Z - Bio 208 Location and Function 2018 - 19

FALGUNI MISS
Author of “Key Point”, “Checkpoint” & “Final Revision Papers” for Maths, Phy, chem & Bio
05. LOCATION AND FUNCTION (208) 2018 – 19.
NO. NAME LOCATION FUNCTION

1. Abscisic acid (ABA) Synthesized in green fruits i. Induces dormancy of buds and seeds.
and seeds at the beginning ii. Inhibits seed-germination and development.
of the wintering period. iii. Stimulates closing of stomata.
2. Acetylcholine In the synapse of the Sets nerve impulse.
neurons.
3. Acrosome In the head of the sperm. Secrete an enzyme called Hyaluronidase, which
dissolves the walls of ova for the entry of sperm
nucleus.
4. Adrenal cortex On the periphery of the i. Regulates mineral metabolism specially Na+ & K+ ions.
adrenal glands. ii. Regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
iii. Stimulates the development of reproductive organs
during child hood.
5. Adrenal glands Attached above each Produces hormones cortisone from cortex and
kidney. adrenalin from medulla for metabolism and regulates
stress response.
6. Adrenal Medulla Central part of the adrenal i. It increases heartbeat and blood pressure.
gland. ii.It increases blood supply to the muscles.
iii. It increases sugar level in the blood by converting
glycogen to glucose into the blood from the liver.
7. Adrenaline In the medulla of adrenal Helps body to prepare for emergency situations.
gland.
8. Afferent neuron/ Connects the sense organs It conveys the sensory nerve impulse from the sense
sensory neurons to the central nervous organs to the central nervous system (brain and the
system. spinal cord).
9. Allantois Lies below the chorion as It forms the foetal part of the placenta.
an outgrowth of the foetal
membrane.
10. Alpha cell in islets Scattered in the pancreas. It produces the hormone Glucagon which increases the
of Langerhans or blood sugar levels.
Alpha cells of
pancreas
11. Amnion Around the embryo, in It protects the growing embryo.
uterus of a female
mammal.
12. Amniotic fluid Surrounds the embryo and i. Protects the embryo from physical damage and
fills the space between the mechanical shocks.
amnion and embryo. ii. Keeps even pressure all around the embryo.
iii. Allows the foetus, some restricted movements.
iv. Prevents sticking of the embryo/foetus to the
amnion.
13. Anterior vena cava From upper part of the Carries deoxygenated blood from the upper parts of the
(or superior vena body like head and neck to body like the head and the neck to the right auricle.
cava or SVC or the right auricle of heart.
precaval)
14. Antigens In the blood of an infected They help to generate an antibody response in the
person. infected person’s body.
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FALGUNI MISS
15. Aorta Left ventricle of the heart Carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to all parts
to different parts of the of the body.
body.
16. Aortic Semilunar At the base of aorta It prevents the backflow of oxygenated blood from
valves opening in the left ventricle aorta to left ventricle.
of the heart.
17. Artery From the left ventricle of It carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body
the heart to all parts of the except the pulmonary artery.
body.
18. Association neuron In the gray matter of the It receives sensory impulse, interprets and generates
spinal cord. motor impulse.
19. Atrium Upper chambers of the It contracts to pumps the blood in the ventricles.
heart.
20. Auricular At the junction of right Transmits the heart beat from auricle to ventricle.
Ventricular Node auricle and right ventricle
or AVN near the intra auricular
septum.
21. Auxins Synthesized primarily in i. Promote cell elongation.
shoot apical meristems and ii. Suppress the growth of lateral buds.
young leaves. iii. Delay fall of leaves.
iv. Induce formation of Parthenocarpic fruits.
22. Axon Slender projection below It transmits nerve impulses to different neurons,
the cyton of a neuron. muscles, and glands of the body.
23. Beta Cells of Scattered in the pancreas. It produces the hormone Insulin which decreases the
pancreas blood sugar levels.
