 3 5 8 11 13
68 0.3746 3730 3714 3697 3681 3665 3649 3633 3616 3600 16 3 5 8 11 13
69 0.3584 3567 3551 3535 3518 3502 3486 3469 3453 3437 16 3 5 8 11 13
70 0.3420 3404 3387 3371 3355 3338 3322 3305 3289 3272 16 3 5 8 11 13
71 0.3256 3239 3223 3206 3190 3173 3156 3140 3123 3107 17 3 6 8 11 14
72 0.3090 3074 3057 3040 3024 3007 2990 2974 2957 2940 17 3 6 8 11 14
73 0.2924 2907 2890 2874 2857 2840 2823 2807 2790 2773 17 3 6 8 11 14
74 0.2756 2740 2723 2706 2689 2672 2656 2639 2622 2605 17 3 6 8 11 14
75 0.2588 2571 2554 2538 2521 2504 2487 2470 2453 2436 17 3 6 8 11 14
76 0.2419 2402 2385 2368 2351 2334 2317 2300 2284 2267 17 3 6 8 11 14
77 0.2250 2233 2215 2198 2181 2164 2147 2130 2113 2096 17 3 6 9 11 14
78 0.2079 2062 2045 2028 2011 1994 1977 1959 1942 1925 17 3 6 9 11 14
79 0.1908 1891 1874 1857 1840 1822 1805 1788 1771 1754 17 3 6 9 11 14
80 0.1736 1719 1702 1685 1668 1650 1633 1616 1599 1582 17 3 6 9 11 14
81 0.1564 1547 1530 1513 1495 1478 1461 1444 1426 1409 17 3 6 9 11 14
82 0.1392 1374 1357 1340 1323 1305 1288 1271 1253 1236 17 3 6 9 11 14
83 0.1219 1201 1184 1167 1149 1132 1115 1097 1080 1063 17 3 6 9 11 14
84 0.1045 1028 1011 0993 0976 0958 0941 0924 0906 0889 17 3 6 9 11 14
85 0.0872 0854 0837 0819 0802 0785 0767 0750 0732 0715 17 3 6 9 11 14
86 0.0698 0680 0663 0645 0628 0610 0593 0576 0558 0541 17 3 6 9 11 14
87 0.0523 0506 0488 0471 0454 0436 0419 0401 0384 0366 17 3 6 9 11 14
88 0.0349 0332 0314 0297 0279 0262 0244 0227 0209 0192 17 3 6 9 11 14
89 0.0175 0157 0140 0122 0105 0087 0070 0052 0035 0017 18 3 6 9 12 15

414 ICSE Mathematics—X

 NATURAL TANGENTS tan x°

0′ 6′ 12′ 18′ 24′ 30′ 36′ 42′ 48′ 54′ Dm 1′ 2′ 3′ 4′ 5′

x°
0°.0 0°.1 0°.2 0°.3 0°.4 0°.5 0°.6 0°.7 0°.8 0°.9 + ADD
0° 0.0000 0017 0035 0052 0070 0087 0105 0122 0140 0157 17 3 6 9 11 14
1 0.0175 0192 0209 0227 0244 0262 0279 0297 0314 0332 17 3 6 9 11 14
2 0.0349 0367 0384 0402 0419 0437 0454 0472 0489 0507 18 3 6 9 12 15
3 0.0524 0542 0559 0577 0594 0612 0629 0647 0664 0682 18 3 6 9 12 15
4 0.0699 0717 0734 0752 0769 0787 0805 0822 0840 0857 18 3 6 9 12 15
5 0.0875 0892 0910 0928 0945 0963 0981 0998 1016 1033 18 3 6 9 12 15
6 0.1051 1069 1086 1004 1122 1139 1157 1175 1192 1210 18 3 6 9 12 15
7 0.1228 1246 1263 1281 1299 1317 1334 1352 1370 1388 18 3 6 9 12 15
8 0.1405 1423 1441 1459 1477 1495 1512 1530 1548 1566 18 3 6 9 12 15
9 0.1584 1602 1620 1638 1655 1673 1691 1709 1727 1745 18 3 6 9 12 15
10 0.1763 1781 1799 1817 1835 1853 1871 1890 1908 1926 18 3 6 9 12 15
11 0.1944 1962 1980 1998 2016 2085 2053 2071 2089 2107 18 3 6 9 12 15
12 0.2126 2144 2162 2180 2199 2217 2235 2254 2272 2290 18 3 6 9 12 15
13 0.2309 2327 2345 2364 2382 2401 2419 2438 2456 2475 18 3 6 9 12 15
14 0.2493 2512 2530 2549 2568 2586 2605 2623 2642 2661 19 3 6 9 13 16
15 0.2679 2698 2717 2736 2754 2773 2792 2811 2830 2849 19 3 6 9 13 16
16 0.2867 2886 2905 2924 2943 2962 2981 3000 3019 3038 19 3 6 9 13 16
17 0.3057 3076 3096 3115 3134 3153 3172 3191 3211 3230 19 3 6 10 13 16
18 0.3249 3269 3288 3307 3327 3346 3365 3385 3404 3424 19 3 6 10 13 16
19 0.3443 3463 3482 3502 3522 3541 3561 3581 3600 3620 20 3 7 10 13 17
20 0.3640 3659 3679 3699 3719 3739 3759 3779 3799 3819 20 3 7 10 13 17
21 0.3839 3859 3879 3899 3919 3939 3959 3979 4000 4020 20 3 7 10 13 17
22 0.4040 4061 4081 4101 4122 4142 4163 4183 4204 4224 20 3 7 10 13 17
23 0.4245 4265 4286 4307 4327 4348 4369 4390 4411 4431 21 3 7 10 14 17
24 0.4452 4473 4494 4515 4536 4557 4578 4599 4621 4642 21 4 7 11 14 18
25 0.4663 4684 4706 4727 4748 4770 4791 4813 4834 4856 21 4 7 11 14 18
26 0.4877 4899 4921 4942 4964 4986 5008 5029 5051 5073 22 4 7 11 15 18
27 0.5095 5117 5139 5161 5184 5206 5228 5250 5272 5295 22 4 7 11 15 18
28 0.5317 5340 5362 5384 5407 5430 5452 5475 5498 5520 23 4 8 11 15 19
29 0.5543 5566 5589 5612 5635 5658 5681 5704 5727 5750 23 4 8 12 15 19
30 0.5774 5797 5820 5844 5867 5890 5914 5938 5961 5985 24 4 8 12 16 20
31 0.6009 6032 6056 6080 6104 6128 6152 6176 6200 6224 24 4 8 12 16 20
32 0.6249 6273 6297 6322 6346 6371 6395 6420 6445 6469 25 4 8 12 17 21
33 0.6494 6519 6544 6569 6594 6619 6644 6669 6694 6720 25 4 8 13 17 21
34 0.6745 6771 6796 6822 6847 6873 6899 6924 6950 6976 26 4 9 13 17 22
35 0.7002 7028 7054 7080 7107 7133 7159 7186 7212 7239 26 4 9 13 17 22
36 0.7265 7292 7319 7346 7373 7400 7427 7454 7481 7508 27 5 9 14 18 23
37 0.7536 7563 7590 7618 7646 7673 7701 7729 7757 7785 28 5 9 14 19 23
38 0.7813 7841 7869 7898 7926 7954 7983 8012 8040 8069 28 5 9 14 19 23
39 0.8098 8127 8156 8185 8214 8243 8273 8302 8332 8361 29 5 10 15 19 24
40 0.8391 8421 8451 8481 8511 8541 8571 8601 8632 8662 30 5 10 15 20 25
41 0.8693 8724 8754 8785 8816 8847 8878 8910 8941 8972 31 5 10 16 21 26
42 0.9004 9036 9067 9099 9131 9163 9195 9228 9260 9293 32 5 11 16 21 27
43 0.9325 9358 9391 9424 9457 9490 9523 9556 9590 9623 33 6 11 17 22 28
44 0.9657 9691 9725 9759 9793 9827 9861 9896 9930 9965 34 6 11 17 23 28
45 1.0000 0035 0070 0105 0141 0176 0212 0247 0283 0319 36 6 12 18 24 30
46 1.355 0392 0428 0464 0501 0538 0575 0612 0649 0686 37 6 12 18 25 31
47 1.0724 0761 0799 0837 0875 0913 0951 0990 1028 1067 38 6 13 19 25 32
48 1.1106 1145 1184 1224 1263 1303 1343 1383 1423 1463 40 7 13 20 27 33
49 1.1504 1544 1585 1626 1667 1708 1750 1792 1833 1875 41 7 14 21 27 34

