2004 Jun Merged

w
w
w
.X
t
re
m
eP
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
ap
er
GCE Ordinary Level
s.
co
m
MARK SCHEME for the June 2004 question papers
2059 PAKISTAN STUDIES

2059/01 Paper 1, maximum mark 75
2059/02 Paper 2, maximum mark 75
These mark schemes are published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements
of the examination. They show the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks.
They do not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before
marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions will
be recorded in the published Report on the Examination.
All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in
candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills
demonstrated.
Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the Report on the
Examination.
• CIE will not enter into discussion or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the June 2004 question papers for most IGCSE and GCE
Advanced and Ordinary Level syllabuses.
Grade thresholds taken for Syllabus 2059 (Pakistan Studies) in the June 2004 examination.
maximum minimum mark required for grade:

mark
A C E
available
Component 1 75 52 36 18
Component 2 75 54 35 22
June 2004
GCE O LEVEL
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 75
SYLLABUS/COMPONENT: 2059/01
PAKISTAN STUDIES
Paper 1
Page 1 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
PAKISTAN STUDIES – JUNE 2004 2059 1
Question 1
(a) (i) In which year was Shah Wali Ullah born?

(ii) Which militant Muslim leader in Bengal was known as Titu Mir?
(iii) Where did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan found a Scientific Society in 1863?
(iv) What title did Queen Victoria take in 1877?
(i) 1703 1
(ii) Mir Mithar Ali 1
(iii) Ghazipore 1
(iv) Empress of India 1
(b) Why did the British Government take control of the affairs of the
East India Company in the early nineteenth century?
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement 1

It was better
LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons 2-4

It was too valuable and they were frightened of Russian advances
LEVEL 3: Explains reasons 5-7

The volume of trade became so significant that the British government
felt it was too valuable an asset to leave in the hands of a private
company even though the EIC was now holding its possessions in trust
for them. Also the fear of Russian expansion in Central Asia worried the
government and so Britain decided to shape its foreign policy by further
expansion towards Afghanistan to counter this threat. As Britain was
becoming more involved prestige began to be at stake and further
expansion became inevitable especially after the defeat by the Afghans
at Kabul.
(c) “A lack of unity and coordination were the main reasons for the failure of the
War of Independence by 1858” Do you agree? Give reasons for your
answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. 1-2

The British were better OR describes the war and/or causes.
LEVEL 2: Description of above or other reasons for failure 3-6

The opposition to the British was too weak.
LEVEL 3: Explains one factor 7-10
LEVEL 4: Explains at least two factors 8-13

There was a lack of unity and common cause amongst the Indian
population. The Punjab were uninterested in helping the rebellion and
actually sent men and supplies to help the British. This also happened
in Kashmir. The British had more modern methods of fighting and the
army was better disciplined as well as being supplied by some of the
local rulers.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 - also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14
© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2004

Question 2
(a) (i) Who led the Congress Party at the time of the Simla Declaration of 1906?
(ii) In which year was the Indian Councils Act passed?
(iii) What organisation did M.A Jinnah join in 1913?
(iv) Name the park in Amritsar where a demonstration by Hindus, Muslims
and Sikhs was held in 1919.
(i) Sir Pheroze Shah Mehta 1

(ii) 1909. Accept also 1861 or 1892 1
(iii) Muslim League 1
(iv) Jallianwala Bagh 1
(b) Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905?

It wanted to be free

It was too large and Hindus were in the majority.

Of the 54 million people in Bengal 42 million were Hindus. It seemed
sensible to divide up the province on religious grounds and also
because it was becoming very large and producing significant
administrative problems. By doing this it was felt that the province
would be easier to administer especially at the time of a new British
government in power.

(c) Was the Chaura Chauri incident of 1922 the most important reason for the
failure of the Khilafat Movement? Give reasons for your answer.
LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement 1-2

It led to the failure of the Movement
LEVEL 2: Description of above or other reasons for failure 3-6

Chauri Chaura was a village in the United Province where
trouble started between the police and a mob.

Chauri Chaura was a village in the United Province where trouble
started between the police and a mob. Gandhi, who was in jail at the
time was so upset by this incident that he called off the non-co-
operation movement. This infuriated the Muslims who saw this action
as taking the pressure off the British Government and weakening the
Movement. Its failure was also brought about when thousands of
Muslims migrated to Afghanistan in a religious protest against the
British government. The Afghan government refused to allow all the
refugees to settle. Many of those who returned to India died on the
journey back or found themselves homeless. Thus Muslim support for
the Khilafat Movement fell away. Its failure was also brought about by
the decision of the Muslim Mustafa Kamal Ataturk to form a nationalist
government in Turkey but the end had been seen in the refusal of Lloyd
George to accept the demands of the Movement.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 - also produces a judgement or evaluation 14

Question 3
(a) (i) Who called the Cripps Mission ‘a post-dated cheque on a failing bank’?
(ii) Who was Viceroy of India at the time of the Simla Conference of 1945?
(iii) Who led the Unionist Party in Punjab in the elections of 1945 –46?
(iv) What is a jirga?
(i) Gandhi 1
(ii) Wavell 1
(iii) Khizar Hyat 1
(iv) Tribal assembly 1
(b) Why was Congress Rule of 1937-39 so hated by the Muslims?

The Hindus were cruel.

The Muslims had to sing Bande Matram and observe the Widdia
Mander Scheme.

Congress Rule was hated due to the atrocities committed against the
Muslims. They were abused and killed by Hindus. Hindi was enforced
as the official language and organised attacks were made on Muslim
worshippers in mosques. Bande Matram, a song in which degrading
remarks were used against Muslims, was adopted as the national
anthem and had to be sung at the beginning of each day. The Widdia
Mander Scheme was imposed on Muslims. Under this scheme,
students had to bow before Gandhi’s picture each day.

(c) Was the refugee issue the most important problem facing the newly
formed government of Pakistan in 1947? Give reasons for your answer.

They came from India
LEVEL 2: Description of refugee problem or other problems 3-6

Muslims in their thousands were killed and women were raped
LEVEL 4: Explains at least two factors. 8-13

The refugees had been submitted to terrible atrocities and so
thousands fled to Pakistan. They needed food and shelter and placed
great strain on the new government. However there were other
reasons. It was essential following the creation of Pakistan to have a
new government immediately. However there was a shortage of
properly qualified and experienced personnel which made the task of
running a government department extremely difficult. Pakistan had
been awarded 750 million rupees under the final settlement but only
received 200 million at first. This put enormous strain on the new
government since they were unable to use the money appropriately. It
was also the case with the division of the armed forces and military
assets. Much of the assets awarded were obsolete or out of order.
Perhaps crucially the Canal Water Dispute was one of the most serious
problems since India now controlled the water supply to Pakistan which
brought tensions to a head between the two countries. The problem
dragged on until 1959.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4: also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

Question 4
(a) (i) Under the terms of which Constitution was the title ‘Islamic Republic of
Pakistan’ first adopted?
(ii) What was the average national growth rate of Pakistan during the 1960s?
(iii) Who was the Foreign Minister of Pakistan in 1965?
(iv) Who called the first general elections of Pakistan in 1970?
(i) 1956 1
(ii) 7% 1
(iii) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1
(iv) Yahya Khan 1
(b) Why was Urdu chosen as the national language of Pakistan?
LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer 1

It felt it was the best language
It’s the language of Muslims and understood by all Pakistanis

It carries immense importance for all Pakistanis since it has been
considered to be the language of all Muslims for 300 years. It was
the language associated with the Pakistani Movement throughout
its struggle with the British and the Hindus. After Independence
it was felt that the language was the uniting force behind the nation
and the government is committed to using at all levels in society.

(c) “Economic factors were more important than political considerations in the
creation of Bangladesh in 1971.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answe
LEVEL 2: Description of reasons for separation 3-6

It was a long way between the two halves and there were lots of floods
in the east.
LEVEL 3: Explains economic or political factors 7-10
LEVEL 4: Explains both 8-13
Economic:
Most of the wealth of Pakistan was concentrated in the west not only of
individuals but also in terms of government expenditure. This caused
great resentment in East Pakistan. A weaker industrial base and a
climate ravaged by regular floods led to even more depression in this
area which caused further discontent. Also the eastern province saw
little return for the wealth created by the growing of jute in the area.
Again all the benefits went to the west.
Political:
Political parties who emerged in both parts believed in regionalism
rather than national sovereignty. The demands of the Six Points of the
Awami League were rejected by Ayub Khan, and its leader Mujib-ur-
Rehman was imprisoned. This caused further discontent and
separation began to look inevitable.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 - also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

Question 5
(a) (i) Which organisation was given the power by Zia-ul-Haq to decide if Laws
were ‘Islamic’?
(ii) In which year did Pakistan and Afghanistan agree on a plan which
would mean the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan?
(iii) Who became Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1985?
(iv) With whom did Pakistan sign a treaty of nuclear cooperation in 1986?
(i) Federal Shariat Court 1

(ii) 1988 1
(iii) Junejo 1
(iv) China 1
(b) Why did Pakistan leave SEATO in 1972?
LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer 1

It wanted to

It was only designed to protect South East Asia. Pakistan couldn’t get
anyone to listen to them.

America saw it as only applying to Communist aggression and Pakistan
realised that it would not apply to their protection against India. Further
uncertainties were caused when the Pakistan government delayed its
ratification despite the Treaty being signed by its Foreign Minister.
Therefore weaknesses were apparent. Pakistan tried to secure further
aid as a result of its membership and a permanent military force to
protect member states. Both of these were refused which further
weakened Pakistan’s resolve. When the organisation failed to support
Pakistan in its wars with India withdrawal seemed to edge closer.
Pakistan firmly believed SEATO should have supported it and became
disenchanted with it.

(c) “Constitutional reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s
domestic policies between 1971 and 1977.” Do you agree? Give reasons for
your answer.
LEVEL 2: Description of constitutional reforms or other policies 3-6
The new constitution drawn up in 1973 established a Senate which

offered the opportunity for professionals, academics and specialists to
work together. It also safeguarded the interests of minority provinces
which now had an equal status in the Senate. However other aspects of
his domestic policies were also important. Free primary education was
introduced. New schools were to be built and all private sector schools
were nationalised. The aim was to increase the literacy rate and raise
academic standards. He also tried to improve the infant mortality and
age expectancy rates by introducing Rural Health Centres and Basic
Health Units.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

June 2004
GCE O LEVEL
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 75
PAKISTAN STUDIES
Paper 2
1 (a) The sketch cross-section, Fig. 1, shows the main physical

features, A to D of a typical doab.
For each of the following, give the name of the physical feature
and describe its main physical characteristics.
(i) A Active flood plain/bet/khaddar 1@1
- Flooded every/most years/frequently

- New alluvium/alluvium deposited every year/meanders/ox-
bows/levees
(up to 2 from this line)
- Dry/braided channels
- 10-18 km/around 15 km wide
- 2-3 m above river level
- Flat/level/plain 2@1 [3]
(ii) B Old flood plain/meander FP/cover FP 1@1
- 10-15 m wide/around 12 m
- Flooded every 7/8 years/when severe floods occur
- Old alluvium (old) levees/abandoned channels/dhoros/meander
(scars)/dried ox-bows/dhands
(up to 2 from this line)
- 3-5 m above river level/around 4 m 2@1 [3]
(iii) C Scarp/bluff/cliff
- Steep slope/5-11 m high

- 5-8 m wide/around 6 m 2@1 [2]
(iv) D Bar (upland)/alluvial terrace
- Old alluvium/bhangar/Sindh Sagar is covered by sand

- 10-12 m above river level/around 11 m
- 25-30 km wide
- Flat/level/plain 2@1 [2]
(b) Compare the natural topographical and drainage features of the

Upper Indus Plain with those of the Lower Indus Plain.
Topography:
- Both areas are flat/gently undulating

- Land higher in UIP/lower in LIP
- Both areas mainly alluvial/have active flood plain/old flood plain
- Doabs mainly a feature of the UIP/not or rarely found in LIP
- Bar uplands/alluvial terraces in UIP only
- A few low hills in both areas
- Quartzite/slate hills in UIP whereas limestone hills/cuestas in LIP
- Piedmont plains and alluvial fans in both
- Both areas have rolling sand dunes
Drainage:
- Indus has many tributaries in UIP but few in LIP

- Indus has 4/5 large left/east bank tributaries in UIP
- Indus has 1 large and several small right/west bank tributary in UIP

- Tributaries contribute a huge amount of water to Indus in UIP but

very little water to Indus in LIP
- Meanders/braiding/ox-bows/swamps/etc common in both areas
- Indus delta at southern end of LIP not in UIP
- Wider river in LIP/narrower in UIP/LIP over 1.6 miles wide – UIP
1.4-1.6 miles wide
Must be a comparison inferred. 6@1 [6]

Reserve 2 marks for each of topography and drainage. Float of 2.
(c) Barrages have resulted in changes in both the Upper and Lower
Indus Plains.
(i) Name an example of a barrage.
Balloki Kotri Sidhnai 1@1 [1]

Chashma Marala Sukkur
Guddu Panjnad Sulaimanke
Islam Qadirabad Taunsa
Jinnah Rasul Trimmu
Khanki
(ii) Compare the height and length of a barrage with those of a major
dam like Tarbela.
- Barrages are lower in height than dams

- Barrages are longer than dams
- Barrages are smaller = 0 2@1 [2]
(iii) What is the main purpose of a barrage and how is this purpose
achieved?
Main purpose:
To provide water for irrigation/arable farming/crops
How purpose is achieved:

- Gates closed
- The barrage backs up/stores water behind it/holds the water back
- Canals/link canals take water and distribute it into a network of
smaller canals
- Link canals take water from western rivers to eastern rivers
3@1 [3]
(iv) Briefly describe the changes that have taken place in the land use
of the Lower Indus Plain as a result of building barrages.
- Large areas (previously desert) are cultivated/agriculture

developed especially Western Bahawalpur district
- Bananas/cotton/dates/mangoes/oilseeds/pulses/rice/sugarcane/
wheat
- Led to an increase in land used for settlement
- Reduction in crop acreage (recently due to water taken out from
barrages in UIP)
- Waterlogged/saline areas (due to poor management of irrigation) 3@1 [3]
Total for Question 1 [25]

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.

On your answer paper
(i) State the number of degrees east of longitude A.
76 (°E)
(ii) Name the mountain range B.
Karakoram(s)
(iii) Name the plateau C.
Balochi/Balochistan
(iv) Name the desert D.
Cholistan
(v) Name the country E.
Afghanistan 5@1 [5]
(b) (i) Describe the distribution of oilfields.
- (central) Potwar/Potohar Plateau/in north-west Punjab/between

rivers Indus and Jhelum
- Southern/Lower Sindh/Hyderabad/Badin (area) 2@1 [2]
(ii) Describe and explain the distribution of oil refineries.
Distribution:
- Morga refinery is on Potwar Plateau/near Attock (oilfield) ? NW

Punjab
- Mahmud Kot (Mahmood Cot) is on (southern end of) Sindh Sagar
doab/west of Multan/S Punjab/between Rivers Indus and
Chenab/lower UIP
- (3) on coast near Karachi/at Hab/Sindh Coast
Explanation:
- Morga refinery refines oil from local/Potwar Plateau oilfields for

Upper Punjab (and NWFP)
- Mahmud Kot placed to serve central Pakistan/Lower Punjab/lower
UIP
… supplied with crude oil by (White) pipeline from Karachi
… supplied by pipeline from Iran (across Balochistan) (?)
- Karachi refineries refine imported oil
- Karachi refineries crude oil from Lower Sindh oilfields
- Hab refinery supplied by pipeline from Karachi
- Hab and Karachi to serve industrial area/large population
- High demand in named city/industry/area
Reserve 1 mark for each group. Float of 2 marks. 4@1 [4]

(c) Study Fig. 3, which shows the amount spent by Pakistan on

importing ‘petroleum and petroleum products’ from 1991 to 2002.
Describe the trends in the cost of ‘petroleum and petroleum

products’ imports shown on Fig. 3.
- (Large) overall rise/(more than) quadrupled/rise of 127 000

(million rupees)
- Fluctuated
- Fell (slightly) from 1991 to 1992/in first year
- Increase from 1992 to 1997
- Faster increase from 1995 to 1997
- Fell back 1997 to 1998
- Steady/slight increase 1998 to 1999
- Rapid rise 1999 to 2001/(more than) doubled/125 000 (million
rupees)
- Fell again in 2002/maximum in 2001 3@1 [3]
(d) (i) Explain in detail why it is necessary for Pakistan to import so

much petroleum (crude oil) even though petroleum is produced in
Pakistan.
- Oil production in Pakistan is low/small

- Pakistan cannot satisfy its own needs for oil
- Pakistan’s resources not yet exploited
- Growing demand/higher incomes/high demand due to increasing
population
- Increasing number of industries/industrialisation
- Extension of road network/improved transport system
- Increasing number of lorries/buses/cars
- Conversion to diesel locomotives
- Mechanisation of agriculture
- Urbanisation
- (Most) thermal power stations use oil
- Increasing demand for electricity
- Lubricant for machinery
- Source of many by-products: Paraffin/wax/plastics/synthetic
rubber/detergents/insecticides etc
Allow 1 development mark for any line. 7@1 [7]
(ii) What problems are caused for Pakistan because so much is spent
on importing petroleum?
- Negative trade balance

- Increasing burden of debt
- Economy goes down/adverse effect on economy/economic
burden
- Uses foreign exchange
- Creditors exercise influence over Pakistan’s affairs/political
implications
- Less money for investment/to spend on development/basic needs
… of education/health facilities/housing }
… of infrastructure/roads/railways etc } (max 2)
… of industry/agriculture }
- More taxes imposed 4@1 [4]
- Cannot afford to exploit new oilfields

3 (a) Study Photograph A, which shows part of a fish farm at Faiz, south
of Multan.
(i) Describe the lay-out and features of the fish farm.
- Large/big/extensive
- Grid pattern/regular pattern
- Ponds/lakes/toba
- Several/at least 4 ponds
- Rectangular ponds/long (and thin)
- (Ponds separated by) earth(en) banks/embankments/raised
edges/mud walls/brick/paved road/path
… wide, flat, straight
- (Line of) trees
- Trees for shade
- Rough ground/bare ground/dung on edge of ponds 4@1 [4]
(ii) How has the physical topography of the area made it easy to
construct the ponds?
- Flat land/plain land

- Large area
- Easy to use machinery for digging out ponds
- Unconsolidated rock/soil/alluvial deposits/soft soil
- Easy to dig/excavate
- Impervious alluvium/clay/rock/high water table
- Retains water/water collects 3@1 [3]
(iii) Where has the material come from that has been used to make the
banks of the ponds?
From the area dug out for the ponds 1@1 [1]
(b) Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan? Credit will

be given if you name a species of fresh water fish reared on fish
farms.
Fish bred:
Grass/moore/rahu/silver/tallah (thalla)/manaseer/palla/trout/carp
Why:
- Growing population
- Lack of protein in diet/important part of diet
- Education on nutrition
- Fish are rich in protein/low in cholesterol
- Provides alternative income for farmers
- Provides employment
- Water available from irrigation schemes/lakes/reservoirs 4@1 [4]
(c) Study Photographs B and C which show parts of one of the many
buffalo farms in the area of Karachi called Buffalo (cattle colony).
(i) How can you tell from Photograph B that this is a dairy farm?
Milk churns/containers/cans/drums etc

(must include the word ‘Milk’) 1@1 [1]

(ii) Describe the shelter shown on Photograph C, also marked X on

Photograph B, and suggest why such shelters are needed for the
buffalo.
Description:
- Flimsy
- Roof covered with canes/rushes/straw/mazri
- Horizontal poles used as beams } wooden poles used
- Supported on (thin) vertical poles }
- Open (on some) sides
- White/stone/brick wall (at one end)
- Partitions/sectioned inside
- Feeding troughs
- Flat/hard floor
Why needed:
- To protect buffalo from (intense) heat of sun

- Milking/feeding/calving
- Floor easy to clean
- Ventilation (open sides)
Reserve 1 for each group. Float of 2 marks. 4@1 [4]
(iii) Why is a large supply of water necessary for this farm?
- For drinking
- For keeping the buffalo cool/spraying on buffalo
- For washing/dipping buffalo/bathing
- For cleaning
- For adding to milk 2@1 [2]
(iv) No fodder crops are grown on this farm. How are farms like this
supplied with food for the buffalo?
- By road/lorry/tractor/cart etc
- In bulk/large amounts
- From crop farms outside Karachi/on (southern) Lower Indus
Plain/near Hyderabad/Thatta/Badin
- Bought with money from sale of milk or other products/barter by-
products of agriculture/industry 2@1 [2]
(d) Explain the importance of the buffalo farms to Karachi.
- Milk
- Butter/ghee/other named dairy product
- Karachi has a huge population/increasing population
- Milk is expensive to transport
- Milk can be fresh
- Milk can be supplied regularly
- Supplies hides/skins
- Karachi is important for the production of leather goods
- Dung sold for fuel in markets
… domestic use/homes
… commercial use/hotels/shops/bakeries etc
- Meat (max 1) 4@1 [4]

4 (a) The sketch map, Fig. 4, gives some information about the Warsak
Dam.
(i) Name the river across which the Warsak Dam was built.
Kabul 1@1 [1]
(ii) Using Fig. 4, and your own knowledge, explain why this is a good
site for a dam.
- Narrow gorge/valley …
… reduces amount of materials required for dam/expense
- Deep gorge/valley …
… increases storage capacity
… provides high head of water for hydel
- Solid/firm rock …
… to support weight of dam
- On river with very large discharge/melting snow/large catchment
area … to provide water for storage/to drive turbines
- Impervious rock
… to prevent seepage/reduce loss
- High precipitation/rainfall/snowfall
- Low evaporation rates/low temperatures
- Low population 5@1 [5]
(iii) Using Fig. 4, and your own knowledge, explain why it was so
expensive to build the dam and power station, and to provide
irrigation water.
- Large size of project

- No access to site/new road had to be built
- New bridge had to be built
- So that heavy machinery/etc could be brought in
- Tunnels had to be constructed to distribute irrigation water
- Need for workers
- Cost of trained/professional workers
- Cost of settlement for workers
- Lack of power supply
- Cost of transport/power lines
- Cost of suitable building materials
- Complex planning/difficult scheme
- Cost of machinery/equipment 3@1 [3]
(iv) Name the farming area served by irrigation water from the Warsak
reservoir.
- Vale of Peshawar/any part of the Vale

- Kabul Valley 1@1 [1]

(v) How is electricity produced in power stations such as Warsak, and

how is it transmitted to cities like Peshawar?
How produced:
- Water from reservoir/water from dam/head of water rushes

down/passes through dam
… steep/narrowing (intake) pipes
- Drives (hydro) turbines …
- which turns shaft rapidly inside generator/works generator
… within a magnetic field
How transmitted:
- From transformer at hydel/HEP station which controls the

voltage/stabilises the electricity
- Onto national grid/power lines/cables wires which is a network (of
wires)/booster stations
- Overhead and/or underground
- Onto local/city supply grid
- Voltage dropped/adjusted
(b) Read the extract from ‘Dawn’.

The reasons for the high cost of production which damage industry are
many. They include the high cost of power, frequent breakdowns at the
power stations and the unsteady supply of electricity from them.
(i) Give three reasons for the high cost of power from thermal power
stations in Pakistan.
- Need to import oil/fossil fuels

- Natural gas expensive/price competition with other users
- Oil is expensive/expensive to import oil
- Oil prices have increased
- Independent power stations charge higher prices
- Inefficient machinery in power plants/high maintenance costs
- Cost of power lines/transmission
- Cost of technology
- Theft 3@1 [3]
(ii) Suggest one reason why power stations frequently break down.
- Machinery is old/poorly maintained

- Increased strain/high demands
- Silt from reservoir entering HEP turbines 1@1 [1]
(iii) Other than ‘the frequent breakdowns at the power stations’, why is
the supply of electricity ‘unsteady’?
- Breakage of wires (on grid)/long transmission lines

- Illegal tapping into supply/theft
- Demand exceeds supply/increasing demand
- Power sharing/shedding practised
- Less HEP in winter 2@1 [1]

(iv) How many factories try to overcome the problem of unreliable

electricity supply from the national grid? Why is it important for
them to do so?
How:
- (Government encouraging) private power stations

- Have standby generators
- Use of alternative sources e.g. Solar/biogas
Why:
- Interrupted production
… products being made can be spoilt
… causes inefficient use of machinery/labour
- Interrupts supply to market …
- May lose market/sales
- Profits fall/loss in income
- Damages machinery

5 (a) Study Fig. 5 showing the proportions of the labour force of

Pakistan working in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of
industry.
(i) Which of these three sectors is labelled Y?
Tertiary
(ii) Which of these three sectors is labelled Z?
Secondary 2@1 [2]
Study Fig. 6 showing the proportion of workforce in Pakistan’s

main categories of employment.
(b) (i) Which of these categories of employment has all its workforce in
the primary sector of industry?
Agriculture/category 1 1@1 [1]
(ii) How many of the categories of employment given are in the

tertiary sector of industry?
- 3
- Items 2,3,6 in key
- Names of the 3 correct categories 1@1 [1]
(c) (i) Give four reasons why so many people work in agriculture.
- Tradition/inheritance
- Subsistence farming/no income/get basic necessities
- Large % of population lives in rural areas/in villages (where
farming is the main occupation)
- Large areas of Pakistan are suitable for farming
- Alluvial soils (Note: not ‘good’ or ‘fertile’)
- Irrigation schemes
- Lack of money for farm machinery/much manual labour needed
- Pakistan has an agro-based economy/is an agricultural country
- Many industries are agro-based and therefore promote farming
… example (max 1)
- Growing population requires feeding
- Low standard of education means many secondary/tertiary
occupations are not open to workers/or cannot do other
work/cannot get good jobs
- Lack of other jobs available
- Cotton is a major export 4@1 [4]

(ii) Why has the percentage of the labour force working in

agriculture declined steadily in recent years?
- Increasing mechanisation on farms

- Fragmentation of holdings has made them unable to support
the family
- Problems for tenants caused by landlords/jagirdars/zamindars
- Not enough farmland for increasing population
- Loss of farmland due to waterlogging/salinity/soil erosion
- Government policies
- Consolidation of holdings
- Improving education/literacy in rural areas/of rural people …
… so people want to work in jobs using their skills
- Increase in manufacturing industries/industrialisation …
… providing more job opportunities
- Higher wages in manufacturing industry
- Rural-urban migration …
… disenchantment with rural life/lure of city life …
… another push/pull factor (max 1)
- Urbanisation
- Find other jobs for additional income
Each line can have 1 development mark. 6@1 [6]
(iii) Why has the percentage of the workforce working in tertiary

industries increased steadily in recent years?
- Rising standard of living …

… greater demand for services/increase in service
industries/professions/increase in tertiary work
- Higher literacy/more educated so use qualifications in tertiary
sector
- Want higher pay/wages
- Want better working conditions
- Government training programmes/Employment Generation
Programme
- Rural-urban migration tends to mean a change from a primary
occupation to a tertiary
- Government efforts to improve services/development
- Improving educational standards so more teachers/lecturers
needed
- Improving medical facilities so more doctors/nurses needed
- Growth of tourism
- Extension of road network
- Growth in recreational activities
- Fewer people make their own clothes/grow their own food etc
- More shops
- Spread of IT/computers
- More opportunities in banking/insurance etc
- More trade
- Industrialisation
Each line can have 1 development mark. 6@1 [6]

(d) Attempts are being made to improve the standard of literacy in

Pakistan. Explain why this is vital for the development of all
three sectors of industry.
- Pakistan’s lack of skilled workers holds back

development/skills promote development
- People need to be literate in order to …
… be taught the skills needed …
… use better agricultural techniques to increase production
… engineering skills are needed in
mining/processing/manufacturing etc. industries
… management skills are needed to run businesses/services
etc.
… professional skills are needed in the service industries like
education/health etc.
- Inability to read instructions can cause mis-use/break down of
machinery (and) …
… poor quality work …
… more difficult for firms to compete on world market
- Use of telecommunications 5@1 [5]
- Use of IT/computers

Glossary for Pakistan Studies
Abadi Settlement/village
Ajrak Printed cloth (using blocks)
Bangar Old alluvium
Bar Alluvial terrace
Barani Rain fed/areas where cultivation depends on rainfall
Begar Free services
Bela Forest along the bank of a river
Bet Active flood plain/summer bed of river
Bhangar Old alluvium
Bharat India
Binola Cotton seed
(Canola) = Canadian oilseed with low acidity = oilseed rape
Charsa Irrigation method – water lifted from well in buckets drawn up by an animal
Chaudhari Feudal lord/village chief/headman/title of landholder
Dasht Wilderness/sea of sand
Desi Native (re crops)
Dhand Small salt lake
Dhar Flat land between dunes (as ‘patti’)
Dhenkli (Shaduf) irrigation method – water lifted from well using a bucket, rope and
pole
Dhoro Abandoned river channel
Doab ‘Between rivers’/interfluve
Ghee- Vegetable ghee similar to margarine and made from oilseeds
banaspati
Ghee-desi Clarified butter made from dairy products
Gur Raw sugar (in a solid state)
Hamun Inland drainage shallow salt lake/playa lake
Hari Peasant/tenant
Jagir Rent-free land given to individuals or institutions by the Government
Kacha Unmetalled road
Katchi abadi Shanty/squatter settlement or (especially in Lahore and Karachi) a private or
local Government housing scheme for the poor
Kaurjo Diversion canal (in Makran, Balochistan)
Khaddar Fresh/new alluvium
Khaddar khes Coarse cloth
Khadera Ravine/badland
Kharif Crops grown during the summer season
Khes Cloth
Khusas Embroidered shoes
Luu Hot wind/intense heat
Malak Feudal lord
Mandis Markets
Mustagh ‘Ice mountain’ - a mountain covered by snow all year round
Nala Tributary gorge/ravine/irrigation/ditch
Otaq Guest house
Patti Narrow area of flat land between dunes (as ‘dhar’)/passge/path
Phutti Seed cotton (ball including seeds)
Pucca Metalled road
Pull Bridge
Rabi Crops growing during the winter season
Rakh Tropical Thorn Forest
Rizq (Colloquial) ‘Bread and butter’ situation
Roti Bread
Saddar Main market place
Sailaba Irrigation method using flood water
Shamilat Common grazing land

Talab Tank (small reservoir)/pond

Tehsil Administrative area (similar to a UK Parish)
Tibba Sand dune
Toba Pond
Wadaira Feudal lord
Zamindari A system in which land owned by one person is cultivated by others

w
w
w
.X
t
re
m
eP
ap
er
GCE Ordinary Level
s.
co
m
MARK SCHEME for the November 2004 question paper

2059/02 Paper 2 (The Environment of Pakistan), maximum mark 75
This mark schemes is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks. It do
not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking
began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions will be
recorded in the published Report on the Examination.
demonstrated.
Examination.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2004 question papers for most IGCSE and
GCE Advanced and Ordinary Level syllabuses.
November 2004
GCE O LEVEL
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 75
PAKISTAN STUDIES
The Environment of Pakistan
PAKISTAN STUDIES – NOVEMBER 2004 2059 2
1 (a) (i) 36 (°N)

(ii) Himalaya(s)
(iii) Kabul
(iv) Kharan
(v) Quetta
5@1 [5]
(b (i) 666mm/660mm to 680mm 1@1 [1]
(ii) (monsoon) winds from Bay of Bengal/India/E

pressure pattern (max 2)
(tail end of) monsoon
air rises and cools
condensation/water droplets form
moisture-laden
5@1 [5]
(iii) moderate/fairly heavy
increasing
70-180mms/doubles/by 25mm per month
max. in March
min. in December.
3@1 [3]
(iv) depression rain/western depressions/disturbances

originate in Mediterranean area
enter Pakistan through Afghanistan (not Iran for Murree)
long land journey depletes moisture reaching area
3@1 [3]
(v) convectional/thunderstorms 1@1
formation
high temperatures/strong heating
moisture evaporated from rivers/lakes/vegetation/moisture-laden air
(moist) air rises (strongly/rapidly)/convection occurs
air cooled as it rises
causes condensation of moisture/water vapour
formation of thunderstorms (max 2)
formation of hailstones (max 2)
3@1 [4]
(c) (i) 20/15-25 mm 1@1 [1]
(ii) sheltered by surrounding mountains/rain shadow

too far west for monsoons to reach/little monsoon rain
western depressions mostly deflected from area/do not reach area/few
depressions
lacks sources of moisture for convectional rainfall to develop/desert
area
temp. inversion prevents convection
NOT ‘it is in a desert’ 3@1 [3]

2 (a) (i) ‘Areas with forests’

northern mountains/northern NWFP/Northern Area/named area or
mountain range
(some on) Potwar Plateau/Salt Range
western highlands/(western) NWFP/NW Pakistan/Afghan border
northern Balochistan (Plateau)/central Brahui Range
Indus delta/Hab delta/Sindh coast
Below snow line/4500m
Areas with wet climate/rainfall amount?
NOT mountains/hills/highlands etc.
(ii) ‘irrigated forests’

most by rivers/by Indus
6/7 in Punjab/most in Punjab/uip
1 in Lower Sindh/near Hyderabad/lower LIP
1 on border of Punjab and NWFP/confluence of Indus and Gomal
named plantation (max 1) see p 49 Sethi 2nd ed.
Reserve 1 for each group. Float of 2 marks. 4@1 [4]
(b) (i) *steep valley sides exposed/soil erosion occurs

landslides
avalanches
flooding
eroded/broken up/destroyed/telephone wires grounded
* Allow once only in (i), (ii) or (iii) 3@1 [3]
(ii) *steep valley sides exposed/soil erosion occurs

flooding
irrigation canals/channels blocked
less rainfall
salts in irrigation water – salinity
(coarse) sand and gravel deposited on fields
crops destroyed
(iii) *steep valley sides exposed/soil erosion occurs

decreases water/electricity supply/power supply
silt in reservoirs
rivers blocked
less rain
silt in intake pipes/turbines/power plant
landslides may break power lines
(c) (i) definition (res 1)

in a line
planted by man
where found
alongside canals/rivers
alongside roads/railways
along field boundaries
etc. 4@1 [4]

2 (c) (ii) prevent soil erosion

lower the temperature …
provide shade
fruit/food
firewood/timber
leaves/roofing
to reduce air pollution/make clean air
4@1 [4]
(d) workshop (res 1)

large shed
dark/poorly lit
(simple) machinery/named machines, band saw, electric motor (max 2)
lack of safety guards
(many) hand tools/named tools (max 2)
sawdust/shavings
window
planks of wood
etc.
characteristics of type of industry (res 1)

small scale/cottage industry
craft industry
traditional skills
labour intensive
simple machinery (do not double mark)
use local raw materials/timber
local specialisation
supply larger factories in towns
possible export
sales to tourists
encouraged by government/PSIC
less than 10 employees (small-scale)
family/no hired labour (cottage)
fixed assets less than Rs. 10 million
in homes/small workshops
4@1 [4]
3 (a) (i) flat area

flooded
banks (of earth)/bunds
about 1 metre high
fields
(scattered) trees/bushes on banks
4@1 [4]

3 (a) (ii) farming using natural rainfall/flooding

can only be carried out after flooding/must wait for floods
farmers have no control of water supply/rain variable
seasonal /continuous cropping rarely possible
higher banks/bunds have to be built to hold as much water as possible
when it comes
(usually) can only grow coarser grains/millet (bajra)/sorghum
(jowar)/pulses
lower yields/output
variable yields/outputs
further floods could destroy seedlings/standing crop
less advanced/traditional methods
annual floods supply nutrients
smaller farms
Allow ‘irrigation farming’ approach. Comparisons need only be 5@1 [5]

implied.
(b) characteristics
depends (entirely) on rainfall/rain-fed area
(low) banks/bunds constructed
field size varies considerably/small/large fields
ploughing after/if rain falls
farmers too poor to own tractors/lack of machines/traditional
methods
use of animal dung/no fertiliser
some years rainfall is insufficient/crops fail
low yields
often sheep/goats reared as alternative source of food/income
family labour
etc. 4@1
crops (res 2)
wheat
barley
groundnuts
millet/bajra
pulses/gram/mash/masoor/moong
sorghum/jowar
oil seed/rape/mustard (not cotton)
maize
2@1 [6]
(c) (i) requires warm temperatures for growth

20°C to 30°C
dry season for harvest
monsoon rain for growth/flooding fields
1270-2000mms
winter/rabi season is too cold (even in south)
2@1 [2]
(ii) requires over 1275mm rainfall (in growing season)

prefers over 2000mm rainfall
nowhere in Pakistan has this amount of rainfall (in the growing season)
not enough rain for flooding fields
2@1 [2]

3 (c) (iii) good irrigation

details of canal network
flat land assists in provision of irrigation/for use of machines
have clay/loam/alluvial soils/soils rich in minerals/soils which retain
fertilisers/rich in nutrients
have water retentive soils
north-east Punjab receives more/heavier rainfall than any other plain
areas in Pakistan …
large population/towns/cities
large farms
tubewells in Punjab
impervious layer below soil
high monsoon rain in Punjab
5@1 [5]
(iv) basmati
Bangladesh
2@1 [2]
4 (a) capital from foreign investment/banks/governments

flat land/sites
agricultural raw materials plentiful/available …
… wheat/rice/oilseeds/sugarcane/hides (not cotton)
7 power stations serve area
main cities are on (national) electricity (grid)
gas pipelines to area (from Sui/Potwar Plateau)/for power stations
water available from rivers/canals
Grand Trunk Road/etc }
served by railway network/named rail route } area served by
roads, rail, air -
airports at (at least one name) } any two for 1 mark
large labour force
educated workers available/University of Lahore/etc.
industrial estates have been built in area + details of incentives (max 2)
export processing zone benefit from government incentives + details
(max 2)
dry ports encourage international trade + details (max 2)
etc.
must ‘describe’ and be related to the area
7@1 [7]

4 (b) (i) pioneered here to serve needs of British army in colonial

times/traditional/for many generations
(highly) skilled workforce has developed …
labour is cheap
foreign investment
raw materials imported through Lahore/Sialkot airport
good electricity/gas/water/road/rail/etc. services (max 2)
high value goods
cottage industries/small scale industries supply larger
factories/outworkers
high value goods
EPZ and dry port
airport
etc.
3@1 [3]
(ii) negative balance of trade

lacks foreign exchange
a large burden of debt
capital/money to buy essential imports
needs capital/money to develop infrastructure/services
needs capital/money to develop its industries
Sialkot’s exports are highly competitive on the world market
high value-added exports
does not necessarily need to be related to Sialkot

5@1 [5]
(iii) EPZ
government incentives (max 2)
infrastructure put in place (max 2 )
attracts foreign/private investment
attracts foreign technological/management skills
improved quality
better marketing
etc.
airport
closer than Lahore’s
cheaper transport for imported light raw materials
more convenient for visiting businessmen
more convenient for exporting light goods
service industries develop to serve airport
tourism
etc.
Reserve 2 marks for each of EPZ and airport. Float of 1 mark.

General answer max. 2
5@1 [5]

4 (c) flat site

large area
cheap land
unobstructed approaches for aircraft
firm/solid ground
well drained land
climatic factors e.g.. snow, fog
few/nobody living in area to be developed
large pool of labour available …
closeness to utilities/water/electricity
closeness to road/rail/transport links
(preferably) far away from houses
demand
availability of fuel
etc.
5@1 [5]
5 (a) (i) first/largest/biggest
(ii) last/fourth/lowest/least
(iii) very low/low/sparse

3@1 [3]
(b) (i) (includes (by far) its largest city ) Quetta
has 575 000/over 500 000 people/largest city
administration centre/government offices
military base
farming valleys/area …
Pishin/Mastung valley …
apples/apricots/grapes/almonds/tobacco
Quetta coalfield
woollen textiles (Harnai/Mastung)/cotton
vegetable ghee/cooking oil (Quetta)
road network
railway focus
(international) airport
on national electricity grid/gas pipeline
passes through highland
markets/warehouses/trade
dry port
entertainment + ex.
University/good schools
Cool summers
Medical/health facilities
Rural – urban migration + reason
6@1 [6]

5 (b) (ii) mountainous

Sulaiman/Toba Kakar/Chagai/Ras Koh/Siahan/Central
Makran/Makran Coast/Brahui/Kirthar Range (names max 2)
very low rainfall/arid/desert/scarcity of water
Kharan (Sandy)/Kachhi Desert
lack of water for domestic/industrial purposes
lack of water for irrigation
very hot in summer
(very) high evapo-transpiration
very/cold winters
large areas of bare rock/barren/lack vegetation
large areas of sandy waste }
large areas of reg } infertile soils = 1
saline soils }
hamuns (lakes) often dry/salt lakes/inland drainage/seasonal rivers
Mashkel/Kap/etc Hamun/named river
limited mineral resources/not exploited
little developed by British
lack of communications over vast areas
lack of education/health/social facilities/services/electricity/etc. (max 1)
lack of jobs
very little industry
‘many have moved out’, ‘because of tribal conflicts’ = 0

7@1 [7]
(iii) 51-100 per square km

near river Indus
canal from Guddu barrage/Indus …
… (part of) area irrigated
… flat/plain land
… alluvial soils
… rice/wheat/edible oils/pulses
fishing
Sui gas field
road/rail communications network
on national electricity grid/gas pipeline
named town/city/state e.g. Jaffarabad, Nasirabad
etc.
4@1 [4]
(iv) administrative centres

education/health centres
oases …
… fed by karez
… fed by tubewells
grow dates/vegetables/fruit etc.
fishing e.g. Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara
industries connected with fishing
ports
military posts
border check-point
example (max 2 for different functions)
5@1 [5]

w
w
w
.X
t
re
m
eP
ap
er
GCE Ordinary Level
s.
co
m
MARK SCHEME for the June 2005 question paper

2059/02 Paper 2 (The Environment of Pakistan), maximum mark 75
This mark schemes is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks. It do
demonstrated.
Examination.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the June 2005 question papers for most IGCSE and GCE
Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses.
June 2005
GCE O LEVEL
MARK SCHEME
MAXIMUM MARK: 75
PAKISTAN STUDIES
The Environment of Pakistan
GCE O LEVEL – JUNE 2005 2059 2
1 (a) (i) Name the city A

Karachi [1]
(ii) Name the line of latitude B

Tropic of Cancer/23½˚ N [1]
(iii) Name the river C

Dasht [1]
(iv) Name the area D

Indus delta/Thatta district [1]
(v) Name the province E

Balochistan [1]
(b) (i) What type of forest grows in the area F on Fig. 1?

Mangrove [1]
(ii) Why is this type of forest only found in this area?

Saline soil/salt water in soil
Tidal regular flooding
Trees are adapted to this environment/have aerating roots/roots filter
salt/salt secreted [2]
(iii) The area of this forest has decreased in size in recent years. How and why has
this affected the local fisheries?
How (Res 1)
Fewer fish
Why (Res 1)
Roots provide shelter for young fish
Less food
Breeding ground 2@1 [2]
(c) The Kaghan Valley and others in the Himalaya Mountains attract international and
domestic tourists.
(i) Explain why tourists visit these valleys.

Views of mountain peaks, snow, waterfalls, etc.
Forests/orchards
Fishing in River Kunhar
Saiful Maluk Lake
Jeep rides
Walking/hiking/climbing/mountaineering/picnics
Unique area/nothing like it anywhere else
Polo
Flora/fauna
Cooler climate than plains
Traditional crafts/customs/lifestyle/cottage industries
etc. [3]

(ii) Explain with reference to two examples, why tourists visit cultural attractions in
Pakistan.
Examples
Credit any two examples of cultural tourist attractions (res 2) and (max 2)
Archaeological sites
Moen-jo-darn, Harappa, Taxila,
Kashmir Smats (caves) in NWFP
etc.
Historic and religious sites

Forts (Baltit), Lahore
Mosques (Badshabi, Muhabat),
Tombs (Chaukandi, Makli, Allarma Iqbal, Ranjit Singh),
Shrines (Uch Sharif)
Khyber Pass,
Shalimar Gardens,
Kalash Valley
Swat area
etc.
Modern buildings
Faisal mosque, Parliament building, Presidential palace,
Jinnah mausoleum, Minar-Pakistan,
NOT dams, reservoirs etc.
Named/Located example of traditional culture
Swat, Gilgit, Kalash, Kaghan valleys
Named/Located Festival
Basant panchmi – kite flying at Lahore
Mela chiragan – festival of lamps beside Shalimar gardens
Named/Located Bazaar or Market
Anaskali,Chitral, Swat, Kalash, etc.
Why they visit

Historic interest
Museum
Religious faith
Education
Different culture to their own
Candidates can gain 2 marks without examples. [4]

(d) Explain the advantages of developing tourist attractions in Pakistan.

Foreign exchange/currency
Reduced debt
Reduced trade deficit/improved balance of payments
More jobs + development
Higher incomes to locals + dev
Better local economy/demand for more services
Better facilities, infrastructure, services, communications for locals
(up to 2 marks)
Better cultural understanding
Sustainable industry/will not run out like coal
Reduces rural-urban migration
Cultural/historic sites restored/maintained [4]
(e) Why is capital important in the development of tourism?

Building and maintenance of shops, hotels, etc.
Security
Travel facilities/roads/jeeps/buses, etc.
Provision of named infrastructure
Professional management
Marketing and publicity/advertising
etc. [4]

2 (a) (i) Compare the amount, and seasonal distribution of rainfall at Quetta and Lahore.
Q winter max, L summer max
Q max December to March/February, L max July to August/August
Q second wet month July, L second wet season January to March
Q lower total than L/L higher total than Q
Q more in December than L
Equal in March and/or November
L rain in all months, Q no rain in June and September
L more than Q April – October/April - June
L higher maximum than Q
Must compare both charts for credit

res. 1 for comparison of amounts
res.1 for comparison of seasonal dist. [4]
(ii) Give reasons for the differences in amount and seasonal distribution of rainfall
at these locations. [6]
QUETTA
More rain from winter depressions [Max 2]
Summer convectional rainfall [Max 2]
No/negligible monsoon rainfall
LAHORE
Less rain from winter depressions
Little convectional rainfall/low humidity
Monsoon winds – this should include both the SE and NW monsoon [Max 4 marks]
Comparison of locations (1 mark)
Monsoon brings more rain than depressions (1 mark)
Must refer to differences (in each type of rainfall)
(b) (i) Compare the mean monthly temperatures of Quetta and Lahore
Both graphs have a similar range/both 20-22˚
Q colder/L warmer
Q smooth curve, L sharp drop after June
Q slight drop May to July, L increases then decreases
Must compare both charts for credit [3]
(ii) Explain the seasonal changes in temperature at Lahore.
Effect of latitude/angle of the suns rays [Max 2]

Rising in dry season/lack of cloud cover before monsoon
Drop in July related to start of monsoon season/heavy rainfall/stratus cloud [Max 2] [3]

(c) (i) What are the benefits and problems for farmers in the area of Lahore which
result from the rainfall?
Benefits [Res.1]
Some rain in all months/throughout year
Enough without irrigation/ for barani farming
Monsoon rain/summer rain for Kharif crops
Depression and convectional rain/winter rain for Rabi crops
Problems [Res.1]
Uneven distribution
Too much in July – August/too little October/November
Flooding in wet season
Lack of sunshine for ripening crops
Drought/high evapotranspiration April – June
Early or late arrival of monsoon
Heavy rain damages cereals, cotton
Pests, disease, virus in wet season
Heavy rain ineffective/does not soak in
[Float 3] [5]
(ii) Choose one of the problems from (c)(i) and explain how it can be reduced.
Uneven distribution/too little in some months

Storage in reservoirs, ponds, tanks, barrages
Canals from storage in mountains
Use of underground supplies in dry season, tubewells
Flooding/too much in some months

Dams (in catchment areas), reservoirs, barrages
River embankments/levees
Drainage systems/diversion canals
Afforestation in catchment area
Dredging canals
Weather forecasts
Any other reasonable problems [Max. 3 any one line]

N.B. Allow a problem not stated in (c)(i)
Credit only one problem [4]

3 (a) (i) How many million acres of wheat were grown in 2000?
23.5/23 - 24 [1]
(ii) For which crop was there a reduction in area from 1990 to 2000?
Vegetables [1]
(iii) For which crop was there an increase in area from 1980 to 2000 by 2 million
acres?
Cotton [1]
(b) (i) Why is an increase in wheat production important?

Increasing population
Alleviate starvation/lack of food
Decreasing imports/step towards self-sufficiency/no loss of foreign
exchange
Increasing export (in good years)/increase foreign exchange [3]
(ii) State two natural inputs necessary for wheat production, and for each explain its
importance.
Cool/moderate temperatures 10 – 20 - for germination and good
growth/sowing
Warmer; 25 – 30 for ripening
Dry period - for ripening/harvesting
Moderate rainfall/moist/wet weather - for germination/growing/swelling the grain
Alluvial/loam/clay soil/fertile – for good growth
Well drained soil – for root growth/aeration
Flat land – for machinery and/or irrigation
N.B. only credit ‘for good growth’ once [2 marks for each input, float of 1] [5]
(iii) Explain how human inputs have contributed to the increase in wheat production.
Irrigation on Indus plains and semi-arid areas
Details of irrigation max 2
Fertiliser factories in (named town)
HYVs developed e.g. Maxi Pak, Shahkhan 95, Wadnak 95, Kohson 95
GM modifications
Plant protection programmes e.g. treated seeds, pesticide sprays, locust watch
Land reforms making larger fields/more economical units
Tractors and other modern machinery
Government loans
Support prices
Education/skills/colleges
Capital from investors/banks
Land reform
Named input + explanation required, max 2 each line for development [6]
(c) (i) What did the land reform laws aim to do?
Redistribute land more equally/more fairly/ceiling on land holdings
Take land away from large landowners/landlords and give it to the tenants/poor
farmers/protect tenants from eviction [1]
(ii) What are the advantages of land consolidation?

Economic units
Use of machinery/modern methods
Easier to supervise
Better irrigation
Better opportunity for investment/easier to get loans
Opportunities for research
Bring more land into cultivation [4]

(d) How can education and training help a small-scale farmer to increase his output?
Learn about modern methods e.g. seeds, machinery, pest control
Learn how to avoid crop failure
Improve literacy e.g. read about what other farmers are doing, where to sell to make
most profit
Take loans – must be related to education or literacy
Credit any line up to 3 marks
[4]
4 (a) For each of the mines A and B
(i) Name the type of mine,

A – adit/drift [1]
B – shaft [1]
(ii) Explain why that is the type of mine there,

A – coal (seam) exposed on a slope/can dig tunnels along the seam [1]
B – coal (seam) underground / does not outcrop [1]
(iii) Describe the method of mining coal in the mine.
Adit mine
Horizontal shaft into hillside
Possibly several shafts at different levels
Pick and shovel/trepanner (only credit once)
Dynamite on seam (only credit once)
Buckets/trucks/trolleys/conveyor belt/donkeys to surface
Shaft mining
Main shaft (vertical or sloping)
Tunnels/side shafts along seams
Pick and shovel/trepanner (only credit once)
Dynamite on seam (only credit once)
Buckets/trucks /trolleys to main shaft
Lifted to surface/elevator [Res 2 for each type of mine, float of 1] [5]
Study the map Fig. 5 showing coalfields and coal mining centres in Pakistan.
(b) (i) Name the coalfield X and one of the mining centres there.
Quetta (coalfield) [1]
Sor Range, Degan, Mach, Khost, Shahrig, Harnai [1]
(ii) Name the coalfield Y and one of the mining centres there.
Lower Sindh (coalfield) [1]
Blakhra, Jhimpir, Sonda [1]
State the two main uses of coal mined in coalfield X

Brick making/brick kilns
(mixed with imported coal) For steel making/in the blast furnace
Briquetting [2]

(c) Explain why coal has to be imported.