24. Bicuspid valve / Between the left auricle Prevents the back flow of oxygenated blood from left
Mitral valve/ left and left ventricle of the ventricle to left auricle.
atrio ventricular heart.
valve
25. Bile Juice In the gall bladder. It emulsifies the fat for digestion.
26. Blood Platelets Floats in blood plasma. Initiates blood clotting.
(Thrombocytes/Ind
icators of clotting
of blood)
27. Bowman’s Capsule/ In the cortex of the kidney. Receives the glomerular filtrate.
renal corpuscle/
Malpighian
capsule.
28. Brain In the cranium of the skull. It is the coordinating centre of sensation and
intellectual and nervous activities.
29. Bulbourethral Opens into the urethra just The secretion serves as a lubricant.
(Cowper’s gland) before it enters the penis,
in a male mammal.
30. Bundle of HIS In the inter ventricular Sends electric impulse to contract ventricles.
septum, inferior to AV
node.
31. Blood In the vascular tissues of Transportation: of hormones, digested food materials and
the body. oxygen to all parts of the body.
Protection: Phagocytosis, antibody production and blood
clotting.
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Regulatory: Regulate body temperature.
32. Capillaries Branches between i. Outward diffusion of oxygen into the intercellular
arterioles to venules. tissue fluid.
ii. Inward diffusion of carbon dioxide from the
intercellular tissue fluid.
iii. Inward and outward diffusion of substances like
glucose, amino acids, urea, etc.
iv. Allow leucocytes (WBCs) to perform diapedesis.
33. Cell inclusions In the cytoplasm of a cell. i. Reserve food: Granules of starch (in plants),
glycogen (in animals), and stores proteins and fats
as food for cell.
ii. Secretory products: enzymes, coloring matter,
nectar.
iii. Excretory products: resins, gums, tannins, silica,
calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate, etc.
34. Cell membrane/ Below the cell wall in plant i. Regulates the entry of certain solutes and ions.
plasma membrane cells. ii. Provides protection and maintains internal
environment of cell.
iii. Acts as a mechanical barrier and maintains the
shape of a cell (in animal cells only).
35. Cell wall (plant cells Surrounds the plasma i. Gives rigidity and shape to a plant cell.
only) membrane in a plant cell. ii. Allows substances in solution to enter and leave the
cell freely.
iii. Provides protection and mechanical support.
36. Centrioles Surrounded by centrosome Forms spindle fibres during cell division.
in the cytoplasm of an
animal cell only.
37. Centromere On the chromosome. The centromere serves to attach to the spindle fibres
during cell division.
38. Centrosome Near the nucleus, i. Initiates and regulates cell division.
surrounded by centrioles, ii. Forms spindle fibres, with the help of asters.
in animal cells. iii. Develops basal bodies of cilia and flagella.
39. Cerebellum In the hind brain just below It balances the body and controls and coordinates all
cerebrum. the muscular activities of our body.
40. Cerebrospinal fluid Between the membranes i. It protects the brain and spinal cord from mechanical
of the meninges, ventricles shocks.
of the brain and central ii. It serves as a medium for the exchange of food
canal of the spinal cord. materials, waste products and respiratory gases for
neurons.
41. Cerebrum In the forebrain region It controls all the voluntary activities, seat of
protected in the cranium of intelligence, consciousness, will power and helps to
the skull. think, memorize, invent.
42. Chlorophyll In the walls of thylakoids of It traps sunlight for photosynthesis.
chloroplast.
43. Chloroplasts In the cytoplasm of green Consists of chlorophyll which traps sunlight for
plant cell and inside the photosynthesis.
guard cells.
44. Chordae Tendinae Arises from the papillary They hold the bicuspid and tricuspid valves in position
muscles of the ventricles to and prevents their upturning during ventricular
contraction.
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the apices of the cusps, in
the heart.
45. Chorion Outermost membrane It helps in formation of placenta.
surrounding the embryo.
46. Chromatin fibre In the nucleoplasm of a They enclose the genetic material DNA.
cell.
47. Chromosomes In the nucleoplasm of a It carries genes which determine hereditary characters.
cell.
48. Collecting duct In the medulla of the It collects urine from the tubules and pours into the
kidney. pelvis of the kidney.
49. Coronary Arteries Arises from the base of Supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscles.
aorta to the walls of the
heart.
50. Coronary sinus Arises from the walls of the Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart walls to the
heart to the inferior vena right auricle.
cava.