Tables 415
 NATURAL TANGENTS tan x°

0′ 6′ 12′ 18′ 24′ 30′ 36′ 42′ 48′ 54′ Dm 1′ 2′ 3′ 4′ 5′

x°
0°.0 0°.1 0°.2 0°.3 0°.4 0°.5 0°.6 0°.7 0°.8 0°.9 + ADD
50° 1.192 196 200 205 209 213 217 222 226 230 4 1 1 2 3 3
51 1.235 239 244 248 253 257 262 266 271 275 4 1 1 2 3 3
52 1.280 285 289 294 299 303 308 313 317 322 5 1 2 2 3 4
53 1.327 332 337 342 347 351 356 361 366 371 5 1 2 2 3 4
54 1.376 381 387 392 397 402 407 412 418 423 5 1 2 3 3 4
55 1.428 433 439 444 450 455 460 466 471 477 6 1 2 3 4 5
56 1.483 488 494 499 505 511 517 522 528 534 6 1 2 3 4 5
57 1.540 546 552 558 564 570 576 582 588 594 6 1 2 3 4 5
58 1.600 607 613 619 625 632 638 645 651 658 6 1 2 3 4 5
59 1.664 671 678 684 691 698 704 711 718 725 7 1 2 3 5 6
60 1.732 739 746 753 760 767 775 782 789 797 7 1 2 4 5 6
61 1.804 811 819 827 834 842 849 857 865 873 8 1 3 4 5 7
62 1.881 889 897 905 913 921 929 937 946 954 8 1 3 4 5 7
63 1.963 971 980 988 1.997 2.006 014 023 032 041 9 1 3 4 6 7
64 2.050 059 069 078 087 097 106 116 125 135 10 2 3 5 7 8
65 2.145 154 164 174 184 194 204 215 225 236 10 2 3 5 7 8
66 2.246 257 267 278 289 300 311 322 333 344 11 2 4 6 7 9
67 2.356 367 379 391 402 414 426 438 450 463 12 2 4 6 8 10
68 2.475 488 500 513 526 539 552 565 578 592 13 2 4 7 9 11
69 2.605 619 633 646 660 675 689 703 718 733 14 2 5 7 9 12
70 2.747 762 778 793 808 824 840 856 872 888 16 3 5 8 11 13
71 2.904 921 937 954 971 2.989 3.006 024 042 060 17 3 6 9 11 14
72 3.078 096 115 133 152 19 3 6 9 13 16
152 172 191 211 230 251 20 3 7 10 13 17
73 3.271 291 312 333 354 21 3 7 10 14 17
354 376 398 420 442 465 22 4 7 11 15 18
74 3.487 511 534 558 582 606 630 24 4 8 12 16 20
630 655 681 706 26 4 9 13 17 22
75 3.732 758 785 812 839 27 4 9 13 18 22
839 867 895 923 952 981 29 5 10 14 19 24
76 4.011 041 071 102 134 165 31 5 10 15 21 26
165 198 230 264 297 33 6 11 17 22 28
77 4.331 366 402 437 474 511 548 36 6 12 18 24 30
548 586 625 665 39 7 13 20 26 33
78 4.705 745 787 829 872 915 959 42 7 14 21 28 35
4.959 5.005 050 097 46 8 15 23 31 38
79 5.145 193 242 292 343 50 8 17 25 33 42
343 396 449 503 558 614 55 9 18 27 37 46
80 5.67 5.73 5.79 5.85 5.91 5.98 6.04 6.11 6.17 6.24 6 1 2 3 4 5
81 6.31 6.39 6.46 6.54 6.61 6.69 6.77 6.85 6.94 7.03 8 1 3 4 5 7
82 7.12 7.21 7.30 7.40 7.49 7.60 7.70 7.81 7.92 8.03 10 2 3 5 4 8
83 8.14 8.26 8.39 8.51 8.64 8.78 8.92 9.06 9.21 9.36 14 2 5 7 9 12
84 9.51 9.68 9.84 10.02 10.20 10.39 10.58 18 3 6 9 12 15
10.58 10.78 10.99 11.20 21 4 7 11 14 18
85 11.43 11.66 11.91 12.16 12.43 12.71 13.00 13.30 13.62 13.95 –
86 14.30 14.67 15.06 15.46 15.89 16.35 16.83 17.34 17.89 18.46 –

87 19.1 19.7 20.4 21.2 22.0 22.9 23.9 24.9 26.0 27.3 –
88 28.6 30.1 31.8 33.7 35.8 38.2 40.9 44.1 47.7 52.1 –
89 57.3 63.7 71.6 81.8 95.5 114.6 143.2 191.0 286.5 573.0 –

Bold type indicates the change in integer.