Not good enough for iron smelting/no metallurgical coal/needed for
Pakistan Steel
Need for coal to mix with poorer grade
Difficult to mine/seams thin/seams contorted
Not enough mined in Pakistan/lack of technology/lack of finance

[Credit any line up to 2]
[3]
(d) Hydro-electric power (HEP) is called a ‘renewable’ source of power.
(i) State three physical conditions necessary for the development of an HEP
scheme.
Wet climate/moderate/high rainfall/over 750 mms
Water from glaciers/snowfields
Deep valley
Steep sided valley
Narrow valley
Impervious/impermeable rock
Large drainage basin/large river/large catchment area
Cool climate/low evaporation
Strong/hard rock
Reliable water supply [3]
(ii) Why is it important for Pakistan to develop renewable power sources?

Reserves of fossil fuels running out
Named pollution/not environmentally friendly/causes global warming/greenhouse
gasses
More readily available
Schemes in remote areas/can be built away from fuel resources
Low running costs of HEP, solar power, wave energy etc./cheaper in the long term
Fossil fuels expensive
Fossil fuels are imported
Nuclear power dangerous [4]

5 (a) (i) Describe the distribution of air routes in Pakistan

Largest numbers/biggest foci from Karachi (10)
Centres/foci in other major cities e.g. Lahore, Multan, Turbat, Quetta, (Any 2 examples)
More south-north/SW-NE/less east-west
Many routes follow Indus Plain
Branches up other valleys e.g. Peshawar-Chitral
None in extreme north,
Few/none in Chagai, SE Sindh/Thar [4]
(ii) Explain why there are more internal air routes from Islamabad than Dalbandin.
Islamabad [Res. 2]
Federal capital
Administration/business/tertiary industry
Larger population
More people can afford to travel/high standard of living
International airport
Access to Northern Areas
Better road links
Dalbandin [Res.2]
Poor road links
Lower population
Less administration/office jobs
Fewer people can afford to travel/low standard of living
No international airport
Desert/barren land 2@2 [4]
(iii) Why is air transport and travel important within Pakistan?

Faster than road and rail
Better to reach remote places/places where roads are poor
Better in hilly/mountainous areas
Better for light, high value goods
Less chance of robbery/safer
More people can afford air fares
More demand from business
Can be used all year/not affected by snow, flood etc.
Tourism within Pakistan
Emergencies
Improved communication between cities [3]
(b) (i) Describe the features of Lahore Dry Port that can be seen in Photograph A
Lorries/trucks/containers/trailers
Sign to import examination area
Storage sheds/warehouses
Covered loading area/shelter with poles
Loading platform/raised area
More containers in background/behind sheds
Flat/hard/concrete ground
(2) men/drivers/labours
Forklift truck [4]

(ii) State two other features of a dry port that cannot be seen in the Photograph A.
Export checks and clearance
Import examination area
Railway yard
Refrigeration facilities
Management offices/customs administration
Cranes/loading facilities
Large storage area
Security gate/guards [2]
(iii) Why are dry ports important to the economy of Pakistan?
Speeds up customs procedures/better collection of revenue/simplified administration

Saves time transporting goods to Karachi/hassle-free transport
Reduce workload at Karachi port/Port Qasim
Stimulate foreign trade (in cities far away from ports) [3]
[Credit up to 2 for any line]
(c) (i) Name an example of a craft industry

Carpet
Traditional textiles
Embroidery
Jewellery
Ceramics
Woodwork
Metalwork
Sports goods
Pottery
etc. [1]
(ii) In what ways is this type of industry important to the local economy?
Employment (in general)
Employment of women/the whole family
Meet demand of local market
Reduces rural-urban migration
Uses local raw materials
Uses waste materials
Low investment in technology/cheap to set up
Increases capital/earns money for the local community [4]

w
w
w
.X
t
re
m
eP
ap
er
GCE O Level
s.
co
m
MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2006 question paper
2059/02 Paper 2 maximum raw mark 75
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks. It does
demonstrated.
Examination.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2006 question papers for most IGCSE and
GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level
syllabuses.
GCE O Level – May/June 2006 2059 2
Question 1
(a) Study the map of Pakistan Fig. 1.
On your answer paper name:
(i) country A
China
(ii) city B
Peshawar
(iii) river C
Chenab
(iv) plain D
Upper Indus (Plain) / Punjab
(v) state the number in N of the line of latitude E
28 [5]
(b) Study the map Fig. 2.
(i) Explain why the monsoon wind that is shown develops.
Strong heating of ground / High temperatures over land / N Pakistan / Central Pakistan
Causes air to rise / become lighter / less dense
Low pressure created
High pressure created
Winds move from high to low pressure [4]
(ii) Describe the rainfall distribution shown in Fig. 2 and explain how it is caused by the
monsoon winds.
Description (res 2)
Lowest/ less than 25mm in West Baluchistan and extreme NW
Large areas / Lower Indus Plain less than 125mms
Most of Baluchistan less than 125mm
Decreasing towards NW and SW / Increasing towards SE and NE
Highest in NE Punjab / Murree area / over 500 mm
Etc.
Explain (res 2)
Winds from N India forced to rise by mountains
Winds from Arabian Sea / secondaries rise over SE Sindh
Wind has lost moisture over India and Bangladesh/ tail end, so less rain in Pakistan than
India
Baluchistan remote from monsoon winds so less rain
High mountains in NE increase rainfall
Plains have less rain than mountains Res 2 + 2, float 3 [7]

(c) (i) Name a plateau where barani wheat farming takes place.
Potwar [1]
(ii) How is the cultivation of wheat related to the seasonal rainfall on the plateau?
ploughing October – December /when first rain falls

seed sown after rain
rain continues though growing period/ some rain before harvest to swell the grain
dry period for harvest [3]
(d) How may storms and heavy rainfall cause problems for people in Pakistan?
Ideas such as
Effects of flooding
Wind damage
Lightening strike
Landslides
Etc.
Damage to Communications
Power
Homes
Fields
Workplace
Etc….. Res 2 for ideas, up to 3 for dev of an idea [5]
Question 2
Study the photograph A of an area in Shangla District in NWFP.
(a) (i) Describe in not more than two words, the topography(relief) shown in the photograph.
mountainous / wooded / coniferous(trees)/ steep slopes/deep valleys [1]
(ii) What type of trees are shown in this photograph?
coniferous / spruce / fir / deodar/kail/chir [1]
(iii) At what altitude do these trees grow in NWFP?
1000-4000 metres [1]
(iv) How is this type of tree adapted to the climate in this area?
Conical shape to shed snow

Small leaves }
Thick, leathery leaves } to reduce transpiration
Evergreen to take advantage of short growing season [3]

(b) (i) Trees have been cut down in Area X. What effects may this have on the soil there?
leaching
soil erosion
gullying
landslides/total soil loss/only rocks left credit effect + dev [3]
(ii) How can deforestation affect water supplies?
Too little: Muddy water undrinkable/polluted

Reduced evapotranspiration so less rain
Silt in reservoirs reduces storage
Silt blocks irrigation channels
Irregular flow/ comes in bursts
Too much: Flooding/faster runoff [4]
(iii) State and explain one way in which the damage done by deforestation can be reduced
ways: regeneration programmes

education / better management
forest reserves
legal controls on commercial cutting / selective cutting
restricting use of heavy machinery
supply of gas to Northern areas to reduce need for firewood
terracing
explanation: credit according to way stated in answer
1 mark for way plus 2 for explanation [3]
(c) Why are there irrigated plantations in the Indus Plain?
Construction }
Firewood }
Furniture } uses max 2
Boxes }
Agricultural implements }
Irrigation available
Shade
Prevent erosion of banks
Reduces air pollution
For shade
Reduce timber imports
Etc. [4]

(d) Using examples, suggest why the Northern Areas of Pakistan are attractive to tourists.
Examples – Kaghan, Swat, Gilgit valleys, Chitral, etc. (res 1, max 2)

mountain scenery
forests
recreation
photography
trekking
cooler climate than the rest of Pakistan
Etc. [5]
Question 3
(a) Study the chart Fig. 3.
(i) Which crop is grown on the largest area?
Wheat [1]
(ii) Which crop has the lowest production per acre?
Rice [1]
(iii) Why is there such a large production of sugar-cane from a small area?
Large/tall plant
High yield per plant [2]
(iv) Name another important cash crop in Pakistan
cotton
tobacco
maize [1]
(b) Fig.4 shows the areas where sugar-cane is grown.
(i) Name the areas of high sugar-cane production.
Peshawar district
NW of NWFP
Faisalabad district
Central Punjab
Nawabshah/Nausharo Firoz/Hyderabad/Badin district
Central Sindh/near the river in Sindh [3]
(ii) Why are these areas suitable for the cultivation of sugar cane?
Temperature 25 35 C
Irrigation to make up for shortage of rainfall (1520mm)
Loam/clay/silt/alluvial soil (not fertile only)
Fertiliser factories
Good road system [4]

(iii) What happens to sugar cane from the time it is fully grown to when sugar juice is
extracted?
cut by hand/manual labour

transported by bullock cart/lorry/truck
quickly transported
scrubbed with chalk to remove dirt and smell
crushed to remove juice in heavy rollers [4]
(iv) Explain why bagasse is an important by-product of a sugar cane factory.
Fuel
Can be used to generate electricity
Animal feed
Made into chipboard/paper [2]
(c) (i) State two climatic inputs for rice cultivation.
high rainfall/over 1500mms/ more than 1270 mms

temperature 20 – 30 C
warm, dry period for harvesting [2]
(ii) How can the yield(production) per hectare of rice be increased?
Ideas such as
Irripak/HYV varieties/ genetic modification to increase output
Modern irrigation / perennial canals to give better water supply/at correct times
Modern fertilisers/pesticides to improve growth/prevent loss
Machines to make work faster
Education to make farmers aware of better methods
Reduction of waterlogging and salinity to increase cultivable area
(Max 2 per line for example or dev.) [6]

Question 4
(a) Study the diagram Fig.5.
(i) Name the two raw materials W and X.
iron ore
manganese [2]
(ii) Name two other inputs Y and Z.
limestone/flux
water
electricity
labour
capital
transport
new technology (must be named) e.g. computerisation, telecommunication [2]
(iii) Why is coal imported in addition to that produced in Pakistan?
Poor quality of local coal

Mixed with local coal
Not enough local coal [2]
(b) Describe how two human inputs contribute to production at Pakistan Steel.
Capital – for wages, new machines, transport etc.

Electricity / power- for faster work etc.
Labour- for work, trained for better work, details of jobs max 2
Transport – for inputs,outputs, from or too
government policies- tax concessions,training
new technology- for better productivity, communication etc.
(for each input res.1+1 for name, float of 4) [6]
(c) Why is over 50% of the output of Pakistan Steel sent north from Karachi to the Punjab?
To Taxila
Heavy engineering
Machinery for industry and power generation/ construction / railways boilers etc.
Construction of buildings/ bridges / pylons
Etc. [3]

(d) What features of Pakistan Steel show that it is an industry in the ‘formal sector’?
Large-scale industry
Employed labour
Good quality goods/service
Capital intensive
Regular working hours
Regular wages
Legal and registered [4]
(e) How does the government attract local and foreign investors to develop industries in Pakistan?
Industrial estates
Example eg. Sindh Trading Estate Ltd. (SITE)
Tax exemptions on imported machinery
Less foreign exchange control
Tax holidays
Simplified procedures
Private power stations
Example Hub (?Hab) power project
Less foreign exchange control
Better roads/railways/airports
Dry ports for better security
Agencies to help investors provide infrastructure e.g. water, electricity, telephone, roads to
estates
Land available for housing, commercial, social facilities near industrial zones
Consistent policies/stable government
Etc. [6]
Question 5
(a) Study Fig. 6 showing population pyramids for rural and urban areas in Pakistan.
(i) Compare the percentage of children aged 9 and under in rural and urban areas, and give
three reasons for this difference.
Rural greater than urban (max 1)

reasons
Lack of education on birth control/family planning
Lack of availability of contraceptive measures
Traditional values
Religious beliefs
High infant mortality rates
Need for family labour on farms (or accept the reverse for urban areas) [5]
(ii) How do both pyramids show that the birth rate has fallen?
bar lengths getting shorter 0-9 years [1]

(b) (i) What is the percentage of people aged 20-24 in urban areas?
20(%) [1]
(ii) Is this larger or smaller than the percentage in rural areas?
larger [1]
(iii) What is the main reason for this difference?
Rural-urban migration [1]
(c) (i) Describe the urban pull factors that cause rural-urban migration.
Better quality of life / living standard (max 1)

More reliable food supply
Attractions of entertainment/bright lights
Better employment opportunities (max2)
Better services eg. Health, education (max 2) [4]
(ii) What improvements may be made in some rural areas to reduce rural-urban migration?
Ideas such as
Better access to medical / health and family planning facilities

More free contraceptives and better availability
Better access to education and training
More / better jobs
Better (named) infrastructure/ roads, electricity,telephone etc.
Land reform
More cottage and small-scale industries in villages
Better (named) service other than those above
Etc. [6]
(d) How may improvements in literacy and education help to lower the rate of population growth?
Ideas such as
More doctors, nurses, teachers
Health education
Nutrition awareness
Birth control and Family planning
Better jobs with better working conditions, shorter hours
Etc. (credit any idea up to 3 marks) [6]

Glossary for Pakistan Studies
abadi settlement / village

ajrak printed cloth (using blocks)
bangar old alluvium
bar alluvial terrace
barani rain fed / areas where cultivation depends on rainfall
begar free services
bela forest along the bank of a river
bet active flood plain / summer bed of river
bhangar old alluvium
Bharat India
binola cotton seed
(canola) = Canadian oilseed with low acidity = oilseed rape
charsa irrigation method - water lifted from well in buckets drawn
up by an animal
chaudhari feudal lord / village chief/ headman / title of landholder
dasht wilderness, sea of sand
desi native (re crops)
dhand small salt lake
dhar flat land between dunes (as 'patti')
dhenkli (shaduf) irrigation method - water lifted from well using a
bucket, rope and pole
dhoro abandoned river channel
doab 'between rivers' / interfluve
ghee - banaspati vegetable ghee similar to margarine and made from
oilseeds
ghee - desi clarified butter made from dairy products
gur raw sugar (in a solid state)
hamun inland drainage shallow salt lake / playa lake
hari peasant/tenant
jagir rent-free land given to individuals or institutions by the
government
kacha unmetalled road
katchi abadi shanty / squatter settlement or (especially in Lahore and
Karachi) a private or local government housing
scheme for the poor
kaurjo diversion canal (in Makran, Balochistan)
khaddar fresh / new alluvium
khaddar khes coarse cloth
khadera ravine, badland
kharif crops grown during the summer season

khes cloth
khusas embroidered shoes
luu hot wind / intense heat
malak feudal lord
mandis markets
mustagh 'ice mountain' - a mountain covered by snow all year round
nala tributary gorge / ravine, irrigation ditch
otaq guest house
patti narrow area of flat land between dunes (as 'dhar'),
passage, path
phutti seed cotton (boll including seeds)
pucca metalled road
pull bridge
rabi crops growing during the winter season
rakh tropical thorn forest
rizq (colloquial) 'bread and butter' situation
roti bread
saddar main market place
sailaba irrigation method using flood water
shamilat common grazing land
talab tank (small reservoir), pond
tehsil administrative area (similar to a UK parish)
tibba sand dune
toba pond
wadaira feudal lord
zamindari a system in which land owned by one person is cultivated
by others

w
w
w
.X
t
re
m
eP
ap
er
GCE Ordinary Level
s.
co
m

2059/02 Paper 2 (Environment of Pakistan), maximum raw mark 75
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began.
demonstrated.
Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the
examination.
• CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2007 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE
GCE O LEVEL – May/June 2007 2059 2
INTRODUCTION
The features of the mark scheme

Each question carries 25 marks. Candidates cannot earn more than the maximum marks in each
sub-section. Three questions should be answered, but examiners are required to mark all the
questions attempted by the candidate and credit the three highest scoring answers.
The mark scheme guides the examiner in where marks should be allocated, and lists a number of
responses which will earn marks along with the general principles to be applied when marking each
question. However it should be noted that candidates can earn marks if their answers are phrased
differently provided that they convey the same meaning as those in the mark scheme.
As a general rule, each line of the mark scheme can be given one mark. A diagonal line (/) means
that this is an alternative to that one mark. If development marks may be awarded, this will be
clearly stated in that sub-section. Some questions will have reserved marks within their structure.
A point within a sub-section which is an answer to the question set in a different sub-section should
not be given credit, as each sub-section asks different questions which require independent answers.
During co-ordination, the mark scheme may be modified to add points agreed after discussion or to
delete any points not allowed. Examiners will be supplied with full details of any such changes before
marking begins.
Marking mechanics
The marks on this paper are all given with a tick. The total for each sub-section, and for the
whole of each question should be the same as the number of ticks.
Sub-section totals are written in the right margin, question totals are encircled at the end of
each question.
Question totals are transferred to the front page, with their question number, and the final total
written in the top right-corner and underlined.
Underlining may only be used for answers that are incorrect.
Crosses may be used for short, wrong answers.
All script must be seen to have been marked, even if it is wrong. The only exception to this is
when a ‘max’ has been given.
All blank pages must be marked as ‘seen’.
Any comments written by the examiner on the answer paper should refer in some way to
compliance to the agreed mark scheme.
© UCLES 2007
1 Study the map of the Hunza Valley, Fig. 1.
(a) (i) Name the range of mountains in which this valley is situated.
Karakoram Range/Karakorams [1]
(ii) Name the town A.

Gilgit [1]
(iii) Name the highway which follows this valley north to China.
Karakoram Highway/KKH [1]
(iv) Name the Federally Administered Area in which this valley is situated.
Northern Area(s) [1]
(b) (i) What is a snowfield?

An area where snow/ice does not melt
Where snow lies all year [1]
(ii) Explain why a large part of the area in Fig. 1 is covered with snowfields.
Mountainous/high altitudes/Over 3000m
Cold climate/low temps/below FP
Moderate/high snowfall/precipitation
More accumulation than melting [2]
(c) (i) State where the summer pastures are situated on Fig.1.
next to snowfields [1]
(ii) Describe the method of farming called ‘transhumance’, which is used in areas
such as the Hunza.
Goats/sheep/cattle/yak/dzu/livestock
Seasonal movement
Move to higher slopes in summer/to summer pastures
Move to find food/pastures/grass/for grazing
Animals fattened
Milk/meat/wool/skins, etc.
Stay in valleys in winter/permanent homes in valley
Animals kept in sheds in winter
Storage of hay/fodder crops
May take animals from other families [4]
© UCLES 2007
(d) Study Fig. 2, which shows the climate of Misgar.
(i) With reference to Fig. 2, explain why the Hunza River increases in volume in the
summer months.
temperature rises above FP/warm/higher temperatures in summer/named months
high rainfall in spring/early summer increases flow into river
snow/ice melts and flows into river [2]
(ii) Explain how topography and climate affects the lives of the people in mountain
areas. Use your knowledge of mountain areas and information from Fig. 2 to help
you.
Look for an effect linked to an aspect of topography or climate.
The same effect may be linked to several aspects of topography or climate, or the
reverse.
For example:
Farming is difficult because of the cold climate
People live indoors because of the cold climate
Farming is difficult because of thin, stony soils
Lack of development because of inaccessibility
Roads blocked because of landslides, avalanches etc.
Craft industries because people live indoors in winter
People wear thick clothes because of the cold climate.
Transhumance is done because of the mountainous topography (max 2 transhumance)
Tourism is a source of income because of the beautiful mountain scenery
This list is not exhaustive, but serves to illustrate possible answers. [6]
(e) The water of the Hunza and other rivers from the Northern Areas is used to irrigate
farmland in the Punjab. Explain how the flow of water is controlled.
Dams/barrages built to control/hold back flow in spring
Further facts about how these control water
Water allowed out at a controlled rate later in year
Indus Water Treaty (name + detail about treaty max 2)
Embankments/Levees
Gates/sluices to control water into canals/fields
Named dam (max 1)
Named barrage (max 2) [5]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2007
2 Study the map of Pakistan, Fig.3.
(a) (i) Name the two main fruit crops grown in area A.
apples, apricots, almonds [2]
(ii) Why are fruit crops grown in mountain valleys?

warmth
shelter
sunshine
rain/less snow
soil
flat land [3]
(iii) Name one of the main fruit crops grown in area B.

Bananas/mangoes/citrus fruit [1]
(iv) Why are fruit crops grown in this area?

Monsoon/summer rainfall
Mild winter temperatures/above 15 C
Irrigation (from the River Indus) [2]
(v) Why are fruit crops grown mainly for local use?
Perishable
Heavy to transport
Small amounts/not of export quality [1]
(b) (i) Describe the climate of area C, shown on Fig. 3.

Arid/desert/drought/low rainfall
Rainfall below 125 mms
Cool/Mild winters/5-15 C above FP
Warm/Hot summers/25-40 C
Little/some rainfall from westerly depressions
High isolation/lack of cloud
Hot and dry/dusty winds
Cold nights [3]
(ii) Explain how karez irrigation helps date palms to grow in the oases of area C.
Provides water for growth (max 1)
Underground canal/subterranean
From mountains/foothills
From aquifer/groundwater/soaks into ground
More rain on mountains/higher slopes
Reduces evaporation [3]
(iii) Name one other type of crop grown in oases.

Vegetables- allow any name/tobacco
Named cereals – millet (bajra), sorghum (jowar), barley/maize, pulses [1]
(iv) How is crop growth improved by the date palms nearby?

Shade from/sun/extreme heat/reduce evapotranspiration
Shelter from winds/windbreak [2]
© UCLES 2007
(c) (i) Name two animals that are reared by nomads in area C.
goats
sheep
cattle
camels [2]
(ii) Explain the importance of their livestock to the nomads.

Food – milk, meat, butter etc.
Clothing – wool, hides etc.
Income/for selling/bartering – Young animals/named product
Transport
Tents/shelter
Wealth [2]
(iii) Describe the nomadic method of farming.

Moving/settle for a few weeks
In search of water
In search of pasture/food
Subsistence farming [3]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2007
3 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert), which shows part of the Changa Manga plantation.
(i) What evidence in Photograph A shows that this is a plantation?

Trees in lines/rows/equally spaced/grid
Same age/height
Same species [2]
(ii) What is used to line the canals, and why is this necessary?
Clay/cement/bricks
To prevent seepage/leakage/water getting out [2]
(iii) Why is the plantation being irrigated?

Low rainfall/there is not enough rainfall
For a constant/regular supply/rainfall is unreliable
Trees need a moderate to good water supply
High rate of evapotranspiration/evaporation/transpiration [2]
(iv) Why is the water level in the canal lower than the ground around it?
To avoid waterlogging to keep the water table low
Trees do not want their roots in water [1]
(b) (i) State two domestic uses of wood.

Firewood heating/cooking/house building/furniture/fencing (2 at 1 each) [2]
(ii) Explain how wood is used in industry and transport.

construction of building, bridges, etc.
means of transport – railway sleepers (not fuel), bridges, lorry chassis/carts
chemical such as – resin, varnish, mazri (for mats), pharmaceuticals, medicine, etc.
farm/agricultural use such as fences, gates, implements
paper production from pulp
sports goods such as bats, rackets, etc.
crafts such as ornaments, beads, etc.
furniture such as chairs, tables, etc.
(For a mark the use must be given. The candidate needs more than just a named product)
[4]
© UCLES 2007
(c) (i) What is sustainable forestry?

ensuring supplies are there for the future selective cutting
replanting trees that have been cut down/re-afforestation
maintaining/looking after forests
planting species that do not need irrigation [3]
(ii) Why does Pakistan need to increase the area of irrigated plantations?
Too many trees have been cut down/too much deforestation
To provide more wood for industry, increase in population etc.
To relieve waterlogging/waterlogging and salinity
To prevent erosion of banks/slopes
To replace areas where forests cannot be replaced (e.g. due to soil erosion or urbanisation)
For tourism
To reduce imports [3]
(d) (i) Why is afforestation called a ‘long-term investment’?

trees take many years to grow
many years before financial return/start production/results are seen
high cost of planting
costs during growth [2]
(ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a forest area for
tourism?
Advantage (res. 1)
Employment opportunities
Source of income
Provision of named infrastructure/electricity, roads, water, sanitation (max 2)
Provision of other modern facilities, e.g. shops
Reduces the effects of deforestation/destruction of habitats/soil erosion (max 1)
Etc.
Disadvantage (res. 1)
High cost of development/money could be spent on other things
Effects on habitats/damage to trees
Litter/garbage
Resettlement of local people
Tourists may not come, problems of security, etc.
Loss of culture
Etc.
(res. 1 for each of adv. and disadv.) [4]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2007
4 (a) Study Fig. 4, which shows the gas pipelines in Pakistan.
(i) Name the gasfield A.

Sui [1]
(ii) Name the cities B, C and D at the ends of the pipelines.

B Peshawar, C Islamabad, D Sialkot/Jammu [3]
(iii) State two ways in which gas can be supplied to areas away from pipelines.
Changed to a liquid/LPG/CNG
Cylinders
(Pressurised) tankers [2]
(b) Study Fig. 5, which shows the uses of natural gas in Pakistan.
(i) State the largest use of natural gas.

power [1]
(ii) Name a use in the ‘other’ sector.

commercial/office
cement
transport/cars/lorries/motor vehicles
named industry (not on pie chart) [1]
(iii) What is natural gas used for in homes and why is this fuel chosen?
Use (res. 1)
Heating
Cooking
Why (res. 1)
Available in cities/towns
Cheaper than oil or coal
Easier than collecting firewood
Less bulky/easier to transport than coal/wood
Cleaner than coal/wood/oil
(Reserve 1 for each of use and why) [3]
(iv) Why is natural gas called ‘non-renewable’?

it will run out/is not being replaced/etc. [1]
© UCLES 2007
(c) (i) Name two raw materials, apart from natural gas, which are used to make fertiliser.
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Gypsum
Potassium/Potash
Phosphate
Ammonia
Fish/animal remains/bones [2]
(ii) Explain why most fertiliser factories are in the Punjab and northern areas of
Sindh.
Main farming area }
Deep soil/fertile soil } max 2 for natural farming inputs
Good irrigation }
Less flooding now to replace nutrients
Large population to feed
Good roads for transport/low transport costs
Named raw material near, e.g. Rock salt and Gypsum at Khewra/Salt Range
Gas at Sui
Other minerals (see Atlas of Pakistan page 23) [4]
(iii) Why is it important that Pakistan manufactures its own fertilisers?

Expensive (to buy)
Reduce imports/cannot afford to import fertilisers
Improves balance of payments/fertilisers burden the economy/greater crop production
improves the economy
Heavy to carry very far
Produce more food for large population reduces malnutrition
Produce more crops for export
Increases employment/reduces poverty [3]
(d) What environmental damage can occur when a new fertiliser factory is built in a rural
area?
Loss of farmland/land lost for factory and roads
Damage to roads
Water pollution/pollution of river/canal/irrigation water/water supply
Noise pollution
New quarries/pits
Dumping of waste (only credit if not given as a form of pollution)
Land clearance/loss of habitat/soil erosion
Traffic congestion
(example of damage linked to a location max.1 ) [4]
© UCLES 2007
5 Study Fig.6, which shows the imports and exports of Pakistan.
(a) (i) State the increase in value of imports from 2000 to 2005.
560,000 – 580,000 (million rupees)
540,000 – 1,100,000 / 530,000 – 1,110,000 (million rupees) [1]
(ii) How has the value of exports changed compared to imports?

Both have increased
Imports have increased more than exports/increased faster after2003
Similar trends 2000 – 2003
Comparative figures (max 1) [2]
(iii) How will this affect the balance of trade?

It has increased (negatively)
It has got worse
There is a bigger deficit [1]
(b) Study Fig. 7, which shows the types of goods exported from Pakistan in 1975 and 2000.
(i) How have the proportions of primary and manufactured goods changed from 1975
to 2000?
Primary goods are a lower proportion of exports/exports have decreased
Manufactured goods are higher proportion of exports/exports have increased [2]
(ii) How have these changes affected earnings from exports?

Manufactured goods sell for higher prices
Earnings will increase
Manufactured goods are value-added [2]
(iii) Explain how cotton can be exported as a primary, a processed and a

manufactured product.
Primary raw cotton
Processed yarn, thread, cloth
Manufactured ready-made garments, cloth [3]
© UCLES 2007
(c) Name two dry ports and explain how they make import and export easier, and increase
trade.
Two names (res. 2)
Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Larkana, Quetta, Peshawar, Sambrai
(Sialkot)
Reasons
Better customs checking/clearance/easier collection of taxes/revenue
Better transport links/easier transport to Karachi/cheaper transport to Karacit
Container facilities
Better management
Storage in sheds and open areas
Refrigeration available
Quicker processing/less time lost/avoid delays at Karachi
Less congestion at Karachi/eases pressure at Karachi
(candidates may refer to Port Qasim and/or Keamari instead of Karachi) 2 + 4 [6]
(d) (i) State two methods of telecommunication.

telephone
e-mail/internet
fax
computer conferencing
video conferencing
TV
radio [2]
(ii) Explain how telecommunication can be used to improve the supply of goods, and
increase trade in Pakistan and abroad.
Look for how these methods are better in the 21st century (H), and what they are used
for (F)
How (H) (res. 1)
Faster
Can contact other countries/long distance communication
Easier communication
Internet conferencing
Better advertising
Etc.
For (F) (res. 1)

Ordering/purchasing/buying/selling
Internet banking/transfer of funds
Finding out what it required/discussion
Call centres
Surfing the web/searching for goods or suppliers
Assembly of components/co-ordination of inputs
Etc.
(res. 1 each for ‘how’ and ‘for’)

(no reserves for supply or trade) [6]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2007
w
w
w
.X
t
re
m
eP
ap
er
GCE Ordinary Level
s.
co
m

demonstrated.
examination.
1 (a) Study the Photograph A, showing sugar cane cultivation.
(i) Describe the scene.

bullocks/cattle/buffalo/ox/cow
traditional/manual labour/man/farmer
wooden
plough/ploughing
young/small plants
ratoons
flat
dry soil
uncut crop in background
trees in background [4]
(ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using tractors instead of animals
for work on a farm?
Advantages (res.2)
Faster/quicker/suitable for larger fields
More efficient/modern/less hard work/do not tire
Needs fewer workers
Saves animal feed/land/cost of animals
Disadvantages (res.2)
Expensive to buy/few available to buy/imported }
Cost of fuel } max. 2 costs
Cost of repair/difficult to repair }
Breakdowns
Unemployment
Needs skilled labour
Compact the ground
No milk/meat/food etc.
No dung for fertiliser
Maintainance/repair facilities may not be locally available
Cannot use in mountains/fragmented farms [6]
(b) Yields from crops vary from year to year. Explain the reasons for this.
Lack of rain }
Timing/ variability of rain } max.2 climate
Flooding }
Wind }
Problems of irrigation/shortage of water/silt in canals/reservoirs/mechanical failure
Build up of salt and waterlogging
Pests and diseases (max 2)
Family problems/sickness/men go to city
Reference to better inputs must relate to previous year’s profit [4]
(c) (i) What work is done on the farm by these animals, other than that shown on the
photograph?
Hoeing – to remove weeds, thin seedlings
Harvesting – cutting the crop
Milling/grinding/threshing – to remove husks, for flour, by animal walking round
Transport – of seeds, fertiliser, crop, to field, to market,
Drawing water – from wells, by shaduf, charsa, by walking round
Threshing – separating the husk from the seed [3]
© UCLES 2008
(ii) What do these animals and other livestock on the farm produce that the farmer
can use or sell?
Dairy products/milk/butter/ghee etc.
Meat
Hides/skin
Young stock
Eggs
Dung
Hooves
Horns
Bones [3]
(d) How can livestock farming be improved in Pakistan?

Capital/investment/loans/subsidies for – named purpose
Selective/cross breeding, breeding on scientific lines – for better animals etc.
Better feed/fodder – for stronger, bigger, animals etc.
More grazing land – by irrigation, drainage, fertiliser etc.
Control of disease – e.g.
Research – disease, breeding, feed etc.
Vaccination – to improve health
More medicines/more vets to treat animals
Education/training in named modern methods
Better hygiene/care/living conditions etc.
Mechanisation e.g. milking machines for hygiene, speed [5]
2 (a) Study Fig.1, a map of natural hazards in Pakistan.
(i) Describe the distribution of soil erosion in Balochistan.

Scattered/widespread/in mountains
Especially in SW
Line at base of highlands
Named mountain range/hills/plateau e.g. Central Makram Range, Coastal Range,
Chagai Hills
Provincial borders [3]
(ii) Explain why the dry climate of Balochistan increases the risk of soil erosion.
Lack of vegetation/bare soil
Slow to re-grow
Over cultivation
Dry soil less cohesive
Wind blows soil away [3]
(iii) Where does eroded soil go to?

Wind blown into dunes/on foothils
Into rivers/canals/ditches/sea
Reservoirs/dams/lakes [3]
(iv) How can soil be protected in areas of low and unreliable rainfall?
Shelter belts/trees/afforestation
Irrigation of trees
Prevent over-grazing/move livestock/fewer livestock
Fill gullies/improved cultivation
Terraces and stone lines/reduce gradient
Contour ploughing
Strip farming [4]
© UCLES 2008
(b) Study Fig. 1 again.
(i) Which area is affected by tropical cyclones?

Coast/sindh coast, Balochistan coast
Named area e.g. Indus delta, Makram coast [1]
(ii) Describe the physical effects of tropical cyclones in this area.

High winds
High waves
Heavy/high rainfall
Floods
Thunderstorms/thunder/lightening
Damage (max.3) but buildings max 1, roads and railways max 1 [5]
(c) Heavy rain and thunderstorms affect business and industry in urban areas. Explain
the advantages and disadvantages of the rain and storms.
Advantages (res.2)
Water supply
Reservoirs filled for HEP/power supply
Floods – damage and blockage of roads
High winds – damage to buildings, trees
Erosion of land – effect on roads/railways/runways
Loss of power supply – loss of production, business
Danger of lightening
Loss of raw material e.g. cotton, sugar cane
Disruption of fishing/shipping/trade
No flights for businessmen [6]
3 (a) Study Fig. 2 a map of population density distribution in Sindh province.
(i) Name the cities A, B and C.

A – Karachi
B – Hyderabad,
C – Sukkur,
(ii) Name the desert D.

NB. NOT THAL
Thar(parkar)
(iii) Name the river E.

Indus [5]
(b) (i) Explain the physical reasons for a higher density of population in area Y.
NB. NOT ‘GOOD CLIMATE’
alluvial/rich/fertile soil for good agriculture
well drained soil for good agriculture, travel, building etc
flat land for use of machinery, travel/building/irrigation etc.
water available for irrigation, domestic use, industry etc.
(max 2 uses from any line) [4]
© UCLES 2008
(ii) Explain the low population density in area X.

Delta/Indus delta
Salt water/saline soil – difficult to farm/poor soil
Low river flow/lack of fresh/clean water – so unsuitable for farming, domestic use
Flooding – so causes problems to farming, industry
Swamp/marsh – difficult to build/poor foundations
Mangrove trees – so lack of farmland
Tropical storms/typhoons/cyclones – dangerous
Lack of roads – so difficult to move around
Lack of other named infrastructure – so no industry, improved living standards
Dry climate/lack of rain so no agriculture, industry, sanitation
Fishing in decline due to pollution/mangroves dying
Lack of industry therefore no jobs [3]
(c) Port Qasim is located 20 kilometers south-east of city A.
(i) Give two reasons why this site was chosen for a new port.
Deep water
Sheltered harbour/creeks/inlets
Close to Karachi/relieve pressure on Karachi Port
Near steelworks/Pakistan Steel Mill
Flat land
Space for industrial development
Near oil refinery [2]
(ii) Name the other port in Sindh to the west of city A.

Keamari/Karachi Port [1]
(d) Iron ore, oil, and machinery are imported in large quantities at Port Qasim.
(i) Give one large-scale use of each of these three.

Iron ore – to Pakistan Steel at Korangi, steel, named iron or steel product
Oil – transport, power, electricity, chemicals, etc.
Machinery – vehicles, named industry, power generators etc. [3]
(ii) Another large import is wheat. Name one country from which it is imported.
UK, USA, Russia/Australia [1]
(iii) Explain why Pakistan will need to continue to import wheat.

Increasing population
Poor agricultural production/smaller area cultivated/increase slower than population [2]
(e) Name one dry port and explain why dry ports are needed to reduce the burden on sea
ports.
Sambrai(Sialkot), Lahore Multan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Larkana, Peshawar,
Quetta
Reasons:
lack of space/storage
to deal with paperwork/quicker processing and clearing/customs duties/tax etc.
relieve congestion
only 2/3 sea ports/few sea ports
allows packing/unpacking (of containers) (1+3) [4]
© UCLES 2008
4 (a) (i) Name two fishing ports on the coast of Balochistan.

Jiwani, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, Sonmiani [2]
(ii) Name two types of marine fish caught by fishermen.

Shark Herring
Drum Mackerel
Croaker Sardine
Cat fish Pomfret
Skate
Ray [2]
(iii) Describe subsistence fishing methods.

Small/wooden boats
Sailing/rowing boats
Traditional/hand made nets
Coastal only
Lack of machines/simple engines
Rod and line method
Fish kept in baskets of ice [3]
(iv) Explain how these methods can be improved to make fishing commercial.
Engines
Gill netters/nylon nets/stronger nets
Can go further offshore
Radios
Chilled storage on boat
Trawlers
Loans for ---
Education/training for------ [4]
(b) (i) How can fish be stored and processed onshore?

In ice/cold storage/refridgerated
Gutted
Canned
Dried
Frozen
Salted
Fish-fingers/other product
Fish oil [3]
(ii) Why is fish processing called ‘value-added’?

Can be sold for more money/more profit [1]
(iii) How does the poor infrastructure of Balochistan make development of the fishing
industry difficult?
Poor roads/no railway for transport
Lack of electricity/power for processing
Poor telecommunications to markets
Lack of fresh/clean water for processing
Illiteracy/lack of training/lack of education [4]
© UCLES 2008
(c) Study Fig. 3 a graph comparing the production of marine and inland fisheries in
Pakistan.
(i) Compare the changes shown in the graph.

Both increase
Marine increases more than inland/faster than inland
Marine increases/continuously but inland had little increase until early 1970s
Inland increased to nearly 10 times bigger/marine only 5 times bigger
Comparative figs (max 1) – units not required [3]
(ii) Explain why more people are employed in inland fisheries than marine fishing.
More people live near rivers, lakes etc.
Maintenance of ponds
Hatcheries
Feeding
Harvesting (catching)
Transport
Government encouragement/loans etc. [3]
5 (a) Most hydro electric power (hydol) schemes are in Northern Pakistan.
(i) Name two large dams and the rivers on which they are built.
Tarbela on river Indus
Mangla on river Jhelum
Warsak on river Kabul
Must name both dam and river for one mark [2]
(ii) Why do the reservoirs of these dams hold large quantities of water?
Deep valley/large valley/high dam
Steep sides
Large river/permanent flow/water from snowfields/glaciers
Low evaporation/cool climate,
High rainfall [3]
(b) Study Fig. 4, a diagram showing how hydro electric power is made.
Name the machine A, and explain how it uses the flow of water to make electricity.
A – turbine/generator/power station
Turbine spins/rotates/moves [2]
(c) Study Fig. 5, a pie chart showing the percentage use of electricity.
(i) Which sector uses the largest percentage of electricity?

Domestic/homes [1]
(ii) State two other large users of electricity shown on the chart and explain what they
use it for.
Industry – for machinery, computers, lighting, air conditioning etc
Farming – for much of above, tubewells, drying crops, etc.
Offices – computers, lighting, communication, air conditioning etc.
One mark for two large users
Three marks for how the electricity is used (2+1) [1+3] [4]
© UCLES 2008
(iii) What problems are caused when the electricity supply to factories breaks down?
Stops production/slows production/output reduced
Damages machinery short circuit/explosion
Damages goods/affects the quality e.g. food, cloth
Delays contracts/orders
Loss of money/profit/orders
Workers laid off/sit idle [4]
(d) (i) Name two environmentally-friendly ways of making electricity other than hydro-
electric power.
Any two of solar, wind, tidal, biogas, bagasse, geothermal [2]
(ii) Explain why each of the two ways you have named could be used in Pakistan.
Solar – long hours of sunshine/many sunny days/many days of clear skies
Wind – Indus plain flat, on mountains, windy in coastal areas, Balochistan, mountains
Tidal – for coastal areas esp. Karachi
Biogas – cheap, small scale, disposes of waste product
Bagasse – many sugar cane factories, disposes of waste product, cheap, small scale
(Geothermal – not in Pakistan) [2]
(iii) Why is it important that more renewable energy schemes are developed in
Pakistan?
You may use your answers to part (c) and your own knowledge.
General reasons for needing more power supplies:

frequent power cuts and stoppages/load shedding/shortage of HEP
increasing population/industrialisation/development
higher living standards
to encourage development/modernisation/industrialisation
rural electrification
Reasons for more renewable schemes:

fossil fuels running out/renewables do not run out
fossil fuels expensive
renewables cheap/free after installation
can be generated in remote areas/no expensive infrastructure needed
small scale/cheap to construct
nuclear is dangerous/problems of waste disposal-renewables safe
fossil fuels cause air pollution/renewables do not pollute
poor quality of coal/reserves not exploited/small reserves in Pakistan
allows independence/need not rely on other countries
Credit ideas from either section, no reserves [5]
© UCLES 2008
w
w
w
.X
t
re
m
eP
ap
er
GCE Ordinary Level
s.
co
m
for the guidance of teachers

indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began,
which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
examination.
Page 2 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper
1 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert) showing the Hanna Dam.
(i) Describe the site of the dam.

steep rock face/scar/cliff
bare rock/rocky/barren
deep valley } valley
narrow valley }
flatter/lower area/beach
side valley/tributary
scree/gravel/sand [3]
(ii) What evidence shows that the water level in the reservoir is low?
Dry ground/silt/scars at edge/beach/sand/flat land at edge [1]
Study Photograph B (Insert) showing the Balloki Barrage.
(b) Compare the barrage shown in Photograph B with the dam in Photograph A.
Barrage is:
longer/wider/less high
water on both sides
link canal
both have railings along top
low/flatter land [3]
(c) Study Fig. 1, a graph showing the amount of water stored in the reservoir of the
Hanna Dam.
(i) By how much did the amount of water decrease from 1974 to 2004?
0.45 million gallons/1.43 – 0.98 million gallons [1]
(ii) Suggest why the amount of water stored in the reservoir is decreasing.
Siltation/silting
Due to soil erosion/deforestation/overgrazing/river deposition
Less water supply
Due to climatic change/lower rainfall/higher temperatures/more evaporation
Increased usage (max 1) [2]
(iii) What can be done to stop the amount of water in the reservoir from reducing
further?
Silt traps
Afforestation }
Terracing } of slopes
Dredging/removal of silt
Reducing wastage/pollution [3]
© UCLES 2009
(d) (i) Why is HEP (hydel) a cheap source of electricity?

Free raw material/rain in mountains
Will never run out/renewable
Not imported/mined/drilled
Efficient/high power output [2]
(ii) What problems occur when supplying electricity from reservoirs to areas of
high population?
Long distance to areas of use/high population
Cost of wires and poles/difficult terrain/Pakistan cannot afford this/shortage of
money
Loss by damage
Loss by theft
Loss of power by resistance/transmission [3]
(e) Photograph A shows a chair lift. This shows that tourists may visit the area.
(i) List some other tourist attractions in mountain areas.

beautiful scenery, views, valleys, peaks
lakes, rivers
wild animals, birds, snakes, flora AND fauna
tribal people, traditional crafts
mountain climbing, fishing, winter sports, etc.
(list of any 2) [2]
(ii) Explain how tourism could help to develop some mountain areas. You may
use examples in your answer.
Government investment leading to:
Infrastructure – roads/airports for travel
– electricity/water/gas/telecommunications
work – development of small scale industries, to raise
living standards
money – for business people, shopkeepers, craftsmen, etc.
environmental improvement – e.g. re-afforestation
education – of skills required, more investment in schools
cultural change – meet other cultures/cultural exchange
less isolation – global awareness, trade
security
increased food production
improved health facilities – better sanitation, hospitals, healthy living
rural – urban migration reduced
example linked to development (max 1) [5]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2009
2 (a) There are four main processes of rice cultivation:

harvesting planting preparation of fields growth
List the processes in the correct order.
preparation, planting, growth, harvesting [1]
(b) Study Fig. 2, a bar chart showing monthly rainfall in the Lahore area.
Explain how each of the processes named in (a) is linked to rainfall in the Lahore
area from June to October.
June Rain to soften soil for preparation of field/ploughing
June–July Rain for planting seeds/seedlings
June–September High/increasing rainfall for flooding fields
June–September Sufficient rainfall/rain continues for growth
September–October Drier period for harvest
(Figure with month from graph linked to process max 1) NOT AVERAGES [4]
(c) (i) Explain why many farmers use HYV (High Yield Varieties) of seed.
Bigger harvest/heavy crop/double yield/fast growth
Double cropping/multi-cropping
Disease/pest resistance
Drought resistance
Stronger stems
Growing population/increased demand
Government encouragement/incentives
Named variety with crop (e.g. Irripak rice, Maxipak wheat, Nayab 78 cotton) (max 1) [4]
(ii) Study Fig. 2 again. In how many months is the rainfall less than 40 mm?
6 [1]
(iii) Briefly explain four methods of providing water in times of low rainfall.
Explanation of:
Canal irrigation
Perennial canal from a dam/headworks
Inundation canal from a river in flood
Distribution/diversion canal from a mountain stream
Tubewell run by electricity
Shaduf, a bucket on a pole, from river or canal
Charsa water drawn from a well by animal power
Persian wheel, a waterwheel turned by animal power
Ponds and tanks to collect rainwater
Karez, a tunnel carrying water from the mountains
Tankers carrying water
Storage in dam, reservoir, barrage
Well for groundwater
Sprinklers [4]
© UCLES 2009
(d) (i) What is alluvial soil?

silt/loam/sediment
deposited by rivers/from flooding
when they flood
contains nutrients/minerals [2]
(ii) Explain why alluvial soil is good for crop growth.

Fertile/contains nutrients (e.g. nitrate/potash/phosphate)
deep
fine texture for drainage/not prone to waterlogging
retains moisture/moisture retentive
replaced each year [3]
(e) Explain why there is a shortage of water for irrigation in the Indus Plains.
Canals blocked by silt/siltation
Low/lack of rainfall/variable rainfall/tail end of monsoon or western depressions/
Evaporation
Wastage/leakage/seepage
Demand of domestic, farming, industry users (max 2)
Conflicting users/too many users
Water pollution
Siltation in reservoirs/lower capacity
Less in Sindh because too much used in Punjab
Examples of use to illustrate answer (e.g. water for washing cotton threads) (max 2) [6]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2009
3 (a) Study Fig. 3, a map showing three major cities and two major roads.
(i) Name the cities A, B, and C.

A – Hyderabad
B – Lahore
C – Peshawar [3]
(ii) Using the map, describe the route of the N5 road starting from Karachi.
NE (to Lahore)
NW/N then W (to Peshawar/Afghanistan/Durand line)
(East side of) River Indus
Khyber Pass to Afghanistan
Crosses river at Hyderabad
Follows River Chenab then Ravi
Crosses River Ravi (near Lahore)/other named rivers/Indus tributaries [3]
(iii) Compare this to the route of the Indus Highway.

other/west side of River Indus
heads north in Punjab instead of NE/follows only the Indus
does not go to Lahore/other large cities
shorter/more direct
crosses only one river [2]
(b) Study Fig. 4, a graph showing freight carried in a year by road and by railway in
Pakistan.
(i) Compare the amounts of freight carried by road and railway between 1997
and 2006.
Total larger by road
About 20× more than railways
Road increased/rail stayed approx. same/rail increased less
Road 84 – 117 but rail 4 – 6 (1000 million tonnes per km)/rail stayed almost the
same
Both increased 2003–6
Rail decreased in 2000, road always increases [3]
(ii) Suggest reasons for the differences in the amounts carried by road and
railway.
More roads than railways
More road vehicles than rail
More places accessible by road/lorries can go anywhere/door-to-door service
(max 2)
Lorries more useful/carry small amounts
Railways old/lack of investment
Investment in new/better roads/motorways [4]
© UCLES 2009
(c) (i) Why are there very few major roads and railways in Balochistan?
low population (density)
scattered population/few towns/lack of urban development
Rugged/rocky/mountainous/barren/badland/rock slides/hills make barrier
Desert/lack of water/difficult working conditions
lack of government investment/backward/present political instability
little industry
tribal opposition [4]
(ii) Explain how better transport routes could help to increase development in
Balochistan.
Industrialisation – bigger lorries, employment
Urbanisation – better travel, less nomadism
Faster travel for cars and lorries
EPZ and dry port developed
Better access to port at Gwadar/coastal development/development of ports
Travel to Afghanistan or Iran via Quetta and passes
Access for health and education workers or travel to them
Promotion of small scale industries
Tourism
Mineral exploitation
Fishing development/better access to markets
Higher incomes/living standards/quality of life
More security [6]
[Total: 25]
4 (a) Study Photographs C, D and E (Insert) showing the stockyard at Pakistan Steel
Mills, Pipri.
(i) Name three raw materials used in the Pakistan Steel Mills.
Any three of:
Iron ore, coal/coke/coking coal, limestone, manganese, chromite [3]
(ii) Why are most of the raw materials imported?

Lack of development of resources/small output
Iron ore not mined in Pakistan
Coal poor quality [2]
(iii) Name the two outputs from the steel mills shown on Photographs D and E.
Any two of:
sheets, plates, rolls, coils, slabs [2]
© UCLES 2009
(b) (i) Name two human inputs to the steel mills.