51. Corpus callosum In between the 2 cerebral It transmits impulses from one cerebral hemisphere to
hemispheres. the other cerebral hemisphere.
52. Corpus luteum Remnant of follicle after Produces hormone progesterone.
ovulation, in the ovary of a
female mammal.
53. Cortical hormones In the cortex of the adrenal Influence fat and protein metabolism and regulates salt
glands. and water balance.
54. Cuticle On the upper epidermis of Prevents loss of water by evaporation.
the leaves and stems, in
plants.
55. Cytokinins Synthesized primarily in i. Stimulate cell-division and cell enlargement.
roots and transported to ii. Prevent ageing of plant parts.
other organs. iii. Inhibit apical dominance.
56. Cyton On the axon of a neuron. They receive or send sensory impulse.
57. Cytoplasm All parts together inside i. It is a site for all metabolic activities as most
the cell membrane chemical reactions catalyzed by number of enzymes
excluding nucleus. occurs here.
ii. Acts as a medium for initial steps of respiration
(production of pyruvic acid in anaerobic respiration).
58. Dendron On the cyton of neuron. They reach the finest part of the body and conduct
nerve impulses to the cyton.
59. Distal convoluted In the cortex of kidney. Active reabsorption of glucose, Na+, K+; Passive
Tubule (DCT) reabsorption of water and tubular secretion.
60. Endometrium On the inner lining of It prevents adhesion between the opposed walls of
uterus in a female uterine cavity.
mammal.
61. Endoplasmic In the cytoplasm of a cell. i. Supportive framework for the cell.
reticulum ii. Responsible for synthesis and storage of materials.
iii. Transportation of proteins and fats within the cell,
hence referred as circulatory system of cell.
62. Epididymis On the upper pole of testes To temporarily store sperms for few days till they are
in male. matured and motile.
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63. Ethylene Synthesized by plants, in i. Induce fruit ripening.
senescent leaves and ii. Promote senescence.
flowers, germinating seeds
and ripening fruits.
64. Fibrin Dissolved in the blood It helps in blood clotting.
plasma.
65. Follicle cells
In the ovary of a female It enlarges to give matured ova by the process of
mammal. oogenesis.
66. Glomerulus In the cortex of the kidney. Ultrafiltration.
67. Golgi apparatus, In the cytoplasm of a cell. i. It is a site of synthesis and secretion of enzymes,
golgi complex or hormones etc.
golgisome (animal ii. Responsible for formation of acrosome of sperm,
cells) cell plate during cell division and lysosomes.
68. Graafian follicle In the ovary of a female It contains the matured ova.
mammal.
69. Grana In the chloroplasts of plant Site for light dependent reaction or photochemical
cell. phase.
70. Granules In the cytoplasm of a cell. Starch (in plant cells), glycogen (in animal cells) and fat
containing granules serve as food for the cell.
71. Gray matter In the cerebral cortex of It helps in muscle control and sensory perception.
the brain.
72. Guard cells On the dorsiventral side of They regulate the opening and closing of the stomata in
the leaf. leaf.
73. Haemoglobin Present on the RBC of the It is an oxygen carrier.
blood.
74. Heart In the centre between the To pump blood and other circulatory fluids throughout
two lungs and above the the body.
diaphragm.
75. Hepatic Portal Connects small intestine It carries digested food from small intestine stomach to
vein/system and stomach to the liver. liver for assimilation.
76. Hydathodes On the margin of the leaf. It helps in guttation of the plant body.
77. Hypothalamus Below thalamus in the It regulates our body temperature and controls
brain. pituitary gland.
78. Inguinal canal On the lower front i. It allows the testes to descend in the scrotum sac
abdominal wall in a male. before birth.
ii. It allows the testicle blood vessels and sperm ducts to
enter the abdomen.
79. Interstitial cells Between the coils of the It produces the male hormone testosterone.
(also called leydig seminiferous tubules in the
cells) testes of male.
80. Islets of Scattered in the pancreas. They produce hormones like: Alfa cells – glucagon.
Langerhans. Beta cells – insulin.
Delta cells – somatostatin
81. Kidneys (Urinary On either side of the Performs Excretion and Osmoregulation.
System) backbone and protected by
the last two ribs.