416 ICSE Mathematics—X

 NATURAL SECANTS sec x°

0′ 6′ 12′ 18′ 24′ 30′ 36′ 42′ 48′ 54′ Dm 1′ 2′ 3′ 4′ 5′

x°
0°.0 0°.1 0°.2 0°.3 0°.4 0°.5 0°.6 0°.7 0°.8 0°.9 + ADD
0° 1.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 0001 0001 0001
1 1.0002 0002 0002 0003 0003 0003 0004 0004 0005 0006
2 1.0006 0007 0007 0008 0009 0010 0010 0011 0012 0013
3 1.0014 0015 0016 0017 0018 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023
4 1.0024 0026 0027 0028 0030 0031 0032 0034 0035 0037
5 1.0038 0040 0041 0043 0045 0046 0048 0050 0051 0053 2 0 1 1 1 2
6 1.0055 0057 0059 0061 0063 0065 0067 0069 0071 0073 2 0 1 1 1 2
7 1.0075 0077 0079 0082 0084 0086 0089 0091 0093 0096 2 0 1 1 1 2
8 1.0098 0101 0103 0106 0108 0111 0114 0116 0119 0122 3 0 1 1 2 2
9 1.0125 0127 0130 0133 0136 0139 0142 0145 0148 0151 3 0 1 1 2 2
10 1.0154 0157 0161 0164 0167 0170 0174 0177 0180 0184 3 1 1 2 2 3
11 1.0187 0191 0194 0198 0201 0205 0209 0212 0216 0220 4 1 1 2 3 3
12 1.0223 0227 0231 0235 0239 0243 0247 0251 0255 0259 4 1 1 2 3 3
13 1.0263 0267 0271 0276 0284 0288 0247 0251 0297 0302 4 1 1 2 3 3
14 1.0306 0311 0315 0320 0324 0329 0334 0338 0343 0348 5 1 2 2 3 4
15 1.0353 0358 0363 0367 0372 0377 0382 0388 0393 0398 5 1 2 3 3 4
16 1.0403 0408 0413 0419 0424 0429 0435 0440 0446 0451 5 1 2 3 3 4
17 1.0457 0463 0468 0474 0480 0485 0491 0497 0503 0509 6 1 2 3 4 5
18 1.0515 0521 0527 0533 0539 0545 0551 0557 0564 0570 6 1 2 3 4 5
19 1.0576 0583 0589 0595 0602 0608 0615 0622 0628 0635 7 1 2 3 5 6
20 1.0642 0649 0655 0662 0669 0676 0683 0690 0697 0704 7 1 2 3 5 6
21 1.0711 0719 0726 0733 0740 0748 0755 0763 0770 0778 7 1 2 4 5 6
22 1.0785 0793 0801 0808 0816 0824 0832 0840 0848 0856 8 1 3 4 5 7
23 1.0864 0872 0880 0888 0896 0904 0913 0921 0929 0938 8 1 3 4 5 7
24 1.0946 0955 0963 0972 0981 0989 0998 1007 1016 1025 9 1 3 4 6 7
25 1.1034 1043 1052 1061 1070 1079 1089 1098 1107 1117 9 2 3 5 6 8
26 1.1126 1136 1145 1155 1164 1174 1184 1194 1203 1213 10 2 3 5 7 8
27 1.1223 1233 1243 1253 1264 1274 1284 1294 1305 1315 10 2 3 5 7 8
28 1.1326 1336 1347 1357 1368 1379 1390 1401 1412 1423 11 2 4 5 7 9
29 1.1434 1445 1456 1467 1478 1490 1501 1512 1524 1535 11 2 4 6 7 9
30 1.1547 1559 1570 1582 1594 1606 1618 1630 1642 1654 12 2 4 6 8 10
31 1.1666 1679 1691 1703 1716 1728 1741 1753 1766 1779 13 2 4 6 9 11
32 1.1792 1805 1818 1831 1844 1857 1870 1883 1897 1910 13 2 4 7 9 11
33 1.1924 1937 1951 1964 1978 1992 2006 2020 2034 2048 14 2 5 7 9 12
34 1.2062 2076 2091 2105 2120 2134 2149 2163 2178 2193 15 2 5 7 10 12
35 1.2208 2223 2238 2253 2268 2283 2299 2314 2329 2345 15 3 5 8 10 13
36 1.2361 2376 2392 2408 2424 2440 2456 2472 2489 2505 16 3 5 8 11 13
37 1.2521 2538 2554 2571 2588 2605 2633 2639 2656 2673 17 3 6 8 11 14
38 1.2690 2708 2725 2742 2760 2778 2796 2813 2831 2849 18 3 6 9 12 15
39 1.2868 2886 2904 2923 2941 2960 2978 2997 3016 3035 19 3 6 9 13 16
40 1.3054 3073 3093 3112 3131 3151 3171 3190 3210 3230 20 3 7 10 13 17
41 1.3250 3270 3291 3311 3331 3352 3373 3393 3414 3435 21 3 7 10 14 17
42 1.3456 3478 3499 3520 3542 3563 3585 3607 3629 3651 22 4 7 11 15 18
43 1.3673 3696 3718 3741 3763 3786 3809 3832 3855 3878 23 4 8 11 15 19
44 1.3902 3925 3949 3972 3996 4020 4044 4069 4093 4118 24 4 8 12 16 20
45 1.4142 4167 4192 4217 4242 4267 4293 4318 4344 4370 25 4 8 13 17 21
46 1.4396 4422 4448 4474 4501 4527 4554 4581 4608 4635 27 4 9 13 18 22
47 1.4663 4690 4718 4746 4774 4802 4830 4859 4887 4916 28 5 9 14 19 23
48 1.4945 4974 5003 5032 5062 5092 5121 5151 5182 5212 30 5 10 15 20 25
49 1.5243 5273 5304 5335 5366 5398 5429 5461 5493 5525 31 5 10 16 21 26