Any two of:
Labour, capital, machinery, skills, technology, transport, power, water, etc. [2]
(ii) Explain how human inputs such as those named in (b)(i) can improve
production.
Labour – work machines, carry materials, office work
Capital – wages, machines, technology, investment
Machinery – faster, better quality, new products
Skills – computers, office work, machines
Technology – quality, speed, modernisation
Transport – faster, larger supply, bigger markets
Power – efficiency, speed, quality
Water – for cleaning
(any line max 2) [4]
(c) (i) What is an Export Processing Zone (EPZ)?

An industrial estate
Producing products for export
High quality/export quality goods/quality checked [2]
(ii) Explain how the building of industrial estates could help to increase
industrial production in Pakistan.
Increase quality of goods
Reliable power/telecomm supply
Water supply/sanitation/cleanliness
Roads, railways to and from the estate/transport network
Attractive to investors/government incentives
Opportunities for more technology/modernisation/specialisation
Development in rural areas
Potential industrial linkages
Example of an industrial estate (max 1)
(any line max 2 for good development) [5]
(d) Describe the characteristics of an industry in the formal sector of employment.

Employment/not self-employed
Uses machinery
Investment of capital
Fixed/set wages
Good quality goods/high value goods
In office or factory/in proper buildings/not at home
Legal/registered/pays tax
Skilled labour
Mainly men
Pension scheme
Incentives (e.g. health care, education) [5]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2009
5 (a) Study Fig. 5, a population pyramid for Pakistan in 1998.
(i) How many million children were there below the age of 5 years?
19–19.2 (million) or males 9.7 or 9.8 + females 9.3 or 9.4 [1]
(ii) Why were there more children in the age group 5 to 9 than 0 to 4 years?
Changing birth rates, infant mortality, family planning, contraception [1]
(b) Study the sectors X, Y and Z on Fig. 5.
(i) Which sector represents the group ‘young dependents’?

X [1]
(ii) Which sector represents the group ‘economically active?’

Y [1]
(iii) The numbers of people in sector Z are likely to have increased since 1998.
Explain the effects of this on the economy and development of Pakistan.
More dependents/burden on working population
More older family members to care for children
More older people to give advice
Overpopulation/strain on resources
Shortage/demand of food
More medical services needed/hospitals overcrowded
More old people’s homes
Adaptations in houses for elderly
Less money for development/burden or pressure on economy
Cost of pensions [5]
(c) (i) Explain the reasons for a high birth rate in Pakistan.
Lack of knowledge of contraception/family planning
Lack of availability of contraceptives
Need for help on farms/increase income
Trying for a son
Support in old age
Religious beliefs/Allah will provide/prestige of large families
High infant mortality
Women at home to care for children/women lack education/marry at a young age
Do not know about problems of overpopulation/large families
Etc. [5]
(ii) Explain some measures that could be taken to reduce the birth rate.
Access to, education of, and use of contraceptives/family planning (2 marks)
E.g. Sabz sitara, green star (example of government scheme)
Reduce need for child labour/ban child labour
Education and awareness of population growth/how to improve living standards
Education of women/jobs for women
More clinics and hospitals
Healthy environment/better sanitation/better living conditions
Clean water/piped water
Better nutrition/better food
Religious support for birth control
Etc. [4]
© UCLES 2009
(d) (i) What are the effects of population movements from rural to urban areas
within Pakistan?
depopulation/neglect by government/lack of development of rural areas
loss of men in rural areas/lack of workers/imbalanced sex ratio/less agricultural
production
shortage of housing/growth of squatters
water/air pollution
littering of streets
burden on e.g. schools, hospitals, power supplies, food, water (max 1)
unemployment in urban areas
traffic congestion
unrest/crime/violence/drugs
spread of disease [4]
(ii) Why do some people go to live in other countries?

Lack of opportunities for professionals (e.g. doctors)
Opportunities such as construction in the Middle East, unskilled to Malaysia, skilled
to Canada
Corruption, lack of security in Pakistan/political instability, unrest
Lack of development in rural areas/lack of opportunities in urban areas (e.g. jobs,
medical care, quality of life)
or opposites [3]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2009
GCE Ordinary Level


examination.
1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows a map of forest types in Pakistan.
(i) Name the forest types found in each of the areas A, B and C.
A coniferous / alpine
B riveraine / bela
C mangrove [3]
(ii) Name the sea D and the line of latitude E.

D Arabian (Sea)
E Tropic of Cancer / 23½ °N [2]
(iii) Explain why the forest type A grows naturally in cool, hilly areas.
Can tolerate cold (with a thick bark)
Can tolerate poor / thin / dry soils
Can shed snow (with sloping branches etc.)
Can reduce water loss / transpiration (with needle-shaped / waxy leaves)
Can absorb water from melting snow (with shallow roots)
Can save energy (with evergreen leaves) [3]
(iv) Why is it important that forests by the coast are protected?

Breeding grounds for fish } max 2 for fish
Feed amongst roots / protected by roots }
Shelter from storms / cyclones / high tides / flooding
Prevents coastal erosion
Resource for local people – wood for houses, boats, food, fruit max. 2 for resource
Habitat / shelter for wildlife
Under threat from oil spills / overcutting / polluted effluent / etc. [4]
(b) Study Fig. 2.

With reference to Fig.2, explain how deforestation can cause soil erosion.
Soil is exposed / lack of protection from leaves and branches
Surface water flow carried soil away
Lack of infiltration into ground
Less water absorbed by roots / less evapotranspiration
No roots to hold soil
No leaf fall to add humus / fertility
Leaching of nutrients / nutrients lost
No new plants grow [5]
© UCLES 2010
(c) There has been development of forests in lowland areas of Punjab and Sindh using
irrigation.
(i) Why is irrigation necessary for new plantations of trees?

Low rainfall / high evapotranspiration
Seasonal rainfall
Irregular rainfall / rain not dependable / makes a regular water supply
Keeps the soil wet / prevents soil erosion
Root system needs to grow [2]
(ii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing more irrigated

plantations of trees in lowland areas of Punjab and Sindh.
Advantages (res. 2)
Timber for named use e.g. construction, fencing, firewood
Food for animals / people
Leaf fall for humus / fertility
Rainfall / humidity
Shade / shelter/ reduce temperatures
Clean air / more oxygen / absorbs CO2
Scenic beauty/ promote tourism
Protection from soil erosion
Employment / work
Habitat for wildlife
Eucalyptus trees can reduce waterlogging and salinity
Disadvantages (res. 2)
High cost /long term investment / not a quick profit
Cost of maintenance / care
Need for irrigation / more demand on water supplies
Loss of land for housing / farmland / other land use
Problems caused by roots, leaves etc. [6]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2010
2 (a) Study Fig.3, which shows the areas of cultivation for four main crops in Pakistan.
(i) Which crop covers the greatest area?

Wheat [1]
(ii) What is the area covered by this crop?

8,450–8500 (000 hectares) [1]
(iii) Name two other food crops grown in Pakistan not shown on the graph.
Millet / jawar / bajra / sorghum
Pulses / mung / mash / grams / masoor
Oil seed
Named fruit e.g. banana / apple / apricot / date / mango / almond / grape
(apply list rule)
Named vegetable e.g. tomato / cabbage / carrot [2]
(b) (i) Describe the methods of cultivation of wheat on barani (rain-fed) lands.
when the rain falls
in winter / October-November
seed sown
harvested when ripe / after 3–6 months / January–March / 90–120 days
ploughing/preparation of soil
fertiliser
pest control / bird scaring / pesticides
weed control / weeding / hoeing
allow collection of rainfall in ponds / tanks
allow levelling of land / terracing / embankments to conserve water [5]
(ii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages to wheat farmers of modern irrigation
methods such as perennial canals and tubewells.
Advantages (res. 2)
Fills rainfall gap / water when needed / reduces dependence on rainfall
Can be controlled / steady supply (not in heavy showers)
All year round
Provides more water / irrigates large lands
Increases yield
Double cropping possible
Needed for HYVs
Less labour required
Tubewells can lower the water table / reduce water-logging and salinity
Cost of installation / expensive
Problems / cost of maintenance / requires fuel or electricity
Shortages / canals may run dry / competition with other users
Lack of technology for pumps/wells
Lack of electricity / power cuts
Causes waterlogging and salinity + explanation (can go to 2 marks) [5]
© UCLES 2010
(c) Waste products from food crops such as straw from cereals and bagasse from sugar
cane have some uses. Explain the importance of waste products such as these. You
may refer to those crops shown in Fig. 3 or others.
bagasse for paper / cardboard / packaging
bagasse for chipboard,
molasses / bagasse for chemical industry
straw for bedding / roofing / strawboard
animal food
composted
mixed into soil / ploughed in
bagasse for power stations / fuel
The candidate may refer to ‘importance’ if so accept

Can save fossil fuels / coal / gas / oil
Cheaper than fossil fuels etc. / electricity
Etc. [3]
(d) Read the extract below.

The farming land in barani areas such as the Potwar Plateau is subjected to soil
erosion, overgrazing, and desertification due to poor farm management. This leads to
low crop productivity, poor quality livestock and low farm incomes.
(i) What reasons does the writer give for the low farm incomes in barani areas?
soil erosion, over grazing, desertification [3]
(ii) Explain these, and other causes of low farm incomes.

Explanation of those reasons stated in (i). This may include those given in the last
sentence of the extract.
E.g. Soil erosion means poor root growth and small crop output
Overgrazing means lack of food for animals and soil erosion / desertification
Desertification causes climatic change and a lack of water
Low crop productivity means low incomes leading to less money for better seed,
fertiliser etc.
Poor quality livestock produces less milk, meat etc.
Little money to spend on better seed, fertiliser etc. because of low farm incomes
Also candidates may be given marks for explaining

Traditional farming methods give low yields
Small farms so little mechanisation
Oppressive landlords (Zamindari) so high rents, no chance of improvement
Poor climate so difficult to grow good crops
Storms and flooding / pest attacks (e.g. locusts, weevils) destroy crops
Illiteracy / lack of education so no improvements
Rural – urban migration so able-bodied men leave
Waterlogging and salinity reduces cultivable area / yield
Lack of government support / investment [5]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2010
3 (a) (i) Name three ways by which coal is mined.

Shaft, adit / drift, open cast [3]
(ii) Why is coal produced in Pakistan described as low quality?

Lignite
Low burning temperature / produces less energy
Low carbon content / more impurities / more smoke
High ash content
High sulphur content [3]
(b) Study Photograph A (Insert 1), which shows a brickworks near Kanai, Balochistan
Plateau. Describe the main features of the brickworks shown in the photograph.
Furnace / Kilns
Chimney(s)
Black smoke / pollution
Air intakes below ground
Hard /flat working area
Piles of finished bricks
Pattern of small hummocks
Good / Pucca road / tarred road / highway
Electricity pylon/ Telephone poles / lines
Moulds
Underground entrance [4]
(c) Study Fig. 4, which shows the location of Pipri steelworks.
(i) Name three raw materials used in production of steel.

Coal/coke
Iron ore / scrap iron
Manganese
Limestone,
Oxygen / air
Chromite [3]
(ii) With reference to Fig. 4, explain why the steel mills were located here.
coastal site/ Port (Bin) Qasim for imports
berths by creek for unloading
widened channel for effluent / shipping
railway /road – for supply of limestone / workers
– for distribution of finished products
township / houses for workers
large /open site for waste disposal, storage, building etc. [6]
© UCLES 2010
(d) Read the extract below.

Imports of steel increased by 37% from 2004 to 2005 as a growing amount of
machinery and industrial steel products flowed in. This is more than any government
predictions.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of increasing steel production in Pakistan.
Advantages (res. 2)
Cheaper supplies (than imports)
Saves foreign currency / improves balance of payments / reduce imports
Can be used for development / industrialisation e.g. construction, machinery
(max 2 examples of use)
Larger GNP / GDP / national income
Independence from other countries
More work / employment
Disadvantages
Lack of raw materials/imported
High cost of imported iron / other raw materials
Burden on economy / less development
Cost / Lack of machinery / technology / set-up costs
Cost / Lack of infrastructure / power supplies / roads etc.
Lack of skilled labour
More waste / named pollution (max 2.)
May encourage rural-urban migration
Accept ‘increases balance of payments’ if opposite not given in advantages [6]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2010
4 (a) Study Fig. 5, which shows the exports of Pakistan in 2007 by percentage.
(i) What percentage of the exports was cotton?

60 (%) [1]
(ii) Suggest reasons why cotton makes up a large percentage of Pakistan’s exports.
Produces a surplus of raw cotton / large production
Large international demand / Cannot be grown in other countries/Europe
Cheap labour/ competitive price
Can be a variety of products [3]
Many textile mills / factories
(iii) From Fig. 5 state

A one item that has increased in its percentage,
rice
B two items that have decreased in their percentage. [3]

Leather, synthetic textiles, sports goods
(b) Study Photograph B (Insert 1), showing Landhi Export Processing Zone, Karachi.
(i) What features show that this is a modern, developed industrial estate?
Good / pucca / metalled / wide
Street lighting
Electricity supply
Trees/ greenery
Modern / good quality buildings
Planned / straight roads [4]
(ii) Explain the importance of Export Processing Zones.

Good quality goods / export quality / to International standards
Can increase economy / income / exports / foreign exchange
Better infrastructure / power / water supply / road etc. (max. 2)
Good working conditions (max 2)
Modern buildings
Incentives e.g. tax breaks, cheap loans
Attracts investors / entrepreneurs
Aids growth of small-scale / cottage industries
Employment / jobs
Government helps with marketing events / trade fairs [4]
© UCLES 2010
(c) Study Fig. 6.
(i) Give two advantages of transporting goods by

A Bullock Cart
Cheap / economic
No fuel cost
Available / used in other farm work
B Lorry
Quick / fast
Carries bigger / heavier load
Can go further / does not need to rest
(2 marks each) [4]
(ii) To what extent would the building of more motorways such as that between
Lahore and Islamabad help the development of industry in Pakistan?
Advantages/ Potential (res. 2)
Better movement of finished products FROM industry to ports and other towns
Better movement of raw materials / machinery TO industry
Stimulates industrial development near motorway / opens up undeveloped areas
Helps development of dry ports
Better movement of businessmen / tourists / experts
Faster travel
Better road surface / wider for large vehicles / lorries / well-maintained
Shorter / by-passes towns and villages / short cut
Relieves other roads / relieves congestion
Disadvantages / Problems (res. 2)

Expensive
Takes long time to build
Needs maintenance
Cost to economy / increase debt
Only connects large centres
Will not go to many small towns / rural areas / anywhere
Not only motorways help development / other factors influence industrial development [6]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2010
5 (a) Study Fig. 7. The desert climate of Nok Kundi.
(i) With reference to Fig. 7 describe the yearly distribution of temperature and rainfall
in a desert climate.
Res. 1 mark each for temperature and rainfall
Temperature
Hot summers and cool / mild winters
Rises to max. in June / July
Falls to min. in December / January
Rainfall
Wetter in winter than summer / reverse
Decreases Jan – May
Variable May – November
Increases in December
Figures
Allow up to 2 marks for correct figure or range of figures with month(s) from graph [5]
(ii) Explain how the climate of desert areas affects agricultural and industrial
development.
Agriculture (res. 1)
Lack of rain – poor growth / low yields / crops die
Winds – cause soil erosion / crop damage
Water supply – need for storage and / irrigation, wells, canals, Karez
Hot – evaporation of water / high evapotranspiration
Sunny – need for shade e.g. date palms
Storms / heavy showers - cause crop damage
Industry (res.1)
People do not want to live there / lack of people to work
Lack of water for production processes
Lack of agricultural raw materials
Areas are usually un- or under-developed / cracked, sandy roads
Unpleasant working conditions [6]
(b) Study Fig. 8, showing a population pyramid for 2006.
(i) What percentage of the population is 4 years and under?

12% [1]
(ii) Which age group is the largest percentage?

10–14 years [1]
(iii) What is the percentage of people over 60 years old?

7 / 6.5–7.5 % [1]
(iv) Which age groups are called ‘the dependent population’?

under 15
over 60 years old (accept other old ages e.g. 65) [2]
© UCLES 2010
(c) Study Fig. 8 again.
(i) How is the shape of the population pyramid likely to change from 2006 to 2026?
Narrow base / shorter bars / fewer children under 15 years / young dependants / fewer
young children
Wider middle / longer bars / more 15–59 years / more working population / more
independents
Wider top / longer bars / more over 60s / more old dependants / more old people [3]
(ii) The changing shape of the population pyramid affects Pakistan’s workforce both
now, and for the future. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the
changes.
Advantages (res.2)
fewer children to look after / more money for development
more workers for developing the country / less burden on the economy
more young workers / more energetic / innovative
young more likely to be educated / more room in schools
more old to give advice to young
more old to look after
more unemployment due to larger workforce
loss of educated / skilled workers through emigration
more taxes needed to support older people
examples of needs of old e.g. health care, pensions, care homes [6]
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2010
GCE Ordinary Level


examination.
• Cambridge will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.
Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2011 question papers for most IGCSE,
syllabuses.
1 (a) Study Photograph A of a Persian Wheel.
(i) With reference to the photograph, explain how this machine is used for water
supply. [3]
Worked by animal or man power

Using wooden shaft / pole / log
Turns horizontal wheel / a wheel rotates
Which is attached to vertical wheel
With buckets / cups to raise water
Water goes into trough / pipe / channel
(ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of replacing this Persian Wheel with a
tubewell. [4]
Advantages of tubewell (res. 1)

More efficient / faster / does not need to rest
For larger area / more water / goes deeper
Regular supply / can be used at any time of year / continuous
Cleaner water
Reduces waterlogging and salinity
Disadvantages of tubewell (res.1)

Expensive / cannot be used by poor farmers
Needs fuel /electricity / diesel etc.
Reduces groundwater / lowers water table (as a disadvantage)
Also accept the opposite response e.g. Persian Wheel is cheaper.
(b) Study Fig. 1 which shows canal water supply in Pakistan.
(i) In which year was the water supply highest? [1]
1999
(ii) How much higher was this than the supply in 2002? [1]
31 (million acre feet)
(c) Why is there not enough water supply from canals to meet the needs of all users? [4]
Shortage of rainfall
Evaporation
Less river water / restrictions by India / more dams on rivers
Problem of tail-enders / canal system does not reach all those who need it
Siltation in reservoirs / canals
Seepage / leakage from canals
Wastage by users / some use more than they need
Water pollution
High demand / variety of uses
Theft of water
Population increase
Lack of investment

(d) Explain why waterlogging and salinity of soils causes problems to farmers. [6]
Reduces cultivable area / makes land un-usable

Reduces yield / damages crops
Reduces income / profit
Expensive to reclaim land / treat soil
Reasons why this occurs

Water table rises / water collects on the surface / water on roots
Evaporation (caused by hot climate)
Fertilisers add to salts in water
Salts left behind / form a hard crust on surface
Soil becomes infertile / toxic
Farmers use too much water / poor farming methods
Perennial water supply / available all year
(e) Water pollution is a major problem in urban areas.

With reference to examples, explain some of the causes of this pollution, and why it is
a major problem to the people who rely on this water supply. [6]
Causes (res. 1)
Explanation of Human waste e.g. because no sanitation / untreated sewage
Industrial waste e.g. dumping in rivers
Litter / plastic/paper e.g. because no organised collection
Oil spills e.g. from washing of tanks / ship breaking
Agricultural runoff e.g. because of use of chemicals / fertilisers and
insecticides
Problems (res. 1)
Not for drinking / poisonous / contaminates groundwater
Cost of treatment
Causes disease
– risk of cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea , hepatitis, dysentery etc.
Not for food processing (e.g. fish canning)
Smells
Reduces fish catch / kills fish
Can damage machinery
Blocks ditches / canals / causes flooding
– risk of malaria from stagnant water
[Total: 25]

2 (a) MAIZE PULSES MILLET OILSEEDS TOBACCO
(i) Name two crops on the list that are used mainly for animal feed. [2]
maize, millet, oil seeds
(ii) Name one crop on the list that is not a food crop. [1]
Tobacco
(iii) Name one crop that is rich in protein. [1]
Pulses
(iv) Name one type of oil seed. [1]
Rape, mustard, groundnut, sesame, sunflower, safflower, soya bean
(b) (i) What is meant by a barani crop? [1]
Grown without irrigation

Grown in rainy season
(ii) Name one area of Pakistan where most wheat is grown by the barani method. [1]
Potwar Plateau, Northern Punjab, Piedmont plains

See atlas for a named district in these areas
e.g. Sheikhupera, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jehlum, Rawalpindi, Attock and more
(iii) Study Fig. 2, which shows the months when wheat is grown by the barani method.
How much rain fell in the wettest month? [1]
107
(iv) Describe the barani method of wheat cultivation with reference to the
temperatures and rainfall shown on Fig. 2. [5]
Sown at beginning of winter / Oct–Dec

As rainfall increases (16–41 mms)
When temperatures are mild (4–19 °C)
Grain swells in March–April

With higher rainfall (88–107 mms)
Crop ripens / is harvested in spring / April–May

When temperatures warmer (12–23 °C)
NB Credit any figure within these ranges but must state °C

(c) (i) Explain why crop yields may be low when subsistence farming methods are used. [6]
Uneducated / lack of knowledge of modern methods / use of traditional methods

Animals / draft power
Primitive irrigation system
No mechanisation / tractors
Family / unskilled labour
Poor seed / seeds from last harvest / no HYVs
No fertilisers / pesticides
Dung for manure
(ii) To what extent can training and land reform be successful in increasing
agricultural production? [6]
Training (res. 1)
Better management / efficiency e.g. knowledge of weather, understanding of soils
Better methods of cultivation,
Knowledge of disease
Better seeds / use of HYVs
Proper use of fertilisers and pesticides
Use of machinery / technology
Better money management / can get loans
Better marketing
Land reform (res. 1)

More efficient use of land
Fields for mechanisation,
Less time wasted,
Lower transport costs
More independence / free from control of landlords
BUT (i.e. To what extent) (res. 1)

Reference to:
Illiteracy
Poverty
Power of landlords (Zamidari)
Floods
Etc.
[Total: 25]

3 (a) (i) Name the two main raw materials quarried in Pakistan that are used to make
cement. [2]
Limestone and gypsum
(ii) Name three other inputs used by a cement factory. [3]
Labour,
Land / area
Buildings
Machinery
Money / capital / investment
Power / electricity / gas / coal / oil
Water
Limestone } if not in (i)

Gypsum }
(b) QUARRYING CRUSHING PACKING DRIVER SALESMAN OFFICE WORKER
(i) From the list above, state one example of: [3]
A Primary employment
Quarrying / crushing
B Secondary employment
Packing, crushing
C Tertiary employment
Driver, salesman, office worker
(ii) Explain why a salesman should have a good education. [4]
Good communicator
Polite manners / etiquette
Knowledge of what he is selling
Knowledge of other cultures / can deal with foreign customers
Use of computers / modern technology
Can write letters etc. / read instructions
Speaking English / other languages
Use of figures / mathematics / calculations
Open to new ideas

(c) Study Photograph B (Insert), of Karachi.
(i) State three uses of concrete shown on the photograph. [3]
Roads / pavement
Bridges
Multi-storey buildings
Housing / flats
Factories
Offices
Shops
Street furniture e.g. lamp or electricity poles, bollards
(ii) Using your answer to (c)(i), explain the importance of concrete to the development
of Karachi. [4]
Developing / increasing population, industrialisation, offices, housing, ports, roads,

example of infrastructure etc. (allow any 2)
Better roads for transport
Better bridges for access
Stronger building materials
Long-lasting / more durable / less chance of damage
More modern appearance
Improving slums / squatters / Kacha Abadi
(iii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of building large industrial
developments such as cement works, close to major cities? [6]
Allow advantages and disadvantages to industries and / or city / citizens but do not
double mark.
Advantages (res. 2)
To city and citizens
Cheaper transport costs to work
Readily available / quicker supply
Employment
To cement company
Supply of labour
Good infrastructure e.g. port, roads, electricity, water (up to 2)
Market / near demand
Cheaper delivery costs
Air pollution / dust / smoke }
Noise }
Visual pollution / quarries } pollution (max 2)
Water pollution }
Dumping of waste }
Traffic congestion
Loss of farmland
Loss of other land uses e.g. housing, roads, industry (max. 1)
Population growth / rural-urban migration
Squatters / Kacha Abadi / slums
May be distance from raw materials
NB. Answers may refer to industrial estates (EPZ) or other industries.
[Total: 25]

4 (a) Study Fig. 3, which shows the levels of literacy in urban and rural areas.
(i) State the percentage of literate people in urban areas. [1]
62/63
(ii) How much greater is this than the percentage of literate people in rural areas? [1]
24–26
(Allow correct answer if working shows error carried forward from (i).)
(iii) Give two reasons why the percentage of literate people is larger in urban than in
rural areas. [2]
Jobs for literate / young people

Better schools / colleges /education
More educated women
Traditional farming does not require education
Can afford education
Accept the opposite – why lower % in rural areas.
(iv) Using examples, explain why there are many jobs for illiterate and poorly
educated people in urban areas. [3]
Examples (max 1)(res. 1)

Cleaners, servants, street sellers, etc.
Explanation (max 2)
It is a developed area so factories, building work etc.
Rich people can afford this
Their labour is cheap
Unskilled work available
Low standards of living
Plenty of informal employment opportunities / lack of formal, regular waged employment
(b) Study Photograph C (Insert).

With reference to the photograph and using your own knowledge, explain why many
people become ill in homes like these. [6]
Pool of water encourages mosquitos

– risk of malaria }
Water pollution / lack of clean water
Lack of sanitation / unhygienic
– risk of typhoid, cholera, diarrhea etc. } named illness without explanation (max 1)
Dust / air pollution
– risk of asthma / breathing difficulties, }
Waste dumped / lack of disposal of waste / dirty environment
Congested / high density / live close together
Kacha Abadi / Flimsy buildings / leaky roofs / slums
– risk of flu, bronchitis, pneumonia etc. }
Spread of disease
Malnutrition / poor food supply
No resistance to disease
Poverty / no jobs
Illiteracy

(c) Why do people in villages think that their quality of life will improve if they move to a
city? [6]
Better housing
More chances of employment / jobs with higher incomes, regular income etc.
Easier work / better working conditions (than farming)
Electricity / gas
Telecommunication / telephone / internet
Sanitation / sewage disposal / more hygienic / cleaner
Water – more / clean water
Access to entertainment / bright lights / clubs / parks
Media encourages perception of a better life
Good shops / major chains / markets
More food / better food
Public transport
Education
Health care / hospitals
Security / police
(d) The government can introduce self-help schemes to improve the living conditions of
people in shanty developments and tent cities.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of self-help schemes. [6]
Advantages (res 2)s

Reduces poverty
Healthier environment / less disease / lower death rates
Encourages people (to better themselves / work harder etc.) / improve skills / get jobs
Can build better housing / fewer slums
Better care of the area
Removes unwanted people
May reduce crime rates
Removes an eyesore / encourages tourism
High cost / lack of finance available
Corruption (money goes elsewhere)
Takes time to achieve
High risk of failure in Pakistan
Lack of resources to do this
Where do people go / moves the problem elsewhere
May attract more people / more rural-urban migration
Need for education
[Total: 25]

5 (a) Describe the route of the main monsoon across Pakistan. [3]
East to west / from NE / from East

From Bay of Bengal / Northern India
Across Punjab / upper Indus Plain
Towards the Northern Areas / mountains / interior Asia
(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows the rainfall of Peshawar and Lahore.
(i) Using figures from Fig. 4 in your answer, compare the distribution of rainfall from
June to September at Lahore and Peshawar. [4]
Comparative figures (res. 1)

Max 68 mms in Peshawar, 202 mms in Lahore
Totals June – September
Figures for any one month with comparative word
Comparisons
Less in Peshawar
Maximum later in Peshawar
Max in Aug in Peshawar, July in Lahore
Annual minimum in June in Peshawar but not Lahore
NB candidates must write about distribution of rain over the period.
(ii) Explain why there are differences in amounts of rainfall caused by the monsoon in
different areas of Pakistan. [4]
Depends on moisture content / humidity

Loses moisture / drier as it crosses the land / Pakistan is at the tail end
More rain as it rises over hills
Condensation / clouds caused by cooling of rising air
Rain shadow effect on lee slopes
Climate change with reason e.g. global warming, ozone layer (max 1)
(c) Study Figs 5A and 5B, which show rainfall distribution in Pakistan.
(i) What is the main cause of rainfall from: [2]
A December to March?
Western depressions
B April to June?
Convection currents / thunderstorms
(ii) Name one area which receives high rainfall in both seasons A and B. [1]
N Punjab / central NWFP / Peshawar


(iii) Which area receives the highest rainfall from December to March? [1]
More than in summer – Western borders / Quetta

More than rest of Pakistan – N Punjab / central NWFP / Peshawar
(iv) What are the advantages and disadvantages of winter rainfall in Northern
Pakistan? [6]
Advantages (res. 2)
Fills reservoirs / rivers / more storage
Water for irrigation
Water for HEP
Water for barani crops
Water for kharif / winter crops / fruit trees
Water when everything else is frozen
Lighter form of rain – can soak in
Snow for tourism
May fall as snow }
Rivers / lakes frozen } so of little use
Temperatures too cold for growth }
Damage to environment – landslides, mudslides, floods etc. (allow avalanches) (max 1)
Damage to roads – blockage, slippery etc.
Silt collects in reservoirs / dams
Difficulties meaning farmers must do transhumance/ nomadism
(d) Explain the importance of the arrival of the monsoon to people who live and work in
urban areas. [4]
Benefits
Cooler – better working and living conditions / pleasant climate
Fresher – less dust, pollution, cleaner air
Water supply – for drinking, factories, market gardens, buffalo (not rural farming)
Problems
Flooding (up to 2 marks)
People cannot get to work
Loss of production
NB. Urban areas only

Max 2 marks for any line
[Total: 25]

GCE Ordinary Level


examination.
Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2012 question papers for most IGCSE,
syllabuses.
1 (a) Study Photographs A, B and C (Insert)
(i) Name the forest types A, B and C and write the correct letter for each area shown
on Fig. 1 [4]
A Coniferous / alpine
B Mangrove
C Tropical thorn / Rakh / Irrigated / Riveraine / Bela
(3 for names, 1 for all areas correct)
(ii) Describe the appearance of the forest shown in Photograph C. [3]

green / healthy
dense / close together
plantation / planned / in lines
varied height
form a canopy / canopy open / crowns meet / provides shade
no undergrowth / bare floor
same species
shisham / babul
(iii) Explain the importance of the forest in Photograph B to fishermen and fishing
villages. [3]
breeding area / many fish there (max 1 mark for ref. to fish)
source of income
protection to villages (against storms, floods, tidal waves etc.)
firewood
fodder / food
timber / wood for boats, houses etc.
(iv) Why does the forest in Photograph A appear to be in an area of afforestation? [3]
regular pattern / evenly distributed / in blocks
straight lines
blocks of same height / age / young trees
blocks of same species
evidence of deforestation / cutting
(b) (i) State two effects of deforestation in mountain areas. [2]

Increased surface runoff
soil erosion / leaching / infertile
landslides / avalanches
floods
less rainfall } climatic change
higher temperatures }
loss of habitat / rare species
shortage of firewood / food
siltation in reservoirs (dams)

(ii) Explain how one of these could be controlled. [4]
Allow a 2nd mark for development of any line e.g. quick growing trees
(Soil erosion etc. controlled by)

planting trees to hold the soil
planting trees to protect the soil
terracing
contour ploughing
selective cutting
education / awareness
(Siltation controlled by)
Silt traps
Dredging / removal of silt from reservoirs
(Flooding controlled by)
Embankments
Dams / barrages
(Climatic change controlled by)
Reduce burning of fossil fuels
Controls on emissions
Laws / treaties etc.
(Loss of habitat controlled by)
Establish reserves
Selective cutting
Rangers / laws
(Shortage of firewood controlled by)
Use of alternative fuels (other than firewood) eg. LPG / natural gas
(c) CRAFTS TOURISM CLIMATE SOILS
With reference to two of the above, explain how a trees can be a valuable resource for the
people who live in mountain areas. [6]
Credit only once

‘for income / employment’
Improved standard of living / quality of life / better lifestyle
Res. 2 for each choice

CRAFTS – small scale / cottage industry, work for locals, income, furniture, toys etc. sale to
tourists, local need, export, for raw material
TOURISM – scenic beauty (or similar) shade, picnics, nature study, photography, to buy
crafts
CLIMATE – increases transpiration, increases humidity, more rain, shade, to lower

temperature
reduce pollution / more oxygen / fresh air
SOILS – leaf fall creates humus, more fertility, can grow crops, pastures,
prevents erosion / landslides / soil erosion, prevents flooding,
[25]

2 (a) Study Fig. 2 and name
(i) the line of latitude A
36 °N
(ii) the mountain pass B
Khunjerab
(iii) the road C
Karakoram Highway / KKH / Silk Road
(iv) the province D(4)
Northern Area(s) / FANA / Gilgit – Baltistan
(b) Study Fig. 3 showing the climate of Gilgit.
(i) What is the maximum temperature, and in which month does it occur? [2]
27.5 °C
July
(ii) In which season of the year is the rainfall highest? [1]
Spring / early summer / March to May
(iii) Compare the climate of the months May to September with the months from
November to February. [4]
May to September November to February

Hotter Colder
Over 18 °C / 18–27.5 °C Under 12 °C / 3–12 °C
Wetter Drier
Variable rain low/increasing rain/snow fall
6–26 mm 2–6 mm
All figures must be comparative, and accurate

(c) In what ways does the winter climate make life difficult for people who live in
mountainous area? [6]
snow covers ground (or reference to snow)

water shortage / water freezes
no farming in winter / nothing grows / need to store food / no fishing
live indoors / cannot work outside
animals kept in sheds / need feeding / no pasture
roads or railways blocked / closed / no travel / communication
damage to buildings eg. by avalanches, landslides, frozen pipes / death of people
fog / no air travel
power lines cut
telephone lines cut / no telecommunication
no tourism
need to keep warm / need for heating
long nights / short days
less income / less work / less trade / economic activity stops
(d) (i) What is the meaning of the livestock farming terms [2]
A Transhumance?
Seasonal movement to higher pastures in mountains in summer and return in winter
B Nomadic farming?
(Seasonal) movement in search of pasture / water / food
(ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of these types of livestock farming in
either mountain or desert areas? [6]
Allow max 4 marks for general adv. and disadv of livestock farming in both areas
But reserve 1 adv. and 1 disadv for specific reference to either mountain or desert
areas.
Advantages (res. 2)
Access to good pasture
Low cost / free
In areas of poor soil / land
Source of income e.g. goods to sell (max 2)
Source of food
Dung for fertile soil
Camels adapted to desert
Sheep and goats eat poor quality grass
Need to move about / no permanent home
Poor quality animals / difficult to be commercial / cannot keep buffalo
Lack of water in desert
Lack of vets in both areas
Relies on uncertain desert climate
Overgrazing ONLY in desert / nomadic farming
[25]

3 (a) Study Fig. 4 showing the climate of Sialkot.
(i) Circle on the x-axis
A the month when rice would be planted.

Any one month from April to June
B the months when it would be growing

Any 3–5 consecutive months between May and September
C the month when it would be harvested

September or October [3]
(ii) Explain how canal irrigation is used and controlled to grow rice. [4]
from river / reservoir / dam / barrage / another canal

closed or opened (by sluice or gate)
field flooded in preparation / for nursery beds / before transplanting
kept flooded during growth
to a depth of about 30–37 cm / 12–15 inches
drained before harvest
(b) Study Fig. 5 showing wheat production.
(i) What was the production in 2008? [1]
21 million tonnes / 21 000 000 tonnes
(ii) Compare this to the production of wheat in the years from 1999 to 2007. [2]
higher than in 1999 / 2001/02/03/04

but not as high as 2005 / 2007
same as 2000 / 2006
(iii) Explain the reasons for the changes in production over these years. [4]
Rainfall variability / drought }

floods / storm damage } reference to a form of water supply max 2
poor irrigation }
temperature
pest attack
capital / loans / profit from previous year
family sickness
security / theft
wheat price
reasons for overall increase e.g. HYV, better / more fertiliser, mechanisation, training,
population increase

(c) To what extent is it possible to increase agricultural production by the use of modern
methods? [6]
Possibilities (res. 2)
More growth with fertilisers
Less damage with pesticides
More yield with better seed / HYVs /GM crops
HYVs / GM pest resistant
Benefits of machines (max. 2)
named modern irrigation method (max 2)
Treatment of waterlogging and salinity e.g. with tubewells
Crop rotation to improve fertility eg. growing pulses, fallow
Training and education
Problems (may be environmental or economic) (res. 2)

Lack of literacy / education
Means less training
Lack of money to invest
Traditional farming methods
Over-use of irrigation water causes waterlogging / salinity
Small / fragmented farms
Causes and effects of pollution
Build up of resistance to pests
High cost of fertiliser, machinery etc.
Water pollution from runoff with fertiliser / pesticide
May be unsustainable
N.B. Credit other reasonable ideas

(d) Study Fig. 6.
(i) What is the percentage of goods carried by rail? [1]
4, 5, 6 or 7
(ii) Compare the advantages of transporting goods by road and rail. [4]
All answers must be comparative.
Road
Door-to-door / goes everywhere
Reaches all areas / remote areas / more roads
Available to all / no special vehicles
More modern / better maintained
Better for short distances / local deliveries
Cheaper because
Faster because
Rail
Only goes to stations
Limited network
Cheaper because
Faster because
Carries more bulky / larger / heavier loads
Old infrastructure / equipment
Better for long distances
[25]
4 (a) Study Fig. 6.
Name on the map
(i) A the port where iron ore and coal are imported,
(Port) Qasim
(ii) B the site of the Pakistan Steelworks,
Pipri
(iii) C the lake that supplies water to the Pakistan Steelworks,
Haleji
(iv) D the destination of the motorway from Karachi.
Hyderabad [4]

(b) Explain why the Pakistan Steelworks is called ‘a large scale industry’. [4]
handles large quantities of raw materials

large production / large output / generates large income
large area / site
large electricity use / local power station
large gas use / large pipeline
large workforce
higher output per worker
large capital / investment
mechanised / automated
standardisation of products
(c) Study Fig. 7 showing imports of steel
(i) What is the value of imports in 2008? [1]
105 000 million Rs
(ii) By how much has this increased since 1998? [1]
85–88 000 million Rs.
(iii) Suggest one reason for this increase and explain this. [3]
Named reason (1 mark)

Industrialisation / growth of industry
Named use eg. construction, machinery,
Increase in cost of steel
Devaluation of Pakistan currency
Growing population
Explanation of that reason (2 marks)

Needs machinery
Needs raw materials
Building of new houses / industrial estates
Road and rail repair
Better agriculture
Shortage of world steel supplies
Devaluation of Pakistan currency
Any reason from the first section above can be credited as an explanation

(d) WATER ELECTRICITY GAS PIPES TELEPHONE ROADS
Choose two types of infrastructure from the list above and for each explain their importance
to businesses on an industrial estate.
(Res. 2 for each type)
Water – for washing, cooling, cleaning,

food processing, chemicals, dyeing / bleaching
Electricity – for power / energy / machinery, light, heat, ventilation, computers,

faster / better / more efficient work
Gas – for power, heat, light, cooking food,

raw material for fertiliser / chemical industry
Telephone – (for contact with) suppliers and buyers, quick response, may be in other
places,
for sales, orders, marketing, advertising,
line to computer
Roads – (for transport of), inputs, outputs, people,

less breakage / damage of valuable goods, quick travel, attracts investors
(e) What are the benefits and problems of developing new industrial estates? (6)
Benefits (res.2)
Employment / jobs / raise incomes
Goods for local needs
Goods for export / more trade
Increase GNP / GDP / increases national income / economic growth
Reduce imports
Attracts more investors / entrepreneurs
Development of named infrastructure e.g. roads, power, telecomm
Reduces emigration / if in rural areas reduces rural-urban migration
More competition improves quality
Stimulates growth of service industries
Problems (res.2)
Cost
Loss of agricultural land / trees
Depletion of named natural resources eg. water, gas
Lack of named infrastructure e.g. electricity, roads, water
Lack of government support
Named pollution (max 2) e.g. water, air, land
Need for more imports with e.g. machinery, raw materials, oil
(Increases) rural-urban migration
[25]

5 (a) Study Fig. 9 showing population density in Sindh.
(i) Describe the distribution of the areas with a population density of 201 to 800
people per square kilometre. [3]
Northern border with Balochistan or Punjab / in the north or north-west

follows river Indus
central areas
towards to south-east / east of river towards south
named city or district (not Karachi) (max. 1)
e.g. Hyderabad, Sukkur, Larkana, Shikarpur, Jacobabad
(ii) What is the lowest population density shown on the map? [1]
under 50 persons per square kilometre
(iii) Which area has the lowest population density? [1]
SE Sindh / Thar(parkar)(desert)
(iv) Explain the reasons for a high population density in the Karachi area. [6]
rural-urban migration
high birth rate / low death rate (max 1)
industrial / port / administration / trade / commerce / fishing (max 2)
good housing
opportunities for businessmen / for trade
employment / work / jobs
example of type of work (but NOT fishing)
(perceived) better living standards / bright lights / entertainment
better infrastructure with eg. such as roads, rail / airport / electricity / gas / water /
(max 1)
better services with eg. such as education, health, sanitation (max 1)
more food
maritime climate more pleasant /moderate
refugees (from Afghanistan / after the partition in 1947)
old capital city of Pakistan / present capital city of Sindh province
(b) Explain the difference between density and distribution of population. [2]
density – numbers per unit area

distribution – the spread of people in an area
areas of different density within a larger area (or similar)
(c) Study Fig. 10 showing the increase in population in Karachi.
(i) What was the population in 2010? [1]
13 million
(ii) By how much is this expected to increase from 2010 to 2020? [1]
4 million

(iii) What problems can be caused in an urban area by a high population density? [4]
poor housing / living on the streets / slums / Katchi Abadi / overcrowding

unemployment
poverty
lack of hygiene / waste dumped / litter
sickness / disease / poor health
high death rates
crime / drugs / terrorism
traffic congestion / pressure on roads / rail
shortages / strain on named resources / services / utilities with e.g. such as schools,
health, food, (max 2)
named pollution (max 2)
low quality of life
(d) Read the article published in 2009.
To what extent can self-help schemes, such as that in Orangi, succeed in improving the
living conditions in this and other slum areas? [6]
Do not credit quotes from the Article. The candidate is expected to comment on these, or use
their own ideas.
Success (res.2)
Water Cleanliness, hygiene, safe to drink
Sanitation Less disease / better health
Lower death rates, infant mortality
Power Electric light, air con.
Roads Opportunities for trade etc.
Housing Improvements or removal of slums / squatters, houses for the homeless
stronger, bigger, drier
Health centres better health, less disease, advice, effect on BR, DR and LE
Schools better qualified for jobs, effect on health and BR
Cheap loans more opportunities to set up businesses, leading to jobs,
Safer / less crime / terrorism
Higher income / will make money / economic development
Set up / development of business, industry
Failure (Res. 2)
Lack of money / investment
Lack of support co-operation
Lack of education / skills to do the task
Corruption
Change of governments/political instability
Huge size of task / high cost
Will take time
Or more specific e.g. shortage of water, electricity, education
[25]

GCE Ordinary Level

2059/02 Paper 2
Due to a security breach we required all candidates in Pakistan who sat the paper for
2059/02 to attend a re-sit examination in June 2013. Candidates outside of Pakistan sat only
the original paper and were not involved in a re-sit.
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
GCE Ordinary Level
MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2013 series

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner
Report for Teachers.
Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2013 series for most IGCSE, GCE
Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level components and some Ordinary Level components.
1 (a) (i) For each of the following cities state the maximum rainfall and the month in which
it falls.
Peshawar 68/69 mm, August

Lahore 201/202 mm, July
Murree 340 mm, July [3]
(ii) Compare the amount and pattern of rainfall in Lahore and Peshawar during the
monsoon season.
Lahore
more rain/higher maximum
increase then decrease
earlier maximum/max in July
tails off more slowly
comparative figures (other than those from (i))
Peshawar
Credit comparison of above [3]
(iii) Explain how the monsoon winds bring rainfall to northern Pakistan.
from the sea/Bay of Bengal/Indian Ocean

this increases the moisture content
rise over land
air cools
condensation [4]
(iv) Suggest two reasons why Murree has a higher rainfall than Lahore and Peshawar.
higher altitude/mountainous
more thunderstorms
more western depressions
windward slope
more vegetation/forests [2]
(b) (i) Circle three of the phrases below that describe a semi-arid climate.
HIGH EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
HOT DAYS AND COLD NIGHTS
THUNDERSTORMS [3]
© Cambridge International Examinations 2013

(ii) Study Photograph A (Insert)

Explain how the ground surface and the vegetation show that this is an area of
low rainfall.
Ground (res. 1)
bare/barren ground
sand
small stones
Vegetation (res. 1)
scattered, e.g. sparce/scanty
lack of greenery/pale brown/not green
low bushes/shrubs/scrub/not tall
adaptations seen in photograph, e.g. thorns/thin leaves etc. [4]
(c) Explain the benefits and problems of high rainfall on either farming or road travel.
FARMING
Benefits (res. 2):
increased water supply/less need for irrigation
alluvium from floods
reduces salinity
better plant growth
higher yield/income
benefit to animals
Problems (res. 2):

flooding
waterlogging
water is not absorbed
soil erosion/gullying
leaching
risk of pests/disease
damage at harvest, e.g. cotton, wheat
intensity can damage plant
loss of income (do not credit twice)
ROAD TRAVEL
Benefits (res. 2):
lays the dust
water to cool engine
Problems (res. 2):

flooding blocks roads/restricts access
washes away surface
destroys bridges
danger of lightning
danger to driving, e.g. slippery [6]
[Total: 25]

2 (a) Study Fig. 2 which shows the perennial canal system in Pakistan.
Describe the distribution of the perennial canals.
mainly on Plains/Indus Plain/by the rivers

most widespread in Punjab
only from Indus in Sindh
mostly NE to SW in Punjab and Upper Sindh
mostly NW to SE in Lower Sindh
south/east of highlands
no canals in SE area/Balochistan/north/west/mountains
some in KPK [4]
(b) Name three types of irrigation, other than perennial canals, used in Pakistan. Explain
briefly how each type works.
Allow one mark for a brief description and the second mark for more detail
inundation canals from rivers + details
tubewells from groundwater + details
Karez from foothills + details
others including ponds, tanks, charsa, shaduf and modern methods, e.g. sprinkler, tanker [6]
(c) Explain how a perennial supply of water can damage farmland.
too much water/waterlogging

watertable rises
evaporates
causes salinity/salts accumulate on surface/surface crust [4]
(d) Study Fig. 3 which shows the main users of water in the Punjab.
Name two conflicting users of water supplies in the Punjab shown on Fig. 3. Explain
briefly why each user thinks that they should have more water.
2 conflicting users (one mark), e.g. farmer, industrialist, home-owner, power industry
Reasons for wanting more water (two marks each)

e.g. farmer wants it for higher yields – more food for growing population, income for himself,
irrigation, example of high usage, e.g. rice and sugarcane.
e.g. industrialist wants it for bigger/better output – increase trade, exports, income for
himself, example of high usage, e.g. drinks, chemicals.
e.g. home owner wants it for domestic use – better hygiene, food preparation, healthy living,
example of high usage, e.g. washing, drinking. [5]

(e) To what extent is it possible to increase water supply in Pakistan?
Indus river system + details
rainfall in mountains
melt water from mountains
groundwater
flat land for canals
cleaning dirty water/desalination
reduce losses, e.g. more storage, less leakage, ration usage (max. 2)
control misuse, e.g. by education
Problems (res. 2)
not enough river water
not enough rain
loss by leakage, siltation
Indus Water Treaty restricts water in reservoirs/rivers
evaporation in hot climate
pollution
demands always increasing
some places remote (e.g. Baluchistan)
lack of funds/government will [6]
[Total: 25]

3 Study Photographs B, C and D (Insert)
(a) (i) Name the crops shown in each photograph and give a use of each within Pakistan.
One mark for correct name + use

B rice – for food
C cotton – for cloth, seeds for oil
D sugar cane – for food, allow by products [3]
(ii) With reference to one of the crops named in (a)(i) explain the meaning of cash
crop farming.
No mark for repeating the name of a crop

growing a crop for sale (res. 1)
use of good quality inputs,
e.g. fertiliser, HYV/GM seed, modern machinery [2]
(b) (i) Place the following processes in the correct order

SOWING SEEDS, PLOUGHING, HARVEST, WEEDING
ploughing, sowing seeds, weeding, harvest [1]
(ii) With reference to your answer to (b)(i) explain how rice is grown on small-scale
farms in Pakistan.
manual labour/little machinery/hand tools (max. 2)

animal/draft power
seeds planted in nurseries
transplanted into flooded fields
care during growth – weeds, pests, maintaining water levels etc. (max. 3)
water drained before harvest [6]
(c) Study Fig. 4 which shows sugar cane production in Pakistan.
(i) What was the highest annual production, and in which year did it occur?
Production – 64 million tonnes, Year – 2008 [2]
(ii) By how much did production decrease between 2008 and 2010?
15 million tonnes [1]
(iii) Explain why the production of agricultural crops varies from year to year.
temperatures vary
rainfall varies,
e.g. floods, drought, extreme events
irrigation water may be short
high winds
pests/disease/virus
quality of inputs depends on last year’s profit
human factors, e.g. sickness
changes in government policies [4]

(d) To what extent could the improvement of road, rail and air transport improve the
distribution of food supplies in Pakistan?
Improvements (res. 2)
general comments, e.g. quicker, further, use for emergencies (max. 2)
air quick for perishable food
rail slow for bulky goods
road goes everywhere, door-to-door
Problems (res. 2)
air expensive
roads congested
rail lack of maintenance, not door-to-door
general comments, e.g. lack of funding, difficult topography, poor maintenance (max. 2) [6]
[Total: 25]

4 (a) Study Fig. 5 which shows thermal and hydel (HEP) power stations in Pakistan.
(i) Name the cities A, B and C.
A Islamabad or Rawalpindi
B Lahore
C Multan [3]
(ii) Compare the distribution of thermal and hydel (HEP) power stations.
Both near rivers

Credit any relevant comparison from the list below
Thermal (res. 1)
in cities/towns/urban areas
along River Indus in Sindh
more widespread
Hydel (res. 1)
away from cities/towns/urban areas
on River Indus in Punjab, KPK (accept NWFP)
in Northern part of the country
none in Sindh/Baluchistan [4]
(iii) Explain why these two different types of power station are built in different areas
in Pakistan.
Thermal
built where fuel is locally available,
e.g. coal at Quetta, Potwar plateau
oil/gas at Sui, N Punjab
oil/coal imported at Karachi
near demand in cities/towns
Hydel
needs large volume of water in river
high rainfall
deep/steep-sided valley
only available in North/in mountains [4]
(b) Explain why the supply of electricity is not reliable in many parts of Pakistan.
shortage due to lack of oil, gas, coal

less water in reservoirs due to silting, less melting of glaciers
damage to grid/transmission
long transmission lines
theft
poor maintenance/old machinery/breakdowns
demand exceeds supply/increasing demands/load shedding
lack of investment in new power stations/alternative energy [4]

(c) Study Fig. 6 which shows the percentages of fuels used for electricity supply.
(i) Use Fig. 6 to state the percentage of electricity generated from natural gas.
46–47 [1]
(ii) Name the two other fossil fuels Y and Z, and explain why each is used less than
natural gas.
coal – poor quality, small reserves, remote/in Balochistan, heavy to carry

oil/petroleum/diesel – small reserves, unexplored, expensive. [3]
(d) To what extent can the development of renewable energy resources improve the
reliability of electricity supply in Pakistan?
Reliability (res. 2)
available everywhere
free after installation
possibilities, e.g. sunshine for solar, exposure for wind, coast for tidal or wave (max. 3)
Problems (res. 2)
costly to install
lack of technology
lack of skills
low output
variable output, e.g. wind, sun [6]
[Total: 25]

5 (a) Study Fig. 7 which shows a population pyramid for Pakistan.
(i) What is the age range of the shaded portion of the population?
65 – over 75/over 65 [1]
(ii) Estimate how many people there are in this sector of the population.
5 million [1]
(iii) Why is this figure likely to increase in the next 20 years?
lower death rate

longer life expectancy
better healthcare/pensions etc.
higher birth rate/more babies being born
lower infant mortality [2]
(iv) What pressures will this increase put on the working population?
higher taxes
less jobs
example of costs, e.g. medical care, pensions, care homes, food [2]
(b) (i) Estimate how many children aged under 5 are shown on Fig. 6.
19–19.8 million [1]
(ii) Explain why the birth rate of Pakistan is very high.
lack of knowledge of family planning/consequences of a high population

lack of contraception
female illiteracy
early marriage
high infant mortality rate
religion/children will be provided for
pride in large families
family labour/sent out to work
desire for sons [4]
(iii) Explain how better health and education provision can reduce the birth rate in
Pakistan.
Education
use of contraception/family planning
understand overpopulation
emancipation of women/delayed marriage
change of religious views
mechanised/progressive farming
Healthcare
lower infant mortality so fewer births
use of contraception
access to family planning clinics [6]

(c) Study Fig. 8 which shows the calories and grams of protein consumed per person per
day in Pakistan.
(i) Compare the increase in food calorie intake with the increase in protein
consumption from 1980 to 2010.
protein increases more

calories constant/slight increase 2000–2010
comparative figures
(protein 61–71 grams, calories 2300–2400 per day) [2]
comparison of decades (max. 1)
(ii) The United Nations (UN) has predicted that the population of Pakistan may double
from 2010 to 2050.
To what extent can Pakistan increase its food supply for this large population?
Increase by
more fertiliser
better seed
more pesticides
irrigation
mechanisation
more land brought into cultivation
more fishing
education/professionals/colleges
investment/loans
more imports
foreign aid
better transport system linked to better distribution or less food spoilt
better storage facilities
Problems
lack of money
lack of education
lack of experts
too many people
lack of water
political problems
war etc. [6]
[Total: 25]

GCE Ordinary Level

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2014 series for most IGCSE, GCE
1 (a) Study Fig 1, a graph showing wheat production and cultivation
(i) By how much did wheat production increase from 1991 to 2010? [1]
10 million tonnes
(ii) By how much did the area of wheat cultivation increase from 1991 to 2010? [1]
11 million acres
(iii) Compare the production of wheat from 1991 to 2000 with the production from 2001
to 2010. [2]
Both increased
Both fluctuated (year to year)
For 1991–2000 Accept converse for 2001–10
Lower (average) production
Increased at a higher rate
From 14–21 mn / by 7 mn whereas 2001–10 from 19–24 mn / by 5 mn
Rises to / maximum 21 mn whereas 2001–10 24 mn
References to figures need million
(iv) To what extent was wheat production related to the cultivated area from 1991 to
2010? [3]
• Direct relationship / positive correlation / relationship described e.g. when production

is high, area is high
• Inverse / no relationship = 0 Res 1
• Both lowest in 1991
• Both highest in 2010
• Year both constant – 2009
• Years both increase – 1994 / 1997 / 1999 / 2004 / 2006 / 2008
• Years both decrease – 1993 / 1998 / 2000 / 2001
• Exception (max 1) e.g.: production increases when area decreases – 2002
• production increases when area constant – 1991
• production decreases when area constant 2005 / 2007
• area increases when production constant – 1992 / 1995 / 2003
• area decreases when production constant – 1996
(b) (i) Circle the months in which most wheat is grown in Pakistan. [1]
October–May: Both periods circled = 0
(ii) Explain why the climate at this time is most suitable for wheat farming [3]
• Mild temperatures / 10–20 °C for growth

• Warmer / 25–30 °C (in spring) for ripening / harvesting
• Moderate rainfall / 150–500 mm (in spring) for growth / to swell the grain / before
harvest
• Dry period / no rain (in spring) for harvest

(c) Why are waterlogging and salinity called ‘the twin menaces for farmers’? [2]
• Waterlogging restricts root growth / prevents air pockets in soil

• Salinity poisons the soil / plants cannot tolerate salt
OR the generic for 1 mark max if neither statement above:
Takes agricultural land out of production / makes land uncultivable / infertile / damages
crops / reduces yields / reduces income
(d) Describe the ways in which damage by waterlogging and salinity can be prevented. [6]
• Tubewells to lower water table (fresh water pumped up to flush out salt)
• Surface drains dug (diverts surface water to river / lake)
• Canals lined (prevents seepage)
• Canals closed temporarily
• (Eucalyptus) trees planted (deep roots absorb water from water table)
(e) To what extent can better education and training increase farm production? [6]
Possibilities – Res 2
Prevention of waterlogging and salinity / better water management / irrigation
Knowledge of proper fertiliser / pesticide usage
Knowledge of better seed varieties
Use of / ability to repair / maintenance of farm machinery
Easier to get bank / government loans / manage farm finances
Problems – Res 2
Lack of land
Lack of money (to implement the training)
Lack of named infrastructure + link, e.g. electricity for machinery
Power of landlords
Climatic problems
Reluctant to change from traditional methods
[Total 25]

2 (a) Study Fig 2, a cross section showing an oil trap.
(i) Label on the diagram [2]
A the layer of rock containing oil

B the layer of rock containing gas
B / Gas
A / Oil
(ii) What is meant by the term ‘porous rock’ [1]
Rock with pores / holes / spaces / that lets liquids or gases pass through
(iii) Why is the feature in Fig. 2 called ‘an oil trap’? [2]
Oil cannot get through the rocks around it

Oil lies / trapped between layers of non-porous / impervious / impermeable rock
Oil rises to the top of the anticline / top of bend in rocks
(b) Study Fig. 3 which shows the uses of oil.