82. Lachrymal gland At the upper sideward Secrets lysozyme which kills the germs; keep front
portion of the orbit of eye. surface of eye clean.
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83. Left atrio- At the aperture between Left atrio-ventricular valve prevents the backflow of
ventricular valve the left auricle and left oxygenated blood from left ventricle to left auricle.
(bicuspid, mitral) ventricle of the heart.
84. Lenticels On the surface of the old They allow diffusion of gases for respiration and
stem and bark of the tree. photosynthesis.
85. Liver In the abdomen, above the i. Detoxify the food materials.
right kidney and below the ii. Production of body proteins (albumin, globulin,
diaphragm. prothrombin, fibrinogen.)
iii. Deamination (During production of body proteins,
removal of an amine group and converting it into urea
for elimination.)
iv. Converts excess glucose to glycogen.
v. Decomposition of red blood cells.
vi. Production of hormones.
86. Lymph In the lymph vessels and i. Nutritive: Provides nutrition to cells where blood
lymphatic organs such as cannot reach.
the spleen and the tonsils. ii. Drainage: Drains away excess metabolites from the
body.
iii. Defence: Lymphocytes in lymph produce antibodies
to kill the germs, neutralize its toxic effect and localize
the infection.
iv. Absorption: Lacteals in villi absorb fat and pour it
into blood circulation.
87. Lymphatic Widely present throughout i. They produce lymphocytes and
nodes/glands/ the body, mainly in ii. Act as filters for germs and foreign matter.
organs underarms and groins.
88. Lymphocytes Floats in the blood plasma. It protects the body from diseases by phagocytosis,
release of antibodies and release histamine.
89. Lysosomes In the cytoplasm of the cell. i. Digests stored food, Intracellular- digestion.
ii. Destroys foreign substances (bacteria and viruses).
iii. When cell is old or injured, they rapidly destroy
organelles, auto digestion (hence referred to as
“suicide bags”).
iv. Digests cartilage during the formation of bones.
90. Medulla Oblongata In the hind brain, below It controls the involuntary activities of the internal
the cerebellum and pons. organs like heartbeat, respiration etc.
91. Meninges On the brain and spinal They protect the brain and the spinal cord from
cord below the skull. mechanical injuries.
92. Mesencephalon Between fore brain and It controls reflexes involving eyes and ears.
(mid brain) hind brain.
93. Loop of Henle In the medulla of the Active reabsorption of glucose, Na+, K+; Passive
kidney. reabsorption of water.
94. Mitochondria In the cytoplasm of the cell. i. Releases and stores energy from pyruvic acid
produced in cytoplasm, in the form of ATP, hence
referred as power house of cell.
ii. It is a site of cellular aerobic respiration.
iii. Synthesis of respiratory enzymes.
95. Monocytes Floating in the blood They ingest germs by phagocytosis.
plasma.
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96. Motor nerve Connects the brain and They carry motor impulse from the brain and spinal
spinal cord to the muscles cord to the respective muscles and or glands.
or glands.
97. Myelin sheath / On the outer layer of axon Myelin sheath acts as an insulating layer to prevent the
Medullary sheath of a neuron. mixing up of impulses.
98. Nephron/ In the kidney. It converts blood urea to urine.
uriniferous tubules
99. Neurons In the brain and the spinal They receive, send and interpret the nerve impulses in a
cord. body.
100. N
eurotransmitters In the terminal end of the It helps to set a new impulse in the dendrites of the
axons of a neuron. adjacent neuron.
101. N
issl’s granules In the cyton of a neuron. They are site of protein synthesis in neuron.
102. N
ucleolus In the nucleus of a cell. i. Produces ribosomes.
ii. Participates in protein synthesis by forming and
storing RNA.
iii. It dictates ribosomes to synthesize proteins.
103. N
ucleotides In the DNA of the It is carrier of chemical energy and intermediates
chromosomes. cellular communication.
104. N
ucleus In the cytoplasm of a cell. i. Regulates all cellular functions, hence referred as
the brain of the cell or control centre of the cell.
ii. Controls all life processes. If removed, the cell dies.
iii. It contains chromosomes (bearers of genes that
control hereditary characters).