Tables 417
 NATURAL SECANTS sec x°

0′ 6′ 12′ 18′ 24′ 30′ 36′ 42′ 48′ 54′ Dm 1′ 2′ 3′ 4′ 5′

x°
0°.0 0°.1 0°.2 0°.3 0°.4 0°.5 0°.6 0°.7 0°.8 0°.9 + ADD
50° 1.556 559 562 566 569 572 575 579 582 586 3 1 1 2 2 3
51 1.589 592 596 599 603 606 610 613 617 621 4 1 1 2 3 3
52 1.624 628 632 635 639 643 646 650 654 658 4 1 1 2 3 3
53 1.662 666 669 673 677 681 685 689 693 697 4 1 1 2 3 3
54 1.701 705 710 714 718 722 726 731 735 739 4 1 1 2 3 3
55 1.743 748 752 757 761 766 770 775 779 784 4 1 1 2 3 3
56 1.788 793 798 802 807 812 817 821 826 831 5 1 2 2 3 4
57 1.836 841 846 851 856 861 866 871 877 882 5 1 2 3 3 4
58 1.887 892 898 903 908 914 919 925 930 936 6 1 2 3 4 5
59 1.942 947 953 959 964 970 976 982 988 994 6 1 2 3 4 5
60 2.000 006 012 018 025 031 037 043 050 056 6 1 2 3 4 5
61 2.063 069 076 082 089 096 103 109 116 123 7 1 2 3 5 6
62 2.130 137 144 151 158 166 173 180 188 195 7 1 2 4 5 6
63 2.203 210 218 226 233 241 249 257 265 273 8 1 3 4 5 7
64 2.281 289 298 306 314 323 331 340 349 357 8 1 3 4 5 7
65 2.366 375 384 393 402 411 421 430 439 449 9 2 3 5 6 8
66 2.459 468 478 488 498 508 518 528 538 549 10 2 3 5 7 8
67 2.559 570 581 591 602 613 624 635 647 658 11 2 4 6 7 9
68 2.669 681 693 705 716 729 741 753 765 778 12 2 4 6 8 10
69 2.790 803 816 829 842 855 869 882 896 910 13 2 4 7 9 11
70 2.924 938 952 967 981 2.996 3.011 026 041 056 15 2 5 7 10 12
71 3.072 087 103 119 135 152 168 185 202 219 16 3 5 8 11 13
72 3.236 254 271 289 307 326 344 363 382 401 18 3 6 9 12 15
73 3.420 440 460 480 500 521 542 563 584 606 21 3 7 10 14 17
74 3.628 650 673 695 719 742 23 4 8 11 15 19
742 766 790 814 839 24 4 8 12 16 20
75 3.864 889 915 941 967 994 26 4 9 13 17 22
3.994 4.021 049 077 105 28 5 9 14 19 23
76 4.134 163 192 222 253 284 30 5 10 15 20 25
284 315 347 379 412 32 5 11 16 21 27
77 4.445 479 514 549 584 620 35 6 12 18 23 29
620 657 694 732 771 38 6 13 19 25 32
78 4.810 850 890 931 973 41 7 14 20 27 34
4.973 5.016 059 103 148 194 45 7 15 22 30 37
79 5.241 288 337 386 436 487 49 8 16 25 33 41
487 540 593 647 702 55 9 18 27 37 46
80 5.76 5.82 5.88 5.94 6.00 6.06 6.12 6.19 6.25 6.32 6 1 2 3 4 5
81 6.39 6.46 6.54 6.61 6.69 6.77 6.85 6.93 7.01 7.10 8 1 3 4 5 7
82 7.19 7.28 7.37 7.46 7.56 7.66 7.76 7.87 7.98 8.09 10 2 3 5 7 8
83 8.21 8.32 8.45 8.57 8.70 8.83 8.97 9.11 9.26 9.41 –
84 9.57 9.73 9.90 10.07 10.25 10.43 10.63 10.83 11.03 11.25 –
85 11.47 11.71 11.95 12.20 12.47 12.75 13.03 13.34 13.65 13.99 –
86 14.34 14.70 15.09 15.50 15.93 16.38 16.86 17.37 17.91 18.49 –
87 19.1 19.8 20.5 21.2 22.0 22.9 23.9 24.9 26.0 27.3 –
88 28.7 30.2 31.8 33.7 35.8 38.2 40.9 44.1 47.7 52.1 –
89 57.3 63.7 71.6 81.9 95.5 114.6 143.2 191.0 286.5 573.0 –

Bold type indicates the change in integer.

418 ICSE Mathematics—X

 POWERS AND FACTORIALS
x x2 x3 10/x √x 1/√x 3 D 3 D 3 D x! c
x 10x 100x
+ + + *
1 1 1 10 1.000 1.000 1.000 2.154 4.642 1

100 y , y = 10x
2 4 8 5 1.414 0.7071 1.260 2.714 5.848 2

y = 10x
3 9 27 3.333 1.732 .5774 1.442 3.107 6.694 6

y , y = 10x
4 16 64 2.5 2.000 .5000 1.587 3.420 7.368 24
5 25 125 2 2.236 .4472 1.710 3.684 7.937 120