Choose three of the following terms to complete Fig. 3. [3]
by products – in the LHS heading box

pesticide – below plastics
petrol – below fuels
(c) Study Fig. 4, a map showing oil refineries and pipelines in Pakistan.
(i) Name and locate the oil refinery marked on the oilfield in Fig. 4. [2]
Attock (oil refinery)

Morga(h) / Rawalpindi / Potwar Plateau / SE of Peshawar / NW of Faisalabad
(ii) Name one refinery where imported oil is processed. [1]
National Refinery / Pakistan Refinery / Pak-Arab Refinery / Korangi / Mahmood Kot

(iii) Explain the importance of the White Pipeline, and other pipelines to the
development of Pakistan. [4]
White Pipeline will carry refined oil / frees existing pipeline for crude oil – Res 1
Reduce rail / road transport
Cheaper method of transport (than tanker / rail transport)
Faster method of transport (than tanker)
To meet (increasing) demand for oil
Will increase industrialisation / employment / economic prosperity / living standards /
attracts investment (in inland areas)
(d) (i) Name an area where coal is mined in Pakistan, and state one type of coal found
there. [2]
Quetta – coking coal / Sharig coal / sub-bituminous

Lower Sindh / Thar (desert) – lignite
Salt Range / Dandot Pidh – sub-bituminous / lignite
Makerwal – sub-bituminous
If no or incorrect named area, 0 marks [2 × 1 mark]
(ii) Give two reasons why most of the coal mined in Pakistan is called ‘low quality’. [2]
High ash content

High moisture content
High sulphur content
Low (hydro)carbon content
Gives off less heat / low heating value / low burning temperature
Crumbles easily / soft / not compressed
(e) To what extent can Pakistan rely on fossil fuels to increase fuel and power supplies?
[6]
Large reserves of gas
Sui / Pirkoh / Mari / Potwar Plateau area
Large / new reserves of coal
Of a type suitable for use in power stations / power generation
Coal a cheap fuel
Potential of coal gas
Port at Karachi for imports
Problems – Res 2
Small oil reserves / oil has to be imported
Will run out / not renewable
Coal is heavy / bulky to transport
Gas is difficult to transport / explosive
Fossil fuels expensive to import
Because becoming inaccessible / higher cost of production / exploration / extraction / rising
world prices
[Total 25]

3 (a) Study the map Fig.5
(i) Name the towns A, B and C [3]
A – Quetta
B – Peshawar
C – Gilgit
(ii) Name one of the passes D, E and F shown on Fig. 5, and name the country that it
links to Pakistan. [2]
D – Khojak pass – Afghanistan

E – Khyber pass – Afghanistan
F – Khunjerab pass – China
(iii) Give two reasons why air transport is used to carry lightweight or valuable goods
to other countries instead of roads. [2]
Safety / less likely to be damaged / stolen / less risk of accidents

Speed
(b) Study Fig. 6 (insert) an advertisement for cotton fabric.
(i) State three ways in which this company can be contacted. [3]
Any three of (Mobile) telephone, e-mail, internet / website, fax, letter, visit
(ii) Explain the importance of good communications to a business such as Cotton

Fabrics International. [3]
For ordering supplies / linking to dealers / enabling best prices

For advertising
For market research
For direct (internet) sales / after sales service / customer contact / loyalty
Speed of contact
Global reach / www / international exposure
To enable deliveries / transport of workforce / businessmen
(c) (i) Name two dry ports in Pakistan. [2]
Any two of Sambrial / Sialkot, Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad,

Larkana, Quetta, Peshawar
(ii) Explain how dry ports have increased trade in Pakistan. [4]
Increases foreign trade / more exports / more imports

Better access to remote areas / areas away from Karachi / opened up interior
Saves time / expense of providing own transport to coast
Less congestion / relieves burden at Karachi / Keamari / Port Qasim / sea ports
Speeds up / more efficient paperwork / customs checks
Stimulated / encouraged businesses / investment
More efficient loading / containerisation

(d) To what extent could a better road network increase the development of small scale
and craft industries of Pakistan? [6]
Advantages – Res 2
More remote areas can be connected
e.g. Swat – Allow other relevant examples
Good access to raw materials
Greater access to training
Greater access to (export) markets,
Increases tourist market
Faster / safer trade
Problems – Res 2
Limited marketing skills / access to product markets
Roads likely to be often closed in mountain areas
Due to landslides / avalanches / snow
Cost of transport / middle man / do not have own transport
Allows more import of cheap manufactured goods / more competition
[Total 25]
4 (a) Study Fig. 7, a map of deforestation.
(i) Name the areas of deforestation A and B. [2]
A – Sulaiman Range
B – Safed Koh / FATA
(ii) Name the desert C. [1]
Kharan desert
(iii) State three reasons why deforestation occurs in one of the areas shown on Fig. 7.
[3]
Farming / growing food / fodder / cash crops,

For firewood
For timber
Mining
Roads
Overgrazing
Housing / urbanisation / residential
Industry
(b) Study the article below from ‘Dawn’, November 4th, 2011.
(i) By how much has forest cover decreased since independence? [1]
30.5%
(ii) By how much should it increase by 2015 to meet its commitment under the UN
goal? [1]
3.5%

(c) State and explain three effects of deforestation in mountainous areas. [6]
Any three of the following

Soil erosion, no roots to hold the soil / less interception
Landslides / avalanches
Rocks / snow no longer held back by trees
Leaching, no roots to bring minerals to surface / minerals washed out of exposed soil /
infertile soils
Silt blocks rivers
Water runs off slopes
Silt fills reservoirs / canals
Silt settles in still / slow moving water
Flooding
Runoff increased / less interception
Extinction / loss of species
Loss of habitat
Less rainfall / lower humidity
Less transpiration
Less shade
Loss of branches and leaves
Less tourism
Loss of scenic beauty
Shortage of firewood
No fuel for heating / domestic use [3 × 2 marks]
(d) Explain how forests can become a source of income for the people of rural areas. [4]
Firewood / charcoal
Named raw material e.g. timber / roots / leaves / ephedra / fruit / nuts
For cottage / small scale / craft / pharmaceutical industries
Named product e.g. furniture, toys, souvenirs
Forests attract tourism
Goods can be sold to tourists
Creates employment e.g. forest guides / rangers / forest department / forestry
(e) (i) What is meant by the term ‘sustainable agriculture’? [1]
A definition such as
Supplying the food / agricultural product needs of the present generation while protecting
/ not compromising the food / agricultural product needs of those in the future
Or
Supplying the food / agricultural product needs of the present generation while
protecting / not compromising the natural environment
Or
Supplying the food / agricultural product needs of the present generation while
minimising environmental damage

(ii) To what extent can agriculture be sustainable in Pakistan? [6]
Less overcropping / multicropping
Methods of preserving soil e.g. terraces / contour ploughing
Restrict use of heavy machinery
Keeping vegetation cover
Better water management / avoiding over watering / conserving water / lining canals
Organic farming / using manure
Use of appropriate knowledge / training
Problems – Res 2
High demand for more food
Pressures on land e.g. for timber
Lack of education / awareness of sustainable methods
Unco-operative landlords
Land reform needed
Lack of government will / support / investment
Resistance to changing traditional / modern methods
[Total 25]
5 (a) Study Fig. 8 showing the United Nations figures for the different age groups in
Pakistan.
(i) What was the percentage of the age group 0–14 years in 2010? [1]
35–37 (%)
(ii) Which age group of the population has decreased from 1990 to 2010? [1]
0–14
(iii) How has the percentage of working population (aged 15 to 64) changed from 1980
to 2010? [1]
Increased / decreased to 1990 then increased
(b) (i) What is meant by ‘seasonal migration’? [2]
Moving / migrating from one place to another according to the time of year / season
Do not accept use of ‘migrate’ and ‘season’ together in a response
Influenced by the weather / quality of pasture / suitable living conditions / rearing
conditions for animals / availability of water / employment

(ii) Name and describe an example of seasonal migration. [4]
Transhumance – Res 1
Moving to higher land / mountains in the summer
Animals kept on high summer pastures
Returning to valleys in the winter
Animals brought down to lower pastures / to sheds in winter
e.g. goats / sheep / cattle / yaks / dzu
Northern and Western mountains
OR
Nomadic / nomadism – Res 1

Moving from place to place looking for water and pasture
Taking their animals
e.g. sheep / goats / camels
Taking their tents
Settle for a short period / several weeks
Balochistan and desert areas
Specific example – Res 1

Outward movement to which location + time of year / reason
Details
Return movement to which location + time of year / reason
Details
Time period
Area within Pakistan Maximum 3 marks if no specific example
(c) Study Photographs A and B (Insert).
(i) Give four features of the housing shown in the photographs. [4]
Closely built / dense / congested

Low / one storey
Near water level / near dirty water
Some have power / telephone lines
Poor / scrap materials / makeshift
Named scrap building material e.g. corrugated metal / wood / cloth
No glass in windows
Rusty
Stones on roofs

(ii) Explain why people live in areas such as those shown in Photographs A and B. [6]
Rural-urban migrants
Refugees
Looking for work / safety
Close to work
Work for low pay / poor / work in informal sector / poverty
Cheap / cannot afford housing / housing too expensive
Unemployed
Authorities cannot provide enough housing / no investment in housing
Only space / land that is available
Access to water
Considered only to be temporary
Relatives already living there
(d) To what extent can living conditions in areas such as those in Photographs A and B
be improved? [6]
Self-help schemes
Authorities provide building materials / blocks / bricks and people their own labour
International charities
Work with street children, etc.
(Local) Government schemes / projects
Building of low-cost / permanent housing / loans to build own housing
With minimum standards and basic facilities e.g. toilets
Infrastructural development e.g. roads, water supply, sanitation, rubbish collection, electricity
Provision of schools / (family planning) clinics
Problems – Res 2
Lack of government will / priorities / political instability
Lack of government funds / investment
Corruption
Dangerous for Western charities
High cost
Long term
Huge scale of the problem
May attract more migrants
Local resistance to improvement projects
[Total 25]

Cambridge Ordinary Level

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2015 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some
Cambridge O Level components.
® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

Cambridge O Level – May/June 2015 2059 02
1 (a) (i) On the outline map of Pakistan Fig. 1 mark and shade two areas which experience
low annual rainfall (125mm or less). [2]
Any two separate regions within the overlay provided. Shaded areas may touch lines but
not go outside lines.
1 mark for each accurately drawn and shaded region
(ii) Name the crop which is mainly grown in these areas of low annual rainfall. [1]
Dates
(iii) Explain the difficulties for people living in areas of low rainfall. [3]
Very little pasture/have nomadic lifestyle with livestock

Very little arable area limited to oases/valley floors or where Karez underground
irrigation/limited crops/shortage of food
Few rivers/water has to be supplied from great distances/lack of water for
irrigation/irrigation needed
Lack of water for cleaning/hygiene/domestic use/drinking
Lack of water for industries
Problems associated with an arid climate, e.g. dust storms/extreme
temperatures/seasonal drought
(b) (i) Study Fig. 2 which shows rainfall data for two cities on the River Indus.
A Compare the amount and pattern of monthly rainfall in Hyderabad with that of
Dera Ismail Khan. [3]
Amount
Both high Jul and Aug
Both identical Jun/Nov
Both low Oct/Nov
For Dera Ismail Khan (accept converses for Hyderabad)
Greater total
274 mm as opposed to 179 mm
Higher in all months except Aug and Sep/any named month / lower in
Aug/Sep
A pair of stats to illustrate for any month (e.g. May H – 4 mm, DIK –17 mm)
Max 1
Tolerances: ± 1 mm
Pattern
Both maximum Jul–Aug
For Dera Ismail Khan (accept converses for Hyderabad)
Has double maximum Jul–Aug and Mar (H – one maximum)
Has more evenly distributed rainfall over the year (H – more variable)

B Give three reasons for any similarities or differences in the two patterns of
rainfall. [3]
Both experience monsoon rainfall [Jul–Sep]

Dera Ismail Khan experiences rainfall from western depressions [Dec–Mar]
Dera Ismail Khan experiences some thunderstorm rainfall [Apr–Jun]
Accept converses for Hyderabad
(ii) Explain the effect of flooding on the local economy and transport links in
communities along the River Indus. [4]
Local economy
Livestock/crops/farm equipment/fisheries lost (causing loss of income)
Factories/workplaces temporarily closed (causing damage/unemployment/loss of
production/income/profit)
Electricity supply disrupted (factories closed)
Build up of silt behind dams (less water storage/effect on HEP production)
Alluvium/nutrients deposited by flood water (fertilises soil)
Transport Links
Bridges washed away (limiting ability to trade)
Roads/railways destroyed/damaged/flooded (making journeys longer/slower/more
dangerous)
Rivers become unnavigable (communications cut/villages cut off)
Allow development of points illustrated by information in parentheses
(c) Give an example of a dry port and explain why it is located where it is. [3]
Faisalabad/Hyderabad/Lahore/Larkana/Multan/Peshawar/Quetta/Rawalpindi/Sambrial
(Sialkt)
Inland/far from seaport

In largest cities
Where industries/productive agricultural regions
Where good road/rail connections

(d) It has been proposed that a new motorway should be built in Sindh from Hyderabad
via Thatta to Keti Bandar on the Indus Delta, a town with a population of less than
25 000. Explain why this motorway might be needed. To what extent would this
proposal be possible? [6]
L3 5–6 6 – Evaluation between both developed points of view, with a clear

marks reference to question material
5 – Evaluation between both developed points of view
L2 3–4 4 – Developed point(s) on both points of view

marks
3 – Developed point(s) supporting one point of view.
L1 1–2 2 – Simple points addressing more than one point of view or

marks statement
1 – Simple points addressing one point of view or statement
0 – No valid response
Indicative content (development of points in parentheses)
Why needed/Importance
New route to open up a seaport desirable (to relieve pressure on port of Karachi)
Enables quicker/more efficient trade/movement of local goods/people
Stimulates industry (industrial estates along motorway/near junctions/more efficient
supply of raw materials/manufactured goods)
Possible
Possible with high government/foreign funding

Already Indus Highway as far as Thatta (and could more easily be upgraded to
motorway)
Not possible
High cost
Difficult to connect to coast/construct due to mangrove swamp (as would need deep
foundations/high pillars/causeways)
Difficult to connect to coast/construct due to being a delta region (and therefore prone to
flooding or distributaries changing course)
Would involve felling mangrove forests (and destruction of vital habitat and a human
resource)
Keti Bandar too small to be served by a motorway/serve as a port (and therefore not
economically worthwhile)

2 (a) Study Figs 3 and 4 which give information about the extraction of three metallic
minerals in Pakistan in 2010–11.
(i) How much iron ore was extracted in 2010–11? [1]
329 000 tonnes (accept 327 000 tonnes to 331 000 tonnes)
(ii) State the difference between the type of information being provided in Fig. 3
compared to that in Fig. 4. [1]
Fig. 3 shows quantities/amounts/tonnes whereas Fig. 4 shows

proportions/share/percentages of the total amount (Bar v Pie alone = 0)
(b) (i) Give one use for the mineral chromite and name one area where it is extracted in
Pakistan. [2]
Used in steel/bridges/railway carriages/furnace linings/tools

Muslimbagh/Zhob (Valley)/Wad
(ii) What are the benefits of extracting mineral resources for local people and the
national economy? [4]
Local people
Employment opportunities
Higher/more stable incomes
Higher living standards/settled lifestyle
Business opportunities for local/ancillary industries/services
Improvement to local infrastructure such as roads/electricity (infrastructure alone = 0)
Local use of raw materials with example (do not double mark raw material in national
economy)
National economy
Raw material for named sectors of economy, e.g. energy, construction, agriculture, industry
Named raw material
Industrialisation / industry developed
Revenue/taxes for government
Export earnings/contributes to balance of payments/source of foreign exchange/
exports increase
Reduces national debt/deficit
Reducing imports

(iii) Explain the effects of mineral extraction on the natural environment. [4]
Deforestation to clear land

Destroys habitat/wildlife/plants
Land deformation/destruction/destroys land
E.g. holes/pits/depressions/tips/spoil heaps/flooding
Ash waste/ash ponds/toxic waste
Subsidence even after mining activity finished
Noise pollution from machinery/blasting/scares/disturbs wildlife
Air pollution from dust and smoke
Water pollution – seepage into ground water/rivers/seas
(c) (i) Fig. 5 is a diagram of a thermal power station.

Choose three terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in three
of the spaces provided. [3]
Credit any three correct of (L to R): boiler, steam, turbine, transformer, reservoir, cooling
tower
(ii) Explain why burning fossil fuels in power stations is unsustainable. [4]
Releases carbon dioxide/contributes to global warming/climate change

Will exhaust/run out eventually/non-renewable/cannot be replaced
Having to be extracted from increasingly inaccessible/inhospitable places, e.g. Arctic/
deep sea
Named environmental damage other than air pollution, e.g. oil spills from tankers/
pipelines
Becoming expensive
Production/prices controlled by cartels, e.g. OPEC
Many countries, e.g. Pakistan, have few deposits and have to import

(d) To what extent is it possible to develop railways further in Pakistan? Support your
answer by using examples you have studied. [6]
L3 5–6 6 – Evaluation between both developed points of view, with reference

marks to appropriate example(s)

marks
3 – Developed point(s) supporting one point of view

marks statement
Indicative content (development of points or examples in parentheses)
Possible
Government/private funding (providing faster trains, e.g. Shalimar Express/launching

new services/computerising ticket system)
Allowing private operating companies who pay to use track
Electrification
Changing single track to dual (e.g. Khanewal to Lodhran)
Foreign funding (e.g. Karakoram Express, Lahore to Karachi, launched 2002, mostly
funded by China)
Not possible
Hilly/difficult terrain (especially SW Balochistan/high mountains in N/NW)

Much of network single line/track
Lack of maintenance over a long period (worn out rails/sleepers)
Inefficiently managed (overstaffed/operational
inefficiencies/delays/corruption/uneconomic stations)
Outdated locomotives
Shortage of rolling stock
Lack of funding

3 (a) Study Fig. 6 which gives information about the area of Pakistan under cultivation.
(i) A Name a district that has a cultivated area of over 65%.

Gujranwala/Jhang/Kasur/Khanewal/Lodhran/Mandi Bahauddin/Multan/Pakpattan/
Sahiwal/Sargodha/Vehari
B How much of Faisalabad District is cultivated? [2]

35–65%
(ii) Suggest reasons why so many districts of Pakistan have a cultivated area of less
than 5%. [3]
Too far from R. Indus/major rivers

Hilly/mountainous/rugged
Thin/poor/infertile soil/barren/badland topography
Deserts/too dry/low rainfall/high evaporation rate
Delta region/too marshy/area prone to flooding
Extreme temperatures (hot or cold)
(iii) Explain why agricultural land is no longer producing crops in many regions of
Pakistan. [4]
Waterlogging – over-irrigation/unlined canals which cause seepage of water into the

ground causing a rise in water table to the surface/making land barren/uncultivable
Salinity – salts rise with water table and are left on the surface when water evaporates
making land barren/uncultivable
Overgrazing – too many livestock animals in too small an area/livestock not moved to
different pastures causing land to become bare
Overcultivation – crops not rotated or no fallow period or too little fertiliser and soil
becomes exhausted
Floods – e.g. 2010, top soil washed away/nutrients leached away/soil erosion
Drought – land becomes too dry to support crops
Alternative use of land – e.g. housing/industries
Land fragmentation – farming becomes inefficient
Zamindari system of Landlords – no incentive for farmers
Workforce migrates to urban areas/lack of skilled or unskilled workers – no one to work
the land
Siltation in reservoirs, therefore reduces availability of irrigation water
(b) Study Fig.7 which gives information about urban and rural population in Pakistan in
two different years.
(i) By how much has the rural population decreased between 1981 and 2010? [1]
8% (tolerance 7–8%) Also accept alternative interpretation 11%

(ii) Loss of agricultural land is one reason for the rural population decreasing.
Describe three other push factors that are causing people to move to urban areas.
[3]
Mechanisation of farms resulting in unemployment

Unemployment/underemployment
Poverty/lack of options
Poor quality services, e.g. health/education/schools/educational institutes/shops
Poor standard of utilities – no electricity/lack of water/unhygienic/lack of sanitation
Poor housing
Extreme weather/floods/droughts/diseases causing crop failure
Unrest in tribal areas
Zamindari system – landlords
(iii) Explain the effects on rural areas when large amounts of people migrate to urban
areas. [4]
Positive
Reduces population pressure on infrastructure/housing/services

Reduces unemployment
Remittances are sent from workers in urban areas
Negative
Unbalanced population structure/young men leave

Lack of (skilled) labour/lack of named example/fewer farmers
Less population to support rural services
Fracture of families
Feeling of isolation/lack of government interest
Services decline
(c) Study Fig. 8 which is a graph showing the changes in population density for different
provinces between 1972 and 2011. Describe two of the main changes over time that
can be seen in this graph. [2]
All four increased

P, KPK, and S all increased at same rate
B increased at a slow rate
P/KPK/S increased at a fast rate
S became more densely populated than KPK over the time period

(d) Read the following two views:
1. The Government should spend more money on development projects in the least
densely populated province in Pakistan. This province is behind in development.
2. The Government should spend more money on development projects in the more
densely populated provinces. More people live there.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons and refer to places or examples
you have studied to support your answer. [6]


marks

marks statement
Balochistan
Large area/unrestricted space

Untapped mineral resources (e.g. coal/natural gas/chromite/iron ore/antimony/manganese)
(Saindak Copper-Gold project with Australian/Chinese/German/French expertise)
Coast has development potential for ports (e.g. deep sea port at Gwadar) (for exports of
fruit)/fishing/wind farms (would lead to ancillary industries/free industrial zones providing
employment)
Much of the province requires development (many of the people are nomadic farmers)
Would create even spread of development in Pakistan
Punjab / Sindh / KPK
Population growing more quickly than Balochistan (more demand for services/housing/jobs)
Indus Plain productive agricultural area/has Pakistan’s largest cities/industries/most
extensive transport networks (more economical to develop where these exist)
In Balochistan traditional/tribal society/opposition to development/modernisation
High cost of putting infrastructure into Balochistan (very hot and dry climate/mountainous and
rugged terrain/deserts) (e.g. roads/railways/water/electricity/gas/telecoms)
Accept converse arguments

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 9 which shows formal and informal sector employment in Pakistan
over three years.
Which sector of employment makes up the largest share of the labour force in
Pakistan over these years? [1]
Informal
(ii) Tourism is a service industry. Name two other service industries. [2]
Any two from:
public administration/government
transport
retailing/shops
banking/banks/finance
doctors/healthcare/medical
teaching/education
legal/lawyers
entertainment/media
social care/home helps/family helpers/domestics, insurance
hospitality/hotels
telecommunications
etc.
(iii) Study Figs 10 and 11 which give information about visitors into Pakistan in 1999.
A What percentage of visitors into Pakistan was classed as tourists?
13% (accept 12–14%)
B What was the total number of visitors into Pakistan?
655 000 (accept 640 000–670 000)
C Suggest one reason why more people visited relatives compared to visiting
Pakistan as tourists. [3]
Lower cost
Large/extended families spread out in different countries
Work abroad
Few tourist attractions
Terrorism/lack of security/political instability
Poor transport infrastructure

(b) (i) Study Photographs A and B (Insert) which show airports in Gilgit and Chitral.
Using the photographs and your own knowledge describe the problems in
providing air transport in the northern areas of Pakistan. [3]
Mountainous area/rugged terrain

Little level ground for airports/runways
Difficult landings/take-offs for pilots/restricted to small aircraft
Frequent poor/bad weather for flying conditions
Snow/ice/fog/low cloud/flooding/windy
Poor road access to airports
Blocked telecommunications/radio
Service unreliable causing flight cancellation/people stranded
Lack of funds for specified air transport improvements/new technology
(ii) Explain the advantages to Pakistan as a developing country of providing more air
transport routes. [4]
More visitors/tourists (e.g. adventure tourists to northern areas/mountains)

More income/profit for tour operators/local economy
More business trips
More business deals/investment in Pakistan
Employment in airline industry
Increases trade/more opportunities to export/(source of) foreign exchange/tax
in low volume/lightweight/perishable/high value goods, e.g. fruits and vegetables
Assisting with natural disasters
Opening up inaccessible areas of Pakistan
(c) (i) Name or describe a border crossing by road between Pakistan and a neighbouring
country. Which country is linked to Pakistan by this road? [2]
border crossing country

Koh-i-Taftan/RCDHighway Iran
Chaman/Quetta to Kandahar Afghanistan
Khyber pass/Grand Trunk Road Afghanistan
Khunjerab Pass/Karakoram Highway China
Lahore to Amritsar/Grand Trunk Road India

(ii) How useful is the border crossing you have named or described in (i) for trade?
Give reasons for your answer. [4]
* Very useful/great importance *Of very little or limited use/little

Encourages/improves/increases – trade/ importance
import/export/foreign exchange Routes into Iran/Afghanistan are
mountainous/deserts
E.g. example named export/import
Security issues/tensions in FATA areas
Cheaper transport/shorter distance to
travel/saves time E.g. Khyber Pass closed
Improved relations/better relations Karakoram Highway blocked/closed in

winter
Due to snow/avalanches/landslides
Poor trading relations with India

(d) There are advantages and disadvantages to Pakistan of trading with different
countries or groups of countries. Read the following two views:
1. Pakistan would benefit from stronger trade links with China.
2. There are more advantages to Pakistan in maintaining trade with EU (European

Union) countries.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons and refer to places or examples
you have studied to support your answer. [6]


marks

marks statement
China
EU has trade barriers (custom duties and import quotas/tariffs/embargoes) with countries
outside the EU
EU may restrict trade (due to poor law and order situation/terrorism/environmental issues/
child labour/political instability)
Cottage and small scale industry products may lack international quality standard acceptable
to EU
Can avoid reliance/dependence on Western powers
Chinese imports are low-priced (and meet local demand)
China faster growing economy so Pakistan can earn more foreign exchange
Land link with China (Karakoram Highway/Khunjerab Pass)
EU
EU countries politically/economically stable (so fewer changes in market trends)

History of stable trade relations with European countries since independence
China likely to manufacture products that Pakistan exports (in greater quantities/at lower
prices)
Cheap Chinese imports may threaten domestic industries
Accept converse arguments

5 (a) Study Fig. 12 which gives information on birth rates and death rates in Pakistan.
(i) A Add a suitable label for the y-axis (vertical axis).
per 1000 population [per year]
B Circle one of the letters C, D or E on the graph to show the point where natural
increase is highest. [2]
(ii) Give two reasons why Pakistan continues to have a high birth rate. [2]
Large families for support in old age/desire for sons

Large families for labour on farm/in cottage industries
Opposition to family planning/women working/being educated/Rizq/religious beliefs
Lack of use of/availability of/cost of contraception
People unaware of population pressure/illiteracy
Early marriages/women marry/bear children early
(iii) The death rate in Pakistan has been decreasing every year since 1960. Suggest
reasons for this. [3]
Improved medical facilities

E.g. vaccinations/antibiotics/better hospitals/more highly trained doctors/free hospitals
Reduction of diseases
E.g. cholera, malaria, typhoid
Improvement in food production/healthy food
Improvement in sanitation and hygiene
Clean supply of water
People more affluent/have more money to afford medical treatment
Reduced infant mortality rate
(b) Study Fig. 13 which shows changes in population growth rates for two countries
between 2000 and 2012.
(i) Compare the main changes in the population growth rate of Pakistan with that of
Sri Lanka between these two dates. [3]
Look for main changes or trends:
Pakistan higher than Sri Lanka throughout

Overall decrease but Sri Lanka stays same/slight increase
Both fluctuate
Pakistan fluctuates more/Sri Lanka fluctuates less
One mark for start (2000) and finish (2012) statistics for both countries
Pakistan: 2.2% to 1.6%; Sri Lanka: either 0.8% to 0.9% or 0.9% to 0.9%
Alternatively candidate can give difference between start and finish figures – Pakistan
0.6%; Sri Lanka 0.1% or 0%

(ii) One of the factors affecting population growth is international migration. In recent
years Pakistan has experienced more emigration than immigration.
A What is meant by the term ‘immigration’?
People entering/moving into a country/area 1 mark
B Explain what has caused high levels of emigration and the effects of this on
the economy of Pakistan. [5]
Causes
Unemployment/underemployment especially amongst educated

Job prospects abroad
Perceived better lifestyle abroad
Political instability/corruption/unrest/terrorism
Immigration policies in some countries to attract migrants
Effects on economy
Remittances sent back can be a significant component in balance of payments

Unemployment rate for those who remain decreases
Loss of skilled/educated workforce/loss of doctors, engineers etc.
Ideas and initiatives coming back with returning emigrants
Less pressure on resources
(Marks can be given for 1 cause + 3 effects or 3 causes + 1 effect or 2 causes +

2 effects)
(c) (i) What is meant by the term ‘sustainable population growth’? [1]
Population size that can be supported by available resources
(ii) Suggest three problems that might be caused by unsustainable population

growth. [3]
Shortage of food/food insecurity

Unemployment rises
Pressure on health/diseases increase/education/illiteracy rate increases
Pressure on utilities/water/electricity/sanitation
Traffic congestion
Shortage of housing/overcrowded housing/homelessness/squatter settlements
Pressure on land/resources
Standard of living falls/poverty/low standard of living
Increase in crime
Named type pollution, e.g. litter – max one mark
Lack of local/national government funds to provide for everyone

(d) Read the following two views about reducing the population growth rate in Pakistan.
1 The population growth rate is best reduced by family planning programmes.
2 The population growth rate is best reduced by increasing literacy for all,
especially females.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons and refer to examples you
have studied from Pakistan to support your answer. [6]
L3 5–6 6 – Evaluation between both developed points of view, with

marks reference to appropriate example(s)

marks

marks statement
Family planning
Policies to reduce family size effective in other countries (e.g. China’s one-child policy)
Family planning can be introduced through government and NGO programmes (e.g.
women’s and children’s welfare associations, Behbud Association, Green Star clinics)
Contraceptives could be provided cheaply
Is a direct approach/can be enforced/monitored
Developing education facilities especially in rural areas is very expensive (and can be
opposed in tribal/traditional areas)
Traditional/religious societies are opposed to materialism and careers for women
Education is a less direct approach/has more effects than just on population growth rate

Education
Literate people would be more aware of the problems of population growth (and the need to
reduce it)
Literate people would have more knowledge of family planning
More girls being educated (in secondary and higher education) would lead to later
marriage/childbearing age (the time span for reproduction would decrease)
More females being educated would mean more women taking on careers (and seeking to
improve their standard of living rather than having more children and contribute to economic
development, decreasing the burden of population growth)
More people being skilled will generate income for country, decreasing the burden
of/outweighing the effect of population growth
(Anti-natalist) population policies can be considered too harsh (unethical/too intrusive/
against human rights)
Traditional/religious opposition to contraception

Cambridge International Examinations
PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/02

Paper 2 Environment of Pakistan May/June 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.
This document consists of 18 printed pages.
© UCLES 2016 [Turn over

1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which is a map of northern Pakistan.
(i) On the map name the following: Mountain range A; City B; River C [3]
A: Himalaya(s)
B: Murree
C: Jhelum
(ii) Explain the causes of high rainfall at city B. [4]
Receives rainfall in all seasons /throughout year

Monsoon (from Bay of Bengal) (via N India)
Western depressions (from Mediterranean) (from Afghanistan/Iran)
Relief rainfall (air rises over mountains and cools/condenses)
Thunderstorm / convection / convectional rain/currents (hot air rises [in summer] and
cools)
(b) (i) What is meant by the term ‘population density’? [1]
The [average] amount/number of people per unit area/km2/mile2/acre/ha accept: m2 / per

square unit
(ii) Which province in Pakistan has the highest population density? [1]
Punjab
(iii) Explain the physical factors that cause areas such as the province you named in
(ii) to have a high population density. [4]
Plains/doabs/flat land for ease of/suitable for building/communication routes/agriculture

Alluvial terraces/flood plains producing fertile soil
Moderate temperature/climate not too extreme/monsoon rainfall giving tolerable living
conditions
High annual rainfall leading to higher agricultural yields
Rivers/Indus/tributaries/named tributary for water supply [for industry]/irrigation/flooding
land/fishing/transport
Fertile soils which allow cultivation of crops
(c) Study Fig. 2 (Insert) which shows two population pyramids for Pakistan.
(i) What information is displayed in a population pyramid? [2]
Amount/proportion/percentage of population in certain age groups / distribution of various

age groups in a population / age structure of the population
In 5–year age groups
[Compares] male and female [shown separately]
(ii) Identify two ways in which Pakistan’s population structure is forecast to change
between 2014 and 2040. [2]
Fewer children/young dependents / fewer of specified age in range 0–14

Fewer 15–19
More working population / more of specified age in range 25–59/64

More elderly/old dependents/more of specified age in range 60+/65+

(If no other answer accept) ageing population
(iii) Give one possible reason for each change identified in part (ii). [2]
Lower birth rates/parents having fewer children/smaller family size

Marrying later / women in education/working/empowered
Higher use of/introduction of contraception/family planning
Education/awareness about contraception/family planning/healthcare/diet/hygiene
Over the period the larger bars move up the pyramid
Greater in-migration/more refugees in working age group
Longer life expectancy/higher standard of living/lower death rates/lower infant mortality
rates
Improved healthcare/vaccinations / more/better qualified doctors
Improved hygiene/diet/nutrition/food supply
(d) Read the following two views about overpopulation in Pakistan.
A B
The problems caused by The needs of the people
overpopulation can only be solved can only be met if
by increasing resources such as population growth can be
food, housing, and essential controlled.
services.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer
to places or examples you have studied. [6]
L3 5–6 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives

marks clear support to one view. At least one reference to an
appropriate place or example
5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives

clear support to one view
L2 3–4 4 – Developed point(s) explaining or both views. No evaluation

marks
3 – Developed point(s) explaining one view
L1 1–2 2 – Simple point(s) addressing both views

marks
1 – Simple point(s) addressing one view

Indicative content (developed points in parentheses)
Increasing resources
For
Reclaiming land for agriculture (deserts/waterlogged and saline areas)
Green revolution/modern methods in agriculture (increase yields)
Government schemes to improve services (electricity/sanitation/house
building/improvement/shanty housing redevelopment)
Against
Pakistan is a developing country with few resources/resources not exploited (government
cannot afford/in debt/trade/BoP deficit)
Controlling population
For
Family planning/birth control clinics (free /education about contraceptives)
Education for women (likely to marry later/work/have fewer children)
Against
Natural increase/birth rate still high (policies to reduce them still not working)
Factors are present preventing lower birth rate (religious/tribal opposition to family
planning/women’s education)
Tradition for large families (children as workers/security/status)

2 (a) (i) Suggest one reason why farming is more productive on flat land.
Ease of ploughing/sowing/harvesting/cultivation/use of farm machinery

Water is retained
Easier/possible to irrigate
Soil not washed away
Terracing not necessary
(ii) Many processes are involved in rice cultivation. In the boxes below, place the
following processes in the order in which they occur. [2]
2 Sowing
3 Flooding
4 Transplanting
5 Draining
(iii) Explain how one of the processes you named in part (ii) is carried out on a small-
scale subsistence farm. [3]
Manual labour
Family workers/farmer himself
Draught animals/bullocks
Limited use of machinery / simple tools / shaduf / Persian Wheel / unlined canals
Specific factors Max 2 Factors for ploughing/harvesting = 0
Sowing into beds/nurseries
Bunds/terraces constructed in main fields
Water diverted from rivers/unlined canals
Main fields flooded to 30–37cm/ 12–14”
Transplanted into prepared/weeded fields
When 20–25cm/ 8–10” high
Bunds breached [to drain fields]
Lowest terrace breached/drained first
(iv) Describe the natural factors for producing the highest yields of rice. [3]
High/heavy/ample/abundant/plentiful rainfall / 1270+mm

Dry for harvest
Warm temperature / 20–35C / no cold season
Level/flat land
Loam/clay soil / impervious sub-soil / water retentive
(b) Study Fig. 3 (Insert) which gives information about the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
of Pakistan for 2014 by sector.
(i) State what might be in categories A and B in Fig. 3. [2]
A: Livestock/named livestock
B: Services /named service/named employment in service industry
(ii) For one sector in Fig. 3 explain how its contribution to GDP could be increased. [2]
Primary
Improve irrigation to increase area under crops

Develop further modern methods of agriculture e.g.

mechanisation/fertilisers/pesticides/HYVs
Land reforms/consolidation
Government schemes e.g. plant protection programmes / credit/loans to buy farm
machinery
More agricultural training college to increase skills
[Foreign]Investment in livestock facilities/husbandry
[Foreign] investment in exploration/extraction of natural resources
Afforestation projects
Modernisation of fishing fleet
Secondary
Expand Industrial Estates/Special Industrial Zones
Government organisations to promote small scale/cottage industries / loans to small
industry owners / technical service/development centres
Attract foreign/private investment for business start-ups
Promote training courses in business/technology
Introduce hi-tech/modern machinery
Higher quality control of finished goods
Tertiary
Improve security to attract tourists
Develop telecommunication network
More publicity/marketing
Government organisations to promote tourism/call centres
Improved IT/business skills training
Setting up schools / colleges / education/training centres / hospitals
(c) Study Fig. 4 which gives information about the yields of three crops grown in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KPK)
(i) A: Which crop had the lowest yield in KPK on average over the years 2006–10?
B: In 2011 what was the difference in maize yield between KPK and Pakistan? [2]
A: Wheat
B: 2050 kg/ha / accept 1950–2150 kg/ha
(ii) Using Fig. 4 and your own knowledge explain the problems for agriculture in
(KPK) province. [4]
KPK yields [always] less than for Pakistan [as a whole]/rest of Pakistan/other provinces
Too cold in winter [for growth] / severe weather in winter / frost damage
Too hilly/mountainous/terrain too rugged [for large fields] / barren / thin/infertile
soils / prone to soil erosion (farm processes less efficient)
Terracing needed (high cost and much labour for construction/maintenance)
Irrigation difficult/few rivers
Remote from large centres of population/markets (making commercial farming difficult)
Poor infrastructure for transport of farm goods (kacha roads / passes blocked by
landslides)
Terrorism/insurgencies
Lack of government interest (preventing access to modern techniques in agriculture)

(d) Read the following article:
The Lowari Tunnel is due to open in 2017. It is 8.6km long and will give Chitral Valley
its only all-weather road to the rest of Pakistan.
For some in Chitral Valley this tunnel will be of real benefit but for others it will
create problems.
To what extent does the Lowari Tunnel benefit or create problems for the local people
and economy of Chitral? Give reasons for your answer. [6]
L3 5–6 6 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (benefits

marks AND problems) with evaluation
5 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (benefits

AND problems)
L2 3–4 4 – Two developed statements about either aspect (benefits

marks AND/OR problems). No evaluation
3 – One developed statement about one aspect (benefits OR

problems)
L1 1–2 2 – Two simple statements about either aspect (benefits AND/OR

marks problems)
1 – One simple statement about one aspect (benefits OR

problems)
Benefits
Chitral valley no longer cut off from the rest of Pakistan for 6 months per year.
Access by road in winter when Lowari Pass closed by snow
Avoids travelling into Afghanistan and back into Pakistan (the only natural winter route)(this
route not available since 2009 due to presence of militants)
Shortens duration of journey to Peshawar by half (7 hours instead of 14 hours)
Greater access to hospital/university/airports (in Peshawar and Islamabad)
Greater access for trade
Greater access for tourists/higher income from tourism
Allows greater provision of services/food in winter
Stimulates industrial development/employment
Problem
Too many visitors (commercialisation of culture)
Young/ males likely to migrate (seasonally to urban areas)
Maintenance cost
Ease of movement for terrorists / a terrorist target
Increase in air pollution from exhaust fumes (which creates breathing difficulties)

Opens area to competition in foreign goods

Loss of scenic beauty
Ongoing debt (increasing local taxation)

3 (a) Study Fig. 5 which gives information about employment in Pakistan by sector.
(i) A State the proportion of primary sector employment in 1973.