105. O
varies In the lower abdomen, To produce matured ova by the process of oogenesis
below the oviducal funnel and the female hormones progesterone and oestrogen.
of a female mammal.
106. O viducts / In the lower abdomen, It is the site of fertilization.
Fallopian tubes / below the oviducal funnel
Uterine tubes of a female mammal.
107. O xytocin Produced by posterior It causes contraction of uterine muscle during child
pituitary gland. birth, in a female.
108. P acemaker or Sino- On the walls of the right Initiates an electric impulse to trigger heartbeat.
atrial node or SAN auricle near opening of
superior and inferior vena
cava.
109. P alisade cells
In the leaf below the It performs photosynthesis.
spongy mesophyll layer.
110. P alisade mesophyll Between the upper Consists of chlorophyll which traps sunlight for
tissue epidermis and spongy photosynthesis
mesophyll tissue in the
dicot leaf.
111. P ancreas gland In the abdomen below the i. It secretes pancreatic juice for digestion.
stomach. ii. It secretes insulin, glucagon and somatostatin, which
collectively regulates the blood sugar levels.
iii. It increases blood sugar level by converting glycogen
to glucose.
iv. It decreases blood sugar level by converting glucose
to glycogen and promotes the glucose utilization by the
body cells.
v. It inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon.
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112. P arasympathetic On the spinal cord on the It is concerned with re-establishing normal conditions
nervous system region above the head and after the violent act is over.
below the waist.
113. P elvis / Renal pelvis In the kidney on the front Urine from all tubules is collected in pelvis.
end of the ureter.
114. P enis In front of the scrotum It serves for the passing out, both the semen and the
outside the body, in a male urine.
mammal.
115. P ericardial fluid Between the membranes i. Reduces friction during heart beat and
of pericardium of the ii. Protects the heart from mechanical shocks.
heart.
116. P ericardium Covering around the heart. Its lubricating pericardial fluid reduces friction during
heart beat and protects it from mechanical injuries.
117. P hloem In the central stele of the Conducts food & water to downward to all parts of the
plant body in root, stem plant.
and leaves.
118. P iamater Innermost membrane of It is highly vascular, thus nourishes the inner layers of
the meninges. brain.
119. P ituitary Attached to the i. It controls growth, reproduction and secretes tropic
(hypophysis) hypothalamus, under the hormones to regulate all endocrine glands.
“master gland” cerebrum in the brain. ii. It regulates growth and cell metabolism of the whole
body.
120. P lacenta Attached to the fundus of i. Placenta allows diffusion of oxygen and nutrients
the uterine wall in a female from mother’s blood to the foetus blood and disposal of
mammal. carbon dioxide and wastes from foetus blood to
mother’s blood.
ii. Placenta acts as an endocrine gland and secretes the
hormones oestrogen and progesterone.
121. P lasma In the blood. It carries nutrients, body proteins, hormones, etc. to
different parts of the body and carry wastes from all the
cell to the organs for elimination.
122. P lastids In the cytoplasm of the i. Chloroplasts (green) trap solar energy for
plant cells only. photosynthesis to produce glucose and oxygen.
ii. Leucoplast – stores food in the form of starch.
iii. Chromoplast – It Imparts color to flowers and fruits.
123. P leura Covering around the lungs. It protects the lungs.
124. P ocket valve In the veins and lymph They prevent the back flow of blood.
vessels of the circulatory
system.
125. P ons or Pons varolii Inferior to mid brain and i. Transmits impulses from brain to cerebellum and
(in hind brain) above medulla oblongata. sensory signals to thalamus.
ii. Transmits signals from one cerebellar hemisphere to
the other cerebellar hemisphere to coordinate
muscular movements on both the sides of the body.
126. P osterior vena cava Arises from lower part of Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower parts of the
(or inferior vena the body and goes to the body like the limbs and abdominal cavity to the right
cava or IVC) right auricle. auricle.
127. P rostate gland Surrounds the urethra Its alkaline secretion neutralizes the acid in female
close to its origin from the genitalia (so that the sperms can survive) and acts as a
bladder in a male mammal. medium of transportation of sperms.