3 10 y ,
6 36 216 1.667 2.449 .4082 1.817 3.915 8.434 720

3
1 3
10

Use
7 49 343 1.429 2.646 .3780 1.913 4.121 8.879 5.040 3

Use
Use
8 64 512 1.25 2.828 .3536 2.000 4.309 9.283 4.032 4
9 81 729 1.111 3.000 .3333 2.080 4.481 9.655 3.629 5
10 100 1000 1 3.162 .3162 2.154 70 4.642 149 10.00 32 3.629 6
11 121 1331 .9091 3.317 .3015 2.224 65 4.791 141 10.32 31 3.992 7
12 144 1728 .8333 3.464 .2887 2.289 62 4.932 134 10.63 28 4.790 8
13 169 2197 .7692 3.606 .2774 2.351 59 5.066 126 10.91 28 6.227 9
14 196 2744 .7143 3.742 .2673 2.410 56 5.192 121 11.19 26 8.718 10
15 225 3375 .6667 3.873 .2582 2.466 54 5.313 116 11.45 25 1.308 12
16 256 4096 .6250 4.000 .2500 2.520 51 5.429 111 11.70 23 2.092 13
17 289 4913 .5882 4.123 .2425 2.571 50 5.540 106 11.93 23 3.557 14
18 324 5832 .5556 4.243 .2357 2.621 47 5.646 103 12.16 23 6.402 15
19 361 6859 .5263 4.359 .2294 2.668 46 5.749 99 12.39 21 1.216 17
20 400 8000 .5000 4.472 .2236 2.714 45 5.848 96 12.60 21 2.433 18
21 441 9261 .4762 4.583 .2182 2.759 43 5.944 93 12.81 20 5.109 19
22 484 10648 .4545 4.690 .2132 2.802 42 6.037 90 13.01 19 1.124 21
23 529 12167 .4348 4.796 .2085 2.844 40 6.127 87 13.20 19 2.585 22
24 576 13824 .4167 4.899 .2041 2.884 40 6.214 86 13.39 18 6.204 23
25 625 15625 .4000 5.000 .2000 2.924 38 6.300 83 13.57 18 1.551 25
26 676 17576 .3846 5.099 .1961 2.962 38 6.383 80 13.75 17 4.033 26
27 729 19683 .3704 5.196 .1925 3.000 37 6.463 79 13.92 17 1.089 28
28 784 21952 .3571 5.292 .1890 3.037 35 6.542 77 14.09 17 3.049 29
29 841 24389 .3448 5.385 .1857 3.072 35 6.619 75 14.26 16 8.842 30
30 900 27000 .3333 5.477 .1826 3.107 34 6.694 74 14.42 16 2.653 32
31 961 29791 .3226 5.568 .1796 3.141 34 6.768 72 14.58 16 8.223 33
32 1024 32768 .3125 5.657 .1768 3.175 33 6.840 70 14.74 15 2.631 35
33 1089 35937 .3030 5.745 .1741 3.208 32 6.910 70 14.89 15 8.683 36
34 1156 39304 .2941 5.831 .1715 3.240 31 6.980 67 15.04 14 2.952 38
35 1225 42875 .2857 5.916 .1690 3.271 31 7.047 67 15.18 15 1.033 40
36 1296 46656 .2778 6.000 .1667 3.302 30 7.114 65 15.33 14 3.720 41
37 1369 50653 .2703 6.083 .1644 3.332 30 7.179 64 15.47 13 1.376 43
38 1444 54872 .2632 6.164 .1622 3.362 29 7.243 63 15.60 14 5.230 44
39 1521 59319 .2564 6.245 .1601 3.391 29 7.306 62 15.74 13 2.040 46
40 1600 64000 .2500 6.325 .1581 3.420 28 7.368 61 15.87 14 8.159 47
41 1681 68921 .2439 6.403 .1562 3.448 28 7.429 60 16.01 12 3.345 49
42 1764 74088 .2381 6.481 .1543 3.476 27 7.489 59 16.13 13 1.405 51
43 1849 79507 .2326 6.557 .1525 3.503 27 7.548 58 16.26 13 6.042 52
44 1936 85184 .2273 6.633 .1508 3.530 27 7.606 57 16.39 12 2.658 54
45 2025 91125 .2222 6.708 .1491 3.557 26 7.663 56 16.51 12 1.196 56
46 2116 97336 .2174 6.782 .1474 3.583 26 7.719 56 16.63 12 5.503 57
47 2209 103823 .2128 6.856 .1459 3.609 25 7.775 55 16.75 12 2.586 59
48 2304 110592 .2083 6.928 .1443 3.634 25 7.830 54 16.87 11 1.241 61
49 2401 117649 .2041 7.000 .1429 3.659 25 7.884 53 16.98 12 6.083 62