B By how much has secondary employment increased between 1973 and 2013? [2]
A: 58% Accept 57–59%

B: 6% Accept 5–7%
(ii) Suggest reasons for the change in tertiary employment shown in Fig. 5. [3]
Improved education/training leading to higher numbers entering e.g.

trade/finance/insurance
Larger population requiring more health services / education
services / government / administration
More informal sector services /named informal sector employment e.g. tailors/
cobblers/maids/ drivers/guards
New named infrastructure e.g. hotels/airports resulting in more named tertiary jobs
Is higher paid / perceived to be higher paid
Better working conditions in offices/air conditioning
More foreign investment in banking/insurance
(b) (i) What are the causes of unemployment and underemployment in urban areas? [3]
Population increasing rapidly/overpopulation

Increasing numbers of rural to urban/internal migrants / refugees
Mechanisation replacing workers [in factories / IT/computer use]
Lack of education/skills
Discrimination/corruption
Loadshedding/temporary layoffs
Political instability
Slow economic growth / weak economy
Definition of underemployment: people work less than full time although would prefer to
work longer hours/ people who accept jobs that do not utilise their skills.
(ii) Suggest two reasons why unemployment is difficult to measure in countries such
as Pakistan. [2]
Disguised unemployment/more people employed than are needed

Large informal sector / workers not registered
Home workers / cottage industries
Self-employment
Unpaid e.g. domestic helps
Workers are mobile / high internal movement of labour/ fluid labour market/ seasonal
labour / part-time labour
Inaccurate data collection / problems in collecting data e.g. in tribal areas

(c) (i) Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution in Pakistan of selected cottage
industries and the engineering industry.
A: Give an example of a cottage industry. [1]
One of: furniture / pottery / woodwork / metalwork / jewellery / hand woven

rugs/carpets/shawls / handicrafts / embroidery/sewing / hand-made leather
goods/shoes / candles
B: Compare the distribution of cottage industries and engineering as shown in

Fig 6. [3]
Similar
Both in all four provinces / spread throughout provinces
Both concentrated in Punjab
Both present in Karachi/Hyderabad/Lahore/Gujrat
Both have two locations in Sindh/one location in Balochistan/one in KPK / equal in
number in S/B/KPK
Different
Cottage has more locations in Punjab/use of stats to exemplify e.g. cottage 7
locations in Punjab whereas engineering 5 locations
Cottage present only in
Quetta/Peshawar/Rawalpindi/Chiniot/Multan/DGK/Bahawalpur/S Punjab
Engineering present only in Hab/Faisalabad/Gujranwala/Taxila/Risalpur
Engineering more clustered / cottage more spread out
(ii) For the products of either cottage industry or engineering industry, identify your
chosen industry and circle a suitable method of transport. [1]
Cottage industry: accept air/road

Engineering: accept ship/road/rail
(iii) Suggest one advantage of using this method of transport for your selected
industry. [1]
Air – for export / small/light/low volume/high value goods

Ship – for export / large/heavy/bulky goods / containers
Rail – for large/heavy/bulky goods / containers / long distances
Road – extensive/dense network / door-to-door / short distances
(iv) Explain what is meant by the term ‘small-scale industry’? [3]
Assets limited /capital limited / capital <Rs 10mn

Family workers / small number hired workers / workforce <10
Worked carried out outside the home / in factory / in workshop
Example: sports goods/surgical instruments/carpets/electric fans/cutlery/toys/agricultural
implements

(d) Read the following two views about possibilities for industrial development in
Pakistan.
A B
It is better for Pakistan to promote large-scale It is better for Pakistan to
industries which provide more goods for promote small-scale and
domestic use and for other industries. cottage industries in rural
areas.

appropriate place or example


marks

marks
Large scale
For
Reduces need for expensive imports of finished goods (e.g. vehicles)
Export potential
Fulfils domestic demand (e.g. galvanised steel in construction)
Greater contribution to GDP
Encourages private sector to invest (e.g. Pindi Bhattian)
New industries would encourage large scale employment
Against
Expensive to set up (foreign investment/loans/debt)
May require expensive imports of raw materials (e.g. coking coal/iron ore for steel industry)
Changes of government/political instability (large projects may be delayed/cancelled)
Employs relatively fewer people (approx. 20% industrial workforce/very few women)
Noise/air/ water pollution
Causes deforestation (which destroys habitats)(loss of scenic beauty)
Small scale and cottage

For
Important source of income in rural areas

Money is re-invested locally

High demand (both domestic and exports / 30% manufacturing exports by value)
Employment possibilities (employs approx. 80% industrial workforce)
Conducted in homes (women can work)
Reduces rural to urban migration
Recycles industrial waste (e.g. of cotton/steel industries)
Small input requirement/uses local raw materials (e.g. leather/wood)(promotes primary
industries)(limited need for imports)
Low cost
Against
Only small (5%) contribution to GDP
Limited profit/wholesalers take most of the profit
Limited ability to expand
High production costs (since no economies of scale)
Lack of electricity in rural areas

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 7 which is a diagram of an HEP (Hydel) power station.
A: On the diagram place an arrow or arrows to indicate the direction of movement

of water through the power station.
B: Choose two terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in two
of the spaces provided. [3]
A: Arrow(s) drawn downwards through channel

B: From L to R: reservoir dam turbine outflow
NB: ‘water intake’ top left space not used
(ii) Name one multi-purpose dam in Pakistan. [1]
Tarbela/Mangla/Warsak
(iii) Give two uses for a dam such as the one you named in (ii). [2]
HEP/electricity [generation]
Irrigation
Water supply / stores water [for industrial/domestic use]
Controlling floods
Recreation/named recreational use/tourist attraction
Fishing
(b) (i) Study Photograph A (Insert). Identify the type of forest vegetation shown in the
photograph. [1]
Subtropical dry / subtropical scrub / dry thorn scrub /subtropical thorn
(ii) Study Fig. 8 which gives information about different types of forested area in
Pakistan. Describe one main change in forested area over the period shown. [1]
Overall decreased
Natural forest decreased
Plantations increased
Other woodland increased
(iii) State the main difference between natural forest and plantations. [1]
Natural forests are not planted by man: plantations are planted by man/man-made
Natural forests have greater variety of species/greater biodiversity
(iv) In 2014 about 4.2% of the land area of Pakistan was covered in forest. Explain why
more forests need to be planted in the Indus Plain. [5]
Pakistan has one of the lowest proportions of its total area under forest in the world
To meet a target for % total area covered in forest (20–25%)
To replace trees cut down / to meet the needs of future generations from forests
For firewood (thereby conserving natural forest)
For commercial use/timber/wood-based industries (using timber as a raw material e.g.
furniture making) /fruit trees/medicines

To prevent siltation in rivers/canals, to decrease surface runoff, to prevent soil

erosion/landslides (preserves top layer of fertile soil for agriculture) /landslides, to
increase rainfall
To create habitat (to conserve animals / wildlife) / to create scenic beauty (to boost
tourism)/to create shade/cooler temperatures
To purify air/produce O2 / to absorb CO2 (which will help prevent global warming)
To prevent / control flooding
(c) (i) Name two fishing ports on the Makran Coast. [2]
Any two of Jiwani, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, Sonmiani
(ii) Describe the methods used in commercial marine fishing. [3]
Trawl / gill nets

Mechanised boats / trawlers / gill-netters
Satellite navigation/use of radio for weather conditions/sonar/’fish finders’
Storage/refrigeration facilities on boat
Up to 60km from the coast
Remain at sea 5–15 days/’weeks’
Throughout the year/10 months or more per year
(d) To what extent is it possible for marine fishing to be developed sustainably in

Pakistan? Give reasons to support your answer. [6]
L3 5–6 6 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (possible

marks AND not possible) with evaluation
5 – At least one developed statement about each aspect (possible

AND not possible)
L2 3–4 4 – Two developed statements about either aspect (possible

marks AND/OR not possible). No evaluation
3 – One developed statement about one aspect (possible OR

Not possible)
L1 1–2 2 – Two simple statements about either aspect (possible AND/OR

marks Not possible)
1 – One simple statement about one aspect (possible OR

not possible)

Possible
By avoiding overfishing
By having quotas/government licences
Secure fishing grounds from foreign fishing boats/fines/policing
Limit number of months in year able to fish (to allow breeding)
Only catch adult fish (by using nets with larger mesh)
Laws to protect of mangrove forests
Laws/fines to prevent marine pollution/oil spills
Education in sustainable methods
Not possible
Mangrove forests are being cleared (reducing breeding/feeding areas for fish/shrimps)
Sea pollution (oil from ships/industrial/domestic waste from Karachi)(poisoning fish and
spreading into food chain)
Not enough capital/investment
Lack of skills/training in sustainable methods
Lack of political interest/will (fishing only makes up about 0.5% of GDP)

5 (a) Study Fig. 9 which is a map of southern Pakistan.
(i) On the map name the following: Line of longitude A; River B; City C [3]
A: – 64E
B: – Dasht
C: – Karachi
(ii) Explain the advantages of locating an industrial estate at D. [4]
General
Provides employment
Industrial linkages
Supply of raw materials
To make use of government incentives
Specific
Good road connection
Makran Coast Highway
Close to airport at Karachi
Close to Karachi/Port Qasim for exports / imported raw materials/ trade in semi-finished
goods
Economic growth/diversification/develops industries in undeveloped
area/province/Balochistan
Near thermal/nuclear power station/on electricity grid
Close to large domestic market in Karachi
Large labour force available form Karachi
(b) (i) What are Export Processing Zones (EPZs)? [1]
Areas which have government support/are joint ventures with foreign investors / attract
foreign capital for export-orientated manufacturing/assembling industries
(ii) Describe the features of an EPZ. [3]
Industrial estates
Named e.g. Port Qasim/ Sialkot/ Faisalabad/ Gujranwala/ Risalpur/ Saindak/ Duddar/
Gwadar / Karachi
Exemption of duties on imported raw materials/machinery
Tax holidays/exemptions/subsidies
Export quality control
Provision of named infrastructure e.g. telephone/electricity/water/gas/roads Max 1
Provided with security
Attracts hi-tech development
(c) Study Fig. 10 which gives information about the number of internet users and
telephone lines in Pakistan.
(i) How many more people were using the internet in 2012 than in 2007? [1]
29 000 Allow 28 500–29 000

(ii) A: Describe one difference between the number of internet users and the number
of telephone lines over the period 2007 to 2012.
B: Suggest one reason for the change in the number of telephone lines
over the same period. [2]
A: Internet use increases: telephone lines decreases

Internet use higher than telephone lines
B: An increase in mobile/cellular phone use/social

media/Skype/WhatsApp/Snapchat/Instagram/ Facebook/Twitter/GooglePlus
(iii) What problems might there be in extending Information Technology (IT)

throughout Pakistan? [5]
Lack of electricity in remote areas

Lack of signal in remote areas / many people live in remote areas
Lack of media infrastructure e.g. masts/WiFi/telephone lines/cables
IT illiteracy
Lack of IT professionals
Frequent electrical/technical faults/breakdowns/loadshedding/damage from natural
disasters
Decreases employment/number of office workers
Resistance from older generations/traditional/tribal societies
Real or perceived threat of Internet on cultures/belief systems
Risk of cyber attack
Capital intensive / high initial cost /lack of government finance / high cost of [frequent]
replacement
Technology has to be imported / expensive imports of technology / negative effect on
balance of payments of import of technology
Population cannot afford bills/equipment
(d) Read the following two views about reducing the high unemployment rate in Pakistan.
A B
Unemployment is more likely

Unemployment levels are best reduced by to be reduced by providing
increasing training opportunities in agriculture education in skills for the
and other primary sector jobs. manufacturing and service
industries.
to examples you have studied. [6]


appropriate example


marks

marks
Primary Industry
For
Pakistan is an agrarian economy (50–55% export earnings are in textile group)
Agriculture already employs large (40–45% of) workforce / already high proportion (20–25%)
of GDP
Model farms (giving practical demonstrations)
Workshops/technical training for repair/maintenance of agricultural machinery
Many mineral deposits not explored/potential in mining sector
Against
Rural unemployment is relatively low (4–5%) (half as high as urban)
Mechanisation in agriculture is displacing labour
Agricultural land going out of use (due to waterlogging and salinity, overuse, natural
disasters, climate change, restrictive practices of landlords, plant diseases, rural-urban
migration)
Agricultural products are not value-added/low value-added/not profitable
Agriculture does not generate much wealth (therefore less likely to attract new workers)
Very low proportion of land area under forestry
Fishing/mining very undeveloped
Manufacturing and Service Industry

For
Great potential in rural areas for opportunities in cottage industries
Urban unemployment is high (where most manufacturing industries/services are located)
(8–9%)(twice as high as rural)
Tertiary sector already employs large (about 35% of) workforce
Higher profit/salary in sectors of economy requiring skills
Against
Manual work in manufacturing is reducing due to use of computers/automation
Increasing competition in global market for manufactured goods/products from Pakistan
uncompetitive


Paper 2 Environment of Pakistan May/June 2017
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75
Published
Teachers.
Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2017 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®,
Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some Cambridge O Level
components.
® IGCSE is a registered trademark.

2059/02 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2017
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
1(a)(i) A Crops grown for own consumption/use/for the farmer and his family/use 2
it for themselves;
B Crops grown for sale/export/income/profit/grown commercially.
2 @ 1 mark
1(a)(ii) Subsistence: Rice/vegetables/wheat; 2

Cash: Rice/sugar cane/oilseeds/cotton/wheat.
2 @ 1 mark
1(a)(iii) Advantages 4
• Yields increased/increased output/higher yields;
• Allows double/multi-cropping/can use smaller/less land so more
productive/crops grow faster/faster growth;
• Increased income/can sell surplus for profit/higher profits;
• Consistent quality of crops/better quality/healthy growth;
• Meets requirements of international standards;
• Protects against/more resistant to pests;
• Protects against/more resistant to disease;
• HYV crops, shorter/stronger and can withstand strong winds
(therefore less damage);
• Drought resistant.
Disadvantages
• Seeds have to be bought every year/cannot sow seeds produced
from crops grown;
• Exhausts soil/can cause soil to lose its fertility/soil infertile;
• Expensive/poor farmers cannot afford them;
• Extra named input required, e.g. water/fertilisers;
• Not seen as a healthy crop/artificial/genetically modified;
• Lowers species diversity;
• Shortfall in skills/knowledge to use them/needs training.
Note: Reserve one mark for each of advantage and disadvantage.

4 @ 1 mark
1(b)(i) A 27% (allow 26–28%) 2
B Sindh
2 @ 1 mark
© UCLES 2017 Page 2 of 19

PUBLISHED
1(b)(ii) • Balochistan increases and Punjab decreases; 1

• When population growth is higher in Balochistan it is lower in
Punjab and vice versa;
• Balochistan falls in 81–98 then rises in 98–11/moves from lower
growth to higher growth whereas Punjab rises in 81–98 then falls in
98–11/moves from higher growth to lower growth;
• Balochistan lowest in 81–98 whereas Punjab highest in 81–98;
• Balochistan higher in 98–11 than 72–81/overall increase in growth:
Punjab lower in 98–11 than 72–81/overall decrease in growth;
• Balochistan higher than Punjab in 72–81/98–11/Punjab higher than
Balochistan in 81–98;
• Balochistan has a growth rate of more than 50% whereas Punjab
has 25–55%.
Note: any one correct statement.
Can accept converse.

1 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
1(b)(iii) Economic factors: 4

• Children are an important part of the labour force (children needed
to work on the land);
• Desire for sons (as an insurance policy in old age/ill health);
• Increase in food production (due to better farming methods);
• Better transportation system (to move doctors/food to where it is
needed most);
• Cannot afford contraceptives.
Social factors:
• Early marriage/multiple marriages (increases the span for
reproductivity);
• Limited acceptance of birth control/lack of family planning
clinics/education about family planning;
• Religious beliefs (Allah gives Rizq/believe holy prophet wanted the
nation to increase in size);
• Large families seen as a matter of pride/desire for large families;
• Low levels of literacy/lack of education (people are not educated
about the pitfalls of large families/women are illiterate);
• Lack of contraceptives/access to contraceptives/knowledge of
contraceptives;
• People living longer/higher life expectancy/ageing population.
Political factors:
• Increased availability of healthcare/medical facilities, (e.g.
vaccinations/more hospitals/numbers of doctors/ use of
antibiotics/other life-saving drugs);
• Decrease in child mortality (due to improvements in the quality of
medical facilities and/or access to them);
• Death rates have decreased (due to control of diseases, e.g.
malaria or other named disease/due to modern health facilities);
• Improvement in sanitation/water supply (reducing spread of
diseases like typhoid/cholera or other named disease);
• Change in governments (hinders implementation of population
welfare programmes to reduce population growth);
• The hosting of large numbers of Afghan refugees/more people
moving to Pakistan from neighbouring countries/immigration
ETC.
Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for
development (in parentheses).
Note: Max 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks

PUBLISHED
1(c)(i) • Nomadic herdsmen/farming/nomadism/have to keep on 2

moving/transhumance/need to move constantly/moves from high to
lowland for winter and in summer move back;
• Herds/flocks of animals/taking care of animals/livestock/
sheep/goats/grazing/pasture/water.
Note: Reserve 1 mark for type of farming a further mark is for description.
1 @ 2 marks
1(c)(ii) • Kept singly for domestic use; 2

• Can be kept in urban areas/on the edge of urban areas;
• Kept in sheds/small yards;
• Need to remain in water/need large amounts of water/where water
is available/need to be kept near water/near rivers/marshy land;
• Kept in canal/irrigated areas of Sindh/Punjab;
• Buffalo are kept in one place/settled livestock/requires a permanent
settlement.
1 @ 2 marks

PUBLISHED
1(d) Levels marking 6
Level 1 (1–2 marks)

Simple point addressing any view (1).
Simple points addressing any view (2).

Developed point(s) explaining one view (3).
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4).
No evaluation.

Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to
one view or a named example (5).
one view and a named example (6).
Content Guide:
Answers are likely to refer to:
For livestock
• Large multi-national farms
• Bigger source of protein
• Source of milk/ghee/meat
• Sheep/goats can survive on marginal land
Against livestock
• Insufficient land for fodder crops
• Inadequate storage facilities
• Lack of grazing land
• Overgrazing
• Lack of funds
• Unhygienic husbandry
For food crops
• More land can grow food for people
• Well-developed irrigation
• Multi-cropping
• Access to fertilisers/pesticides, etc.
Against food crops
• Mismanagement
• Overuse
• Of water/seepage from canals
• Over-cultivation
ETC.

PUBLISHED
2(a)(i) First radial line at 0% and second at 73% (allow 72–74%) 2

Correctly shaded using key
2 @ 1 mark
2(a)(ii) 1998–99 = 56% 1

2013–14 = 73%
73 – 56 = 17 (% increase) (allow 14–20)
1 @ 1 mark
2(a)(iii) • Quicker/faster connection/more direct routes/saves time; 2

• Cities/towns/rural areas will be better connected/connect remote
areas;
• Faster supply/delivery of raw materials/finished goods/
exports/imports/trade will be more efficient/quicker trade routes;
• Promote industrial growth/industrialisation/industries will
develop/build industrial estates along route;
• To relieve pressure on existing roads;
• Create employment opportunities/attract foreign investment;
• To connect to Afghanistan and Central Asian Republic/or other
named countries;
• Establish new settlements along the route;
• Increase development of tourism.
2 @ 1 mark
2(a)(iv) • Rugged/hilly/undulating/sandy terrain (increases construction 4

cost)/(due to extra bridges/cuttings/ embankments/extra length to
curve around features);
• Extreme aridity/heat/hot/high temperatures/sand/dust storms
(making difficult working conditions for construction
workers)/(causing dehydration/heat-related illnesses of
workers/workers might find it exhausting/traffic can be hampered
due to sand storms);
• Remote/uninhabited/low population density areas (increasing cost
of transporting/housing workers/so not cost effective)/(meaning a
shortage of local labour);
• Lack of government investment/government funding;
• Opposition from tribal areas;
• Lack of security/insurgency;
• Lack of water;
• High construction costs.
ETC.

2 @ 2 marks

PUBLISHED
2(b)(i) • Mixing clay with water; 3

• Placing mixture into rectangular moulds/mould the clay/moulded
into brick shape/cuboid shape/put into stencils/blocks;
• Leaving to dry in sunlight;
• Firing/baking in kilns/furnace/heated in kilns to harden
them/baked/heated in a furnace.
Note: Processes do not have to be in the correct order.

3 @ 1 mark
2(b)(ii) • Harvesting/cutting; 2
• Collecting in bales/bundling together/stacking/tying them;
• Laborious/carrying/lifting/picking up;
• Manual work/done by hand.
2 @ 1 mark
2(c)(i) • High salary/salaries higher/more work-related benefits/promotion 2

available/handsome salaries;
• Salaries more regular/stable/livelihood less at risk/fixed wages;
• Better working conditions/examples, e.g. AC/more likely to be
indoors/offices/factories;
• Less likely to be manual/more likely to be higher skilled;
• Perceived abundance of work available/wider variety of jobs/more
job opportunities;
• Fixed/regular hours/year round/contract.
2 @ 1 mark
2(c)(ii) • Higher/better education/better/more schools/universities/ colleges; 3

• More/better hospitals/greater access to healthcare;
• Better housing/or examples, e.g. brick built housing;
• Named better infrastructure transport/roads/railways;
• Better/more regular supply of electricity/gas;
• Improved/better sanitation/sewage systems;
• Piped/clean/drinking/regular supply/potable water;
• More entertainment/recreation/leisure facilities or named examples,
e.g. cinema;
• Variety of shops/shopping malls;
• Reliable access to food/more food available/more regular food
supply;
• Bright lights/glamorous lifestyle.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED

Simple point addressing either a problem or benefit (1).
Simple points addressing either problems or benefits or both (2).

Developed point(s) explaining either problems or benefits (3).
Developed point(s) explaining both problems and benefits (4).
No evaluation.

Developed points explaining both problems and benefits. Evaluation giving
clear support to problems or benefits or a named example (5).
Developed points explaining both problems and benefits. Evaluation giving
clear support to problems or benefits and a named example (6).
Content Guide:
Benefits
• Employment opportunities
• Improvements to roads/other infrastructure
• New settlements
• Educational/recreational facilities
• More trade for local shops
• More work for local ancillary/related industries
Problems
• Farmland/grazing
• Air pollution/dust from chimneys, etc.
• Visual pollution/eyesore
• Roads/railways congested
• Attracts migrants
• Uses large amounts of water/power
ETC.
Note: Answers must relate to local people not the nation.

PUBLISHED
3(a)(i) China / UAE 1

1 @ 1 mark
3(a)(ii) Imports 3
• China/India – regional superpower/strong economy/neighbouring
country/has land links;
• China/India – source of capital/manufactured goods/ technological
goods/import machinery;
• UAE/Kuwait/Saudi Arabia – source of oil;
• Malaysia – source of palm oil;
• India – source of primary commodities, e.g. fruit and vegetables.
Exports
• Any named country – increased sales/markets/market
share/enlarge market share;
• China/Afghanistan – neighbouring countries with land links;
• Afghanistan – foodstuffs such as rice, sugar;
• China – to maintain relations/political ties with regional superpower;
• UAE – nearby country via sea/Arabian Sea/Makran Coast;
• USA/Germany/UK – developed economies raw materials, e.g.
cotton yarn/woven cloth or manufactured goods, e.g. sports goods,
linen, suits.
Note: Country must be named plus import or export.
Note: No additional products or countries allowed.

3 @ 1 mark
3(b)(i) • Lower/S Sindh/Lakhra/Jhimpir/Sonda/Thar/Thar desert; 2

• N/NW Balochistan/Quetta/Sor/Mach/Degari/Khost/
Shahrig/Harnal/Duki/Chamalang;
• Salt Range/Dandot Pidh/Potwar plateau;
• Makerwal.
2 @ 1 mark
3(b)(ii) A Bar accurately drawn on Fig. 4 3
B 2005
C Decreased
Note: Width within demarcations and height must touch the 3m line.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
3(b)(iii) • Existing coalfields becoming exhausted/existing coal measures 4

becoming harder to access (therefore increasing cost of extraction);
• High cost of extraction/exploration/equipment/ technology (leads to
indebtedness);
• Lack of government funding (which a developing country with high
population growth cannot afford);
• Lack of/poor transport links to/from coal producing areas/potential
coal producing areas (which discourages further investment);
• Lack of skilled/highly trained labour (therefore requiring expensive
foreign expertise);
• Insurgency/lack of security (which discourages foreign mining
companies from operating/investing);
• Decreased demand for fossil fuels/change to cleaner
fuels/renewables (due to world agreements/targets);
• Coal from Pakistan is low grade (so has to be imported from other
countries);
• Domestically replacing coal with gas (as Pakistan has many gas
fields, e.g. at Sui/one of largest in world);
• Change from coal to oil/diesel for trains (due to partition).
ETC.

2 @ 2 marks
3(c)(i) The difference between the value of goods imported and exported by a 1
country/the value of imports subtracted from exports/the value of exports
minus imports.
1 @ 1 mark
3(c)(ii) • Value of goods imported is more than the value of goods exported; 3
• Uncompetitive quality/low quality of exports;
• Unable to fulfil domestic needs of population;
• Import tariffs/quotas in other countries;
• Dependency on import of capital goods/machinery/ oil/high value
added goods;
• Dependency on importing/exporting agricultural
products/food/named examples;
• Depreciating own currency/rupee against dollar;
• Trade embargoes imposed by other countries.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
3(c)(iii) • Foreign debt; 2

• Dependence on foreign aid;
• Need to use country’s cash reserves/assets/loss of foreign
exchange;
• Development projects cancelled/delayed;
• Rise in taxation;
• Strategies to increase exports/high value exports/ Government
encourages local industry to export;
• Country’s currency depreciates, so imports become expensive.
2 @ 1 mark

Simple points addressing any views (2).

Developed point(s) explaining different points of view (4).
No evaluation.
Note: Max 3 for explanations for and against one view only.

Developed points explaining different points of view. Evaluation giving clear
support to preferred view or a named example (5).
Developed points explaining different points of view. Evaluation giving clear
support to preferred view and a named example (6).
Content Guide:
Great improvement
• Creates many employment opportunities
• Examples of employment opportunities
• Better paid jobs in tertiary sector
• Improved working conditions
Small improvement/no improvement

• Creates relatively few employment opportunities
• Reasons why
• Lack of education/skills
• Cost of computers
• Less demand from developed countries
• Poor electricity infrastructure/load shedding
• Can be long working hours
ETC.

PUBLISHED
4(a)(i) Any three of (L to R): 3

canal, aquifer, water table, maintenance shaft, tunnel
3 @ 1 mark
4(a)(ii) Barrage River 2
Marala/Khanki/Qadirabad Chenab
Jinnah/Chashma/Taunsa/Guddu/Sukkur/Kotri Indus
Rasul/Trimmu Jhelum
Panjnad Panjnad
Balloki/Sidhnai Ravi
Islam/Sulaimanke Sutlej
Munda Swat
Note: Named dams not allowed

2 @ 1 mark
4(a)(iii) • Irrigation/release water for irrigation; 2

• Provide water supply to perennial canals/link canals;
• Flood control;
• Flow of water controlled;
• To stimulate economic development/industry/settlement.
2 @ 1 mark
4(b)(i) • Smoke/fumes/gases/named gases/harmful gases from 2

factories/tanneries/industries/chimneys/power stations;
• Smoke/fumes/gases/named gases from vehicle exhausts;
• Burning fossil fuels;
• Clearing forests by burning;
• Release of gases/methane from livestock/rice/paddy fields/landfill;
• Burning domestic rubbish/incineration;
• Air pollution/dust from mineral extraction/mining/ quarrying.
2 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
4(b)(ii) • Cause pollution of rivers/watercourses (runoff from farmland 4

containing chemicals washes into them);
• Pollution of groundwater (from infiltration eventually entering rivers,
polluting them);
• Eutrophication in rivers (nitrates/phosphates cause algal blooms
which increase CO2/reduce O2)/(killing fish/aquatic animals/destroy
aquatic life);
• Causes ecosystem to be unbalanced (through loss/ extinction of
species) (through disruption to food chains/ food webs);
• Overuse of fertilisers (damages soil/makes soil infertile/
poisons/damages natural vegetation).
ETC.

2 @ 2 marks
4(c)(i) A Domestic 2
B 94% (allow 93–95%)
2 @ 1 mark
4(c)(ii) One of: 1

Beverages/soft drinks/juice industry/dyeing/tanning/printing/
iron/steel/nuclear/textiles/chemical/pharmaceutical/hydel/
HEP/paper/tourism/leisure/inland fish farms.
1 @ 1 mark
4(c)(iii) • Seepage from beds of canals/absorbed into the soil/land/no canal 3

lining;
• Evaporation/evapotranspiration from surface of
canals/tanks/flooded land;
• Excessive runoff of water immediately into streams/rivers;
• Theft of water/theft from canals;
• Water drawn up by vegetation on side of canal;
• Mismanagement.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED


Developed point(s) explaining views (4).
No evaluation.

Content Guide:
For infrastructure
• Prevents loss of water downstream into sea
• Collects rainfall/snowmelt
• Reservoirs feed perennial canals
• Can store large amounts of water
Against infrastructure
• Source of conflict between countries and provinces
• Social issues
• Loss of fresh water at Indus Delta
• Water intrusion into Sindh
• High initial investment
• Little use in Balochistan where rivers dry up
• Mismanagement by provincial/national government
• Siltation occurs
For water saving
• Planting trees
• Lining canals
• Careful monitoring/regulation of amount of water used
• Better forms of water storage in homes
• Water meters in homes/industries
Against water saving
• Long time scale required to educate sufficient number of people
• Resistance to education
• Water a valuable raw material in industry
• Growing population with increasing demand for drinking water
• Development goal to increase availability of water
ETC.

PUBLISHED
5(a)(i) • Morgah/Rawalpind – close to oilfields (in Potwar Plateau); 2

• Central Punjab – close to oilfield;
• Karachi/Korangi – near oil terminals/close to oilfield/port;
• Mahmood Kot/Muzaffargarh – terminus of crude oil pipeline from
Karachi.
Note: No credit for reason only

2 @ 1 mark
5(a)(ii) Bar correctly drawn on Fig. 4 1
Note: Tolerance: imported 180–190, produced 55–65.

1 @ 1 mark
5(a)(iii) The amount of oil imported increased/higher/rose/figures from 150 to 370– 2

380;
The amount of oil produced decreased/fallen/figures from 60–70 to 55–
65/almost constant/stayed the same;
The total amount of oil increased/overall it went from 210–220 to 430–440.
Note: a tolerance of ± 5% allowed except at 150 value.

2 @ 1 mark
5(a)(iv) • Small reserves/potential oilfields not explored/small amount 2

produced;
• Lack of government investment/funding for further exploration/lack
of money for developing oil fields/ exploration/expensive
equipment;
• Lack of technology/expertise for extraction/exploration/ lack of
skilled labour;
• (Large/increasing demand for) oil for vehicles/transport;
• Heating/domestic use/cooking;
• Electricity generation/electricity;
• Manufacturing/manufactured products;
• Cannot exploit/explore reserves due to tribal opposition/
insurgency;
• Due to population growth.
2 @ 1 mark
5(b)(i) A Positive correlation/as population increases, electricity production 2

increases/both increasing/population is always higher/more than
electricity production (or vice versa);
B Population increases: electricity production remains same/very slightly

increases/population kept increasing/ electricity did not have much
change.
2 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
5(b)(ii) • Population increasing (greater need/greater use of electricity in 4

homes/businesses) (named example of new technology in
home/business)/(new towns have to be built because growing
population puts a burden on electricity);
• Increased affluence for some (enables more electrical appliances in
the home or named examples/items are becoming more
affordable);
• Little new investment in new power stations (foreign investors less
willing to invest due to political instability) (other government
priorities such as healthcare/
education/housing/transport/alleviating poverty);
• Pakistan has small/inaccessible/depleting fossil fuel reserves (fossil
fuels expensive to extract/poor quality/ have to import);
• Renewable energy plants expensive to construct;
• Power losses due to old/long transmission lines;
• Power theft (people diverting existing power sources for their own
use);
• Most people live in rural areas (electricity does not reach there/lack
of infrastructure/power lines);
• Many power plants are not working to full capacity (as a result of
siltation in dams and reservoirs)/(they are still under construction);
• Power breaks down (lack of expertise to handle it)/(due to old
machinery);
• More rural to urban migration (means demand cannot be fulfilled);
• Seasonal variations (less HEP generation in winter as less
rainfall/snowmelt at times of peak demand).
ETC.

2 @ 2 marks
5(c)(i) Rectangular, solar panels are made up of many solar cells which convert 3
the light energy from the sun into electrical energy. They can be placed on
the roofs of houses and other buildings. Large arrays of solar panels can be
sited on the ground, for example, in deserts. Solar panels should face south
in order to collect as much of the sun’s energy as possible. Other solar
power systems use the sun to heat water and the steam is then used to turn
a turbine.
5 or 6 @ 3 marks
3 or 4 @ 2 marks
1 or 2 @1 mark

PUBLISHED
5(c)(ii) • Expensive technology/expensive investment for government; 3

• Small scale/only generates small amounts of electricity;
• Only at coastal sites;
• Hazardous to marine life/damages habitats;
• Disruption to shipping/fishing areas;
• Difficult to set up/inadequate technology;
• Not enough output to meet demand;
• Can be damaged or disrupted by cyclones or tsunamis;
• Shortage of expertise/knowledge/skills to set up.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED


Developed point(s) explaining both views (4).
No evaluation.

Content Guide:
For large-scale
• Funding available from China
• Provide very large amounts of power from small amount of uranium
• Large coal reserves
Against large-scale
• Large sums of money/loans needed
• Problems with disposing of/reprocessing/storing waste
• Danger of insurgency threat/accident
• Danger of flooding
• Coal extracted in Pakistan is poor quality for power generation
• Oil expensive to import
• Large coal reserves not exploited
• Fossil fuel reserves are depleting
• Political issues between provinces with the construction of multi-
purpose dams over division of water
For small-scale
• Lower cost to maintain
• Renewable resources do not deplete
• Renewable resources do not pollute the environment
• Biogas – cheap source of energy
• Wind – available land in Balochistan highlands
• Solar – many parts of Pakistan experience 250–300 sunny days per
year
Against small-scale
• Do not contribute/only small amount to national grid
• Renewables only generate small amount of energy
• Wind/solar have high construction cost
• Wind is considered unsightly/harms wildlife
• Not constantly producing energy
• Biogas decreases availability of manure for organic fertiliser
ETC.

Cambridge Assessment International Education

Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan May/June 2018
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75
Published
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2018 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some

PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles
These generic marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:
Marks must be awarded in line with:
• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
Marks must be awarded positively:
• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to the Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(use of the full mark range, however, may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

PUBLISHED
1(a)(i) The following labelled in the correct locations: 3

• Afghanistan – to west of Pakistan;
• India – to east of Pakistan;
• Longitude 70 °E – middle line of the three on map.
3 @ 1 mark
1(a)(ii) • Accurately drawn line for position of Tropic of Cancer; 2

• Accurate label.
2 @ 1 mark
1(a)(iii) • Western part of South Asia; 3

• India to the East / South East / North East;
• China to the North / North East;
• Afghanistan to the North West / West;
• Iran to the West / South West;
• Between / shares border with / neighbouring country with China / India /
Afghanistan / Iran;
• Compass direction to any of the following non-conjoining countries in
South and Central Asia ONLY: Nepal / Tajikistan / Kyrgyzstan /
Turkmenistan / Uzbekistan / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh / Maldives / Burma
(Myanmar);
• Distance to any the following non-conjoining countries in South and
Central Asia ONLY: Nepal / Tajikistan / Kyrgyzstan / Turkmenistan /
Uzbekistan / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh / Maldives / Burma (Myanmar).
3 @ 1 mark
1(b)(i) • Sand / sandy; 3

• Sand dunes / ridges / hills / hilly;
• Large area / expanse / plain / plains;
• Sparse / scant vegetation / not much greenery / few trees / lack of trees;
• Small bushes / thorny bushes / scrub / rakh / shrubs;
• Barren / bare / dry;
• Oasis.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
1(b)(ii) Challenges such as: 4

• High temperatures / hot (during day) / cold at night / uncomfortable living
conditions;
• Lack of / little / unreliable rainfall;
• Difficult to grow crops / carry out agriculture;
• Difficult to rear animals;
• Lack of water / travel long distance to find water / low water table;
• Dust / sandstorms;
• Infertile soils / lack of nutrients / lack of humus produced;
• Reliable food supply;
• Isolated / far from urban areas / remote;
• Inaccessible / poor / lack of roads;
• Wild / poisonous animals.
Etc.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.

2 @ 2 marks
1(b)(iii) • Cold / cool / low temperatures / freezing temperatures; 2

• Relief rainfall;
• Snow (capped peaks) / blizzards;
• Ice / hail;
• Windy;
• Dry;
• Sunny / bright / clear skies OR few sunny days / cloudy.
2 @ 1 mark
1(c) • The further north (from the equator) the cooler it is / north is cold; 2
• The closer to the equator the warmer it is / southern Pakistan is warmer /
south Pakistan is hot;
• In the south / the closer to the equator the more convectional rainfall /
more thunderstorms;
• More concentrated / direct rays of sunshine / higher angle of sun nearer
equator (so higher temperatures).
2 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any view (1)
Simple points addressing any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one view (3)
Developed point(s) explaining both views (4)
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining both views
Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6)
Content Guide
Description of the topography in the north of Pakistan compared to other

areas.
Limits to human activity and development

Availability of flat land;
Impact of topography on climate;
Restrictions to developing named examples of industry / farming / other
named examples of human activity and economic development;
Restrictions to developing named examples of infrastructure, e.g. roads /
telecommunications / internet / other named examples of human activity and
economic development.
Encourages human activity and development

Transhumance;
HEP / Hydel / dams;
Cottage industries;
Tourism.
Etc.

PUBLISHED
2(a)(i) • Forest type A – Coniferous; 3

• Forest type B – Subtropical scrub / subtropical dry / subtropical thorn / dry
thorn scrub;
• Forest type C – Tropical thorn / rakh.
3 @ 1 mark
2(a)(ii) • Coastal areas of Sindh / Indus Delta; 2

• Coastal areas of Balochistan / Sonmiani Bay;
• Along the coastline of / near the Arabian Sea.
2 @ 1 mark
2(b)(i) • Broad / big leaves / leaves have drip tips; 2

• Leaves are leathery / have reduced number of stomata;
• Low trees and shrubs;
• Height 3–8 m;
• Can survive in salty water;
• Roots filter salt / have aerial roots / have prop roots / roots stick up out of
water;
• Prefer clean / unpolluted water.
2 @ 1 mark
2(b)(ii) • Protect soil from erosion / being blown away; 2

• Lower the temperature / provide shade / create a more pleasant
environment;
• Provide humus to fertilise the soil;
• Provide raw materials / named example, e.g. timber (for industry) /
furniture / medicines / firewood;
• Many jobs depend on forests / examples of jobs;
• Recreational value / promote tourism / provide scenic beauty;
• Prevent floods;
• Take in CO2 / release O2;
• Provide habitat for wildlife;
• Increase / encourage rainfall / create transpiration;
• Help with desalination (Eucalyptus trees).
2 @ 1 mark
2(b)(iii) • Altitude, e.g. high altitude = fir / spruce / alpine; 3

• Precipitation, e.g. dry areas = thorny bushes / scrub;
• Precipitation, e.g. high precipitation = coniferous / evergreen forests;
• Soil type / edaphic factors, e.g. salty areas = mangroves / fertile soil =
high density;
• Temperature, e.g. low / cold = alpine;
• Temperature, e.g. high / hot / warm = tropical scrub;
• Presence of rivers = riverain / bela;
• Presence of oases = individual trees / palms.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
2(c)(i) Ideas showing how the tree has adapted to the climate such as: 4
• Evergreen – no need to renew leaves / short growing season;
• Compact conical shape – stabilises the tree in windy conditions / releases
snow / prevents snow accumulation;
• Needles instead of leaves – reduces moisture loss;
• Tall / straight trunk – in order to grow straight towards sunlight;
• Cones – protect seeds during cold months;
• Downward pointing branches – allows snow to easily fall off;
• Shallow root system – as soils are thin / subsoil is frozen for most of the
year;
• Long / wide spreading roots – helps to anchor the tree against strong
winds;
• Thick bark – protects from cold winds.
Etc.

2 @ 2 marks
2(c)(ii) • For farming / agriculture / growing crops / irrigation; 3

• Urbanisation / growth of settlements;
• Construction of roads / railways;
• Industrialisation / growth / spread of industries;
• Use of wood in industry / to sell / examples of use of wood, e.g. timber /
furniture;
• Mining / extraction of raw materials;
• For fuelwood / cooking / heating;
• Overgrazing causes more trees to be cleared for cattle;
• Fire;
• Flooding;
• Reservoirs for dams.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Level 2 3–4
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Content Guide
Importance of forests
Protect against soil erosion important for the future of agriculture;
Protect areas against flooding important for settlements and industry;
A valuable resource for industry;
Without forests other industries / example(s) of industries will not succeed;
Help to regulate the climate / carbon sink;
Mangroves protect against tropical cyclones / without mangroves industry
and housing can be lost;
Development of tourism / ecotourism / sustainable tourism.
Importance of other uses of land

Needs to be used for developing industry / land too valuable for growing
trees;
Land is limited;
Growing population needs new settlements / construction of settlements;
More food needs to be grown for growing population and for export;
Trees take a long time to grow so have to wait for a capital return on them;
For named infrastructure development, e.g. roads / electricity grid.
Etc.

PUBLISHED
3(a)(i) • The rearing / taking care / feeding / keeping of animals. 1

1 @ 1 mark
3(a)(ii) • Pulling a cart / draught power; 2

• Ploughing / preparing field / threshing;
• Irrigation / Persian Wheel;
• Milking;
• Herding;
• Carrying loads / transporting goods / people;
• Breeding;
• Producing of manure / (natural) fertiliser.
2 @ 1 mark
3(b)(i) • Fig 3.1 – Cows / cattle; 2

• Fig 3.2 – Sheep / lambs.
2 @ 1 mark
3(b)(ii) • Milk / cream / cheese / yoghurt / ghee; 2

• Meat / beef;
• Skin / leather.
2 @ 1 mark
3(b)(iii) • Cattle / cows seen as pride / prestige for farmers; 3

• Can be reared in most areas / in arid areas / in marginal areas;
• Food source / meat for families / subsistence;
• Wool used to make clothes / rugs / leather to make belts / shoes;
• Animal products sold for money / profit / contributes to GDP / export ;
• Waste / manure fertilises land / manure burnt as fuel;
• Sheep are sure footed and can survive in mountainous areas;
• Do not need large grazing fields;
• Can eat thin grass;
• Sheep preferred over goats / sheep less likely to overgraze;
• Nomadic people can travel with their sheep / cattle / can use in
transhumance / easy to move;
• Can use products all year round.
3 @ 1 mark
3(c)(i) • Only in Sindh and Punjab; 3

• Mostly in a line along the eastern border of Pakistan / mostly in Punjab /
in eastern Punjab;
• One region in south east / Central Sindh / around Hyderabad;
• Upper Indus Plain;
• Along rivers / canals / near named rivers;
• On flatter land / where land not rugged.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
3(c)(ii) • Prefer to be in water most of the time / can cool down in water; 2
• Canal irrigated areas / areas where water plentiful;
• Lowland climate / mild temperature / where climate is not too extreme /
cold / hot;
• Where higher demand for buffalo products / examples of products;
• Buffalo cannot climb hills / survive in mountainous / hilly areas / rugged
landscape.
2 @ 1 mark
3(c)(iii) Natural factors such as: 4

• Weather / climate – cannot tolerate cold weather so buffaloes die;
• Availability of water – like to spend most of their time in water, otherwise
will dehydrate / give poor quality meat and milk;
• Topography – limits where buffalo can be reared;
• Poor soils – will produce poor quality grazing / buffalo become
undernourished;
• Disease – cost of vaccination / vet fees;
• Flooding – results in drowning / loss of animals;
• Lack of tree cover – no shade for animals and farmer has to build sheds /
plant trees.
Etc.

2 @ 2 marks

PUBLISHED
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any challenge or strategy (1)
Simple points addressing any challenge or strategy (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one challenge or strategy (3)
Developed point(s) explaining any challenge and strategy (4)
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining challenges and strategies
Evaluation giving clear support to one challenge or strategy or appropriate
example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one challenge or strategy and appropriate
example (6)
Content Guide
Challenges
Increased demand for poultry products – reasons for this, e.g. increased
population / preference for white meat;
Diseases;
Air pollution / methane;
High production costs / feed;
High prices of meat / falling demand;
Power shortages;
Closure of farms;
Ban on poultry export to Afghanistan.
Strategies
Government help through;
Improving power supply;
Legislation / guidelines for rearing poultry;
Securing international markets / free trade agreements;
Vaccination programmes to prevent disease;
Incentives for farmers;
Lowering price of feed;
Use of poultry manure for fertiliser / in fish farms.
Etc.

PUBLISHED
4(a)(i) • X = Hyderabad; 3
• Y = Karachi;
• Z = Faisalabad.
3 @ 1 mark
4(a)(ii) Karachi is: 2

• In south of Pakistan;
• Next to the coast / near sea / Arabian Sea;
• In the province Sindh;
• Close to border with Balochistan;
• At centre of three cotton areas;
• Distance from named feature, e.g. within 100 km of other textile centres /
cotton areas;
• Direction from named feature, e.g. west / southwest of X.
2 @ 1 mark
4(b)(i) • Industry that converts raw materials into commodities / products (for the 1
consumer) / manufacturing industry / where raw materials are
manufactured / made / processed into a product.
1 @ 1 mark
4(b)(ii) A cottage industry is: 3

• where the owner and family work with no hired labour / in homes / mostly
women and children work / small investment / low output / informal;
A small-scale industry is:
• where up to 10 hired labourers work / medium investment / up to R10mn
invested / formal or informal / in workshops / (small) factories;
A large-scale industry is:
• where there is no limit to the number of people employed / unlimited
investment / high capital / standardised / skilled labour / multinational /
registered / formal sector / mechanised / in (large) factories.
3 @ 1 mark
4(b)(iii) • Near a port / dry ports for imports / exports; 3

• Close to cotton belts of Pakistan / close to raw materials;
• Near to large population centres for skilled / unskilled labour;
• Near to markets;
• Favourable / stable government policies / in tax exempt areas;
• Agglomeration / near to each other to share ideas / materials;
• Near to / uninterrupted power supply;
• Near to named infrastructure, e.g. roads / rail.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
4(c)(i) • A: Opening / bales of cotton laid down uniformly in layer / rollers used to 3
flatten cotton fibres / smooth out folds / straighten fibres / spread out
fibres;
• B: Carding / sorts fibres to produce a continuous web or slivers / teasing
wires produce loose bundles of fibres (web / slivers) / the fibres (web /
slivers) are divided into threads;
• C: Drawing / fibres are straightened / the combined sliver (threads) is
collected in moving cylinders where fast and slow rollers further divide
slivers / slivers stretched / twisted / pulled out further.
3 @ 1 mark
4(c)(ii) • Largest sector of the economy / large-scale production; 4

• Great export potential / demand;
• Is 60–65% / most of export earnings;
• Improves balance of trade;
• Employs a large number of people;
• Unskilled and skilled labour;
• Contributes approx. 7% of GDP;
• Textiles are value added products;
• Earn more foreign exchange than raw cotton;
• Uses local raw materials;
• Reduces dependence on imports;
• Large domestic demand.
Etc.

2 @ 2 marks

PUBLISHED
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Level 2 3–4
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Content Guide
Load-shedding
Production comes to a standstill;
Orders cannot be completed;
Workers may be sent home / not paid;
Deadlines cannot be met;
Lose market share if trading partners cannot rely on Pakistan.
Skilled labour shortage

Government need to invest in education and training;
Current employees are overworked;
Full capacity of cotton production cannot be met;
Cotton production may decline in the future if there are no skilled workers to
fill the vacancies.
Etc.

PUBLISHED
5(a)(i) • Total population / population growth. 1

1 @ 1 mark
5(a)(ii) • Birth rate increases slightly then decreases slightly / overall slight 2
decrease;
• Death rate falls (rapidly);
• Natural increase is at its highest / steeply rises / increases;
• (Total) population grows / increases (rapidly).
2 @ 1 mark
5(b)(i) • High infant mortality rate / children die from disease; 3

• High maternal death rate;
• Spread of diseases such as diarrhoea / cholera / malaria;
• Food shortages / lack of food / traditional farming methods / unreliable
rainfall / drought;
• Poor hygiene facilities / lack of sewage disposal / lack of sanitation;
• Little development of medicines / drugs such as antibiotics / statins /
limited availability of treatments for disease / vaccinations;
• Limited hospital / medical facilities / doctors / access to health facilities;
• Use of traditional practitioners / medicines;
• Natural disasters such as earthquakes / floods / mudslides;
• Insufficient knowledge on healthy diets / healthy living / exercise / health
hazards of smoking;
• Unsafe / polluted drinking water.
3 @ 1 mark
5(b)(ii) • Family planning programmes / named examples, e.g. subz-sitara clinics / 4

Chabi ka Nishan;
• People aware of benefits of / desire smaller families;
• People have knowledge of problems of / understand issues of
overpopulation;
• Increased literacy rates / people become educated;
• More women working / career orientated;
• Mechanisation of farming / fewer workers needed on farms;
• Later marriages;
• Decreased span of reproductivity;
• Desire for material possessions, e.g. cars rather than having children;
• Internal migration / international migration;
• Men leave / families fractured.
Etc.

2 @ 2 marks
5(c)(i) • Number of people per square kilometre / square mile / hectare / acre / 1
unit area.
1 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED
5(c)(ii) • Varied / uneven distribution; 3

• Small number of areas high density / high density areas are scattered;
• More densely populated in South East / East / Sindh / KPK / Punjab;
• Less densely populated / in South West / West / North / Balochistan /
Gilgit / Northern areas;
• Moderate density in central areas.
3 @ 1 mark
5(c)(iii) Reasons for variations in population density such as: 5

• Topography (flat v rugged);
• Climate (no extremes);
• Natural vegetation (type / abundance);
• Soil (farming);
• Natural resources / raw materials (availability);
• Water supply / near rivers (availability);
• Natural routes / valleys / natural corridors / named infrastructure;
• Power supply (availability / security);
• Economic / availability of jobs / income / industries;
• Political / stable government / government investment;
• Social / schools / healthcare / migration.
Etc.
5 @ 1 mark or development

PUBLISHED
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Level 2 3–4
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Content Guide
Possible
Government help through;
Encouraging use of contraception;
Introducing population policies;
Educating people about family planning / contraception;
Developing pre-natal care to reduce infant mortality rates;
Reducing the unemployment rate / create jobs;
Ensuring incentives are given to farmers to ensure demand for food is met;
As the country further develops / industrialises there will be more money in
the economy and further investments can be made in healthcare / education /
housing / food production.
Not possible
Insufficient food to feed the population now;
Limited healthcare;
High infant mortality rates;
School places in short supply / not all children can go to school;
Unemployment levels high;
Housing shortage / shanty towns developed;
Crime / discontent / racism / discrimination.
Etc.

w
w
w
.X
t
re
m
eP
ap
er
GCE O Level
s.
co
m
MARK SCHEME for the November 2005 question paper
2059/02 Paper 2 (Environment of Pakistan) maximum raw mark 75
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks. It does
demonstrated.
Examination.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2005 question papers for most IGCSE and
GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses
GCE O Level – November 2005 2059 2
ENVIRONMENT OF PAKISTAN
1 (a) (i) Name the city A,
Gujranwala [1]
(ii) State the latitude in degrees north of the line B,

32 [1]
(iii) Name the river C

Hab [1]
(iv) State two main features of the climate in area D

Arid/very dry/desert
Mild winters
(Very) hot summers
Dust storms/hot, dusty winds May – September [1 + 1] [2]
(b) (i) Which crop is expected to have a decrease in its water demand in 2025?
Rice [1]
(ii) By how many MAF (million acre feet) will the water demand for wheat
expected to increase between 1990 and 2025?
31/30 – 34 [1]
(iii) Why is an increase in water demand expected for wheat?

More wheat being grown/larger area cultivated/growing demand
More desert areas being reclaimed
More HYVs/Maxipak wheat needs more irrigation
Increased yield per hectare
More double cropping
More spraying and liquid fertiliser
More irrigation (in general) [3]
(iv) Why is a much smaller increase in water demand expected for cotton?
Less land suitable for cotton/too wet in North
Fertile soil needed – fertiliser expensive
Fluctuating export demands due to competition
Fluctuating prices
Land changing to wheat cultivation
Cotton not needed for food
Cotton cultivation expanding more slowly than wheat/other crops [3]

(c) (i) What are perennial canals, and why are they better for farming than
inundation canals?
What are they? (res. 1)
Canals that supply water throughout the year from dams/barrages
Why better? (res.1)
Water always available when needed

Can be better controlled
Reliable/do not depend on the weather
or credit the reverse for inundation canals
(res. 1) [for each of ‘what’ and ‘why’, float of 1] [3]
(ii) How may irrigation damage the soil?
Causes water-logging and salinity

Groundwater rises/swamps formed (max. 2)
Salts added to soil by groundwater
Evaporation leaves salts on surface
Hard crust formed
Soil not properly flushed out/shortage of canal water [3]

(iii) How may this damage be overcome?