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128. P roximal or First In the cortex of the kidney. Active reabsorption of glucose, Na+, K+; Passive
Convoluted reabsorption of water and tubular secretion.
Tubule(PCT)
129. P ulmonary artery From right ventricle to the Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the
lungs. lungs for oxygenation.
130. P ulmonary Semi At the base of pulmonary It prevents the backflow of deoxygenated blood from
lunar valves artery opening from right pulmonary artery to right ventricle.
ventricle.
131. P ulmonary Vein From lungs to the left It carries the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the
auricle of the heart. left auricle.
132. P ulvinus At the base of petiole an Sensitive to turgor pressure, results in movements of
enlarged section in some leafs & leaflets.
plants.
133. R ed blood cells Floats in the blood plasma. It transports oxygen to the cells.
(erythrocytes)
134. R enal artery The blood vessel which Renal artery carries oxygenated blood to the kidney.
enters the kidney.
135. R enal vein The blood vessel which Renal vein carries deoxygenated blood from the kidney.
leaves the kidney.
136. R ibosomes Attached to the outside of
i. Responsible for protein synthesis, hence referred as
endoplasmic reticulum or
protein factories of cell.
scattered in the cytoplasm
ii. Stores RNA.
of a cell.
137. R ight atrio- Between the right auricle Right atrio ventricular valve prevents the backflow of
ventricular valve and right ventricle of the deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to right auricle
(tricuspid valve) heart. of the heart.
138. R oot hair Extension of the epidermal Absorb water and minerals from the soil.
cell of roots.
139. R oots At the base of stem of the They hold the plant body firmly to the ground and help
plant body and in the soil. in absorbing water.
140. S crotum/scrotal Outer covering of testis of Thermoregulation of testes.
sac a male mammal.
141. S eminal vesicles Between the posterior It secretes a fluid which serves as a medium for the
surface of the urinary transportation of the sperms.
bladder and the rectum.
142. S eminiferous In the lobule of testes of a Site of sperms (male gamete) production by the process
tubules male mammal. of spermatogenesis.
143. S perm Duct/ From the epididymis, at the It carries sperms from the epididymis to urethra for
vas deferens/ back of the urinary bladder elimination.
ejaculatory duct joins the urethra.
144. U rethral Sphincter At the opening of the This muscle contracts and relaxes at the impulse of the
bladder into the urethra. brain.
145. S pinal Cord In the vertebral column. i. Controls all the reflexes below the neck.
ii. Conducts sensory impulses to the brain.
iii. Conducts motor responses from brain to the whole
body.
146. S pindle fibres In the nucleus of a dividing Attaches to centromere of chromosomes and contracts
cell. to separate sister chromatids during metaphase and
anaphase of cell division.
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147. S pleen In the abdomen behind the i. It produces lymphocytes.
stomach & above the left ii. It produces RBCs in an embryo.
kidney. iii. Acts as a blood reservoir.
148. S tomata/Stoma On the epidermis of the Exchange of gases for photosynthesis and respiration.
leaves.
149. S troma In matrix of chloroplasts. Site for dark reaction.
150. S ympathetic On the spinal cord between It prepares the body for violent action against abnormal
nervous system the neck and the waist conditions.
region.
151. S ynapse Between the axon of one It passes an impulse from one neuron to the other by
neuron and dendrite of diffusion of a neurotransmitter.
another neuron.
152. T estes (testis, Contained in scrotum of a To produce sperms by the process of spermatogenesis
testicles) male mammal. and hormone testosterone.
153. T estosterone In the interstitial tissues of Male sex hormone responsible for development of
the testes of a male secondary sexual characteristics.
mammal.
154. T halamus Between the cerebral It relays pain and pressure impulses to the cerebrum of
cortex and the mid brain. the brain.
155. T hylakoids In the grana of the They perform the light dependent phase of photo-
chloroplast. synthesis in green plants.
156. T hyroid gland In front of the neck just i. It regulates basal metabolism and calcium
below the larynx. metabolism.
ii. It regulates mental development.
iii. It regulates ossification of bones.
