Culture - is generally defined as the sum of an individual’s way of life, ranging from the food he or she eats the

clothes
he or she wears and the house he or she lives.
Non- material things- are the norms and values as well as the intangible aspects of his or her existence music, dance,
poetry and other forms of expression that showcase he or she creativity and artistry.
Society – organized group or group of groups of interdependent people who share a common territory, language, and
culture and who act together for collective survival and well being.
Politics – theory art and practice of government.
Government – is a concrete example of political institution. It exercises power especially in relation to governance and
decision making.
Power -is a status granted to individuals or institutions properly run the government and implement the rule of the
law in a society.
Three branches of government – work harmoniously to maintain the balance of power.
1. Executive- the president or prime minister and the members of the cabinet are granted with executive
power, which is the right to execute governance and implement laws.
2. Legislature – which include senators and congressmen are given the legislative power to make and pass law
for the executive power to implement.
3. Judiciary – are tasked to interpret law in accordance with a society’s standard and norms.
Culture, society and politics – are essential in understanding human behavior and social groups. They are interrelated
and to some extent reflective of each other.
Gender - is the socially-constructed characteristics of being male or female.
-Gender serves as a guide on how males and females think and act about themselves; the ways they interact
with others; and how they perform their various roles in the society.
Sex- chiefly centers on biological differences
Judeo-Christian world - men are perceived to be superior than women
Socioeconomic status - refers to the category of persons who have more or less the same socioeconomic privileges in a
society. These privileges are due to inherited wealth and/or the occupational status of the breadwinner in the
household.
Three types of Social class:
Upper – consists of elite families. They are considered the most productive in terms of resource generation and
often times very successful in their respective fields of interest and endeavors.
Two general types of elites:
New rich (nouveau riche) –humble beginnings and often experienced rags-to-riches turn of fortunes
Traditional upper class- is made up of descendants of powerful elite families who acquired their wealth
through inheritance or birthright.
Middle class - is composed of small business and industry operators mostly owners and managers,
professionals, office workers, and farm owners with income sufficient enough to provide a comfortable and
decent living.
Lower class- Farm employees, skilled and unskilled artisans, service workers and people who may be
unemployed or underemployed or those who belong to indigent families or informal sectors
Subsistence lifestyle is manifested through the following conditions:
(1) a family could hardly eat three decent meals a day;
(2) the daily income of the breadwinner could hardly feed the entire family;
(3) and the breadwinner does not have a permanent job.
Class A,B,C,D and E- also used by some academic institutions and think tanks in the Philippines.
AB- 1% 1.8 million C- 9% 600,000 D- 60% 190,000 E- 30% 62,000
Ethnicity – is the expression of the set of the set of cultural ideas held by a distinct or indigenous group.
Ethnic group – refers to people who collectively and publicly identify themselves as distinct and unique based on
distinguishable cultural features that set them apart from others.
Religion – organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural.
Exceptionality – the state of being intellectually gifted and/or having physically or mentally challenge conditions
concerning the personality/behavior, communication, and intellect and physical appearance.
Nationality – legal relationship that binds a person and a country.
Norms- often in the form of rules, standards or prescriptions that are strictly followed by people who adhere on certain
convention and perform specific roles.
Norms of Appropriate or decency – commonly exhibited on the type of clothing a person wears in specific occasions.
This norms also includes the manners and behaviors that show a person’s refinement and civility.
Norms of conventionality- are beliefs and practices that are acceptable to certain culture but can be inimical to other
cultures. (E.g. Bagobo of davao bury their dead within their neighborhood and the T’boli of south cotabato hangs
corpses of dead infants on trees.
Conformity – state of having internalized norms as part of the social expectation.
Deviance - also seen as a form of power struggle.
Formal Deviance – includes actions that violate enacted laws, such as robbery, theft, graft, rape and other forms
of criminality.
Informal Deviance – refers to violations to social norms that are not codified into law, such as pricking one’s
nose, belching loudly and spitting on the streets, among others.
Taboos- related to food are also manifestations of deviancy.
Social Change – variation or modifications in the patterns of social organizations, of sub-groups within a society itself.
Three causes of social change:
 Invention – new combination or a new use of existing knowledge. (material inventions- bow and arrow,
cp… social inventions – alphabet , texting)
 Discovery – takes place when people reorganized existing elements of the world they had not noticed
before or learned to see in a new way.
 Diffusion – spread of culture traits from one group to another.
1. Enculturation- through learning (Education – is the most popular form of enculturation)
2. Socialization- learning trough constant exposures and experience to culture.
3. Association –establishing a connection with the culture.
4. Integration – total assimilation of culture
Political change – includes all categories of change in the direction of open, participatory, and accountable politics.
Cultural change – all alterations affecting new traits or trait complexes and changes in a culture’s content and structure.
Anthropology – is the study of human beings and their ancestors. Produces knowledge about what makes people
different from one another and what they all share in common
Anthropologist – work within the four fields of the discipline.
Physical Anthropologist – focus on humans at biological organisms.
Cultural anthropologist – mostly archaeologist, try to recover information about human cultures – often from the past
by studying material samples, skeletal remains and settlements.
Biological anthropologist- investigate the contrasting ways groups of people think, feel and behave.
Linguist – study the nature and nuances of languages
Political science – is the body of knowledge relating to the study of the state and government.
Political power is divided into two:
 Central – focused on the national government based in manila.
 Local – is centered on local governments in provinces, cities, and localities outside of the capital.
Sociology – science of society and social behavior which is viewed as an aggregate of individuals.