Water-logged/wet soil (res.1)
Concrete linings to canals
Closure of canals when not needed/regulate flow
Planting trees eg. Eucalyptus
Tubewells used (instead of old methods)
Tubewells used to lower water table
Surface drains
` Lower canal water levels/dredge silt
(res. 1) Salty/saline soil

Water from tubewells used to flush out salts
Education/knowledge of better farming methods
Use of fallow periods
[Some of these points refer to both

water-logging and salinity, do not credit twice] [6]
2 (a) Study Photograph A. A valley in the Hindu Kush.
(i) Name this type of animal
Cow(s)/cattle [1]
(ii) Suggest why these animals were taken here
Food/pasture/grazing/
water/drinking [2]
(iii) What type of farming is this?
Livestock/pastoral/transhumance/nomadic/semi-nomadic [1]

(iv) Give two outputs of this farming system that can increase the income
of the farmer.
Hides
Meat
Milk
Butter
Bones [2]
(b) Study the line sketch Fig.4 of Photograph A.
(i) Describe two differences between the vegetation in area X and Y.
X short - Y longer
X few/no bushes/trees - Y more bushes
X no bare ground - Y some stony areas [2]
(ii) What features in area Y suggest that it is not used for growing crops?
Mixture of vegetation/no single type of plant

No fields/field boundaries
Floodplain/slip off slope likely to be flooded
Rocks/pebbles/evidence that it has been covered with floodwater
Not level/uneven [2]
(iii) The slope in area X is terraced. Explain how this will help the farmer to
grow wheat.
Make flat land for easy cultivation

Holds soil/prevents soil erosion/makes a deeper soil
Holds water/prevents drainage
Keeps minerals/fertiliser in soil [3]

(iv) Study areas W and Z. What two features suggest that these areas will
never be cultivated?
Too steep
Little soil/no soil
Rocky/rugged
No water/too much drainage/dry [2]
(c) (i) The wheat is harvested about 6 months after it is sown. In which month
is wheat most likely to be sown here?
April/May
(ii) Why is the climate in the months after it is sown good for the growth of
wheat?
Mild temperatures 13-23

Warmer for ripening July 23, August 22
High/Moderate rainfall 16-26 mms per month
(Light) rain before harvest/increase in July and August
Dry period for harvesting (only credit if ‘May’ stated in (i)) [3]
(d) Study the road shown in area S of Fig. 3.
(i) What is shown that is likely to block the road?
(loose) rocks/scree/boulders
allow landslides [1]

(ii) What problems are there for road construction and maintenance in
mountain areas? (In your answer you may refer to Photograph A or Figs.
3 and 4.)
Construction
Steep gradients
Rain/snow/ice (max. 2)
Deep valleys/crossing rivers/gorges
Remote from supplies
Lack of suitable workforce
High costs
Difficult to move machinery
Maintenance
Damage by bad weather (max. 2)
Blockages restricting access
High cost, remote, labour etc. (only credit once)
Earthquakes
Dangerous place (max. 1)
[Credit figures from graph and/or references to photograph to 1 each] [5]
3 On your answer paper state the letter for the following.
(a) (i) The area of rock containing oil.
Y [1]
(ii) The area of rock containing natural gas.
X [1]
(b) (i) What is meant by the term ‘porous rock’?
Has pores/holes/spaces (to hold liquids/gases)

(to let liquids/gases pass through) [1]

(ii) Why is the feature in Fig. 5 called an oil ‘trap’?
Cannot get through rocks around it

Between layers of non-porous/impervious/impermeable rock
Rises to top of anticline/top of bend [3]
(iii) How is oil extracted from this ‘trap’?
Derrick/drilling rig built

Drilling (oil well)/oil well constructed/pipes inserted
Diamond/tough metal drills into rock
Cooled with mud mixture/water
Oil rises when pressure released/pumped up/sucked up
Valves to control flow into pipeline
Derrick removed/dismantled after oil is flowing [5]
(c) There are three sectors of employment in the oil industry. These are
primary, secondary and tertiary. Study this table of jobs in the oil
industry.
Computer operator
Refinery worker
Rig worker
Safety officer
Tanker driver
State one job that is in:
(i) The primary sector of employment,
Rig worker [1]
(ii) The secondary sector of employment,
Refinery worker
Safety officer [1]

(iii) The tertiary sector of employment
Tanker driver
Computer operator
Safety officer (credit only once in (ii) or (iii)) [1]
In a recent study it was stated that over 46% of thermal power in Pakistan is
generated in the area around Karachi.
(d) (i) Why is so much thermal power generated in this area?
Gas/Oilfields in Lower Sindh

Named oilfield (max. 1)
Coal mines in Lower Sindh
Named mining centre/Lakrha/Jhimper/Sonda
Gas pipeline from Sui
Imports of oil at Karachi
Demand from industry
Demand from large population
Other demands e.g. railway (max. 2)
Oil refineries at Karach [3]
(ii) What problems are created when there are many thermal power stations
in one area?
Air pollution and details (max. 2)

Shortage of oil/gas/coal supply
Depletion of oil/coal reserves in the area
Lack of investment in renewable energy generation
Hot water flows out into rivers
(Answers must refer to the close environment of Karachi only) [4]

(e) What is ‘load shedding’, and how does it affect industry and business in
Pakistan?
Definition (res. 1) Planned power cuts
Effects Interrupts production

Damages machinery
Cannot meet deadlines
Loss of quality
Loss of orders
Loss of money/profit
Cost of generators
Lights/computers/freezers/air
conditioning/heating etc. stops (max 2)
Transport/traffic problems [4]
4 Study the World Map, Fig. 6 (Insert 2)
(a) Choose two of the countries A – E. Using the lines on the map
(i) Name the country
[A] USA/America
[B] UK (accept England or British Isles)
[C] Germany (not EU)
[D] Saudi Arabia
[E] Japan
(ii) State a product that the country imports from Pakistan
[A] Carpets, rugs surgical, sports goods

[B] (Raw) cotton, goods to A
[C] Cotton cloth, goods to A
[D] Spices, rice, ready made garments/cotton/fish
[E] Fish and fish products/cotton (2 + 2) [4]

(b) (i) How can Pakistan increase foreign exchange earned by trading with a
country or trading bloc such as SAARC or the EU?
Value-added/processed goods
Good quality
Competitive prices
Reliable supply
Stable government
Good (tele)communications
Political influence/agreements
Better port facilities [3]
(ii) State another way other than trade, in which Pakistan can earn foreign
exchange.
Remittances (from relatives abroad)

Tourism
Invisible earnings [1]
(iii) Why does Pakistan need to increase foreign exchange?
Negative balance of payments/trade

Reduce foreign debt
Investment in agriculture
Industrialisation
Named infrastructure improvements
Better housing/ resettle squatters
Cost of foreign expertise [3]

(b) (i) Give a location in Pakistan for:
A The Iron and Steel industry

B The Cement industry
Iron and Steel

Karachi/Pipri/Port Qasim/Gharo Creek
Cement
Potwar Plateau
(Any named place from map in ‘Sethi’ p.116 or Atlas p.25) (1 + 1) [2]
(ii) Choose one of these industries and state 2 inputs and 2 outputs
of that Industry.
Inputs Iron and Steel

Iron ore
Scrap iron
Coke
Limestone
Electricity
Other raw material e.g. Manganese
Power supply
Land
Labour
Cement
Limestone/chalk
Clay/shale
(Powdered) coal
Calcium sulphate/gypsum
Electricity/power supply
Kiln
Land
Labour

Outputs Iron and steel

Raw steel
Cast iron
Rolled and cast billets
Galvanised products
Girders etc.
Cement
Cement powder
Cement blocks
Pre-cast cement
Bricks
Slabs/paving etc. (2 + 2) [4]
(d) How can telecommunications such as the telephone, e-mail and the internet
help
(i) To buy and sell the goods stated in (c)(ii)?
Locating supplies
Advertising goods/publicity
Arranging transport
Finding orders/tendering
Faster method
Arrange delivery
Can communicate internationally
(ii) In the expansion and modernisation of industries?
Credit ideas of increased funds by sales and advertising

Obtaining machinery and building materials (best prices)
Arranging transport
Expert advice
Easy communication with branches in other areas/countries
Contact with investors
Share dealing
Sites for education of workers
[Allow development marks] [4]

5 Study Fig. 7, a map of population density in Pakistan.
(a) Describe and explain the distribution of areas of population density more than
200 per square kilometre.
Description
North East and Central Punjab

Valleys of the 4 rivers east of the Indus
Named city/district e.g. Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Lahore
Central NWFP/W-E band through the middle

Vale of Peshawar
Named city/district e.g. Charsadda, Mardan, Abbottabad,
Islamabad, Rawalpindi
Central Sindh
Along Indus Valley
Named city/district e.g. Hyderabad, Nawabshah, Shikaphur,
Naysharo Firoz
South west Sindh/Karachi area

(reserve 3 for description)
Explanation
Rural urban migration and reasons (max. 2)

High birth rates (max. 2)
Employment/farming in area (other than rural-urban migration)
(reserve 3 for explanation) (3+3) [6]

(b) (i) Explain why Pakistan has a high rate of population growth.
High birth rate and reason (max. 2)

Declining death rate/people living longer and reason (max. 2)
Afghan refugees [4]
(ii) State and explain two problems caused by the high rate of population
growth in Pakistan.
Problems (res. 1+1)

Unemployment – lack of skills, mechanisation of agriculture and
industry, division of land etc.
Hunger/starvation – lack of fertile land, lack of irrigation, rural urban
migration etc.
Overpopulation/shortage of resources
Lack of healthcare
Lack of education/illiteracy
Lack of housing
Overpopulation (i.e. Lack of resources) [6]
(c) (i) On your answer paper name the area marked X on Fig. 7.
Makran coast/ Gwadar (district)
(ii) Why is there a low population density in area X up to the present day?
Arid climate/no rivers/lack of water

Mountainous interior
Lack of communications to more prosperous parts of the
country/isolated/remote
Poor soil for farming/lack of agriculture
Lack of government investment
Lack of jobs
Lack of industry [3]

(iii) On your answer paper name the port P. What developments are taking
place here that are likely to increase the population in area X in the near
future?
Gwadar (res. 1)
Deep water port scheme (inaugurated by Pres. Musharraf March 2002)
Phase 1 should be complete in 2004
International port
Government agreement with China to construct a deep water port
Openings for trade with Central Asia (incl. Afghanistan), China,
Japan, Singapore
Warehouses built for storage
Ancillary industries related to port
Bigger fish harbour
Industries related/fish processing
Makran coastal highway to Karachi under construction
Highway west to central Asian Republics
Residential estates/housing schemes
Mirani Dam project
Hingol Dam project
International airport
QESCO power lines
Mini port at Pasni
(name 1 developments 4) [5]

w
w
w
.X
t
re
m
eP
ap
er
GCE Ordinary Level
s.
co
m
MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2006 question paper

2059/02 Paper 2, maximum raw mark 75
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
demonstrated.
examination.
The grade thresholds for various grades are published in the report on the examination for most
IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses.
CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2006 question papers for most IGCSE,
syllabuses.
GCE O LEVEL - OCT/NOV 2006 2059 02
Question 1
Study Photograph A (Insert) of a rural area in Hyderabad District.
(a) (i) What is this man doing?

Ploughing / cultivating / tilling [1]
(ii) Why is the soil at X a different colour from the soil at Y?

it has been ploughed / turned over
it has not dried out [1]
(iii) Name three inputs for farming other than soil that can be seen on the photograph.
bullocks/ cattle/cows/oxen (not buffalo)
plough
(manual) labour [3]
(iv) Describe three other processes that may be carried out before the crop is harvested.
A short sentence about
Sowing seeds
Fertilising to provide extra nutrients
Weeding to give plants space to grow
Irrigation / watering to provide water
Spraying pesticide to kill insects / virus / weeds etc. [3]
(b) (i) What is subsistence farming?

Producing food for ones self / family (that it not for sale) [1]
(ii) Name two other animals other than those on photograph A that may be kept by a
small-scale subsistence farmer.
Goats
Sheep
Buffalo
Chickens / poultry
Mules
Donkeys [2]
(iii) For each of the two animals you have named in (b)(ii), explain how it is important to
the farmer and his family.
This depends on the animal chosen, accept any appropriate product, e.g. Skin for leather,
eggs for eating, milk for drinking
Milk
Milk products
Eggs
Meat
Nutrition
Skin / hide
Haulage / carrying
Allow sale of excess product / barter
(res. 1 for each animal, repetition max. 1) [4]
© UCLES 2006
(c) (i) Why does the output of a small-scale subsistence farm vary from year to year?
Variable rainfall / monsoon / water supply (flooding max. 1)
Pests and diseases
Uses own seed / not HYVa
(any line can be developed to 2) [4]
(ii) If a farmer has a good crop and can sell some in the market, how may he use the
money (capital) he earns to improve his yield (production) for the next year?
Better seed – HYV, GM, disease/pest resistant
Fertiliser – to provide nutrients
Pesticides – to kill insects, viruses etc.
New animals – younger, better breeding
New tools/implements – better/faster work
Repairs – to machinery, irrigation system, storage etc.
Etc.
(any line can be developed to 2) [4]
(iii) Give two ways in which a small-scale subsistence farmer can supplement his income.
Carpenter
Blacksmith
Shoe-maker/cobbler
Driver
Etc. [2]
Question 2
Study Fig. 1, a map of Pakistan.
(a) (i) name the dam A,

Mangla
(ii) name the river B,

Jhelum
(iii) state the number in degrees East of the line of longitude C,

68
(iv) name the city D,

Sukkur
(v) name the range of hills shaded at E.

Sulaiman [5]
(b) Study Photograph B (Insert) showing an area in Hyderabad District damaged by

waterlogging and salinity.
(i) Describe the appearance of the area S in Photograph B.

bare / no vegetation
cracks / cracked mud
pools of water
saline water
(mineral) salts
white / mustard colour
edged with black / grey [3]
© UCLES 2006
(ii) What are perennial canals, and how may they lead to problems such as those in area
S?
definition (res. 1)
canals that can supply water all year round
from reservoirs / barrages
via link canals
problems (res. 1)
too much irrigation water leading to
evaporation in hot, dry climate
rise of water table
rise of salts to surface [4]
(iii) How can these problems be reduced?

Lined canals to prevent infiltration
Culverts to drain excess water from canals
Surface drains to flush out salt from soil
Tubewells to lower water table
Eucalyptus trees plants to reduce water underground
SCARP - government programme + details (max 4)
WAPDA - to carry out projects + details (max 4)
(N.B. a good account of WAPDA or SCARP scheme could get 4 marks) [4]
Read the extract Fig. 2
Pakistan is a water-deficit country. The rainfall is neither sufficient nor regular, and does not meet the
growing needs of water. Agriculture is a major user, and good yields depend on the adequate
availability of water at the right time. The increasing pressures of population and industrialisation have
already placed great demands on water supplies and there are an ever increasing number of local and
regional conflicts over water availability and use.
(c) (i) Why do the writers refer to Pakistan as a 'water-deficit country'?

insufficient rainfall
growing needs
(quote of second sentence 2 marks) [2]
(ii) Using examples, explain why there are conflicts over water availability and use.
Examples of conflicting users (max 2):
Farming v industry v domestic v food processing v HEP v other
India v Pakistan 1947 – 1960
NWFP and Punjab v Sindh
Development of Kalabagh dam
(1 mark for a pair of conflicting users)
Explanation:
Irrigation for more agriculture
Industrialisation – water for washing, cooling, processing
Hygiene - need to keep clean
Population growth – need for more
Electricity for modem technology
– because there is not enough (max 1)
(1 named user + their need = I mark)
(up to 3 uses can be credited) [7]
© UCLES 2006
Question 3
(a) (i) Locate an oil refinery near the coast, and give one reason why it is there.
Refinery:
Karachi / Keamari / Bin Qasim
Reason:
Imported oil
Demand from named area
Oilfields in Southern Sindh (1+1) [2]
(ii) Locate an oil refinery in the province of Punjab, and give one reason why it is there.
Either:
Mahmood Kot / PARCO
Pipeline from Karachi / port
Demand from named area / Multan
or:
Attock / Morga
Local oilfield in Potwar plateau
Demand from named area / Islamabad / Rawalpindi [2]
b) State two ways in which refined oil can be transported in Pakistan, and give an advantage
and disadvantage of each.
Pipeline
Bulk transfer / large quantities
Cheap (after cost of building)
But – only to a few big centres

Costly to build and maintain
Problem of leakage
Only a single product (e.g. Diesel)
Railway
Can go to more places than pipeline
More products can be carried
But – smaller quantities

Expensive
Chance of accidents (NOT explosion)
Tanker / Lorry
Can go anywhere by road
More products can be carried
But – expensive
Heavy / can only carry small amounts
Chance of accidents
Theft 1 + 1 + 1 for each of 2 ways [6]
© UCLES 2006
Study Fig. 3 which shows some examples of the four main uses of oil.
(c) (i) Name another by-product A.

wax / synthetic rubber / detergent / pharmaceutical products / furnace oil / etc. [1]
(ii) Name the fourth main use of oil B.

fuel [1]
(iii) With reference to Fig. 3 and using your own knowledge, explain how oil products are
important to either farming or manufacturing.
farming
fuel for machines
fuel for transport
electricity generation – for power
fertiliser – for growth }
pesticides – for healthy growth } raw material
tarmac for better roads / metalled roads
lubricants for machines
etc.
manufacturing
fuel for machines
fuel for transport vehicles
electricity generation – for power / heat / light
fuel for heating
raw material for named product
tarmac for better roads / metalled roads
etc. (the candidate may choose to link this answer to Fig. 3)
(credit ONLY farming OR manufacturing, general answer max. 2) [6]
(d) (i) Which gas field produces most natural gas in Pakistan?
Sui [1]
(ii) Name two industries in Pakistan that use natural gas as a raw material.
fertiliser
cement
chemical
(not power) [2]
(iii) Why is natural gas an important fuel in Pakistan?

Can reach remote areas in cylinders
Easier to transport than coal
Alternative to oil in vehicles
Used in power stations
Cleaner than oil or coal
Reduces dependence on imported fuels
Shortage of coal and / or oil in Pakistan
Cheaper compared to another named fuel [4]
© UCLES 2006
Question 4
Study Fig. 4, a map of the road network in Pakistan in 2002.

(a) (i) Name the cities X, Y and Z.
X Quetta
Y Multan
Z Hyderabad [3]
(ii) For each of the roads leading to A and B, state the country to which they are going,
and the name of the pass through which it goes.
A to China, through the Khunjerab Pass
B to Afghanistan, through the Khyber Pass 2+2 [4]
(b) (i) Describe the ways in which the road network of Punjab is different from the road
network of Sindh.
Punjab more dense – Sindh less dense
Sindh 'other roads' more dense in S – Punjab all over (none in SE)
More areas in Sindh with few / no roads
More foci – fewer centres / foci
Sindh 2 main roads follow R. Indus then W to Karachi – Punjab spread out
Motorway in Punjab, not Sindh
(credit use of comparative word e.g.. more, less, fewer) [3]
(ii) Give reasons for your answer to (b)(i).

ideas linked to the following:
one river in Sindh – 5 in Punjab – roads follow these routes
more desert in Sindh – less habitable
large areas of low population density in Sindh –- less need
fewer major cities in Sindh – less need
ideas linked to industrial development (max 2) [4]
(iii) Explain why there are few roads in the area north of the line P-P shown on Fig. 4.
Mountains
Steep slopes
Landslides
Snow
Avalanches
Floods
Ice / snow/ stones damage road surface
Lack of demand [4]
(c) What factors hinder the development of air transport in the area north of the line P-P?
Bad weather / snow / ice / fog / heavy rain / floods
Lack of flat land for runways / airports
Lack of good roads to airports
Lack of passengers / freight
Problem of blocked radio signals
(any line can be dev. to 2) [4]
(d) Why was the first motorway in Pakistan built between Islamabad and Lahore?
2 large centres of population
passed by other populated areas
to promote growth of industrial estates
large volume of traffic / ease congestion / save other roads
better for lorries / large vehicles
link from Lahore to Karakoram Highway
(answers must relate to motorway, not just roads) [3]
© UCLES 2006
Question 5
Study Fig. 5, which shows types of employment in rural and urban areas.
(a) (i) In which area is the proportion of those employed in the primary sector highest?
Rural [1]
(ii) What is the main type of employment in the primary sector in rural areas?
Farming/agriculture [1]
(iii) Why is this type of employment probably under estimated?

Family labour / disguised unemployment [1]
(b) Why is there unemployment and underemployment in rural and urban areas?
(res. 1 each for rural and urban areas)
Mechanisation of farming
Lack of skills for work
Lack of jobs
Seasonal employment e.g. sugar cane factories
Lack of jobs for women
Poor health, nutrition, medical care for sick and injured
Computerisation in offices
(any line max 2) [5]
(c) Why is the sector of tertiary employment likely to increase more in urban areas than in
rurual areas?
Ideas such as:
Rural – urban migration
Increase in literacy / more jobs for the educated
Growth of services / more demand in cities
Economic prosperity / people have more money to spend
More transport / shops / offices (named jobs to max 1 without any explanation)
Growth of informal sector / pavement services
Etc.
(any line max. 2) [6]
(d) (i) Name a city in Pakistan where sports goods are manufactured.
Sialkot or Lahore [1]
(ii) How may the presence of the sports industry in this area
A increase employment opportunities?

Labour intensive
Work contracted out to small scale and cottage industries
Growth of administrative jobs
Growth of transport jobs
Growth of tertiary industries with increased prosperity
Dry port (related to employment)
EPZ
B improve the local infrastructure?

Power / electricity supply
Roads / railway
Airport
Better water supply
Telecommunications (up to 2 examples explained)
Dry port (related to infrastructure
Example to illustrate A or B (max 1)- not reserved

(reserve 1 mark for each of A and B, float of 3) [5]
© UCLES 2006
(e) How does industry in cities pollute the environment?

Ideas such as:
Effluent in river – effect on fishing, drinking water, irrigation
Effluent in sea water – effect on fishing e.g. Indus delta, mangroves
Smoke / gases in the air – health problems, acid rain (global warming etc. max 1)
Traffic 1 congestion in urban areas
Waste from factories and people
Traffic / congestion in urban areas
Loss of scenery by construction
Etc.
Be prepared to take what comes, examples of polluted areas / industries max 2
(Named disease max 2 if different cause) [5]
© UCLES 2006
w
w
w
.X
t
re
m
eP
ap
er
GCE Ordinary Level
s.
co
m

demonstrated.
examination.
syllabuses.
GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2007 2059 02
1 Study the map Fig. 1 and Photograph A (Insert)
(a) (i) Name the deserts X and Y. [2]

X Thar/Nara/Cholistan/Tharparkar
Y Thal
(ii) Describe the scene in Photograph A. [4]

Dry/desert
Camels
Bare/sandy ground/ barren
Low bushes } or sparse vegetation
Small trees/larger bushes }
Flat
No clouds
(b) (i) Explain why desert X has a very low rainfall. [3]
too far south for monsoon rain
too far east for depressions/westerly winds
little water to evaporate for convectional rain
low/flat land so no relief rain
not coastal so no cyclones/sea breezes
(ii) Describe simple methods that can be used to irrigate small areas of desert A. [4]
A sentence on 2 or more of the following
wells, ponds, tanks, shaduf, jars
tubewell/tanker/sprinkler (Can dev to 2 for named method)
(iii) Explain how some parts of desert B can be irrigated by large-scale schemes. You
should refer to Fig. 1 and use your own knowledge. [4]
Barrages (name + location)
e.g. at Jinnah or Chashma
at Rasul or Trimmu
link canals (+ example) – to transfer water
perennial canals – to provide water all year
distribution canals – to reach all fields
inundation and diversion canals
dams (name + location)
e.g. Tarbela
Mangla (List max 2)
© UCLES 2007
(c) (i) Why do problems of waterlogging and salinity occur in some irrigated
areas? [3]
Waterlogging
Water available all year
Crops given more water than they use
Watertable rises/reaches surface
Salinity
Evaporation of water
Salt in irrigation water
Salts brought to surface
Unlined canals leak
(ii) How can these problems be overcome? [5]

Lowering water table by tubewells
trees
Control of water by lining canals
closing canals temporarily
surface drains
Flushing out of salt by water from tubewells
surface drains
Education to improve farming methods
Government schemes SCARP, WAPDA
[Total: 25]
2 (a) Study Fig. 2 which shows the climate of Multan.
(i) Explain why cotton is grown in this area of the Punjab. Refer to Fig. 2 in
your answer. [5]
Reserve 2 marks for reference to Fig. 2

High summer temperatures/Summer temperatures over 30/May–September 32–31
Temperature rises to 35 in June
Not too cold/No temperatures below freezing/Lowest temperature 7 in Jan + Dec
Some rainfall in April–May for sowing/15-18mms
Rainfall increases in July–August for growth/to 60mm
Little rain/dry on October–November for ripening and harvesting/less than 10mms
Other factors
Alluvial/loam }
Moisture retentive }
Rich in humus } reference to soil max. 2
Lime }
Deep soil }
Flat land
Dry climate to reduce pest attacks
Good irrigation available
Good roads/infrastructure
Access to capital/investment etc.
(NOT consequences e.g. fertiliser factories, population etc.)
© UCLES 2007
(b) (i) Explain how climatic hazards may destroy or reduce the yield of cotton on
farms. [4]
Cold temperatures/Frost + can kill plants
Rain + damages cotton boll before picking
Floods + can wash crops away/soil erosion
Thunderstorms/Cyclones – damages to crops/soil erosion
Drought + can reduce growth, kill young plants
(1 mark for named hazard + 1 for explanation)
(max 2 for list)
(ii) Explain two other factors that may reduce the production of cotton in Pakistan. [4]
Virus/Pests/disease + e.g. Leaf-curl virus or other named disease
Lack of irrigation water + reduces yield
‘Waterlogging and salinity’ or other soil damage + reduce yield
Economic/drop in demand/other crops make more money
Pollution + effect
Loss of fertility – not replenished by floods/depleted by crop
(1 mark for named factor + 1 for explanation)
(max 2 for list)
(c) cloth raw cotton ready-made

cotton yarn clothes
(i) List the following in order of production. [3]

raw cotton cotton yarn cloth ready made clothes
(ii) From your answer to (c)(i) state one product of: [2]
A a processing industry
Yarn/thread or cloth
B a manufacturing industry.
cloth or ready-made garment
(iii) Explain why Lahore is an important centre of the textile industry. You should use
your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii) and your own knowledge. [7]
Cotton grown locally + ex
Water for washing
Machinery from HMC/Taxila
Labour supply – large skilled and unskilled population
Power – national electricity grid, gas pipelines, oil pipeline, power stations + ex
Transport – good roads, railways transport north, south and west + ex
Tele-communications, access to internet,
Education – skilled workforce, IT skills, foreign experts
Dry port – to promote exports
EPZ – to improve quality, better infrastructure
Industrial estates – for accommodation, infrastructure + ex
Market – large population + ex
Investors/entrepreneurs – for capital + ex
Factories for all stages of production
(Needs more than a list)
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2007
3 (a) Study Fig. 3 which shows limestone and rock salt extraction.
(i) Describe the distribution of limestone extraction in Pakistan. [3]

Widespread
NWFP-Punjab border/Potwar Plateau
N(E) Baluchistan
S Sindh/near Karachi
Central Sindh
(ii) Rock Salt and Limestone are both ‘bulky goods’. What is the cheapest form of
transport for these goods? [1]
Railway
(iii) Why is the supply of limestone to most areas of Pakistan likely to be cheaper than
that of rock salt? [1]
does not have to travel so far
quarried in many areas/more widely available
(b) Nearly one million tonnes of rock salt were extracted in Pakistan in 2002.
(i) What is a mixture of rock salt and water called? [1]

brine
(ii) What is rock salt used for in Pakistan? [2]

Cooking, preservation, soda ash, bicarbonate, caustic soda for tanning, textiles and
laundries
Table salt
(Credit 2 uses, or one with development)
(c) Study Photograph B (Insert) showing a cement factory near Ghulamullah, in Thatta
District.
(i) Describe the scene in the photograph. [4]

Flat
Dry/bare/barren/unpopulated
Rough road to factory
Vegetation in background
Chimney
Smoke/dust/air pollution
Low flat-roofed building
Stones/rocks
Tyre tracks
(ii) State three natural inputs that are needed to make cement. [3]
limestone
gypsum/calcium sulphate
natural gas/coal
clay/shale
water
sand
© UCLES 2007
(iii) Explain the importance of three human inputs at a cement factory and the
difficulty of providing them at this site. You should refer to Photograph B and use
your own knowledge. [6]
inputs
electricity for power
road/railway for transport
labour for good production
telecommunications for supply/sales etc.
machinery for fast/efficient production
capital for investment
difficulty
remote from settlement
lack of skilled/educated workforce
unreliable labour force
lack of named infrastructure
hot/dry climate
lack of local entrepreneurs
(input + difficulty 1+1)
(d) Why is there a large demand for cement in Pakistan? [4]

Domestic construction e.g. houses
Industrial construction e.g. Factories
Institutional buildings/schools/hospitals/offices etc.
Communication e.g. roads, bridges, railway sleepers
Port developments
Water management e.g. Dams, canals, embankments
Or could be linked to a new development e.g. Gwadar
(Any line max 2)
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2007
4 (a) Read the extract below and study Photograph C (Insert).
Quetta is an important and busy trading centre. One of its main trades is in textiles and tribal
clothes. The centre of the city has seen many modern improvements to its buildings and
communications.
(i) State three features that can be seen in Photograph C and agree with what is said
in the extract. [3]
People/more than 5
Many shops/commercial buildings
Textiles/clothes shops
Overhead wires/power/telephone lines
Modern/concrete buildings
Tarred road
Truck/4x4/car
Scooter
Telecom mast
(ii) Why is Quetta an important trading centre? [3]

Focus of roads/well connected to rest of country
Main road through pass/RCD highway
Nomadic tribes
Near Afghan border/Afghanistan
Only large settlement in area
Railway
Airport
Capital of Baluchistan
Dry Port
(b) (i) State two types of infrastructure shown in Photograph C. [2]

electricity (wires)
road
telephone (wires) (allow repetition of answer in (a)(i))
(ii) Explain why these, and other types of infrastructure are important to a centre such
as Quetta. [5]
Electricity for offices, factories, lighting, power, communication
Roads for transport of people and goods
Telephone for quick communication, better business
Water for drinking, cleaning, hygiene, etc
Gas for power, heating etc.
Industrialisation needs good infrastructure
Hotels for tourism, visitors
Administration buildings
© UCLES 2007
(c) (i) State three types of tertiary employment that may be taking place in this
street shown in Photograph C. [3]
shop keeper
office worker
(vehicle) driver
cleaner
etc.
(ii) Why are very few primary jobs available in urban areas? [2]
No arable land
No pasture
No mines or quarries
No forest
Creates pollution
High cost of land
(d) Study Photograph D which shows a refugee camp near Quetta.
(i) Describe the scene in Photograph D. [3]

dry/desert/arid
flat/sloping
hills in distance
stone/gravel/barren/uncultivated
tracks
tents/huts
few people
few animals
fodder/straw
wall
poles
(comparison with photograph C max 1)
(ii) What problems does the arrival of large numbers of refugees create for
infrastructure and services? [4]
Lack of, or provision of:
Food
Water
Sanitation
Medicine
Housing
Power
Damage to roads
Cheaper labour for services
Etc.
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2007
5 (a) Study Fig. 4 which shows some population indicators in Pakistan in 1995 and 2002.
(i) Which indicator shows that population growth may be slowing down? [1]
Birth rate
(ii) Which indicator shows that there could be more children in the future? [1]
Lower infant mortality rate
(iii) Why do the indicators show that there could be more people over 50 in the future?
Lower death rate [2]
Higher life expectancy
(b) (i) With reference to your answers in (a)(i), (ii) and (iii) explain how the age
structure of the population is changing. [4]
Fewer babies
More young people
More old people
Larger proportion not working/dependent
Smaller proportion working/independent
Ref. to pyramid shape max. 2
(ii) What problems will this cause? [5]

more people to look after/dependent population
need for more schools
training
hospitals and clinics
houses
adaptations for old
more unemployment
more pensioners
more pressure on government/services
workers have to work harder/more stress
higher taxes
© UCLES 2007
(c) (i) Explain the causes of rural-urban migration. [4]

Push factors (res. 1)
Loss of agricultural jobs
Lack of named facilities e.g. shops, entertainment
Lack of school/trained teachers
Lack of health facilities/trained staff
Loss of land
Natural disasters with example
Poverty because of
Pull factors (res. 1)

Better pay
More jobs
Better lifestyle/bright lights effect/entertainment (max 1)
Better education
Better health services (factor + explanation = 1)
(do not double mark)
(ii) What problems are caused in rural areas by migration to urban areas? [4]
Loss of workforce/only the old and young left
fewer children
loss of services e.g. education, medicine, public transport, shops
loss of infrastructure e.g. roads, electricity, telephone
loss of educated people/young people
women left behind/unbalanced sex ratio
lack of government investment/neglected/remain undeveloped
(credit any line to max 2)
(iii) How can people be encouraged to stay in rural areas? [4]

Land reform and consolidation
Better infrastructure (named) e.g. Electricity, water, roads
Better services (named) e.g. Schools, hospitals, clinics
Development of Cottage/small-scale industries
Better communications e.g. Radio, TV
Government schemes
Irrigation schemes
(do not accept unless statement is explained)
e.g. Land reform because many farmers have small landholdings
Electricity supplies for raising living standards
More schools to increase literacy
Cottage industries for employment/income
Radios for education/entertainment
Tourism for employment
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2007
w
w
w
.X
t
re
m
eP
ap
er
GCE Ordinary Level
s.
co
m

demonstrated.
examination.
syllabuses.
1 (a) Study Fig. 1, a map of North West Frontier Province.
(i) Name area A.

FATA
(ii) Name the country B.

Afghanistan
(iii) Name the river C.

Mastuj
(iv) Name the range of mountains D.

Safed Koh/Waziristan Hills
(v) Name the major pass through these mountains E.

Khyber [5]
(b) Study Fig. 2, a bar chart, showing precipitation for Peshawar.
(i) Describe the precipitation in the months from June to September.

increases June – August
from 8mm to 68mmin
decreases in Sept
to 18mm
max. in August/minimum in June
one mark each for correct months of increase and decrease

one mark for correct figure(s) [3]
(ii) Explain how this precipitation is caused by the monsoon winds in these months.
low pressure over Himalayas
high pressure over the Bay of Bengal
moist winds (from the E/SE)
air rises
cools
vapour condenses
droplets form [3]
(iii) Describe the precipitation in the months from October to April.

increases Oct – March }
from 10mm to 78mm } one mark
decreases April to May }

to 27mm } one mark
max in March/Minimum in October

i.e. one mark for either correct months or figure(s) for each of increase and decrease [2]
(iv) Which weather systems bring this precipitation?

(western) depressions
convectional storms [2]
(v) Why does snow fall instead of rain in the winter?

low climatic temperatures
high altitude [2]
© UCLES 2008
(c) Study the map Fig. 1 again
(i) The distance in a straight line from Peshawar to Dir is about 135 kilometers. Using
this knowledge, state how far it is from Peshawar to Chitral in a straight line.
190 – 210 kms [1]
(ii) What would the most suitable form of transport from Peshawar to Chitral be for
A a rich businessman?
aeroplane/car
B the delivery of gas cylinders?

road, lorry, rail
C the transport of wool and hides?

road, pack animal, lorry, rail [3]
(iii) Explain the problems of maintaining infrastructure and communication in these

areas all through the year.
snow and ice
avalanche
heavy rain
flooding
earthquake
sabotage
accidents
landslides
shortage of machinery/people
inaccessible/isolated
Candidates must explain how the factors affect maintenance.

At least 2 different factors must be explained, but up to 4 factors can be credited at one
mark each
List without explanation = 1 [4]
2 (a) Study Fig.3, a map of environmental damage in Pakistan.
(i) Locate the areas most affected by deforestation.

NW borders
NWFP
N Balochistan
FATA [2]
(ii) State three causes of deforestation in these areas.

firewood
industry
charcoal
road building
housing/construction
mining
dams
farming [3]
© UCLES 2008
(b) Study Photograph A (Insert).
(i) Describe the scene.

bare ground/rocky/barren
steep slopes
gullies
scattered/small amounts of vegetation
red colour
mountains/hills and valleys/dissected/ridged
eroded landscape/badlands
lake [4]
(ii) Explain why scenes such as this are caused by deforestation.

no roots to hold soil together
runoff erodes soil/soil erosion
no interception
less infiltration/more runoff
loss of leaf fall
lack of decomposition
nutrient cycle broken
loss of fertility
leaching
less rainfall
more exposure to sun and wind [4]
(i) Locate one area of
A unsafe drinking water,

Makran coast/Gwadar district, SE Sindh, W Balochistan
B marine pollution.
Indus delta, Karachi, Korangi, Port Qasim [2]
(ii) Explain how industries can pollute river and sea water.
The answer must relate to water pollution
effluent/liquids }
dumping/solids } credit one example of each
sewage/garbage
e.g. dyeing and tanning (credit one example of a polluting industry except power station)
hot water from power stations
oil spills
accidents
etc. [4]
(iii) Explain how this pollution affects farming, fishing and wildlife.
contamination of sub-soil water and irrigation,
contamination of mangrove environment,
toxic chemicals cause mutation and death,
entering food chain,
oil kills seabirds
eutrphication reduces oxygen
N.B Not humans, no reserves [6]
© UCLES 2008
3 (a) Study Fig. 4, a bar chart showing the percentage of urban population in Pakistan by
province.
(i) Which province has the highest percentage of urban population?

Sindh [1]
(ii) Name two cities in this province.

Karachi, Hyderabad, etc. (2 cities for 1 mark only) [1]
(iii) Explain the pull factors that attract people from rural areas.
more jobs for the unemployed {
better pay/more skilled for the educated { jobs max. 2
expectation of better quality of life compared to rural areas
reliable food supply for nutrition, health
entertainment/bright lights not in rural areas with example
clean water and sanitation for health
better education from more schools
better medical facilities in modern hospitals
List = 1 [5]
(b) (i) Why do many people who move to cities have difficulty in finding a job?
illiterate,
untrained/mismatch of labour
lack of jobs,
too many people
no relatives to help [3]
(ii) What is meant by the phrase ‘the informal sector of employment’?

self-employed,
little machinery
poor wages/no regular wages
temporary/seasonal work
no legal protection/low standards/not government registered
no tax paid
irregular working hours [3].
(iii) Using examples, explain the advantages and disadvantages of informal

employment to people living in cities.
THE POOR PEOPLE OF THE CITY
Reserve one mark for an example of a job.
Advantages (res. 1)
money
something to do
needed by other people
to gain respect/religeon expects them to work
need not be educated/skilled
low paid
child labour
demeaning
dangerous
illegal/not registered
temporary/seasonal [5]
© UCLES 2008
OR CANDIDATES MAY TAKE ANOTHER APPROACH – THE OTHER URBAN

RESIDENTS
Advantages
cheaper/can bargain
doorstep service/delivery
‘open all hours’
Disadvantages
unskilled work/poor quality
poor quality goods (goods may be illegal, past sell-by date)
no guarantees or return of goods
dubious supply (may be stolen) [5]
(i) Which province has the lowest percentage of urban population?

NWFP [1]
(ii) Name the largest city in this province.

Peshawar [1]
(iii) Explain why there is less urban development in this province.

mountainous land
distance from Indus Plain
cold/harsh/unpleasant climate
poor infrastructure e.g. roads, power, telecommunications etc (max. 2)
poor services e.g. schools, hospitals, water, etc. (max. 2)
lack of industrial/business development
less government investment/government interest/neglect of area
problem of terrorism/border control/etc
isolated in winter/by poor roads/lack of trade (max 2)
influence of landlords/tribes [5]
4 Study Fig. 5, a pie chart showing rice production in Pakistan by province.
(a) (i) Name the provinces A and B where most rice is grown.
Punjab and Sindh [1]
(ii) What percentage of total rice production comes from these two provinces?
88% or 89% OR
46% A and 43% B [1]
(iii) Name a variety that has doubled rice production.

Irripak/IR8 [1]
© UCLES 2008
(b) (i) Explain why the cultivation of rice is labour intensive. Refer in your answer to the
work done from planting the seeds to harvest.
Each of these needs a phrase as below
nursery for seeds
repairing bunds for water
prepare fields by plouging/weeding
flooding/irrigation
transplanting seedlings
fertiliser for nutrients/good growth
pesticid to kill pests/for better growth
drain water
cutting/harvesting ripe crop [5]
(ii) Name a type of machine that can be used for rice cultivation instead of human
labour.
tractor, harvester, mechanical irrigator (not thresher for cultivation) [1]
(iii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using this machine?
Credit answer in full even if (ii) is incorrect.
Advantages (res.1)
quicker
more efficient/less tiring
learn mechanical skills
needs less labour
expensive (max. 1)
can break down
cause unemployment
needs larger fields
causes compaction
needs skilled workers
cannot be used on a small farm [4]
(c) Study the list below:
SOIL FERTILISER RAIN IRRIGATION SEEDS
SUNSHINE PESTICIDES DRAINAGE KNOWLEDGE
(i) Choose two physical inputs from the list above. Explain how these can increase
rice yields.
soil – best clay/clay and loam, provides nutrients, needs water retention, can be drained
rain – needs a minimum of 1270mms, preferably 2000mms, at the correct time of year,
at start of monsoon, gentle showers, none during harvest
sunshine – for warmth, ripening, photosynthesis
drainage – water retention, slope to prevent waterlogging or flooding
Two marks for correctly named inputs

Two marks each for explanation [6]
© UCLES 2008
(ii) Choose two human inputs from the list above. Explain how these can improve rice
yields.
fertiliser – better than dung, provides nutrients, rice exhausts soil
irrigation – enough water, at correct time, fills the gap of rainfall
pesticides – kills pests, targeted at pest, used at correct time, examples
seeds – GM, HYV, new strains developed to increase yield, grow faster, shorter straw,
pest resistant
knowledge – better cultivation methods, management, skills for machinery, examples
drainage – controlled/better water supply/correct amounts
Two marks for correctly named inputs

Two marks each for explanation [6]
5 (a) (i) What is the main raw material used in the production of
A footballs?
leather/plastic
B cricket bats?
wood [2]
(ii) Which city in the northern Punjab is a centre of sports goods manufacturing?
Sialkot/Lahore [1]
(iii) Why have small-scale industries such as sports goods developed in this area?
easy to set up, no expensive machinery, low capital input
labour – local skills, increases employment opportunities, work for women, higher local
incomes
raw materials available
airport at Sialkot/Sambrai and Lahore
roads and rail north (KKH), south to Karachi, west to Islamabad etc
power supply good in Punjab
Punjab is the most industrialised province
supply tourists
dry port at Sialkot/Lahore
(max 2 any line) [4]
(b) Study Fig. 6, a graph showing the value of sports goods exports.
(i) What was the value of sports goods exports in 2005?

18,000 (million rupees) [1]
(ii) By how much did the value of sports goods exports increase from 1995 to 2005?
10,000/8000 – 18000 (million rupees) [1]
(iii) Why is a large proportion of the production of this industry exported?

to make capital/improve trade balance/lessen debt/raises GDP
to earn foreign exchange
demand from abroad
popularity of sports in the world
competitive price/good quality
good reputation of Pakistan
less need in Pakistan/greater need abroad [4]
© UCLES 2008
(iv) How can Pakistan maintain and increase its exports of sports goods?
improve quality/quality control
more Export Processing Zones/EPZ
more Dry Ports
modernisation/machines to replace hand work
training/skills/talents
innovation/new products
ban child labour
regular/reliable supply
more factories/government incentives
larger factories/economies of scale
better roads/airports/telecommunications/uses of telecommunication
advertising
do deals with companies, e.g. Adidas [6]
(c) Sports and other manufactured goods are transported by air, sea and road both in
Pakistan and across the world.
Name two methods of transport uses for the export of sports goods from Pakistan. For
each method, explain its advantages and disadvantages.
Sea
Advantages
Cheap, good for bulky goods, use of dry ports, long distance
Disadvantages
Slow, problem of getting goods to and from coast, damage, delivery may be delayed
Air
Advantages
Fast, safer, preferred by managers, long distance
Disadvantages
Expensive, few airports, have to get goods to airport, only light or high value goods
Road
Advantages
Accessible/goes everywhere, lorries easily available
Disadvantages
Only within Pakistan (mostly), accidents, damage, theft, needed to get to port
No marks for named method

Max 4 marks for one method to include at least one advantage and one disadvantage [6]
© UCLES 2008
w
w
w
.X
t
re
m
eP
ap
er
GCE Ordinary Level
s.
co
m

examination.
syllabuses.
1 (a) Study Fig. 1, a temperature graph for Lahore.
(i) Describe the pattern of temperature through the year at Lahore. [3]
Either – using only the graph

rises from January to June
slow fall July to September/levels out
falls further to December
or – alternative seasonal approach linked to the graph

low in winter + months
rising in spring + months
falling when monsoon starts + months
continues falling in autumn
(ii) Explain why heavy rain falls during the monsoon season. [3]
moisture-bearing/wet winds/carrying rain

from the sea/Bay of Bengal
rise over land/hills/mountains
cools
moisture condenses/clouds form
low pressure (over northern Pakistan) brings air in
(b) Study Fig. 2, rainfall charts for Chitral and Lahore.

Compare the amounts of rainfall for Chitral and Lahore.
A From January to May

B From June to September [4]
A. January to May (max. 2)
Chitral Lahore
more/higher in C than L less/lower in L than C

high range 35–106 mms/71 mms low range/23–41/18 mms
highest in March/Increase then decreases Jan–May highest in March
lowest in Jan lowest in April
same pattern at both places
B. June to Sept (max. 2)
Chitral Lahore
less/lower in C than L more/higher in L than C

low range 5–9 mms/4 mms/low high range/range 62–205 mms
highest in Sept/rises June–Sept highest in July/decreases/July–Sept
Statements must be comparisons, or corresponding in each paragraph.
© UCLES 2009
(c) (i) In which months do western depressions bring rainfall to Pakistan? [1]
December – March
(ii) Which of the cities in Fig. 2 receives more rainfall from these western
depressions? [1]
Chitral
(iii) Explain why western depressions cause rainfall in Pakistan [3]
come from Mediterranean(sea)

bring moisture/cloud/water
cooling causes condensation
explanation of cyclonic rainfall can go to 3 marks
(d) Explain how topography and drainage cause problems for farming in Balochistan. [4]
Topography (res.1)
Candidate needs to link these to problems of farming in Baluchistan (i.e. Not the Indus Plain).
For example:
lack of fertility, soil erosion, use of machinery, irrigation

mountains
plateaux
steep slopes
stony soil
thin soil
barren land
‘mountains/rugged topography unsuitable for farming’ max. 1
Drainage (res.1)
Again, candidate needs to link these to problems of farming in Balochistan.
inland drainage basins/salt lakes

few/small rivers
rivers dry up/evaporate
much percolation/loss of water through soil
‘lack of water for farming’ max. 1
Do not credit’ waterlogging and salinity’ unless the candidate says ‘part of the Indus Plain in
Balochistan’.
© UCLES 2009
(e) Read Fig. 3, an extract from a magazine.
Most farmers in Balochistan do not have access to water from

the River Indus.
There are many small rivers that flow into shallow lakes but they
are dry for most of the year. These small rivers can provide some
water for irrigation.
Other sources of water are underground, and some water flows
in tunnels from the mountains.
Irrigation News
Describe the irrigation methods that can be used by farmers in Balochistan and
comment on the success of such schemes for increasing farming output. [6]
The candidate is expected to describe, and possibly illustrate at least 2 of the following
schemes.
Maximum 4 marks on any one scheme, but 1 mark must comment on ‘success’.
Reserve 2 marks for ‘success of schemes.
Credit labels on diagrams if not in script.
Allow one named or located example of each scheme.
Karez
canals from rivers/diversion canals
tubewells
wells (primitive)
shaduf to lift water
charsa to lift water
Persian Wheel to lift water
tanks for storage
dams (small)
For Example – The Karez
underground canal/tunnel
uses groundwater
vertical shafts for cleaning
water taken in turn according to shares in ownership
irrigates oases
Example – Quetta-Pishun valley, Mastung valley
Success – less important now, neglected – bad

sources drying up – bad
lack of government investment – bad
continuous supply – good

only water in the desert – good
water from mountains put to good use – good
does not evaporate – good
etc.
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2009
2 Study Photograph A (Insert) showing a crop of sugar cane.
(a) (i) Describe the appearance of this crop. [2]
tall/medium height
not fully grown
thin leaves/long leaves/like grass
dense/close together
good growth because lack of disease/well irrigated
(ii) Explain how the growth of this crop can be improved by [4]
A irrigation (max. 2)
plants need water to photosynthesis/to be healthy/sugar needs a lot of water

makes it grow faster/bigger/higher yield
needed in dry periods/drought/make up deficiency in rainfall
to remove salinity (in the soil)
B fertilisers (max. 2)
provide minerals for growth/reduces crop failure/nutrients

makes up for deficiencies/Pakistan soil deficient in minerals
minerals need replacing after cultivation
examples of minerals e.g. nitrogen, potash (potassium), phosphate
makes it grow faster/bigger/higher yield (but not twice)
(b) Explain how this crop is processed. [6]
taken to factory/mill
quickly/without delay
washed/scrubbed
crushed
juice collected
refined
crystallised
whitened/made into white sugar
molasses/brown sugar
baggase produced (a waste product)
Study Fig. 4, a graph of sugar cane production.
(c) (i) What was the increase from 1965 to 2005 in: [2]
A production ?
28–29 million tonnes
B yield per hectare?
13–14 tonnes per hectare
© UCLES 2009
(ii) Name an area of high sugar cane production. [1]
East-central Punjab/Faisalabad/Sardodha
South-central Sindh/Hyderabad/Badin
Central NWFP/Charsadda
(d) Study the list of factors which affect agricultural development:
mechanisation land consolidation transport improvements

financial loans education telecommunication new seed varieties
(i) Choose three of these factors and for each explain how it increases production of
sugar and other agricultural products. [6]
Mechanisation – faster work, more efficient, better preparation, can thresh and harvest,
‘does not need to rest’, use of tubewells
Land consolidation – bigger fields, more mechanisation
Transport – faster speed e.g. sugar can to the mill prevents losses, dry ports for inputs
e.g. fertiliser, experts (advisers) can visit
Loans – funds to buy inputs e.g. fertiliser, machines, bigger fields, purchase more land,
better irrigation
Education – knowledge of better methods,
Seed varieties – higher yields, resistance to pests and disease, less water demand,
better germination
Telecommunication – access to information, education, skills
No mark for naming the factor.