157. T issue Fluid Between the cells in the Tissue fluid acts as a medium of exchange between
(intercellular Fluid) body. body cells and vessels (blood and lymph) to diffuse
gases, wastes and nutrients.
158. T onsils In the pharynx, on the sides They produce lymphocytes and protects the body from
of the neck. infections.
159. T rophoblast Outer layer of blastocyst of It provides nutrients to the embryo, helps implantation
the embryo in the uterus of and develops into large part of placenta.
a female mammal.
160. U
mbilical cord Arises from the foetus to It connects placenta with foetus.
the placenta in the uterus
of a female mammal.
161. U
reter Arises from the notch It carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder.
(hilum) in the median
surface of each kidney and
connects to the urinary
bladder.
162. U
rethra Arising from the base of It carries urine from the urinary bladder to outside of
urinary bladder. the body.
163. U
rethral gland On the sides of urethra in Secretes a fluid which acts as a lubricant.
the penis of a male
mammal.
164. U
rinary bladder In the lower abdomen. Urinary bladder temporarily stores urine.
165. U
terus In the pelvic cavity It protects and nourishes the growing embryo.
between the urinary
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bladder and the rectum of
a female mammal.
166. V
acuoles In the cytoplasm of a cell. i. Storage of water and other soluble substances,
food, pigments and waste products.
ii. Gives turgidity to the plant cell by pressing against
cell wall.
167. V
agina Arises from the cervix of i. The vagina is the region of copulation.
the uterus up to the ii. The vagina serves as a birth canal.
outside in a female
mammal.
168. V
ein Arising from all the organs It carries deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body
through out the body and to the heart except the pulmonary vein.
going towards the heart.
169. W
hite blood cells Floats in the blood plasma. i. Protects the body, provides immunity and prevents
(leukocytes) inflammation.
ii. Engulf bacteria by phagocytosis.
iii. Production of antibodies.
170. W
hite matter In the cerebral medulla of It is helps to pass messages to CNS and all parts of the
the brain. body.
171. X ylem In the stele of the roots, in It conducts water and minerals upward to the leaves in
plants. the plant body.
EYE.
SR.NO PART OF EYE STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION
1. Aqueous Chamber Region between lens Between the lens and the Holds the watery aqueous
and cornea cornea. humour.
2. Aqueous Humour Watery fluid. In aqueous chamber in Keeps the lens moist and
between the lens and the protects from mechanical
cornea. shocks and refracts light.
3. Blind spot/ Area of no vision. Lateral to the yellow spot Allows optic nerve and blood
Punctum caecum on the horizontal axis of vessels to leave the eye ball.
(The area of no the eyeball.
vision)
4. Choroid Middle vascular layer Between sclera and retina i. It provides nourishment to the
of the eye. Contains in the eye ball. eye.
pigment melanin. ii. It prevents light rays from
reflecting and scattering inside
the eye.
5. Ciliary muscles/ Muscular structure. Around the lens at the Helps in accommodation of the
ciliary body junction of choroid and eye by altering the shape of the
iris. lens.
6. Cones They have inner ends On the yellow spot region Gets stimulated by bright light
conical. of the retina. to allows perception of colour
by iodopsin.
7. Conjunctiva Thin membrane Covers the front of the Allows the light to pass in and
covering the entire eye ball. protects the outer part of the
front part of the eye. eye.
8. Cornea Anterior transparent Between the conjunctiva Refracts the light rays into the
part of the sclera. and aqueous chamber. eyeball.
FALGUNI MISS
9. Fovea centralis/ A spot in the retina. Back of the eye, on the Region of bright and colour
yellow spot retina, at the centre of vision.
/macula lutea (Area the horizontal axis of the
of best vision) eyeball.
10. Iris Extension of choroid, Lying between the Controls the amount of light
opaque pigmented lens and the aqueous entering the eyeball by
and finger like humour. adjusting the size of the pupil.
projections.
11. Lens Crystalline, Behind the pupil and the Converges the light rays to form
transparent body. iris. an image at the retina.
12. Optic nerve Nerve arises from the Arises from the retina of Carries nerve impulses of vision
retina. the eye to the occipital from the retina of the eye to
lobe of the brain. the brain.
13. Pupil An aperture In front of the lens and Allows the light to enter eyeball.
between the iris. between the iris.