Tables 419
 POWERS AND FACTORIALS
2 3
x x x 10/x √x 1/√x 3 D 3 D 3 D x! c
x 10x 100x
+ + + *
50 2500 125000 .2000 7.071 .1414 3.684 24 7.937 53 17.10 11 3.041 64
51 2601 132651 .1961 7.141 .1400 3.708 25 7.990 51 17.21 11 1.551 66
52 2704 140608 .1923 7.211 .1387 3.733 23 8.041 52 17.32 12 8.066 67
53 2809 148877 .1887 7.280 .1374 3.756 24 8.093 50 17.44 10 4.275 69
54 2916 157464 .1852 7.348 .1361 3.780 23 8.143 50 17.54 11 2.308 71
55 3025 166375 .1818 7.416 .1348 3.803 23 8.193 50 17.65 11 1.270 73
56 3136 175616 .1786 7.483 .1336 3.826 23 8.243 48 17.76 10 7.110 74
57 3249 185193 .1754 7.550 .1325 3.849 22 8.291 49 17.86 11 4.053 76
58 3364 195112 .1724 7.616 .1313 3.871 22 8.340 47 17.97 10 2.351 78
59 3481 205379 .1695 7.681 .1302 3.893 22 8.387 47 18.07 10 1.387 80
60 3600 216000 .1667 7.746 .1291 3.915 21 8.434 47 18.17 10 8.321 81
61 3721 226981 .1639 7.810 .1280 3.936 22 8.481 46 18.27 10 5.076 83
62 3844 238328 .1613 7.874 .1270 3.958 21 8.527 46 18.37 10 3.147 85
63 3969 250047 .1587 7.937 .1260 3.979 21 8.573 45 18.47 10 1.983 87
64 4096 262144 .1562 8.000 .1250 4.000 21 8.618 44 18.57 9 1.269 89
65 4225 274625 .1538 8.062 .1240 4.021 20 8.662 45 18.66 10 8.248 90
66 4356 287496 .1515 8.124 .1231 4.041 21 8.707 43 18.76 9 5.443 92
67 4489 300763 .1493 8.185 .1222 4.062 20 8.750 44 18.85 10 3.647 94
68 4624 314432 .1471 8.246 .1213 4.082 20 8.794 43 18.95 9 2.480 96
69 4761 328509 .1449 8.307 .1204 4.102 19 8.837 42 19.04 9 1.711 98
70 4900 343000 .1429 8.367 .1195 4.121 20 8.879 42 19.13 9 1.198 100
71 5041 357911 .1408 8.426 .1187 4.141 19 8.921 42 19.22 9 8.505 101
72 5184 373248 .1389 8.485 .1179 4.160 19 8.963 41 19.31 9 6.123 103
73 5329 389017 .1370 8.544 .1170 4.179 19 9.004 41 19.40 9 4.470 105
74 5476 405224 .1351 8.602 .1162 4.198 19 9.045 41 19.49 8 3.308 107
75 5625 421875 .1333 8.660 .1155 4.217 19 9.086 40 19.57 9 2.481 109
76 5776 438976 .1316 8.718 .1147 4.236 18 9.126 40 19.66 9 1.885 111
77 5929 456533 .1299 8.775 .1140 4.254 19 9.166 39 19.75 8 1.452 113
78 6084 474552 .1282 8.832 .1132 4.273 18 9.205 39 19.83 9 1.132 115
79 6241 493039 .1266 8.888 .1125 4.291 18 9.244 39 19.92 8 8.946 116
80 6400 512000 .1250 8.944 .1118 4.309 18 9.283 39 20.00 8 7.157 118
81 6561 531441 .1235 9.000 .1111 4.327 17 9.322 38 20.08 9 5.797 120
82 6724 551368 .1220 9.055 .1104 4.344 18 9.360 38 20.17 8 4.754 122
83 6889 571787 .1205 9.110 .1098 4.362 18 9.398 37 20.25 8 3.946 124
84 7056 592704 .1190 9.165 .1091 4.380 17 9.435 38 20.33 8 3.314 126
85 7225 614125 .1176 9.220 .1085 4.397 17 9.473 37 20.41 8 2.817 128
86 7396 636056 .1163 9.274 .1078 4.414 17 9.510 36 20.49 8 2.423 130
87 7569 658503 .1149 9.327 .1072 4.431 17 9.546 37 20.57 8 2.108 132
88 7744 681472 .1136 9.381 .1066 4.448 17 9.583 36 20.65 7 1.855 134
89 7921 704969 .1124 9.434 .1060 4.465 16 9.619 36 20.72 8 1.651 136
90 8100 729000 .1111 9.487 .1054 4.481 17 9.655 36 20.80 8 1.486 138
91 8281 753571 .1099 9.539 .1048 4.498 16 9.691 35 20.88 7 1.352 140
92 8464 778688 .1087 9.592 .1043 4.514 17 9.726 35 20.95 8 1.244 142
93 8649 804357 .1075 9.644 .1037 4.531 16 9.761 35 21.03 7 1.157 144
94 8836 830584 .1064 9.695 .1031 4.547 16 9.796 34 21.10 8 1.087 146
95 9025 857375 .1053 9.747 .1026 4.563 16 9.830 35 21.18 7 1.033 148
96 9216 884736 .1042 9.798 .1021 4.579 16 9.865 34 21.25 8 9.917 149
97 9409 912673 .1031 9.849 .1015 4.595 15 9.899 34 21.33 7 9.619 151
98 9604 941192 .1020 9.899 .1010 4.610 16 9.933 34 21.40 7 9.427 153
99 9801 970299 .1010 9.950 .1005 4.626 16 9.967 33 21.47 7 9.333 155

420 ICSE Mathematics—X

 SQUARE ROOTS √x or x1/2

Dm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
+ ADD
10 1000 1005 1010 1015 1020 1025 1030 1034 1039 1044 5 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
3162 3178 3194 3209 3225 3240 3256 3271 3286 3302 16 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 14
11 1049 1054 1058 1063 1068 1072 1077 1082 1086 1091 5 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
3317 3332 3347 3362 3376 3391 3406 3421 3435 3450 15 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13

12 1095 1100 1105 1109 1114 1118 1122 1127 1131 1136 4 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
3464 3479 3493 3507 3521 3536 3550 3564 3578 3592 14 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 13
13 1140 1145 1149 1153 1158 1162 1166 1170 1175 1179 4 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
3606 3619 3633 3647 3661 3674 3688 3701 3715 3728 14 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 13
14 1183 1187 1192 1196 1200 1204 1208 1212 1217 1221 4 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
3742 3755 3768 3782 3795 3808 3821 3834 3847 3860 13 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 12
15 1225 1229 1233 1237 1241 1245 1249 1253 1257 1261 4 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
3873 3886 3899 3912 3924 3937 3950 3962 3975 3987 13 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12
16 1265 1269 1273 1277 1281 1285 1288 1292 1296 1300 4 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
4000 4012 4025 4037 4050 4062 4074 4087 4099 4111 12 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
17 1304 1308 1311 1315 1319 1323 1327 1330 1334 1338 4 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
4123 4135 4147 4159 4171 4183 4195 4207 4219 4231 12 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
18 1342 1345 1349 1353 1356 1360 1364 1367 1371 1375 4 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
4243 4254 4266 4278 4290 4301 4313 4324 4336 4347 12 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
19 1378 1382 1386 1389 1393 1396 1400 1404 1407 1411 4 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
4359 4370 4382 4393 4405 4416 4427 4438 4450 4461 11 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
20 1414 1418 1421 1425 1428 1432 1435 1439 1442 1446 4 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
4472 4483 4494 4506 4517 4528 4539 4550 4561 4572 11 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
21 1449 1453 1456 1459 1463 1466 1470 1473 1476 1480 3 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3
4583 4593 4604 4615 4626 4637 4648 4658 4669 4680 11 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10
22 1483 1487 1490 1493 1497 1500 1503 1507 1510 1513 3 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3
4690 4701 4712 4722 4733 4743 4754 4764 4775 4785 11 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10
23 1517 1520 1523 1526 1530 1533 1536 1539 1543 1546 3 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3
4796 4806 4817 4827 4837 4848 4858 4868 4879 4889 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
24 1549 1552 1556 1559 1562 1565 1568 1572 1575 1578 3 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3
4899 4909 4919 4930 4940 4950 4960 4970 4980 4990 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
25 1581 1584 1587 1591 1594 1597 1600 1603 1606 1609 3 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3
5000 5010 5020 5030 5040 5050 5060 5070 5079 5089 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
26 1612 1616 1619 1622 1625 1628 1631 1634 1637 1640 3 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3
5099 5109 5119 5128 5138 5148 5158 5167 5177 5187 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
27 1643 1646 1649 1652 1655 1658 1661 1664 1667 1670 3 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3
5196 5206 5215 5225 5235 5244 5254 5263 5273 5282 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
28 1673 1676 1679 1682 1685 1688 1691 1694 1697 1700 3 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3
5292 5301 5310 5320 5329 5339 5348 5357 5367 5376 9 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8
29 1703 1706 1709 1712 1715 1718 1720 1723 1726 1729 3 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
5385 5394 5404 5413 5422 5431 5441 5450 5459 5468 9 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8
30 1732 1735 1738 1741 1744 1746 1749 1752 1755 1758 3 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
5477 5486 5495 5505 5514 5523 5532 5541 5550 5559 9 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8

(i) Insert the decimal point by inspection.