Reserve one mark for a simple explanation of each factor (3 needed).
Allow a maximum of 4 for one factor.
This list is not exhaustive, and there may be links between the factors.
Do your best for the candidate, but do not credit excessive repetition.
(ii) Explain why it is important to increase the production of sugar and other
agricultural products in Pakistan. [4]
increasing population
nutritious/need for better food production
higher incomes (for farmers and businessmen)
increase exports/earn foreign exchange/increase GDP/increase Pakistan’s income
reduce imports/improve balance of payments
provides employment in (named industry)
by-products e.g. Bagasse for fuel,
Board for building etc.
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2009
3 Study Fig. 5. A map of Pakistan.
(a) (i) Name the province A.
Balochistan
(ii) Name the river B.
Sutlej
(iii) Name the plateau C. [3]
Potwar/Potawar
(b) Name the two main centres of production of surgical instruments D and E. [2]
D Sialkot,
E Lahore
(c) (i) Give two examples of a small scale or cottage industry. [1]
Two examples of a craft e.g. wood carving, embroidery, jewellery, ornaments etc. sports
goods, surgical goods.
(2 names=1 mark – but one must be specific))
(ii) Using your answers to (c) (i) explain what is meant by a small-scale or cottage
industry. [4]
small production/small output

traditional skills
in homes/on the street/not in factories
lack of machinery/labour intensive/low technology
women workers/family workers/no hired labour
self-employment/informal industry/less than 10 workers employed/small workforce
low profits
to meet local demand
for tourism
local raw materials
low capital input/fixed assets less than Rs. 10 million
use waste products
see extract provided (p121 Sethi)
© UCLES 2009
(d) Explain how government organisations help and promote the development of
small-scale industries. [5]
organisations e.g. PSIC (Pakistan Small Industry Corporation), PSIC (Punjab SIC),
SMEDA (small and medium enterprise development agency) etc.
marketing facilities/trade fairs/shops
technical service centres/expert advice
education and training
cheap loans/loans on easy instalments
tax breaks/cheaper raw materials
small industrial estates
dry ports/better road transport
power supply/electrification/gas/water
telecommunications
more value – added goods
aid mechanisation
no reserves for help or promotion
(e) Study Fig. 6, a map of air routes in Pakistan.
(i) Name two major airports in the northern Punjab shown on the map. [2]
two from – Lahore (Alama Iqbal)/Faisalabad/Islamabad (Benazir Bhutto) or Fateh Jang
(ii) Describe the distribution of airways from the northern Punjab. [3]
mostly to the south-west/south

to the coast/Karachi
follow the Indus plain/through Sindh
a few north and west

to NWFP/Peshawar
via Islamabad to Northern Areas/Chitral/Gilgit
west to Quetta
© UCLES 2009
(iii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using air transport in the northern
Punjab. [5]
Advantages (res. 2)
fast/saves time
over difficult relief/mountains/deserts
where no roads/railways/inaccessible
direct to other countries
businessmen/politicians/tourism
perishable/high value/light goods
more comfortable/less tiring
promotes tourism
bad climate/fog/ice/snow/dangerous
expensive
unsuitable for perishables/heavy loads/cheap goods (do not double mark)
few airports/difficult to build
does not go door-to-door/airports may be out of city
air pollution/global warming
[Total:25]
4 (a) Study Fig. 7, a pie chart showing the sources of energy supply.
(i) Name the two largest suppliers of energy. [1]
oil and gas (2 for 1 mark)
(ii) What percentage of energy comes from oil? [1]
47–48
(iii) Name two other sources not named on the chart. [2]
HEP, nuclear, bagasse, solar, wind, geothermal, waves, tidal
(iv) Why does coal only supply 4% of the energy supply in Pakistan? [3]
low quality/lignite
reserves not developed/not mined
bulky/heavy to transport
used for other things e.g. coke, bricks, cement
coal seams difficult to mine because – thin, contorted, faulted
(b) Study Fig. 8, a map of Pakistan.
(i) Describe the location of the two main oil fields shown on the map. [2]
Potwar plateau/Northern Punjab

Lower Sindh/Southern Sindh
© UCLES 2009
(ii) What is crude oil? [1]
unrefined/raw/as it comes out of the ground
(iii) Why does Pakistan import most of its oil? [2]
no enough for demands/not self-sufficient/mall reserves

running out
lack of investment/development of new fields
high cost/lack of money
lack of skilled/educated labour
(c) Study Photograph B, a gas extraction unit at Nautheh, in the Potwar Plateau.
(i) With reference to Photograph B explain why natural gas is an easy fuel to extract.
[3]
small size of land

little impact on the environment
simple machinery/small machinery
pipes go into ground
works automatically/no/little manpower needed
controlled by valves/valves control pressure
near road for easy access
(ii) Study Fig. 9, an advertisement for natural gas.

Suggest why this advertisement states that natural gas is ‘A cheap fuel. Easy to
use’. [4]
produced in Pakistan/in Balochistan/at Sui/not imported

large reserves
lightweight
available in pipelines
portable in cylinders
cleaner than burning wood/coal
easy to extract
© UCLES 2009
(d) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing nuclear power. [6]
Advantages (res. 2)
large output
reliable
small input of raw material/efficient
long lasting fuel
fossil fuels running out/reduce burden on other fuels
less pollution/environmentally friendly
will be less need for load-shedding/power cuts
expensive to buy fuel

expensive to build
lack of technology/skills/difficulties of maintainance
dangerous/risk of radioactivity
unpopular/local opposition
disposal of waste is a problem
risk of terrorism
use for bombs
[Total:25]
5 (a) Study Fig. 10, a bar chart showing population change from 1951 to 2001.
(i) What was the total population in 2001? [1]
143–144 million
(ii) By how much did the total population increase from 1951 to 2001? [1]
111–114 million
(iii) Compare the increase in the urban and rural areas. [3]
more increase in rural/less in urban

greater percentage increase in urban areas
urban increase 5–48 million/by 43 million/approx. 9 times }
rural increase 27–95 million/by 68 million/approx. 3.5 times } needs comparison
© UCLES 2009
(b) Explain the causes of the population increase in Pakistan since 1991. [5]
high birth rate

birth rate exceeds death rate
longer life expectancy/lower infant mortality/lower death rate
better health care/medical facilities
better care of the elderly/pensions
better sanitation and clean water/less disease
lack of family planning/use of contraceptives
traditional beliefs/want a son/Allah will provide (max.1)
unaware of population problem/lack of education on ---
need of family labour/lack of farm mechanisation
lack of education of women/early marriage
lack of government programmes
lack of transport to rural areas
(c) Describe the effects of population growth on the economy and development of
Pakistan. [6]
Economy
shortage of money/foreign exchange to buy food etc./negative balance of payments
need for foreign loans
debt
lack of money for investment
Development
overpopulation leading to –
shortages of –
food,
water,
education,
health services,
work/unemployment,
money/poverty
housing/homelessness/living on the streets/overcrowding/Kacha Abadi
pollution (must be named)
traffic congestion
high prices/inflation
power/fuel/load shedding
deforestation/trees/loss of farmland
little industrial development
(d) Study Fig. 11, a bar chart showing employment and unemployment in 2004.
(i) What percentage of people are unemployed in urban areas? [1]
10
© UCLES 2009
(ii) Why are many people unemployed in cities? [5]
illiterate/uneduated
lack of skills/training
tertiary jobs/jobs needing qualifications
shortage of jobs/too many people/rural-urban migration
IT in offices
machines in factories
unfinished projects/slow economic growth/recession
new residents do not have contacts/family contacts
(iii) Suggest why the real number of people unemployed in rural areas may be higher
than the figures recorded. [3]
under-employment/more people work on farms than are needed/disguised

unemployment
difficult to collect figures
women not included?
many self employed/subsistence farming/subsistence existence
seasonal work e.g. sugar mills
informal employment (as opposed to formal employment)
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2009
GCE Ordinary Level


2059/02 Paper 2 (Environment of Pakistan),
maximum raw mark 75
examination.
syllabuses.
1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows a map of Pakistan. [4]
(i) Name the cities A, B and C, and the line of latitude D.
A Quetta
B Hyderabad
C Lahore
D 30°N
(ii) With reference to Fig. 1, explain how the population density of the area north of
the line D is related to relief (topography) and water supply. [5]
Relief (res. 2)
Higher density on (Indus) plain / flat land / low land
Lower density in mountains / hills /sloping land
Lower density in foothills of Hindu Kush / other named range
Lower density in Sulaiman Hills / north Balochistan plateau
NB. Candidate may refer to density in key or just ‘more’ or ‘less’ – allow.
Water Supply (res. 2)

Higher density where irrigated / rivers
Higher density where more rain (in Northern Punjab)
Lower density where less rainfall
Lower density in deserts
NB. Candidate may refer to density in key or just ‘more’ or ‘less’ – allow.
(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows the weight of marine fish caught 1996–2006.
The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less than in 1996.
(i) Suggest two reasons for this decrease. [2]
Over-fishing
Water pollution / oil spills etc.
Loss of breeding / shelter / feeding areas (i.e. mangroves)
Fishing in closed season / when breeding
Fishing by boats from other countries
(ii) Describe how the weight of fish caught changed in the years between 1996 and
2006. [3]
Increases and decreases / fluctuates

Highest in 2002
Two peaks
Lowest in 2006
No increase since 2003 / decline from 2004
Max and min. figures (only)
© UCLES 2009
(c) Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved. [5]
Boats with engines

Can go further offshore
Can stay at sea for several days
Cold storage on boat
Mechanised equipment / winches
Nylon / bigger / stronger/ nets or ropes
Weather forecasts
Sonar to locate fish
Satellite navigation
Training / education
(d) Study Fig.3. With reference to Fig. 3, explain the advantages and disadvantages of
developing the fishing industry in Pakistan. [6]
NB: This can include fish farming / freshwater fishing
Advantages (res. 2)
More food
Healthier food / more protein etc.
More employment / more income/ less unemployment
Exports to – or of – (e.g. shrimps to Japan, dried fish to Middle East, to Sri Lanka)
Better communications with – (e.g. better roads, telecommunications in Balochistan)
More education by teaching skills
More technology – introduction of engines, machines, radar, satellite navigation
Growth of other industries e.g. Processing, boat building
Sustainability as fish are ‘free’, should not ‘run out’
Education – lack of skilled labour
Technology – costs money, imported
Water pollution – kills, damages fish, Pakistan’s rivers are polluted, mangroves polluted
Restrictions – marine fishing banned in June and July
– controls on net size
Quality – some products banned by western countries
– can be poisonous / makes them unsuitable to eat
Income – not large, delayed profit
Sustainability – issues of over-fishing
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2009
2 (a) Study Fig. 4 (Insert) which shows patterns of goat rearing in Pakistan.
(i) Describe the distribution of goat rearing in Balochistan. [3]
Widespread / low and moderate in most areas

Main area in SE / E / Sindh border / Kalat / Khuzdar / Central Brahui Range / Kirthar
Range / Indus Plain (allow up to 2 named areas)
Main area in North / NW / NWFP border / Zhob
Low in West / Western borders / Chagai Hills / Ras Koh / Kharan desert
No information for coastal and some other areas
(ii) Suggest why the government of Pakistan discourages the rearing of goats. [2]
Overgrazing
Loss of vegetation / deforestation
Soil erosion / soil loose
(iii) Why are there many nomadic farmers in Balochistan? [3]
Shortage of / to search for grazing / food

Shortage of / to search for water
Agriculture / cultivation /crop growth difficult or impossible
Low population (so plenty of land)
(b) Explain why buffalo are not reared in Balochistan. [3]
Lack of water to drink

Lack of water to wash / lie in / bath in / keep cool
Lack of water / buffalo need water (1)
Lack of fodder crops / poor grazing
Lack of demand / few urban areas
(c) Study Photographs A and B (Insert) showing a buffalo farm in Lodhran district,
Punjab.
(i) How do the photographs show that these buffalo are being kept in good living
conditions? [6]
Photo A
Covered shelters / shade / roof / shed etc.
Brick / concrete / will not collapse
Fodder / food
Feeding trough
Brick standing by troughs
Clean conditions / dung cleared away
Photo B
Water for bathing / washing / cooling /drinking
Concrete pool
Clean water / water from well
Organised storage of fodder / dung
© UCLES 2009
(ii) Suggest why buffalo farms can often be found around urban areas. [2]
Food (for urban population) / demand for milk or meat

Must be fresh / deteriorates quickly
Can make deliveries / supplied on a regular basis
Products for processing, e.g. milk, ghee, butter
(d) Meat provides a valuable source of protein in food, and there are many other useful
products from animals.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing livestock farming in

Pakistan. [6]
Advantages (res. 2)
More food / healthy food / great demand – with e.g.
Other products – with example (hides, horn)
Exports (with example)
Employment / earnings
Manure / dung / gobar / for burning
Processing industries (with example)
Sustainable e.g. animals reproduce, traditional skills
Loss of land / water for food crops.
Overgrazing problems.
Less investment in other forms of farming.
Low income / low profit.
Disposal of waste / problems of cleanliness / pollution (with example)
Cost of setting up / fodder / vets bills etc (max 2)
Disease transfer to humans
Some products not of export quality / banned by western countries
Not sustainable e.g. (may refer to above)
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2009
3 (a) Study Fig. 5, which shows the sectors of employment by percentage in Pakistan.
(i) Which is the largest sector? [1]
Paid employment
(ii) Give an example of self-employment. [1]
Farmer, shopkeeper, lorry driver etc.
(iii) What is the percentage of ‘unpaid family workers’? [1]
25%
(iv) State two jobs that may be done on a farm by unpaid family workers. [2]
Sowing, harvesting, threshing, weeding, bird-scarer, feeding animals etc.
(v) Suggest why many farms rely on unpaid family workers. [3]
Poverty / cannot afford hired labour

Subsistence / small farms
Manual labour / not mechanised
Large families / no other jobs available
Inherited / learned skills
(b) Explain the push factors, other than low pay that may cause rural-urban migration. [5]
Lack of: – clean water / sanitation / poor health

– health care facilities / hospitals / clinics
– education / illiteracy
– electricity / bright lights etc.
– jobs / mechanisation
– farmland / subdivision of land
– entertainment – example
– food / malnutrition
Degradation of land / salinity/soil erosion
Power of the landlords / Zamindari etc.
Political problems / Taliban / Al Kaida etc.
Natural disasters / drought etc.
© UCLES 2009
(c) Study Photograph C (Insert), which shows a valley in Shangla district, NWFP.
(i) With reference to the photograph, explain why agriculture is difficult in this area. [4]
Difficulties (must be explained)

Soil erosion
Lack of flat land
Other land uses in valley base
Poor soils
Lack of irrigation
Lack of mechanisation (with reason)
Cold temperatures / snow and ice
Rabi crops cannot be grown
Lack of water in winter
Flooding in summer
Problems of terraces
(ii) Name two cottage industries that could be developed in this area. [2]
Allow 1 general and 1 specific cottage industry
Specific – carpet, knitting, weaving, wood carving, etc.
(d) Choose two of the improvements shown below, and explain to what extent these two
improvements could create more employment opportunities in mountain valleys. [6]
ROAD BUILDING RELIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

CLEAN WATER SUPPLY BETTER TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Reserve 1 mark for one limitation / problem of one chosen improvement (i.e. ‘to what extent’)
ROAD BUILDING
Ideas such as: – Transport so more industries established
– Cottage / small scale industries grow
– Trade (with example)
– Tourism (with example)
– Settlement so more service industries
– Road construction and supply work
– Jobs – e.g. drivers, maintenance, roadside services etc.
BUT – high maintenance environment / roads often need repair etc.
RELIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

Similar to above
Ideas such as: – Can work day and night
– Can use computers etc.
– Opportunities for mechanisation of cottage industries /more light or heat
– Construction of new HEP schemes
– More tubewells for agriculture
BUT – can supply be reliable? / problem of shortages etc.
© UCLES 2009
BETTER TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Similar to above
Ideas such as – IT opportunities
– More sales etc.
– Construction of infrastructure
BUT – cost of infrastructure, chance of damage etc.
CLEAN WATER SUPPLY

Similar to above
Ideas such as – More food processing industries
– Healthy so more working days
BUT – shortage of water, winter freezing etc.
Allow ‘attracts investment’ and ‘attracts industry’ only once unless well developed.
Reserve 2 marks for each of 2 factors chosen.

Reserve 1 mark for disadvantage / limitation to one factor
The mark scheme for (d) is not exhaustive.
Credit what comes that is relevant to employment opportunities.

Credit can be give for negative answers e.g. ‘this is not possible’.
[Total: 25]
4 (a) Study Fig. 6, which shows energy sources by percentage in Pakistan.
(i) Name the two largest sources of energy. [2]
Gas and oil
(ii) Which source named on Fig. 6 is renewable? [1]
HEP
(iii) Suggest two sources of energy in the ‘others’ sector of Fig. 6. [2]
2 of
coal, coke, solar, wind, nuclear, etc.
(b) (i) Name an HEP (hydel) power station and state the name of the river on which it is
built. [2]
Tarbela on the River Indus

Mangla on the River Jehlum
Warsak on the River Kabul
(see atlas or textbook for others)
Credit correct dam for 1 mark even if not on correct river
© UCLES 2009
(ii) Why is HEP (hydel) an important source of electricity in northern Pakistan ? [3]
Cheap to generate
Renewable
Available / no fossil fuels / no thermal power stations
Rivers / water from glaciers
High rainfall
Lack of evaporation / lower temperatures
Deep / steep sided valleys for dams
No air pollution / CO2
(iii) Why can the supply of power from these stations be unreliable? [3]
Shortage / not enough for every user/ load shedding

Silting in reservoir (reduces capacity)
Silt in turbines (causes damage)
Seasonal shortages e.g. winter / frozen / monsoon etc.
Lack of rainfall / changing climate
Theft
Damage to power lines
Old / worn machinery
(c) Study Fig. 7, which shows the location of Faisalabad.
State three factors shown on Fig. 7 which influence the cotton industry in Faisalabad.
For each factor, explain its importance to the development of this industry. [6]
(Reserve 3 marks for factors)
Irrigated farmland – for raw cotton e.g. Rechna Doab

Rivers/barrages – supply water for washing cotton
Road/railway – for supply of goods, sales
Dry port – for exports, transport to Karachi
Thermal power – for electricity supply for machines etc.
Airport – for businessmen
(d) Study Fig. 8.
In recent years there has been little growth in the cotton textile industry. With
reference to Fig. 8, explain the advantages and disadvantages of increasing cotton
textile production in Pakistan. [6]
Candidates can choose as many factors as they like.

Reserve 2 marks for advantages, and 2 marks for disadvantages / problems
JOBS
More available, can reduce unemployment, higher income, formal employment, move from
primary to secondary
BUT need for literacy and skills, may cause rural urban migration and its consequences
SKILLS
Beneficial to workforce, higher earnings,
BUT shortage of training at the present time
© UCLES 2009
COMPETITION
Will improve standards
BUT cannot compete, low quality of Pakistan products, synthetics may be cheaper
TRADE
Will stimulate / increase trade, earn foreign exchange, improve balance of payments, pay off
debts
BUT inadequate port facilities, poor roads / rail etc.
TECHNOLOGY
Good for development, can improve quality and / or quantity
BUT high cost, lack of skilled workforce, unemployment, shortage of electricity, more imports
INFRASTRUCTURE
Stimulates construction of better roads, railways, power supply, water supply
BUT higher costs, shortages at source, others may lose supply e.g. power, water
GENERAL
Increase GDP
BUT – may cause less investment in other industries
less land for food crops
quality must be good
leaf curl virus / other pests
climatic limitations
etc.
[Total: 25]
5 (a) Study Fig. 9, which shows an advertisement for a big company.
(i) State four ways of contacting this company. [2]
2 ways = 1 mark
Telephone (number)
Fax
E-mail / web site / internet
Letter / address
Visit
(ii) Which is the slowest way of contact? [1]
This depends on the answer to (i).

Order of speed: e-mail – fax - telephone – letter – visit
(iii) Why does the company advertise many different ways of contacting it? [1]
Easy
Choice
Depends on distance
To attract foreign interest
Visit is more personal
© UCLES 2009
(b) (i) Explain two of the reasons given in the advertisement for using this tractor on a
farm? [2]
(1 mark for each line)
Big and powerful Replaces several animals, reduces labour force, faster, larger farms
Quick and efficient Saves time, better cultivation
Higher yield, better than manual labour
Many tasks Only one machine needed, can plough and harvest, reduces labour
force
(ii) Why are tractors not used by many small-scale farmers? [4]
Too expensive to buy

High cost of leasing / fuel / maintenance etc.
Farmers are subsistence farmers
Little profit / low yields
Small fields / farms
Lack training / skills / education
Plenty of family / cheap labour / cause family unemployment
Cannot take loans
(iii) In what ways can the government help small-scale farmers to mechanise their
farms? [4]
Loans
Leasing / hiring
Subsidies / reduced costs / cheap / goods affordable (not ‘free’ or ‘give’)
Advertising / leaflets / use of media
Land reform / consolidation so that –
Promote co-operatives
(c) (i) From the list below state two imports and two exports. [2]
COTTON MACHINERY WHEAT IRON ORE LEATHER

CRICKET BATS SURGICAL EQUIPMENT COMPUTERS
2 correct imports = 1 mark 2 correct exports = 1 mark
Imports machinery, wheat, iron ore, computers

Exports cotton, leather, cricket bats, surgical equipment
(ii) The European Union (EU) is a major trading partner of Pakistan.
Name two countries in this trading community. [2]
Any 2 EU countries
(iii) Why it is important that Pakistan trades both imports and exports with the EU? [2]
To improve / maintain the balance of payments

To increase / maintain foreign currency
To make good relations / trade agreement
© UCLES 2009
(d) The development of wind power generators off the coast of Pakistan could reduce the
country’s dependence on imported fuels.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing alternative power sources. [5]
NB The introduction refers to wind, but the question is about any alternative power supply.
Advantages (of any alternative power supply) (res. 2)

Cheap power (after construction)
Renewable / do not run out.
Reduces CO2 emissions / air pollution / harmful gases
Free resource / readily available
E.g. sunny climate, coast, mountains for HEP
Increases supply of electricity / less loadshedding / power cuts
Can be used in remote areas / mountains / deserts / etc.
Lower cost of oil / coal imports / improves balance of trade / can pay off debt
Disadvantages (of any alternative power supply) (res. 2)

Expensive to build / cost of import
Expensive / foreign technology
Unreliable (referring to weather etc.)
Lack of skills / expertise
Low output from generators
May not be in areas where power is needed / much of country a long way from coast
[Total: 25]
© UCLES 2009
GCE Ordinary Level


examination.
Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2011 question papers for most
IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level
syllabuses.
1 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert).
(i) State three ways in which the owner has improved the site for fish farming. [3]
Rectangular / man-made ponds for better management etc.

Separation of ponds/embankment for different ages / species
Roads / ponds lined to prevent contamination / mud / dust / leakage etc.
Brick / stone / Pucca road for vehicles / for easy access
Trees for shade / shelter / beauty
Ponds full of water for healthy fish / good conditions
(ii) Name two species of fish reared on fish farms. [2]
Any two of
Manaseer, Rahu, Palla, Thalla, Trout, Carp, shrimp, catfish, croaker, perch (Damral)
(iii) Describe the fishing methods used on a fish farm. [4]
Prepare ponds / half fill for insects

Hatch eggs / buy smelt (small fishes) / breeding
Of single species / improved type of stock
(Regular) feeding (with poultry waste)
Health care / regular checks
Top up ponds / check water levels clean water
Transfer between ponds by size
Catch fully grown fish / fish of market size etc.
By net
(b) Study Fig.1, which shows fish production in Pakistan.
(i) Which type of fishing increased from 1997 to 2007? [1]
Inland (and fish farms) /both types
(ii) In which year was marine fish production lowest? [1]
1997
(iii) How did the overall total production change from 1997 to 2007? [2]
Increased overall / 1997–2007

Increased then decreased / highest in 2002
(c) Explain why fishing and fish farming are important industries in Pakistan. [4]
Nutritious food / good quality / healthy

Content of food including fish oil, e.g. protein, white meat, low in cholesterol, vitamins (max 1)
Bones for fertiliser / other waste product and use
Source of income
Source of employment
Export / earns foreign exchange – of named type of fish / shellfish / product or to a named
country or area

(d) (i) State three ways in which fish can be stored and processed before sale. [3]
Chilled / refrigerated
Frozen / in freezer
Gutted
Filleted / de-boned
Dried
Salted
Canned
(ii) At the present time, most of the fish catch is processed in Karachi. The ports of
Balochistan such as Gwadar and Pasni have the potential for development.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing fish processing

industries in the ports of Balochistan? [6]
Advantages (res 2)
Stimulates development of fishing industry / port facilities (other than processing)
Gwadar Port
Reduced cost of transport (than to Karachi)
More fresh / no delay / no need for storage
Infrastructure development, e.g. roads, power, telecommunications
Adds value to fish
Also credit the following ideas with reference to Balochistan

Income – higher living standards, better housing, jobs linked to income or economy
Trade with named country or area – more visitors, contact with other areas etc., e.g.
Middle East
Economic development, e.g. investment, entrepreneurs (with some detail)
Undeveloped infrastructure
Lack of infrastructure, e.g. roads, power, water, ports, etc.
Small market / population
Long way from major centres of population, e.g. Karachi
Uneducated / unskilled population
Lack of interest from investors or government / high cost of any development
Inhospitable climate / relief
Named pollution linked to processing (max 1)
Effects of increase in urban population (max 1)
Poor quality product / canned fish banned in some countries
If not related to Balochistan max 2
[Total: 25]
2 (a) Study Fig. 2, which shows cotton growing regions in Pakistan.
(i) Name the regions A and B. [2]
A – north /north-east / Upper Sindh

B – south / south-west / Lower Punjab / Upper Indus Plain

(ii) Why is cotton not grown further north? [2]
Too cold (in summer / growing period)

Sensitive to frost
Rain / too wet during harvest
Poor soil / infertile etc.
Steep slopes / no flat land
Remote / long way from factories, demand etc.
(iii) Why is cotton not grown further west? [2]

Too dry / lack of rainfall (for growth)
Lack of irrigation canals
Too cold (in growing period)
Poor soil / infertile / etc.
Steep slopes / no flat land
Remote
(b) Study Fig.3, a graph of cotton farming.
(i) State the area used to grow cotton in 2005. [1]
3.2 / 3,200,000
(ii) State the production in 2005. [1]
2.4 / 2,400,000
(iii) By how much has the area used to grow cotton increased from 1975 to 2005? [1]
1.2 / 1,200,000 hectares / 2.8–2.9 acres
(iv) Which has increased faster, the area used or the cotton production? [1]
(Cotton) production
(c) (i) Explain three factors that have caused the yield of cotton to increase per hectare. [6]
An explanation of any three of the following, (max 2 any factor)

fertiliser for nutrients /fertility + Pakistan soil deficient in nitrogen, better than
dung
irrigation to make up rainfall deficiency + named modern method, all year water
pesticides as pests reduce growth + example
mechanisation for efficiency + faster, better quality of work, named machine
education in modern methods + examples of how things can be improved
HYVs high yield + pest resistance / double cropping / example
capital for buying inputs + example
land reform for more motivation, bigger fields etc.
2 marks for each factor

Name only = 0

(ii) Explain why cotton yields vary from year to year. [3]
rainfall / damage to cotton boll before harvest

summer temperatures / early frost
availability of water from irrigation or rain
floods / high winds / storms etc. causing damage
pest attack causing damage
previous income affecting investment so cannot buy good quality inputs
sickness of labour affecting production
Name only = 0
(d) What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing the cotton manufacturing
industry in Pakistan? [6]
Advantages (res. 2)
Established industry / good reputation worldwide
Creates jobs / employment / develops skills
Traditional skills / cheap labour available
Value-added export / export of named product or to named area / large scale export/ main
export
Higher price (because it is processed) / value added
Farmers can increase income
Better named infrastructure
Less imports / can meet demands of population
Can compete with other countries
Lack of modern skills / education
Lack of money to invest / investors
Competition from other countries
Old machinery, breakdowns, slow, old products / need to import machinery
Water shortage for manufacturing / conflict with other users
Power shortage / power breakdown,
Poor roads and railways / transport to ports,
Government policy / changing policies
Less land for growing food other crops
Problems of poor harvest / pest attack / climate problems
Effects of increase in urban population (max 1)
Named pollution linked to cotton manufacture (max 1)
Machines will replace manpower / loss of unskilled jobs
Lack of investment in other industries / services
[Total: 25]
3 (a) Study Fig. 4.
(i) Name the area A which has many mineral resources. [1]
Salt range

(ii) Name two minerals that can be extracted in this area. [2]
Any two of
Rock salt, gypsum, limestone / marble / dolomite, oil / petroleum, gas, coal, iron ore,
celestite, soapstone / talc / stealite
(iii) Name the cities B and C. [2]
B – Peshawar
C – Islamabad / Rawalpindi
(b) Study Fig. 5, which shows fertiliser production in Pakistan.
(i) By how much did fertiliser production increase from 2000 to 2008? [1]
1.0–1.2 / 1,000– 1,200
(ii) Compare the production from 1990 and 2000 to that from 2000 to 2008. [3]
More variable 1991–2000 than 2000–2008

Overall rate of increase greater / gradient steeper 1990–2000
3.0–4.6 / 1.6 million tonnes compared with 4.6–5.7 / 1.0–2 million tonnes / figures with
units (max 1)
Allow for slight inaccuracy in figures
(c) What are the benefits of increasing fertiliser production for the people and the
economy of Pakistan? [4]
Higher yields
More food production
More agricultural exports, or improved balance of payments (max1)
Reduced imports of fertiliser, or improved balance of payments (max1)
Higher GNP
Less debt
Higher farm incomes / profits
More jobs
Cheaper cost of fertiliser
More industrial goods (e.g. cotton)
(d) Study Fig 6, which shows imports of goods to Pakistan in 2007.
(i) State the percentage of: [2]
Machinery – 65
Electrical goods – 10
(ii) Name two machines that may be used in a craft industry. [2]
Allow any tool as long as it is likely to be mechanical

E.g. sewing machine, drill, lathe, sawing (machine), generator

(iii) Explain the importance of mechanisation to the craft industry and other small-
scale industries of Pakistan. [4]
Faster
Larger production
Lower labour costs / cheaper
Less work / easy / less tiring
Standardised product / better quality
Can replace child labour
New skills learned
Allow development, e.g.

Faster so that more income can be made because more production
Standardised product so that it is more attractive to buyers
Allow problems, e.g.

Unemployment, loss of traditional skills
(e) The countries of the European Union have a large demand for goods such as clothes
and sports goods. Pakistan can produce these goods cheaply.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing a trade agreement with

partners in the EU. [4]
Advantages (2 marks)
More exports / can pay off debt / improved trade balance / more foreign exchange (max 1
boosts economy)
Cheaper imports
Better availability
Boosts industrialisation / more factories built / more investment in these industries
Fewer trade barriers / lower taxes
Stable market
Disadvantages (2 marks)
Can be stopped / sanctions
Conditions imposed / ban on child labour
Pakistan goods may not be up to standard
Pakistan production may not be reliable
Imports may compete with local production
May affect other agreements, e.g. Iran, China
Fluctuating currency rates
[Total: 25]
4 (a) Study Photograph B (Insert).
(i) What are the animals shown in the photograph? [1]
Sheep / goats (list rule)

(ii) Describe the topography (relief) and vegetation of the area shown in the
photograph. [3]
Topography (res. 1)
Flat
Gently sloping, undulating
Small ridges
Vegetation (res. 1)
Sparse
Scattered / uneven
(Small) bushes, scrub, trees, thorny (any 2)
(iii) Explain why these animals are reared in a nomadic way in arid areas. [3]
Search for / lack of food / pasture

Quickly finished so have to move
Search for / lack of water
Move with the weather
No infrastructure for settlement
(iv) What are the disadvantages of keeping animals in a nomadic way? [2]
Overgrazing / soil erosion / desertification

Low incomes
Animals may die / starve / poor quality animals
Difficult to improve / develop
Lack of veterinary care / disease spreads easily
Poor breeding
(v) Suggest an alternative way of keeping these animals. [1]
In stalls / stall feeding

In fields / fenced areas
Transhumance
(b) Study Fig. 7.
(i) State one important physical reason for the low density of population in each of
these areas: [3]
A – High relief, mountainous, hilly / cold temperatures

B – Arid, dry, extreme temperatures / lack of soil, stony, plateau, sand storms
C – Arid, dry, extreme temperatures / hot /lack of soil, sandy, sand storms

(ii) RELIEF RAINFALL RIVERS
Explain how each of the three factors above contributes to a high density of
population in area D. [6]
One mark for simple explanation of factor, development mark for links to higher
population density
Relief (2 marks)
Flat / gently undulating
So good for cultivation, mechanisation, roads (allow infrastructure), buildings
Rainfall (2 marks)
Monsoon / enough / high rainfall
So plenty for rainfed / barani farming, domestic or industrial use, better air quality
Rivers (2 marks)
Indus and tributaries
So bring silt /alluvium, water for named use, fishing
So perennial irrigation
(c) Choose either area A or area B from Fig. 7.
It is often suggested that improved transport and telecommunications can bring

development to a sparsely populated area.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of these improvements to either area A or
area B? [6]
Advantages (res. 2)
Development of mineral / other resources
Trade / access to markets for local products, e.g.via Gwadar port, to Iran and Afghanistan
Industrial development
Development of employment opportunities
Access to consumer goods / better food / machines etc.
Access to health / education
Contact with buyers by telecommunications
Advertising by telecommunications
Distance learning
Tourism
People can leave more easily / more rural-urban migration
Difficulty of construction (must be clear reference to the area), risk of damage or blockage
Cost of construction / cost of maintenance / lack of machinery etc.
Lack of power / electricity for telecommunications
People may see better lives / opportunities elsewhere
Low population therefore uneconomic
Resistance of local tribes / loss of culture
Deforestation when roads/ transmission lines are built
[Total: 25]

5 (a) Study Fig. 8, which shows January temperatures in Pakistan.
(i) What is the temperature at: [3]
Karachi – over 18/ any figure between 18 and 30

Faisalabad – 10–15 or any figure between these
Chitral – 5 or under, or any figure from –10 to + 5
Or credit a temperature within the range
(ii) Do the temperatures increase or decrease: [2]
A from south to north – decrease

B from east to west – decrease (allow increase only if stated ‘in the south’)
(iii) Explain two factors that affect winter temperatures in Pakistan. [4]
Insolation / angle of the sun

As the overhead sun moves to the southern hemisphere / over Tropic of Capricorn, rays
spread over a larger area
Altitude / height of the land

As this increases temperatures decrease
Air is less dense so holds less heat / heat radiated from the surface decreases with
altitude
Continental / maritime effect

Land loses heat in winter
No moderating sea winds
2 marks for each factor
(b) Study Fig. 9, which shows the distribution of monsoon rainfall in Pakistan.
(i) Name the areas of high rainfall A and B. [2]
A – South / lower / south-east Sindh

B – North / upper / central Punjab
(ii) Name the body of water that is the source of moisture for the monsoon winds X
and Y. [2]
X – Bay of Bengal
Y – Arabian Sea

(c) Explain why the lack of monsoon rainfall in the Southern Punjab and Sindh causes
problems for farmers. [6]
Poor crop growth / difficult to grow crops

Low profits / incomes /farm economy
Unreliable / variable rainfall
Little or no other sources of rain / western depressions, relief etc.
Low humidity
High evaporation / evapotranspiration
Due to high temperatures
Need for irrigation / expensive to irrigate / depends on rivers and canals
Irrigation water already used by North Punjab and other users
Poor farmers cannot afford tubewells etc.
Can be soil erosion / blowing
(d) Consider the feasibility of improving water supply to farmers in Punjab and Sindh. [6]
In favour (res.1)
Rainfall in monsoon season can be stored
Snow melt from mountains
Indus river system brings water from highlands
Can make more storage / reservoirs / dams / barrages
Can build more canals
Can use groundwater / build more tubewells
Against (res. 1)
Cost of reservoirs, canals etc
Cost of tubewells
Lack of reservoirs / dams / barrages
Indus Treaty limits supply / conflict with India over supplies
Lower water table restricts groundwater
Waterlogging and salinity problems
Lack of / cost of power supplies for pumps
Other constraints, e.g. education, wastage, conflict between users etc.
Can be ruined by floods
Alternative approach
Improvements (res. 1)
More storage
More canals
Reduce waste / seepage / flooding
Clear silt / silt traps
Control water pollution
Modern technology, e.g. tubewells, sprinklers
Education of farmers
Plant trees for more rainfall
But (res. 1 mark)

Need for investment
Lack of training for farmers
Lack of water supply
Conflict with India
[Total: 25]

GCE Ordinary Level
MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2012 series

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2012 series for most IGCSE,
GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level components and some Ordinary Level
components.
1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows mineral extraction in 2008 in Pakistan.
(i) Name two minerals shown on Fig. 1 that are used to make cement. [2]
limestone
gypsum
(ii) State two uses of rock salt. [2]
Do not credit vague answers such as ‘food’ ‘chemicals’ ‘textiles’ ‘pharmaceuticals’ etc.
Two of the following (there may be others)

Food - Flavour, preserving, curing, table salt
Textiles - dyeing, bleaching, water softening,
Chemicals - Soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, artificial rubber,
Misc.- Tanning, household cleaner, fire extinguisher, artificial rubber, roads etc.
(iii) State the amount of gypsum extracted. [1]
640 - 680 thousand tonnes
(b) Study Fig. 2 showing chromite production.
(i) Describe the changes in production from 1992 to 2008. [3]
Increases overall
Variable overall / 1992-2008
comment on fall and rise from 1992-97/98
variable 1998 – 2004/5
Rises from 2004-2008 / sharp rise in 2007
Secondary peak 1996-1998 / rises then falls 1996-1999
Lowest 1994
Figures to illustrate one of the above (max 1) eg. 28,000-115,000 tonnes 1992-2008
(ii) Suggest why the production of minerals, such as chromite, varies from year to
year. [3]
Investment / funding
Demand / orders
Bankruptcy / companies leave
Problems with machinery
Reserves reducing /new reserves exploited /geological problems
Terrorism

(c) Study Photograph A (Insert)
(i) With reference to the photograph and using your own knowledge, describe the
environmental problems that can be caused by mineral extraction. [4]
From photograph - loss of vegetation / deforestation

Land deformation / piles of rocks /pits
Loss of soil
Dust
Own knowledge-smoke / gasses

Soil erosion
Loss of farmland / grazing / no cultivation
Holes / pits etc.
Noise / vibration
(reserve one mark for reference to photograph)
(ii) How can these problems be reduced? [4]
Laws / legislation+ details

Tree planting / screens + details
Land restoration + details
Personal health and safety – eg wearing masks against the dust, ear defenders, regular
medical check ups, etc
(allow up to two marks for each line)
(d) To what extent can more extraction of mineral resources help to increase
development in Pakistan? [6]
In favour (res. 2)
Increase trade / exports / reduce imports
Raise GDP/GNP/ increase the economy
Increase employment
Raise taxes/ government earnings
Foreign investment
Rural development
Industrialisation / more industry
Better infrastructure + example
Provides more fuel or raw material + example.
Education / skills
Against (res. 2)
Lack of funds
Lack of machinery / technology
Unattractive to investors
In remote areas
Lack of infrastructure ( but do not double mark)
Competition from other countries / other countries safer
Environmental damage
Lack of skills / expertise
[Total: 25]

2 (a) Study Fig. 3, showing the climate of Karachi.
(i) By how much does the temperature rise from January to May? [1]
12°C
(ii) How does the amount of rainfall change from October to March? [2]
Increases
Steady / constant / regular
1 – 12mm / by 2mm per month
(iii) With reference to Fig. 3 describe the climate of the months June to September. [4]
Temperature
High / warm hot
29 – 31°C / average 30°C
Highest in June
Little change in temperature
Rainfall
High (accept July-September)
20 – 85mm
Large increase in July / July max
Decreasing after July
Total 170-185 mms
Allow a mark for ‘temperature drops (in July) when rainfall increases’
(b) Explain the causes of the monsoon at Karachi. [4]
Low pressure develops over land mass / air rises over land
Draws in wind from high pressure area
From the Arabian Sea
Moisture-bearing /wet winds /carrying rain / humid
Rise over land
Cools
Moisture condenses / clouds form
(c) (i) Name the violent storms that form over the sea and that may affect Karachi. [1]
Cyclones / Typhoons / Hurricanes
(ii) In which months may these occur? [1]
April / May / June / Sept / Oct / November

(iii) Explain how storms such as these may affect industry and communications in
urban areas. [6]
NB. Answer must refer to storms in urban areas, therefore no ref. to farming or its
products
No reserves
Flooding / heavy rain / high waves/ high tides}
Strong winds } Weather associated with the storm
Lightning strike }
Damage or closure of buildings / roads / bridges / airports
Lack of deliveries port activity
Loss of production / work stops
Lack of labour / cannot get to work
Lack of experts / investors linked to airports being closed
Lack of (tele)communication
Loss of power - electricity
(d) Read the article below.

Assess the possibilities for electricity generation other than by fossil fuels at Karachi.
[6]
The article refers to waves/tidal, wind, sun and waste, but there may be reference to others
eg nuclear power.
The answer should make reference to the suitability of Karachi as a coastal location / just
north of the Tropic of Cancer
Possibilities (Res 2)
Arabian Sea - so wave and tidal power
Windy coast - so wind turbines, windmills
Sunny weather - so solar
Waste - so possibilities of burning waste
Port / industrial so nuclear ie.there is a port for importing uranium, water for cooling,
there already is a nuclear power station in the area
Geothermal Energy
Pakistan is near a plate boundary, active geological zone
Problems
Arabian Sea is in the extreme south / away from other large towns
(res. 2) Wind turbines may obstruct shipping / fishing
Winds do not blow all the line / with a regular speed
Sun does not shine at night / can be covered by clouds
Burning waste causes air pollution
Problems of nuclear power (Sethi page 127)
Low output from these generators (except nuclear)
Modern technology needed for geothermal energy
Problems must concern people and environment of Karachi.

3 (a) Study Fig. 4.
(i) Name the irrigation system shown in Fig. 4 [1]
Karez
(ii) Name an area of Pakistan where it is used. [1]
Balochistan
Kech Valley / Turbat /Miri / Sharak
(iii) Explain how this system provides water for agriculture in this area. [4]
rain falls in mountains

drains to the foothills / sinks into ground / groundwater /
travels in tunnels / underground canals
reaches surface / oases
tunnels need maintenance
owned by groups of farmers
(iv) Name a fruit crop grown in this area. [1]
dates / apricot / apple / grapes / peaches / melons
(b) Study Fig. 5 showing the results of a survey in 2008.
(i) What percentage of land is cultivated? [1]
37/ 38
(ii) What percentage of land is waste? [1]
13 / 14/ 15
(iii) Explain how soils are damaged by waterlogging and salinity. [4]
Caused by too much irrigation water / misuse of water by illiterate farmers

Seeps from canals
Water table rises / soil becomes too wet / puddles of water
Water rises upwards carrying salts
Evaporates causing salinity
hard crust forms / salt patches
salt poisons crops / crops die
Roots cannot breathe in waterlogged soil

(iv) Explain three reasons, other than by waterlogging and salinity, why over half the
land was not cultivated when the survey was made. [6]
Pasture - grazing
Fallow – to allow soil to rest
Low rainfall / away from canals / desert –infertile, plants cannot grow, no soil
Mountains – steep slopes / lack of soil (accept rugged)
Forest – need for
Rivers – may flood
Residential / housing - for large population
Industry – factories need large space
Commercial – eg. city centres
Mineral extraction – plus waste
Pollution – crops die
Roads, railways, airports – for communication
Damage – eg. deforestation, pollution
Wasted by landlords
Very cold
1 mark for reason, 1 mark for explanation. [3 × 2]
(c) To what extent could government action increase agricultural production in Pakistan?
[6]
Improve education eg. model farms, travelling advisors, training centres, colleges
Loans eg. for machinery, HYV, fertiliser
Subsidies eg. for imported machinery, fertiliser prices lower
More fertiliser / pesticides factories or imports
More machinery factories or imports
Land reforms eg. consolidation
Improve water availability eg. reservoirs, canals
Cure of waterlogging and salinity eg. SCARP
Weather forecasts
Media eg. radio, TV
Problems (res. 2)
Lack of money
Illiteracy
High population
Other calls on government investment / attention
Fears of unemployment due to mechanisation
Land reforms may fail due to corruption / power of landlords etc.

4 (a) Study Fig. 6.
(i) Name the main centres of textile production A, B and C. [3]
A Quetta
B Gujranwala
C Multan
(ii) Describe the distribution of cotton processing centres. [3]
most processing centres / factories in Punjab

along rivers (in Punjab) / River Indus (in Sindh)
THE FOLLOWING REQUIRE A NAMED TOWN IN AN AREA

Southern / Lower Sindh eg. Hyderabad, Karachi
Northern / Upper Sindh eg. Sukkur, Larkana
KPK / NWFP eg. Peshawar, Nowshera
Northern Baluchistan eg. Quetta
(b) Study Fig. 7.
(i) Compare the outputs of cotton yarn and cotton cloth from 1999 to 2008. [2]
Yarn greater than cloth

Both increase
Both make sharp increase in 2004
After 2005 cloth levels out but yarn continues to increase
(ii) Suggest one reason for the difference in output of cotton yarn and cotton cloth,
and explain your answer. [2]
More yarn / spinning mills than cloth / weaving mills

Yarn is made into cloth
Problems / less investment/ in cloth weaving factories / machinery
(Eg. loadshedding, old machines)
More demand for yarn (worldwide)
(c) (i) Give an example of a job in the primary, secondary and tertiary sector of the
cotton industry. [3]
Primary – farming, picking, bringing water

Secondary – washing, dyeing, spinning, weaving
Tertiary – sales, transport, management
(ii) How are the proportions of workers employed in each of these sectors changing?
[3]
Less in primary
More / less in secondary
More in tertiary

(iii) Explain why the changes you have stated in (c)(ii) may lead to unemployment. [3]
Lack of literacy / illiteracy

Lack of skills for machines
More mechanisation / fewer workers needed with mechanisation
Computers faster than writers / more IT in offices
Can use foreign workers
Less work in rural areas
(d) To what extent will improvements in education benefit both the rural and urban people
of Pakistan? [6]
Benefits (res.2)
Will increase literacy / skills / can read eg. government advice
Better paid jobs / can work in the professions / can use machinery / skilled
Better farm outputs / income for farmers
Better understanding of family planning / hazards of overpopulation
Better health / more doctors, nurses, clinics etc.
Better living standards / better hygiene, sanitation etc.
Problems (res. 2)
Lack of jobs for educated people
Loss of skilled workers eg. teachers, doctors
Break-up of families through rural-urban migration
General problems of too many people

5 (a) Study Fig. 8 showing birth and death rates in Pakistan 1990 to 2005.
(i) State the birth rate and death rate in the year 2005. [2]
26 per thousand, 7 per thousand
(ii) By how much has each decreased since 1990? [2]
13 per thousand, 3 per thousand or percentages 33% and 30%
(iii) Explain why both the birth and death rates have fallen in Pakistan. [6]
Better family planning / awareness of overpopulation

Better education of women / fewer early marriages more doctors / hospitals / clinics
Better access to / use of contraceptives
Lower infant mortality
Religious advice changed / no longer ‘Allah gives Rizq’
Less need for child labour
Old people living longer
Better access to medication eg. vaccination
Better food / nutrition
Better hygiene / access to clean water
Better housing
More materialistic attitudes
Healthy lifestyle / people take care of their health
(res 2 each for specific reference to birth and death rates)
(b) Study Fig. 9
(i) Describe the main changes in birth rate from 1941 to 2000. [4]
Overall decrease
Decreased 1941 – 1972
Increased to 1981
by a large amount / steeply / almost back to 1940 level
Decreased to 2000
(ii) Complete the following [2]
NATURAL INCREASE = Birth rate minus death rate
(iii) Study Fig. 9 again. Underline the year in which the natural population increase
was greatest. 1941, 1972, 1981, 2000 [1]
1981
(c) (i) Explain the difference between emigration and immigration. [2]
Emigration – moving away from an area / country

Immigration – moving into an area / country

(iii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of international emigration for the
people of Pakistan. [6]
Advantages (res. 2)
Can earn higher income / better prospects
Remittances sent home
Jobs for educated eg. doctors, engineers, university lecturer
Jobs for construction in Middle East / domestic, restaurants, shops in Malasia
Better living condition eg. housing, electricity, sanitation etc.
Social benefits eg. education, healthcare etc.
Religious freedom
Better food
Loss of educated workers eg. doctors, teachers
Qualifications may not be accepted / language problems
High cost of living abroad
Prejudice eg. thought to be extremist
Too many people there already
Need for permits eg. to enter country, work permit
Exploited by traffickers / poor working and living conditions etc.
Homesick / different culture etc.

GCE Ordinary Level

Teachers.
Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2013 series for most IGCSE, GCE
1 (a) Study Photograph A.

Name the irrigation system shown in the photograph and explain briefly how it works.
[4]
Name Tubewell
How it works
Tube to groundwater/aquifer
Water pumped up
By tractor/(diesel) motor/generator
Water flows into pond/reservoir/tank
Distributed to fields by canals/pipes/sprinklers etc.
(b) Study Fig. 1, a map showing the main sugar-cane growing areas.
Name on the map one city, town or district in each of the areas A, B and C. [3]
A Peshawar/Charsadda/Nowshera
B Faisalabad/Sargodha/Jhang/Kasur/Lahore/Gujranwala/Sheikupura
C Badin/Sanghar/Hyderabad/Mirpur Khas
(c) (i) What is meant by the following terms? [2]
subsistence crop
a crop for the family to eat/use
cash crop
a crop that is grown to be sold/provides income/grown commercially
(ii) Describe the climate and soil conditions needed for growing sugar cane. [4]
Climate
Temperature 25–35 °C/warm/hot
Can tolerate short periods of frost
Rainfall at least 1500 mm/over 1500 mm per year
Soil(Silt) loams/(clay) loams best

Retain water
Allow infiltration/drainage of excess water
Fertile/rich in nutrients
E.g. alluvial
Rich in nitrogen/phosphates/potash
(d) (i) Give two reasons why sugar cane factories should be built as close as possible to
the fields where sugar cane is grown. [2]
Loses its sugar content after harvesting

Heavy/bulky to transport
Saves transport cost

(ii) Name two by-products from sugar cane processing and give a use of each of
them. [4]
Bagasse
Paper/chipboard/baskets/animal feed/fuel
Molasses
Animal feed/bakers’ yeast/synthetic rubber/packaging/chemical industry/
citric acid/alcohol/fuel
(e) Name a cash crop, other than sugar-cane grown in Pakistan. Explain the advantages
and disadvantages of increasing its cultivation. [6]
Name
Cotton, wheat, rice, tobacco, oilseeds
Advantages
Increased – farm income, exports, GDP, production of manufactured/processed goods/raw
materials for manufacturing (max 2)
Reduction in imports
More jobs
Disadvantages
Less food crops grown
High cost of machinery/HYV/irrigation/etc.
Lack of land, machinery, skilled farmers, water (max 2)
Greater losses if disease/storms/floods
Water pollution from pesticides/fertilisers
Vulnerable to competitors
[TOTAL MARKS: 25]
2 (a) Study Photograph B (Insert) and Fig. 2, a diagram showing the main inputs to a brick-
making industry.
(i) Write the names of three other physical inputs in the empty boxes on Fig. 2 above.
[3]
Clay, water, coal
(ii) Explain how bricks are made. [3]
Clay mixed with water

Placed in moulds
Dried (in sun)
Baked (in kiln)
(iii) Name two types of air pollution that might be produced by a brickworks. [2]
Carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, soot/smoke, smell,

dust/ash

(b) Study Photograph B again. Describe the effects of the pollution created by this
brickworks on people and the environment in the local area. [4]
People
Respiratory diseases
E.g. Asthma
Skin irritations
Eye diseases
Unsightly views
Irritability/deafness (from noise)
Environment
Quarries/holes/depressions
(Spoil) heaps
Vegetation/crops covered in dust/ash
Land degraded/bare/deformed
(c) Study Fig. 3, a graph showing cement production in Pakistan.
(i) What was the production of cement in 2009? [1]
28 million tonnes
(ii) By how much did production increase from 2000 to 2009? [1]
19 million (tonnes)
(iii) Name the two main raw materials used to make cement. [2]
Limestone, Gypsum
(iv) Give three reasons for the continuous increase in cement manufacture from 2000
to 2009. [3]
Industrial/economic development
Urbanisation/construction
Better/more housing, roads, offices, factories (max 2)
Higher living standards
Population increase
Raw materials cheap
Raw materials readily/locally available

(d) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of expanding the sports goods industry in
Pakistan. [6]
Advantages
Enhances traditional skills
Uses local raw materials/saves import of raw materials
Increases employment
Work for women
Increases family incomes/GDP
More exports/trade
Disadvantages
Shortage of raw materials
Cost of importing raw materials/machinery
E.g. rubber/thread/leather
(Trade hindered by) child labour issues
(Trade hindered by) quality issues
[TOTAL MARKS: 25]
3 (a) Study Fig. 4, a graph showing the weight of goods carried by road and rail transport in
Pakistan.
(i) What is the weight of goods carried by road in 2009? [1]
128 million tonnes per km
(ii) How much more was carried by road than rail in 2009? [1]
122 million (tonnes per km)
(iii) By how much has the weight of goods carried by road increased from 2002 to
2009? [1]
18–20 million (tonnes per km)
(b) Why has the use of road transport increased more than rail transport since 2000? [4]
Roads go everywhere } (Accept converses for these two lines)

Door-to-door }
More roads built
Improved/pucca roads
Motorways/dual carriageways
Little investment in railways
Damaged track
Poor engines/trucks/carriages
Rail suffers delays

(c) Study Fig 5, a map of Pakistan.
(i) Give the latitude of the lines X – X and Y – Y [2]
X – X 36 °N
Y – Y 30 °N
(ii) Explain the effect of latitude on temperature and day length. [4]
Temperature
Greater heating/warming effects lower latitudes/nearer equator/lower heating/cooling
effect higher latitudes
Lower latitudes more direct rays of the sun (Accept converse)
Higher or lower angle of the sun/high latitude lower angle of sun/low latitude higher
angle of sun
High latitudes less insolation/more rays absorbed by the atmosphere/rays spread over
larger area(Accept converse)
Day length
High latitudes days shorter in winter and longer in summer/the higher the latitude the
shorter the days in winter/low latitudes days and nights more equal in length
Earth is tilted on its axis
Hemisphere experiencing summer points towards the sun / N hemisphere points toward
sun in summer and away from sun in winter
(d) (i) Study Photograph C.