14. Retina Photo sensitive layer Between the choroid Site of image formation in the
containing sensory layer and the vitreous eye.
cells - rods and chamber of the eye.
cones.
15. Rods Inner ends rod like. Distributed throughout Gets stimulated by dim light to
the retina of the eye. regenerate rhodopsin.
16. Sclera Tough opaque outer Outer visible part of the Protects the inner parts of the
layer of the eye ball. eyeball above choroid. eye.
17. Suspensory Thread like elastic Arising from the ciliary Hold the lens to the ciliary body.
ligaments structures. body connecting to the
lens.
18. Tear Glands Glandular cells At the upper sideward i. Lubricate the eye surface.
(Lacrimal gland) secreting tears. portion of the eye orbit. ii. Washes away dust particles
and kills germs.
iii. Communicate emotions.
19. Vitreous chamber Region between lens Between the lens and Holds the vitreous humour.
and retina retina.
20. Vitreous humour Jelly like transparent Filled in the eye ball i. It maintains the shape of the
substance. between the lens and the eyeball.
retina. ii. It protects the retina and its
nerve endings.
FALGUNI MISS
EAR.
External ear
Part of ear Structure Location Function
1 Pinna Cartilaginous flap. On either side of To collect sound waves from all
the head. direction and transmit it inwards.

2 Auditory canal 2.5 cm long tunnel, Between the i. It directs the sound waves
has waxy secretion pinna and the ear inwards.
and hair. drum. ii. It traps any germs or insects.
3 Eardrum/ Stretched round At the end of the Sound waves converts to sound
tympanm/ membrane. auditory canal vibrations.
tympanic (outer ear).
membrane
Middle ear
4 Eustachian tube A tube like structure. Between the middle Equalises the air pressure on both
ear and pharynx. sides of the ear drum.
5 Ear ossicles- Series of tiny bones. In the middle ear Amplifies and transmits the
Malleus, incus and between the vibrations to the inner ear.
stapes tympanum and oval
window.
6 Oval - Between middle ear It increases the frequency of
window/fenestra and vestibule of inner vibrations by 22 times and transmits
vestibuli ear. it to inner ear.
7 Round window - Below the oval It stimulates vibrations in the fluids
window and between of cochlea.
middle and inner ear.
Inner ear
8 Membranous Sac like structure with a Embedded in the Deals with hearing and body
labyrinth fluid called Endolymph. skull. balance.

9 Vestibule Sac like fluid filled Embedded in the Maintains the static balance of the
structure. skull, central part of body.
the bony labyrinth in
the inner ear.
10 Semi-circular canal Semi-circular fluid filled Embedded in the Maintains the dynamic balance of
canals. skull, in the inner ear the body.
above vestibule and
cochlea.
11 Ampulla Widened end of the Expanded part at the Contains sensory cells for dynamic
semi circular canal base of the end of balance.
containing sensory cells. each semi-circular
canal in the inner ear.
FALGUNI MISS
12 Utricle It is the membranous On the upper and Contains sensory cells for static
part of the bony back part of vestibule balance - detects linear accelerations
labyrinth of vestibule. of the inner ear. when head tilts in horizontal plane.
13 Saccule It is the membranous On the lower and Contains sensory cells for static
part of the bony front part of vestibule balance - detects linear accelerations
labyrinth of vestibule. of the inner ear. when head tilts in vertical plane.
14 Cochlea Bony circular, coiled Embedded in the Helps in hearing.
canal in the inner ear. skull, in the inner ear
below the semi-
circular canal.
15 Auditory nerve Nerve arises from the Arises from the inner Transmits sound and balance nerve
cochlea and vestibule. ear to the temporal impulses from the inner ear to the
lobe of the brain. brain.
16 Cochlea Bony circular, coiled Embedded in the Helps in hearing.
canal in the inner ear. skull, in the inner ear.
17 Organ of corti Sense cells- spiral In median canal of Converts mechanical sound
organ. cochlea. vibrations to nerve impulses.


Z - Bio 208 Location and Function 2018 - 19

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FALGUNI MISS

NO. NAME LOCATION FUNCTION

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