(ii) For the square root of a number with odd number of digits (before decimal point), use the first row.
E.g.: 156 = 12.49,  294.6 = 17.17
3 digits 3 digits
3.476 = 1.865
 1 digit

Tables 421
 SQUARE ROOTS √x or x1/2
Dm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
+ ADD
31 1761 1764 1766 1769 1772 1775 1778 1780 1783 1786 3 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
5568 5577 5586 5595 5604 5612 5621 5630 5639 5648 9 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
32 1789 1792 1794 1797 1800 1803 1806 1808 1811 1814 3 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
5657 5666 5675 5683 5692 5701 5710 5718 5727 5736 9 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8

33 1817 1819 1822 1825 1828 1830 1833 1836 1838 1841 3 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
5745 5753 5762 5771 5779 5788 5797 5805 5814 5822 9 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
34 1844 1847 1849 1852 1855 1857 1860 1863 1865 1868 3 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
5831 5840 5848 5857 5865 5874 5882 5891 5899 5908 9 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
35 1871 1873 1876 1879 1881 1884 1887 1889 1892 1895 3 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
5916 5925 5933 5941 5950 5958 5967 5975 5983 5992 8 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
36 1897 1900 1903 1905 1908 1910 1913 1916 1918 1921 3 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
6000 6008 6017 6025 6033 6042 6050 6058 6066 6075 8 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
37 1924 1926 1929 1931 1934 1936 1939 1942 1944 1947 3 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
6083 6091 6099 6107 6116 6124 6132 6140 6148 6156 8 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
38 1949 1952 1954 1957 1960 1962 1965 1967 1970 1972 3 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
6164 6173 6181 6189 6197 6205 6213 6221 6229 6237 8 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
39 1975 1977 1980 1982 1985 1987 1990 1992 1995 1997 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
6245 6253 6261 6269 6277 6285 6293 6301 6309 6317 8 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
40 2000 2002 2005 2007 2010 2012 2015 2017 2020 2022 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
6325 6332 6340 6348 6356 6364 6372 6380 6387 6395 8 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
41 2025 2027 2030 2032 2035 2037 2040 2042 2045 2047 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
6403 6411 6419 6427 6434 6442 6450 6458 6465 6473 8 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
42 2049 2052 2054 2057 2059 2062 2064 2066 2069 2071 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
6481 6488 6496 6504 6512 6519 6527 6535 6542 6550 8 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
43 2074 2076 2078 2081 2083 2086 2088 2090 2093 2095 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
6557 6565 6573 6580 6588 6595 6603 6611 6618 6626 8 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
44 2098 2100 2102 2105 2107 2110 2112 2114 2117 2119 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
6633 6641 6648 6656 6663 6671 6678 6686 6693 6701 8 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7
45 2121 2124 2126 2128 2131 2133 2135 2138 2140 2142 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
6708 6716 6723 6731 6738 6745 6753 6760 6768 6775 7 1 1 2 3. 4 4 5 6 6
46 2145 2147 2149 2152 2154 2156 2159 2161 2163 2166 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
6782 6790 6797 6804 6812 6819 6826 6834 6841 6848 7 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
47 2168 2170 2173 2175 2177 2179 2182 2184 2186 2189 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
6856 6863 6870 6877 6885 6892 6899 6907 6914 6921 7 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
48 2191 2193 2195 2198 2200 2202 2205 2207 2209 2211 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
6928 6935 6943 6950 6957 6964 6971 6979 6986 6993 7 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
49 2214 2216 2218 2220 2223 2225 2227 2229 2232 2234 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7000 7007 7014 7021 7029 7036 7043 7050 7057 7064 7 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
50 2236 2238 2241 2243 2245 2247 2249 2252 2254 2256 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7070 7078 7085 7092 7099 7106 7113 7120 7127 7134 7 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
51 2258 2261 2263 2265 2267 2269 2272 2274 2276 2278 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7141 7148 7155 7162 7169 7176 7183 7190 7197 7204 7 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
52 2280 2283 2285 2287 2289 2291 2293 2296 2298 2300 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7211 7218 7225 7232 7239 7246 7253 7259 7266 7273 7 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6
53 2302 2304 2307 2309 2311 2313 2315 2317 2319 2322 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7280 7287 7294 7301 7308 7314 7321 7328 7335 7342 7 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6

(i) Insert the decimal point by inspection.

(ii) For the square root of a number with even number of digits (before decimal point), use the second row.
5273 = 72.61 39.45 = 6.281
4 digits 2 digits

422 ICSE Mathematics—X

 SQUARE ROOTS √x or x1/2
Dm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
+ ADD
54 2324 2326 2328 2330 2332 2335 2337 2339 2341 2343 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7348 7355 7362 7369 7376 7382 7389 7396 7403 7409 7 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6
55 2345 2347 2349 2352 2354 2356 2358 2360 2362 2364 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7416 7423 7430 7436 7443 7450 7457 7463 7470 7477 7 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6
56 2366 2369 2371 2373 2375 2377 2379 2381 2383 2385 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7483 7490 7497 7503 7510 7517 7523 7530 7537 7543 7 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6
57 2387 2390 2392 2394 2396 2398 2400 2402 2404 2406 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7550 7556 7563 7570 7576 7583 7589 7596 7603 7609 7 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6
58 2408 2410 2412 2415 2417 2419 2421 2423 2425 2427 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7616 7622 7629 7635 7642 7649 7655 7662 7668 7675 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
59 2429 2431 2433 2435 2437 2439 2441 2443 2445 2447 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7681 7688 7694 7701 7707 7714 7720 7727 7733 7740 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
60 2449 2452 2454 2456 2458 2460 2462 2464 2466 2468 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7746 7752 7759 7765 7772 7778 7785 7791 7797 7804 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
61 2470 2472 2474 2476 2478 2480 2482 2484 2486 2488 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7810 7817 7823 7829 7836 7842 7849 7855 7861 7868 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
62 2490 2492 2494 2496 2498 2500 2502 2504 2506 2508 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7874 7880 7887 7893 7899 7906 7912 7918 7925 7931 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
63 2510 2512 2514 2516 2518 2520 2522 2524 2526 2528 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
7937 7944 7950 7956 7962 7969 7975 7981 7987 7994 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
64 2530 2532 2534 2536 2538 2540 2542 2544 2546 2548 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8000 8006 8012 8019 8025 8031 8037 8044 8050 8056 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
65 2550 2551 2553 2555 2557 2559 2561 2563 2565 2567 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8062 8068 8075 8081 8087 8093 8099 8106 8112 8118 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
66 2569 2571 2573 2575 2577 2579 2581 2583 2585 2587 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8124 8130 8136 8142 8149 8155 8161 8167 8173 8179 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
67 2588 2590 2592 2594 2596 2598 2600 2602 2604 2606 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8185 8191 8198 8204 8210 8216 8222 8228 8234 8240 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
68 2608 2610 2612 2613 2615 2617 2619 2621 2623 2625 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8246 8252 8258 8264 8270 8276 8283 8289 8295 8301 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
69 2627 2629 2631 2632 2634 2636 2638 2640 2642 2644 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8307 8313 8319 8325 8331 8337 8343 8349 8355 8361 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
70 2646 2648 2650 2651 2653 2655 2657 2659 2661 2663 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8367 8373 8379 8385 8390 8396 8402 8408 8414 8420 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
71 2665 2666 2668 2670 2672 2674 2676 2678 2680 2681 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8426 8432 8438 8444 8450 8456 8462 8468 8473 8479 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
72 2683 2685 2687 2689 2691 2693 2694 2696 2698 2700 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8485 8491 8497 8503 8509 8515 8521 8526 8532 8538 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
73 2702 2704 2706 2707 2709 2711 2713 2715 2717 2718 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8544 8550 8556 8562 8567 8573 8579 8585 8591 8597 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
74 2720 2722 2724 2726 2728 2729 2731 2733 2735 2737 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8602 8608 8614 8620 8626 8631 8637 8643 8649 8654 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
75 2739 2740 2742 2744 2746 2748 2750 2751 2753 2755 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8660 8666 8672 8678 8683 8689 8695 8701 8706 8712 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
76 2757 2759 2760 2762 2764 2766 2768 2769 2771 2773 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8718 8724 8729 8735 8741 8746 8752 8758 8764 8769 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5

(i) Insert the decimal point by inspection.

(ii) For the square root of a number with odd number of digits (before decimal point), use the first row.

Tables 423
 SQUARE ROOTS √x or x1/2
Dm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
+ ADD
77 2775 2777 2778 2780 2782 2784 2786 2787 2789 2791 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8775 8781 8786 8792 8798 8803 8809 8815 8820 8826 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
78 2793 2795 2796 2798 2800 2802 2804 2805 2807 2809 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8832 8837 8843 8849 8854 8860 8866 8871 8877 8883 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5

79 2811 2812 2814 2816 2818 2820 2821 2823 2825 2827 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8888 8894 8899 8905 8911 8916 8922 8927 8933 8939 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
80 2828 2830 2832 2834 2835 2837 2839 2841 2843 2844 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
8944 8950 8955 8961 8967 8972 8978 8983 8989 8994 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
81 2846 2848 2850 2851 2853 2855 2857 2858 2860 2862 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9000 9006 9011 9017 9022 9028 9033 9039 9044 9050 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
82 2864 2865 2867 2869 2871 2872 2874 2876 2877 2879 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9055 9061 9066 9072 9077 9083 9088 9094 9099 9105 6 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
83 2881 2883 2884 2886 2888 2890 2891 2893 2895 2897 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9110 9116 9121 9127 9132 9138 9143 9149 9154 9160 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
84 2898 2900 2902 2903 2905 2907 2909 2910 2912 2914 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9165 9171 9176 9182 9187 9192 9198 9203 9209 9214 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
85 2915 2917 2919 2921 2922 2924 2926 2927 2929 2931 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9220 9225 9230 9236 9241 9247 9252 9257 9263 9268 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
86 2933 2934 2936 2938 2939 2941 2943 2944 2946 2948 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9274 9279 9284 9290 9295 9301 9306 9311 9317 9322 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
87 2950 2951 2953 2955 2956 2958 2960 2961 2963 2965 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9327 9333 9338 9343 9349 9354 9359 9365 9370 9375 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
88 2966 2968 2970 2972 2973 2975 2977 2978 2980 2982 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9381 9386 9391 9397 9402 9407 9413 9418 9423 9429 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
89 2983 2985 2987 2988 2990 2992 2993 2995 2997 2998 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9434 9439 9445 9450 9455 9460 9466 9471 9476 9482 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
90 3000 3002 3003 3005 3007 3008 3010 3012 3013 3015 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9487 9492 9497 9503 9508 9513 9518 9524 9529 9534 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
91 3017 3018 3020 3022 3023 3025 3027 3028 3030 3032 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9539 9545 9550 9555 9560 9566 9571 9576 9581 9586 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
92 3033 3035 3036 3038 3040 3041 3043 3045 3046 3048 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9592 9597 9602 9607 9612 9618 9623 9628 9633 9638 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
93 3050 3051 3053 3055 3056 3058 3059 3061 3063 3064 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9644 9649 9654 9659 9664 9670 9675 9680 9685 9690 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
94 3066 3068 3069 3071 3072 3074 3076 3077 3079 3081 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9695 9701 9706 9711 9716 9721 9726 9731 9737 9742 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
95 3082 3084 3085 3087 3089 2090 3092 3094 3095 3097 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9747 9752 9757 9762 9767 9772 9778 9783 9788 9793 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
96 3098 3100 3102 3103 3105 3106 3108 3110 3111 3113 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9798 9803 9808 9813 9818 9823 9829 9834 9839 9844 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
97 3114 3116 3118 3119 3121 3122 3124 3126 3127 3129 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9849 9854 9859 9864 9869 9874 9879 9884 9889 9894 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
98 3130 3132 3134 3135 3137 3138 3140 3142 3143 3145 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9899 9905 9910 9915 9920 9925 9930 9935 9940 9945 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
99 3146 3148 3150 3151 3153 3154 3156 3158 3159 3161 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
9950 9955 9960 9965 9970 9975 9980 9985 9990 9995 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5

(i) Insert the decimal point by inspection.

(ii) For the square root of a number with even number of digits (before decimal point), use the second row.

424 ICSE Mathematics—X