Name three attractions to tourists shown in the photograph. [3]
Valleys
Rivers/rapids
Mountains/hills
Greenery/lush vegetation/meadows/pastures
Forest/trees
Terraces
Tracks/trails
(ii) Explain how local people can gain income from tourism in mountain areas. [3]
Making/sale of crafts
Opening shops in village
Guides (on tracks/trails)
Named services e.g. hotels/restaurants
Named transport services
Offering accommodation in own home
Construction of tourist facilities

(e) To what extent is it possible to increase tourism in Pakistan in the 21st century? [6]
Possibilities
By providing more/improved/good/etc. – security, named infrastructure, hotels, named tourist
activities (max 2)
Advertising/promotion
Training for staff in tourist industry/education about accepting tourists
Maintenance/cleanliness of tourist attractions
Attraction – mountain ranges/valleys, forests, archaeological/historic/cultural sites, mosques,
modern buildings, traditional crafts/bazaars, hill stations (max 1)
Strategies for increasing tourism, e.g. – preventing deforestation in tourist areas, removing
litter/rubbish from e.g. Murree, opening a (winter) resort + details, (max 2)
Problems
Unstable political situation
Corruption
Lack of security/terrorism
Accommodation below Western standards
Poor named infrastructure
High cost of developing tourist areas/facilities
Lack of government support/attention/interest
[TOTAL MARKS: 25]
4 (a) Study Photographs D and E (Insert).
(i) Name the type of renewable energy being generated. [2]
D wind
E solar
(ii) Give three advantages of renewable energy. [3]
Will not run out/does not deplete natural resources

Clean/do not pollute (environment)
Free at source
Can be small scale
(iii) Give three disadvantages of generating energy by either D or E. [3]
Wind
Not constant, ineffective if wind speed too low/too high, unsightly, noisy, expensive to
build, small output, can harm wildlife e.g. birds
Solar
Not constant, needs clear skies, not at night, less in winter, expensive to build, small
output

(b) On the map name the two dams shown, and the rivers on which they are situated. [4]
X Tarbela, Indus
Y Mangla, Jhelum
(c) (i) With reference to water supply and relief (topography) explain why it might be
possible to build more HEP (hydel) power stations in areas such as that shown in
Photograph C (Insert). [4]
Water supply
High rainfall, melting glaciers, melting snow, low temperatures/evaporation, continuous
supply from rivers/rain (max 2)
Relief (topography)
Deep valleys, narrow valleys, steep slopes/steep-sided valleys, waterfalls, high altitude
(max 2)
(ii) Give three reasons why it is difficult to develop more HEP (hydel) power stations
in Pakistan. [3]
(Climate change so) less rainfall

(Climate change so) higher temperatures and more evaporation/glaciers smaller
Liable to siltation in reservoirs
High cost
No investment/government support/changing government policies
Opposition from tribal areas (in mountains)/security issues
Lack of skilled labour/expertise
Opposition to loss of land (for reservoir)
Dispute over share of water (between provinces)

(d) To what extent is it possible to increase the electricity supply to rural areas? [6]
Possibilities
Extend national grid
Increase (national) power generation/nuclear power
More/good potential for renewable schemes, wind, solar, HEP (max 2)
(allow dev to further max 2 for details)
More small-scale power generation schemes
E.g. biogas using animal/plant waste/molasses (dev)
Problems
High cost of technology/fuel/maintenance
Theft
Damage/energy loss…
…Due to long transmission lines/siltation in reservoirs for HEP
Distance from grid stations/remoteness of some rural areas
Tribal opposition
Insufficient power generation…
…So urban needs met first
Lack of government support/loans/investment/policies
Difficult construction in rugged/mountainous terrain
Lack of named skilled personnel, e.g. engineers
[TOTAL MARKS: 25]
5 (a) Study Fig. 7 (Insert) a map of literacy in Pakistan.
(i) Name a city in each of the three areas shown on the map where literacy is over
60%. [3]
Islamabad/Rawalpindi/Gujrat/Jhelum
Lahore
Karachi

(ii) Name an area where literacy is below 20%. Explain why the literacy rate is low in
this area. [6]
Name
Central/N/NE/E/correctly named District in Balochistan, SE Sindh/Tharparkar, N/NE
KPK/Shangla/Kohistan/Batgram
Explanation
Remote (from main population centres)
Traditional ideas/women uneducated/tribal influences
Terrorism
Nomadic lifestyle (in Balochistan)
Self-sufficient/less need for education/less work available
Child labour
Lack of named infrastructure e.g. roads, schools, telecoms/IT, electricity (max 2)
No government help
Poverty/cannot afford education
Fewer/less skilled teachers
(b) Study Fig. 8, pie charts showing literacy rates in Pakistan.
(i) What is the percentage of literate males in urban areas? [1]
37–39 (%)
(ii) How much larger is this than the percentage of literate males in rural areas? [1]
12–14 (%)
(c) (i) Give an example of tertiary employment for which literacy is not important. [1]
A named example e.g. domestic/street trader/industrial cleaner/roadsweeper/driver/etc.
(ii) Explain why literacy is important to increase economic development in Pakistan.

[6]
More skilled workers…
…E.g. managers, IT, teachers, engineers, architects
…More attractive to foreign investors
…More remittances from abroad
More businesses started
Increased number in employment
Higher wages…
…Therefore more money to spend in local economy
…Therefore more taxes raised
Businesses better managed/farms use modern methods…
…Therefore become more profitable
…So greater efficiency/higher quality goods in agriculture/industry (dev)
Better policy making/administration in government

(d) Study Fig. 8 again.
(i) What is the percentage of literate females in rural areas? [1]
10
(ii) To what extent can population growth be influenced by increasing female literacy?
[6]
Likely to influence population growth

Reduce
(More informed about) family planning
(More informed about) use of contraceptives
Later marriage so delay in having/reduced number of children
Empowered so will choose whether to have more children/to follow traditional beliefs
about large families
Work/become career orientated therefore likely to have less children
(Higher) wages therefore less need for so many children who work
Will understand economic consequences/health risks of a high birth rate/large families
Increase
Higher family income so can afford more children
Will not influence population growth

(Too many) other factors which increase population growth
Factors explained – reasons for high birth rate (max 2)
Other factors are just as/more important in reducing population growth
Factors explained – better healthcare/improvements in sanitation/hygiene so less need
for children to replace those who die, more family planning clinics, approval of family
planning by religious leaders, etc. (max 2)
[TOTAL MARKS: 25]

MARK SCHEME for the October / November 2014 series

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October / November 2014 series for
most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some

Cambridge O Level – October / November 2014 2059 02
1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows a map of Pakistan. Name:
(i) The rivers E, F, and G. [3]
E Indus
F Jhelum
G Ravi
(ii) One of the dams H or J. [1]
H Tarbela
J Mangla
(b) What is meant by
A: a link canal
Diverts / transfers / moves water from / links barrages / syphons to rivers / canals
Diverts / transfers / moves water from / links [western] rivers to other [eastern] rivers /
canals
Diverts / transfers / moves water between / links rivers / river and canal
B: a perennial canal
Supplies water throughout the year
Supplied from dams / barrages
C: an inundation canal? [3]

Supplies water in the rainy season
Taken from rivers / when rivers high / flood
(c) Explain the importance of the Indus Water Treaty to Pakistan. [4]
Ensures that India does not restrict Pakistan’s water supply / water supply in Pakistan is
maintained
Ensures an effective / dependable irrigation system in the Indus Plain

Pakistan has exclusive rights to waters of the rivers Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab
Maintains agricultural production

Tarbela and Mangla dams built [to store water]
Barrages / syphons / link canals built [to distribute water]

Enabled construction cost of works to be shared with Western countries and India
(d) Study Photograph A.
(i) Name the type of forest shown. [1]
Coniferous / alpine / montane

(ii) Suggest three reasons why these forests are being cut down. [3]
Sale of timber
For fuel / heating
Cleared for: Farming
Mining / mineral exploration
Setting up industries / factories
Housing / urbanisation / resorts / hotels
Roads / other named infrastructure
(iii) Explain the effects of this deforestation. [4]
Soil erosion because no roots to hold soil / soil exposed / no interception

Soil becomes infertile / loses nutrients because of leaching / top layer of soil eroded / no
humus formation from leaves
Soil becomes unfit for agriculture
Siltation in reservoirs because soil [exposed and] washed into rivers
Siltation in reservoirs leads to reduction in capacity of reservoirs / dams become silted
up / reduces HEP production
Siltation in reservoirs leads to reduction in capacity of canals / irrigation / water supply
Flooding because increased surface runoff / less interception
Flooding leads to destruction of buildings / infrastructure / farmland
Landslides / avalanches because slopes / rocks / snow not held by trees
Landslides / avalanches lead to blocked roads / buildings destroyed
Loss of scenery / beauty / shade leads to decrease in tourism
Loss of habitat so species lost / extinctions / animals move away / disturbed
Air pollution from burning
Decrease in rainfall due to less transpiration
Fewer trees to take up of CO2 and effect on global warming / climate change
(e) To what extent is it possible to save and even increase the area of forests in Pakistan?
Explain your answer. [6]
Possibilities
Legislation / action on illegal logging / fines / penalties
Government protection of forest areas / national parks / reserves
Restrict logging / quotas / licences / selective cutting
Education / public awareness campaigns
Use of alternative fuel / natural gas instead of burning wood
Planting trees / named afforestation / re-afforestation projects / irrigated / commercial
plantations / plantations for firewood
Providing alternative grazing areas
Action against pollution [which affects mangroves]
Problems
Cost / lack of finance
Security issues
Lack of government will / government priorities
Demand for timber / firewood / wood for construction / named products
Land needed for housing / industry / agriculture / roads
Very long term project
[Total: 25]

2 (a) Explain what is meant by each of the following terms, and choose one example of
each from the given list.
A raw material; B waste material; C value added material [6]
A Basic commodity from which finished goods are made / which is changed by a
manufacturing process
Coal / limestone
B Unused / unwanted by-product
Slag / CO2
C Product that increases in value / worth due to industrial activities / a material improved
as it goes through a manufacturing process
Steel / coke
(b) Study Fig. 2, a map of the site of the Pakistan Steel Mills.
(i) Name the creek X and the port Y. [2]
X Gharo
Y Port[Bin] Qasim
(ii) Name the sea to the south where ships can travel to the steel mills. [1]
Arabian [Sea]
(iii) Using Fig. 2 and your own knowledge, state three factors that make this site
suitable for the development of the Pakistan Steel Mills. Explain one advantage
that each factor gives to this industry. [6]
Factors
Flat / cheap / unused land
Coastal site / natural / deep water harbour
Limestone nearby / at Thatta / Murli Hills
Fresh water nearby / at Lake Haleji
Power stations nearby / at Pipri / Korangi
Rail / road connection
Township on site / near Karachi
Advantages
Low set-up cost
Allows transport by ship / of heavy / bulky materials
Cheap transport of raw materials
Reliable / continuous power supply
Ease of transport of raw / heavy / bulky materials / products [especially to HMC at Taxila]
Readily available supply of labour
Market for sales / exports

(c) Explain why the Pakistan Steel Mills is an industry in the ‘formal sector’. [4]
Capital intensive
Employed / not self-employed
Mechanised / fewer workers
Regular / fixed wages
In purpose built factory / office
Legal / registered / pays tax
(d) To what extent can work in the informal sector improve the lives of those living in
urban areas? Explain your answer. [6]
Might Would otherwise be unemployed / unemployed / unemployable find work

Source of income
Can afford better diet / improved housing / education / luxuries
May be suitable for unskilled / illiterate
Can use traditional skills
Goods / services available locally
Might not Poor working conditions

Low / irregular incomes
Too many people doing the same thing / too much competition
May employ children who do not receive education
Goods are poor quality
[Total: 25]
3 (a) Study Fig.3, a graph showing rainfall in Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
(i) What is the minimum rainfall, and when does it occur? [2]
50–52 mm
October
(ii) What is the maximum rainfall, and when does it occur? [2]
253 / 254mm
March
(iii) For how many months between October and June is the rainfall above 80mm? [1]
(iv) Give two causes of high rainfall between October and June at Dir. [2]
Western / winter depressions / disturbances

Relief rainfall
Convectional rainfall / currents
Thunderstorm
(v) What is the main cause of summer rainfall at Dir? [1]
Monsoon

(b) (i) In the list below circle three inputs used mostly for cash crop farming. [3]
Chemical fertiliser
High yield seeds
Modern tractor
(ii) Explain how each of the three inputs you have circled can increase crop yields. [6]
Chemical fertiliser: Adds / replaces nutrients e.g. nitrogenous / nitrates, phosphates,

potassium / potash
Larger plants
High Yield Seeds: Increase in yield described / allows multi-cropping / shorter growing
period
Resistant to disease / pests
Need less water / drought resistant
Larger plants
Modern tractor: Quick

Efficient
Can use better tools / implements / powers tube-wells
Allows multi-cropping
(c) (i) Explain what is meant by sustainable livestock farming. [2]
To meet the food / animal product needs of the present generation while not
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their food / animal product needs
To meet the food / animal product needs of the present generation while protecting /
minimising damage to the natural environment
Not overstocking which causes soil erosion / desertification
Not polluting water supplies with farm waste
Protecting young trees from grazing
(ii) To what extent can livestock farming increase food supply in Pakistan? Explain
your answer. [6]
Possibilities
Provides meat / milk / eggs / cheese / named food item
Provides protein
Provides raw material for food processing industry
Through selective breeding / livestock research
Higher quality fodder
Through better husbandry / fattening programmes
Cleanliness / hygiene / preventing disease
Veterinary services / vaccinations
Problems
Lack of land
Cost of / lack of fodder / water
Lack of education
Lack of government support
Cost of modern methods / facilities
[Total: 25]

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.
(i) Name the smallest and largest province by area. [2]
Smallest – KPK
Largest – Balochistan
(ii) What is the population density of Sindh province? [1]
216 people per sq. km.
(iii) Which is the most densely populated province? [1]
Punjab
(b) Choose two of the factors given below and explain how they cause a low population
density in Balochistan. [6]
Relief
Mountainous
Too steep / uneven for irrigation / building / agriculture
Difficult to construct transport routes
Long journey times
Climate
Extremely dry / arid / desert
Really hot in summer
Very cold in mountains
Too dry for farming
Shortage of water
Infrastructure
Lack of / poor named infrastructure
Lack of / poor roads for access to food / essential supplies
Lack of / poor roads for trade / industrialisation / communication
Lack of power / electricity / telecommunications / water for homes / businesses / schools
Security
Tribal warfare / insurgencies / terrorism / bombings
Threat to homes / livelihood
Danger of death
Hinders education
Prevents investment / industrialisation

(i) Which province has the largest percentage of population over 65? [1]
Punjab
(ii) Compare the age range of Punjab and Balochistan provinces. [2]
For Punjab (reverse for Balochistan)

Fewer under 15 / children / young people
More 15 to 65 / working age / independent
More over 65 / elderly
(d) Use Fig.4 and your own knowledge to explain the advantages and problems caused by
the age distribution of either Punjab or Balochistan [6]
For Punjab (reverse for Balochistan)
Fewer children
Advantages
• Reduced demand for / pressure on resources schools / clinics for young
• More chance of education / school places
• Less likelihood of poverty in family
Problems
• Fewer workers / less innovation / fewer unemployed
• Not enough young to look after old
More people of working age
Advantages
• More production / economic growth
• More taxes paid / people earning
Problems
• Fewer job opportunities / more unemployment / lower wages
• More pressure on named resources e.g. healthcare / recreation / public transport /
food supply
Larger population of older dependents
Advantages
• Old give good advice / provide family support
Problems
• Old cannot work / do not contribute to economy
• More healthcare / family / social support / homes for elderly / pension needed
• Cost of care / pensions / raised taxes to provide for care / pensions

(e) To what extent can the birth rate of Pakistan be reduced? Explain your answer. [6]
Possibilities
More education of women / more women in careers (will marry later / have shorter
reproductive spans / less desire for children / large families)
More education on family planning / awareness of [economic] problems caused by high BRs
Use of family planning / better access to contraception / more family planning programmes /
clinics / population policy
Cheaper contraception
More hospitals / clinics / better healthcare (lowers infant mortality so less need to replace
those who die)
Approval of family planning by religious leaders
Raising marriage age
Banning child labour (so less need for children to work on farms)
Problems
Lack of education / illiteracy
Lack of empowerment of women to control family size
Traditions / opposition to contraception
Lack of medical facilities / investment in family planning programmes
Traditional beliefs encouraging large families
Early marriage
[Total: 25]
5 (a) Study Fig. 5, a map showing air routes in Pakistan.
(i) Give the destination of the air routes from Karachi R, S, and T. [3]
R Gwadar
S Peshawar
T Lahore
(ii) Describe the pattern of air routes from Islamabad. [3]
In most directions / widely spread

More / many to the south
Longer routes to the southwest
Fewer / a few to the north
Shorter routes to the north
None to the coast

(b) Explain the benefits of air transport to the people and the local economy of the
northern mountains of Pakistan. [6]
People
Allows movement where lack of / inaccessible by roads / railways / roads blocked by snow
Faster means of travel
Enables faster relief after earthquakes / landslides
Access to hospitals in medical emergencies / transport of medicines
Supply of imported food items
Employment e.g. air hostess / pilot / airport staff / hotel staff / waiter / guide
Local economy
Good for transport of perishable goods
Good for transport of valuable / light goods
Promotes trade
Promotes cottage / small-scale industry
Brings income / foreign exchange / currency from tourism
(c) (i) What is meant by the term ‘cottage industry’? [1]
Production of saleable goods / industry / valid named industry in own home
(ii) State and explain three advantages of establishing cottage industries in a rural
area. [6]
Advantages
Employment / self-employment
Employment of women / whole families
Income / export earnings
Meets demands of local market
Raw materials available locally / cheaply
Low technology
Explanation
Ability to support family
Reduces rural-urban migration of otherwise unemployed
Promotes independence / equality of women
Raises standard of living / quality of life
Boosts national economy / GDP / BOP
Puts money in local economy
Promotes self-reliance of area
Saves expensive imports / extra transport costs
Suitable for poorer people
Low set-up costs

(d) To what extent can small scale and cottage industries be sustainable? Explain your
answer. [6]
Possibilities
Can be done in the home (so low set up costs)
Local raw materials / re-used waste materials (therefore cheap / less need to borrow money)
Simple technology (so less need for electricity / power supply)
Small scale causing less damage to environment
Traditional skills / does not demand education (people can support themselves when other
work not available / possible)
Government support / schemes / loans
Use of machinery
Use of electricity (allowing work after dark)
Provision of other named infrastructure
Problems
Small output / low earnings
Low profits (therefore difficult to escape poverty)
Need for ‘middle man’ which reduces profits
Poor quality products (so lack of demand / low value)
Use of child labour (restricting markets / sales)
Lack of education / telecommunications (which limits marketing skills / limit marketing ability)
[Total: 25]


Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2015 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some

Cambridge O Level – October/November 2015 2059 02
1 (a) (i) Describe two ways in which water supplies can be polluted. [2]
Sewage discharged into rivers
Domestic waste thrown in rivers
Pesticides/fertilisers runoff from agricultural fields in groundwater/rivers/eutrophication
Industrial waste/chemicals/toxic waste/metals/ waste from ships discharged into rivers
Leakage of oil from ships
‘Sea’/’ocean’ = 0
(ii) For one of these ways explain how the problem caused by pollution can be
solved. [2]
Investment in sewerage systems/ infrastructure/treatment of sewage
Improve sanitation facilities in poor quality housing/slums/squatter settlements /katchi
abadis
Improve/more regular domestic refuse collection
Treatment of/improving disposal of industrial waste
Open up roads into squatter settlements to allow refuse lorries
Alternatives to chemical fertilisers/pesticides ‘Reduce’ = 0
Organic farming
Fines for industrial polluters
More investment by industries to prevent pollution incidents
Maintenance of ship/checking for leaks in ship
If not clearly linked to candidate answer/different answer to (i) then max 1
(b) Study Fig. 1, a map showing the major rivers of Pakistan.
(i) Locate the following two dams on the map:

• Warsak (W);
• Diamir Bhasha (under construction) (D). This dam is 150 km downstream of
Gilgit.
Mark their positions using the appropriate symbol from the key and label each
with the correct letter. [2]
W On R. Kabul between confluence with R.Swat and Afghan border RED OVERLAY
SHOWS TOLERANCE
D On R. Indus GREEN OVERLAY SHOWS TOLERANCE
Credit any indication of correct location on map within tolerated regions
1 + 1 mark

(ii) What are the advantages of building a dam at the Diamir Bhasha site? [4]
HEP
Electrification of/supplies electricity to the region/for local industries
Only floods agriculturally barren land/small amount agricultural land flooded
Will extend life of Tarbela Dam
Controls/reduces/prevents flooding [downstream]
For irrigation
Drinking water/water supply for industries
New transport infrastructure/development in region
Possibility of tourism/watersports
Possibility of freshwater fishing
Provides employment in named sector /for local people
Location factor e.g. narrow/steep-sided valley/high speed of water/high
precipitation/large amount of meltwater from glaciers ‘Flow’ = 0
(iii) Describe the disputes over water availability and use which can arise from
proposals to build dams at sites such as this. [4]
One province receives greater share of water/unequal division of water
Dam in Punjab/one province but much of flooded area in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa/another
province
Loss of water supply downstream/to Sindh for agriculture
Risk of flooding downstream by release of water/opening dam
Less silt deposited on floodplains of lower course/lower Indus
Evaporation of lower course/lower Indus
[Indus] delta/coastal area [of Sindh] less fresh water/water more saline
Disturbance to ecosystem/mangrove forests/fishing
NB: not limited to Kalabagh case study
‘Loss of land’/’evacuation’ = 0
(c) Study Photographs A and B (Insert), which show typical scenes of deforestation.
(i) State one use of timber from forests that have been cut down. [1]
Construction/buildings Chipboard/hardboard/plywood Matches

Furniture Paper Fuel/firewood/charcoal
Sports goods Boxes Veneer
USE LIST RULE
(ii) Using the photographs and your own knowledge, describe the effects of
deforestation on the natural environment. [4]
Soil washed into rivers
Siltation of rivers
Soil blown away
Increased surface run off / risk of flooding
Loss of forest habitat/mangroves/ecosystem
Loss of species/extinction
Air pollution from burning
Less take up of CO2 / increase in global warming/climate change
Soil eroded / coarse layers of soil/bare rock/infertile soil left behind / gullying / landslides
Less transpiration/rainfall
Decrease in humus formation
Loss of scenic beauty/visual pollution

(d) Pakistan is rapidly losing its trees. Over the period 2000–2007 the country’s forests
decreased at a rate of 2.2% per year, the ninth highest rate among the world’s nations.
What actions can be taken to reduce deforestation? To what extent are these actions
possible in Pakistan? [6]
Levels marked
Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points explaining both views (possible and not possible).
Evaluation giving clear support to one view, with developed points describing actions (5), and
with at least one reference to an appropriate example (6)
Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point explaining one view or describing actions (3),
developed points explaining both views (or either view) or explaining one view and
describing actions or describing actions only (4). No evaluation.
Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point addressing one view or describing actions (1), simple
points addressing both views or one view and describing actions or describing actions only
(2).
Actions
Government protection of forest areas/national parks/reserves
Sustainable forestry (selective cutting/helilogging/horse logging)
Planting trees/afforestation/reafforestation (of fast growing trees/replacement forests planted
where areas cleared for housing/industry/roads)
Plantation (of commercial/irrigated forests/forests for firewood/planting on roadsides and
open spaces/fruit/nut trees)
Improve distribution of alternative fuel sources to avoid need for fuelwood (e.g. natural
gas/CNG to mountainous or remote areas)
Government action on illegal logging
Restrict logging (quotas/licences)
Education/awareness programmes
Possible/greater extent
Successful afforestation projects (of badlands in catchment areas) (Tarbela/Mangla
Watershed Project) (Rachna Doab Afforestation Project ) (Baltistan 1995 onwards
afforestation programme by Agha Khan Rural Support Programme – 830 000 trees planted)
Named forest reserves/national parks/plantations
Awareness programmes about value of forests (run by NGOs)
Not possible/lesser extent

High cost
Projects difficult to manage (in remote/mountainous areas)
Security issues (in FATA/border areas)
Growing population/demand for timber/firewood/land (for housing, industry, agriculture,
roads)
Government priorities
[Total: 25]

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2, which shows the usage of natural gas in Pakistan in the year 2010–
11. In the key, name the activities A and B which are two of the main users of
natural gas in Pakistan. [2]
A Power [stations]/electricity [generation] 1 mark
B Household/domestic/residential 1 mark
USE LIST RULE
(ii) State two ways in which gas is transported to homes in Pakistan. [2]
By pipeline [to major cities]
In cylinders / as LPG / by tanker
(b) Study Fig. 3, which is a graph showing usage of electricity in Gigawatt-hours by three
different sectors over a ten-year period.
(i) What was the industrial usage of electricity in 2004? [1]

17 400 GWh/Gigawatt-hours Accept 17 000–18 000 ‘17.4 (000) GWh’ = 0
(ii) To what extent are the changes over the ten years similar for the three sectors? [3]
All/overall increase
Not much/little/some fluctuation
Steady/gradual increase
Similar rate of increase
Agriculture increases least
Household increases most
Increase to be qualified
(iii) Loadshedding is the deliberate, temporary reduction in supply of electricity from a

power station. Explain the effect of loadshedding on industry and business. [4]
Interrupts/loss of /delays in production / work stops (increasing costs)
Loss of orders/cannot meet deadlines (which will lose customers)
Loss of income/profit (preventing further investment in the business)
Lower quality of products (leading to fewer exports)
Machinery/ computers/IT likely to get damaged (increasing costs to the company)
Labour idle
Difficult working conditions (due to lack of air conditioning/lights/computers/IT)
Cost of using generators (increasing costs of production)
Email communication / communication with other businesses disrupted/hindered
Loss of reputation/customer confidence (which deters investors)
Accept development of points (examples in parentheses).
Do not credit same explanation more than once
(c) (i) A. From the list below, circle one place which regularly experiences the highest
temperatures in June in Pakistan.
B. Which range best describes the highest temperatures recorded? Put a tick in
one of the boxes below. [2]
A. Accept either Larkana or Jacobabad 1 mark
B. 52–54 C 1 mark
(ii) Explain why the place you have named in (i) is the hottest place in Pakistan. [2]
Does not have the cooling effect of altitude
Far from moderating effects/maritime influence from sea
Lack of cloud cover/clear skies
High angle of sun
References to equator = 0

(iii) Describe the effects on people of living in extremely hot climates. [3]
Difficult working conditions
People have to stay indoors / stay in shade /cannot stay outdoors too long
Heat-related deaths
e.g. heatstroke/heart attack/sunstroke/skin cancer/dehydration
Difficulty storing water
Need to avoid dehydration by drinking more water
Requires adapations to clothing to keep cool
References to nomadism = 0
(d) It has been suggested that a power station to harness solar energy should be built in
Bahawalpur District, Punjab. The solar panels and associated access roads and
buildings will cover 25 km2. Read the following two views about this proposal:
1. With fossil fuels running out, Pakistan needs to produce more renewable energy
on this land.
2. As much land as possible is needed to grow food for Pakistan’s growing
population.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer. [6]
Levels marked
Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support
to one view. (5) and with at least one specific link to the question material (6).
Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point(s) explaining one view (3), explaining both views (4).
No evaluation.
Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point addressing one view (1), simple points addressing both
views (2)
Renewables
For
Large areas of open land are needed to produce renewable energy (since each unit e.g. one
wind turbine or one solar panel does not generate much electricity)
Need to have alternative sources of energy to fossil fuels (which will run out/exhaust
eventually/cannot be replaced/are not sustainable)
Fossil fuels becoming expensive (because of scarcity/costs of production from increasingly
inaccessible/inhospitable places/prices controlled by cartels e.g. OPEC)
Bahawalpur District is largely desert and suitable for solar power generation (because of lack
of cloud cover/high number of sunny days per year)
Against
There are sufficient deposits of fossil fuels (as well as the funds/expertise to extract them)

Agriculture
For
Population growing at a fast rate (nationally about1.6% per year)
Increasing demand for food
Although a desert area land can be reclaimed for agriculture by irrigation (from R. Panjnad
and R. Sutlej)(and crops such as wheat/edible oil seeds /citrus fruits/apricots/mangoes can
be grown)
Against
Desert areas of Bahawalpur District unsuitable for agriculture (due to requirement for
expensive irrigation systems)
[Total: 25]
3 (a) Study Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, which give information for rice production and the area over
which it is sown during four years.
(i) What was the production in 2008? [1]

5 600 000 tons / 5.6 million tons Accept 5 500 000 – 5 700 000
(ii) What is the difference between the maximum and minimum area sown during
these years? [1]
600 000 hectares Accept 570 000 – 630 000
(iii) Suggest two reasons why rice production varies from year to year. [2]
Varies with area sown/direct correlation with area sown
In low years droughts/floods/too cold/rain too heavy/unreliable
In high years favourable weather
If neither of above two lines accept: ‘rainfall varies’
Pest attack
Rice price/whether support price
Demand = 0
(b) Study Fig. 6 which shows date and almond growing regions in Pakistan.
(i) Describe the distribution of the areas where almonds are grown. [3]
Central Balochistan / Khuzdar/Kalat/Mastung
N/NE Balochistan / Pishin/Zhob/Qila Saifullah/Loralai/Kohlu/Barkhan/Musa Khel
S/SW KPK/FATA / S Waziristan
Near boundary of Balochistan and KPK/Waziristan/FATA
Upper/lower = 0
(ii) Why are the areas shown on the map suitable for growing dates? [3]
Close to R. Indus in Punjab/Sindh
In oases [in Balochistan]
[In Bolochistan] where irrigated by Karez from the foothills
If none of above three lines accept: ‘close to a water source’
Can withstand dry conditions found in these areas/have deep roots/do not require much
water/rainfall
Can be grown in hot regions/is a tropical fruit/where large temperature fluctuations/can
withstand high temperatures
‘Suits’/’likes’ = 0 Warm = 0 Soil = 0

(iii) Explain the difficulties in finding and reaching markets for almonds, dates and
other fruit grown in Pakistan. [4]
Poor [cold] storage facilities (and fruit is a perishable good)
Poor named infrastructure e.g. roads/ports/transport system (causing delays and
wastage of product))
Lack of processing/packaging facilities( therefore not accepted in international markets)
Lack of quality control (e.g. mangoes not treated for pests/insects) (limiting export
markets)
Strong competition in export markets (e.g. mangoes from India/citrus fruits from China)
Used as subsistence crops (and therefore do not reach markets)
Long distance to market (increasing transport costs)
Accept development of points (examples in parentheses)
Accept sensible use of a development point as a stand-alone point
Do not credit same explanation more than once
(c) (i) Describe what is meant by ‘subsistence farming’. [2]

Products consumed by family/ to meet needs of family
Not commercial/not for sale
Natural inputs/ example described e.g. dung used as fertiliser / traditional farming
implements/tools / small output / small-scale Surplus = 0
(ii) Explain why some farmers are subsistence farmers. [3]

Land is small size/marginal/infertile/fragmented (therefore unable to use
machinery/tractors)
Poverty (therefore need to grow own food) (therefore cannot afford modern
inputs/named modern input)
Lack of markets/access to market
Lack of named modern inputs e.g. HYVs / machinery/technology / artificial fertilisers
Lack of education/skills/illiterate
Power of landords/Zamindari system
Remote from markets/shops (and therefore need to feed themselves)
Accept development of points (examples in parentheses)
Accept sensible use of a development point as a stand-alone point

(d) Explain why livestock is an important part of the agricultural sector. To what extent is
it possible to develop livestock farming further in Pakistan? [6]
Levels marked
Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points explaining both views (possible and not possible).
Evaluation giving clear support to one view, with developed points explaining importance (5),
and with at least one reference to an appropriate example (6)
Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point explaining one view or explaining importance (3),
developed points explaining both views (or either view) or explaining one view and
explaining importance or explaining importance only (4). No evaluation.
Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point addressing one view or explaining importance (1), simple
points addressing both views or one view and explaining importance or explaining
importance only (2).

Importance
Draft power/transport in rural areas (e.g. Persian Wheel)
Food /meat/milk/eggs (for fast growing population)
Dung as manure
Dung as a fuel source (domestic or biogas)
Source of raw materials/hides/skins/wool/hair/bones (especially for cottage industries/export
potential/food processing industries)
Possible/greater extent (= current or potential agricultural developments)
Government farms/initiatives (scientific/cross breeding for better quality/higher fertility rates /
better diets/early weaning diets for higher yields / training of vets for disease control)
Large scale multi-national/Australian dairy/poultry farms
Not possible/lesser extent

Poor systems of storage/marketing
High price of animal feed (especially if in or near cities, e.g. buffalo rearing)
Little access to vets/animal healthcare (and cannot be afforded by most poor farmers)
Poor drainage/waste disposal (e.g. much buffalo rearing still within cities causing lack of
hygiene)
Shortage of funds
[Total: 25]
4 (a) Study Fig. 7, which gives information for the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of
Pakistan in 1992 and 2012.
(i) What is meant by the term Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? [1]
Annual sum/total value of all output/goods and services produced within a country
Income generated by a country’s own workers and resources
(ii) A. What percentage of GDP came from services in 2012?

B. What might be included in the category ‘other industry’?
C. State whether the share of GDP from the following has increased, decreased,
or stayed the same in the period from 1992 to 2012: Agriculture Manufacturing
industry [3]
A. 53–54%1 mark
B. Mining/construction/power/fishing/forestry 1 mark Not list rule
C. Agriculture decreased: manufacturing increased Both to be correct for 1 mark

(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows the value of exports and imports in Pakistan in 2011.
(i) Name a textile product exported by Pakistan. [1]

Garments/bed linen/cotton cloth/cotton yarn/carpets/rugs/suits/towels/fabrics Use list rule
(ii) How much greater is the total value of all imports than the total value of all
exports? [1]
8290 US$
(iii) Use Fig. 8 to describe three differences between goods Pakistan exports and
imports. [3]
Animal products/leather exported but not imported
Edible fats and oils/vehicles and transport imported but not exported
Vegetable products/textiles and textile products (much) more exported than imported
Metals more imported than exported
Mineral products/ chemicals /machinery and instruments much more imported than
exported
Value of imported goods more balanced/evenly spread than exported goods
Mainly exports primary goods but mainly imports manufactured goods
High value/low value goods = 0
Only accept complete comparisons of exports with imports (and like with like)
(iv) Explain two problems for Pakistan’s economy caused by the differences you have
described in your answer to part (iii). [4]
Narrow export base/overdependence on a few export items (so if low production e.g.
poor harvests, no surplus/profit)
Main export/import items subject to world price fluctuations/vagaries of commodity
market (e.g. oil, cotton, rice) (so some years there may not be a profit/economy goes into
debt/has not surplus)
Exports are largely low value-added products which do not earn a great deal/great deal
of foreign exchange [from small and cottage industries] (so other countries benefit more
when add value)
Exports are items subject to high competition in the world market (so may not find a
market)
Lack of quality control of export items (so may lose orders)
Production of main agricultural export items is subject to variations in weather and
effects of pests (e.g. poor cotton crop due to unfavourable weather/virus/lack of
rainfall/frost etc.)
Imports are mainly high value-added products and therefore expensive (such as
manufactured goods/capital goods/luxury goods)
Food (e.g. wheat) has to be imported that could be grown in Pakistan
Importing consumer good which harms Pakistan industry (named consumer
goods/industry)
Value of imports are greater than the value of exports (causing negative balance of
payments).
Award second mark per line for explanation (parentheses show examples)
Two problems explained @ 2 marks each

(c) (i) State one main trading partner with Pakistan for each of exports and imports. [2]
Exports: USA/UAE/Afghanistan/China/UK/Germany/EU
Imports: China/Saudi Arabia/UAE/Kuwait/USA/Japan/EU
2 × 1 mark
(ii) Describe a method of transport that could be used for trade with one of the
countries stated in your answer to part (i). Suggest the benefits of using this
method of transport. [4]
• Ship/by sea (1), shorter link to European markets, freight costs low/cheap, modern
port facilities especially for containers/bulk cargo/oil, Middle East readily accessible,
ports are warm water and open all year
• Aeroplane/by air (1), effective for low volume/lightweight goods, very quick,
useful for perishable/high value goods, e.g. fruits and vegetables Fragile/delicate
goods = 0
• Truck/lorry/by road (1), link to China/Iran/Afghanistan/India, useful for smaller

consignments, e.g. electronics/medicinal herbs/Chinese fabrics/decorative
items/toys/cotton textiles/dried fruits/hosiery, useful for perishable/high value goods
• Train/by rail (1), link to Iran, cheaper for long distance, useful for bulky/heavy goods,
e.g. food grains/cotton/oil/fertiliser/heavy machinery, effective for low value goods
1 mark for method of transport

3 marks for any three benefits listed
Marks are for transporting/handling goods
Easy/easier, references to safety = 0
(d) ‘There are more factors that hinder trade between Pakistan and other countries than
factors that help trade.’
To what extent do you agree with this view? Give reasons and use examples you have
studied to support your answer. [6]
Levels marked
Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points explaining both views (hinder and help). Evaluation
giving clear support to one view (5) and with at least one reference to a piece of place-
specific detail or an example (6).
No evaluation
views (2)

Indicative content (development of points/place-specific detail/examples in parentheses)
Hinder
Lack of security/internal civil and tribal unrest/terrorism
Political instability/inconsistent government policies
Debt/imbalance of trade (leads to need for loans/foreign economic assistance and possible
trade embargo if default)
International tension (e.g. with India, historically since partition 1947 and periodically over
Kashmir so no significant trade with India has developed).
Mountainous terrain to NW. (Passes to Afghanistan e.g. Khyber, Kurram, and Khojak subject
to border tensions, landslides, and avalanches.)
Trade barriers/embargoes from industrialised countries (which express concerns about child
labour/health and safety/hygiene/environmental standards such as excessive use of
pesticides on cotton).
Membership of regional organisations (e.g. ECO/SAARC/WTO in 2004) (involves removing
import tariffs causing inflow of cheap imports)
Devaluing Pakistan rupee (makes imports, which are more than exports, more expensive)
Help
Improvements to transport infrastructure, (e.g. Karakoram Highway/new road Quetta to
Chaman, Afghanistan/upgrade to RCD Highway to open a route to Iran and Turkey)
Development of ports (particularly Karachi/Bin Qasim port for containers and bulk cargo/
Gwadar port/Makran Coast)
Membership of regional organisations (e.g. ECO/SAARC/WTO in 2004) (in which member
countries benefit from access to major world markets)
Tax incentives for exporters
Export Promotion Bureau/Trade Development Authority of Pakistan/Export Processing Zones
Devaluing Pakistan rupee (makes exports cheaper)
[Total: 25]
5 (a) Study Fig. 9, which is a map giving information about cotton textile industries in
Pakistan.
(i) Name one of the major centres of the cotton industry, A or B. [1]
Hyderabad / Faisalabad
(ii) Suggest reasons why the cotton textile industry is distributed as shown in Fig. 9.
[3]
Specific to one centre Reserve 1 mark
e.g. Karachi – port, availability of thermal/nuclear power
Faisalabad – in cotton producing region of Punjab
Hyderabad – in cotton producing area of Sindh, close to coast/Karachi
General
Availability of labour
Large local demand/market
Good transport system/roads
Near rivers for water in manufacturing process
In/near cotton growing area ‘Raw materials’ = 0

(iii) Explain what can be done to improve Pakistan’s cotton textile industry. [3]
Increase production of cotton crop / quality of cotton crop
Research into solutions to leaf-curl virus
Irrigation
More investment/government support/tax holidays/loans
Address child labour/environmental issues to ease international restrictions
Modernise machinery/plant/technology
Increase availability of power/electricity
Training / education of workers
(b) (i) State two characteristics of employment in the informal sector of industry. [2]
Self employment
Labour intensive/little equipment
Irregular hours/wages/low wages Seasonal = 0
Paid daily/cash in hand
Not pensionable/no health benefits
At home/in streets
Not a registered business
Female labour
Child labour
(ii) Give an example of a job in the informal sector. [1]

Handicrafts/carpet maker
Street trader/hawker / cobbler / fruit seller
Labourer in construction/factories / garment worker
Bus/truck/taxi driver
Care work / maids
Street sweeper
USE LIST RULE
(iii) Study Photographs C and D (Insert).

A. Describe the road transport that can be seen in Photograph C.
B. Explain the problems of using road transport in the northern areas of Pakistan
with reference to Photograph D and your own knowledge. [5]
A. Transport Reserve 2 marks

Pick-up/4×4/4-wheel-drive vehicle/jeep
Overloaded / heavily loaded
Carrying large pieces of timber/wood/sawn trunks ‘Wood’ = 0
Trucks/lorries
Painted
B. Problems Reserve 2 marks

Mountain roads very narrow/steep/small for large trucks
Danger of falling rocks/cliff edges
Likely to be closed/blocked due to landslides
Closed in winter due to snow/ice/avalanches
Unmetalled roads/potholes
Lack of security

(c) (i) Choose a province and name two tourist attractions within it. [2]
Punjab
Ancient history/archaeology – Taxila/ Harappa
Hillstations – Murree/Nathia Gali
Tombs/shrines -Allama Iqbal/Ranjit Singh/ Jahangir
Culture – Mughal architecture/ Shalimar Gardens/ Badshahi mosque/Lahore Fort/Rohtas
Fort
Modern buildings – Minar–e-Pakistan/Presidential palace/Parliament building/Faisal
mosque
Other – Khewra salt mines
Sindh
Ancient history/archaeology – Mohenjo-Daro/ Bhambore/ Kot Deji
Tombs/shrines – Shahbaz Qalander (sufi)/ Muhammad Ali Jinnah/Mazar-e-Quaid./
Chaukundi/ Makli
Culture – Mughal architecture/Jamia Masjid/ Ranikot Fort/ Kafir-Qila Fort
Hillstations – Gorakh
Lakes – Keenjhar, Manchar
KPK
Valleys – Kaghan/Kumrat/Swat/Kalam/Naran
Lakes – Saiful Muluk
Accept any other reasonable examples located in correct province
(ii) Suggest two problems the tourist industry in Pakistan must overcome in order for
it to be more developed. [2]
Poor security/terrorism/political instability
Bad management/planning of tourist developments/corruption
Poor transport infrastructure/poor road network/unpredictable railways/ infrequent air
access in north
Lack of government funding/priority
Little tourism infrastructure / few tour agencies / hotels not international standard
Lack of maintenance/cleanliness of tourist areas


1. Tourism is one of the world’s fastest growing industries. More attractions and
facilities for tourists must be built to help Pakistan develop.
2. Tourist facilities must be restricted. The increasing number of tourists will damage
our culture and cause environmental degradation.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer. [6]
Levels marked
Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support
to one view. (5) and with at least one reference to an appropriate place or example (6).
No evaluation.
views (2)
1. Tourism increased
Tourist income likely to be high (and greater than from other sources, e.g. from exporting raw
materials)
Creates employment
Boosts cottage craft industries (leading to financial stability/preservation of culture/heritage)
Locals can use tourist facilities (which increases their quality of life)
Increases cultural linkages with foreign countries
Source of foreign exchange/improves economy (which will enable Pakistan to clear debts)
2. Tourism restricted
Only seasonal employment (May–Oct in northern areas)
Money could be spent on other important sectors (such as minerals, power, manufacturing,
mechanising agriculture, alleviation of poverty)
Displacement of local people to make way for development, e.g. hotels
Named social problems e.g. crime, alcohol/drugs
Lack of respect for local customs/beliefs
Increases prices of local goods/food
Clearing of natural habitat to make way for tourist developments (e.g. deforestation in Swat
Valley)
Unsightly hotel construction
Air/noise pollution from more vehicles
Water pollution in rivers from overloaded sewerage system
Litter
[Total: 25]


Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan October/November 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75
Published
Teachers.
Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2016 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows the distribution of monthly rainfall in Karachi.
(i) A For how many months does Karachi experience less than 10 mm rainfall?
B Estimate the total rainfall in Karachi for the period July to September. [2]
A 7 (may simply list the 7 months)
B 173 mm Tolerance 171–175 mm
(ii) Describe briefly the climatic region in which Karachi is located. [1]
Arid / coastal (maritime) / warm summer, mild winter
(iii) What is the main source of rainfall in Karachi? From which direction do the rain-
bearing winds come? [2]
Source: [Secondary] monsoon

Direction: SW
(iv) Describe the effects of tropical cyclones on cities such as Karachi. [4]
Widespread / great / huge / much / many / a lot of – damage

[Flash] floods / blocked drains / sewers
Lives lost / injuries / people missing
Damage to / loss of homes / belongings / slums
Damage to named transport – e.g. roads, railways, ports, airports so people unable to
get to work
Damage to named services – e.g. schools / hospitals / clinics
Damage to workplaces / industry - e.g. the fishing industry destroyed so no source of
income or loss of income / disrupts exports
Loss to local economy – e.g. through damaged industry / cost of rebuilding / loss of jobs
Damage to transmission lines / power stations / lack of power
Damage to communication – e.g. lack of telecommunications / telephone lines / internet /
social media
Shortage / contamination – drinking water / food causing disease to spread
(b) Study Photographs A and B (Insert) which show parts of the lower Indus valley. Using
the photographs and your own knowledge, explain the advantages for agriculture in
areas like this. [4]
Near to river / lake / water source (for ease of irrigation / plentiful water for sugar cane or
cotton)
[Active / old] flood plain (allows floods to spread over a large area)
River floods regularly / every 1–8 years (e.g. depositing alluvium / providing water and
nutrients / which is useful for rice / suitable for Buffalo to wallow idea)
Alluvium / fertile soil (to increase crop yields)
Wide area / floodplain / space / up to 40 km wide (which provides large area of land for
intensive cropping)
Flat (e.g. for ease of cultivation / easy to grow crops / easy to use machinery / easy for cattle
to graze) (2 + 2)
Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark + development mark)
© UCLES 2016
(c) Study Fig. 2 which is a map showing different forest types in Pakistan.
(i) In the key, name the types of forest shown on the map. [2]
(Top to bottom) Mangrove, Riverain / Bela, Irrigated, Coniferous / Alpine
(Mark as one or two correct 1 mark; three or four correct 2 marks)
(ii) For one of the forest types you have named in (i):
• Describe the features of the forest – 2 marks
• Explain the uses or purpose of the trees that grow there – 2 marks [4]
Description: 2 Marks Uses / Purpose: 2 Marks General points: max 1 Mark
MANGROVE
• Leaves – broad / drip tips / • Firewood

leathery / pointed • Breeding ground for fish /
• Low / 3–8 m / do not grow shrimps
tall / general height 3 m • Leaves food / nutrition for
• Grow on mudflats fish
• Survive in sea water / salt • Fodder for camels /
tolerant livestock
• Roots bend into water • Protects from coastal
• Roots filter salt from water erosion
• Furniture
• Thatching material • Reduce surface run-off
• Barrier against floods, • Prevent floods
tsunami, storms / intensity • Prevent soil erosion
of earthquakes • Protect against air pollution
/ purify air
RIVERAIN / BELA • Protect soil (conserve soil)
• Humus to increase soil
• Shishum / • For furniture / agricultural fertility
• babul / willow / dhak instruments / construction • Increase rainfall
• Commercial hardwoods • Firewood • Timber
• Habitats / breeding and
IRRIGATED conserving areas for birds
and wildlife
• Blocks of same species • Firewood
shishum / babul / • Shade
eucalyptus / jhand • For construction / fencing
• Dense / compact
CONIFEROUS / ALPINE
• 30 m • For furniture / boxes /

• Spruce / fir / deodar / kail / crates
chir • For paper and pulp
• Evergreen • Protection from landslides
• Conical shape / downward • Tourism
© UCLES 2016
sloping branches • For scenic beauty

• Leaves small / narrow / • For construction
needle-shaped / leathery • Firewood
• Roots wide-spreading /
shallow
• Survive in low temps
(d) Read the following two views about the possibilities for tourism in Sindh province:
A B
The coastal area of
Hotels and tourist resorts need to be Sindh cannot support
developed along the Sindh coast to bring large numbers of
foreign exchange and boost the economy. tourists. There could be
negative effects from
tourism.
L3 5–6 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear

marks support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate
place or example
5 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear

support to one view
L2 3–4 4 – Developed point(s) explaining both views. No evaluation

marks

marks
For tourism
Sindh has many tourist attractions
Beaches (Clifton Beach / Sand spit / Hawkes Bay / Paradise Point)
Historical buildings (Quaid-i-Azam Mausoleum / National Museum / Mohatta Palace)
Tourism industry undeveloped / has scope for development / investment
Creates employment (such as drivers / guides / hotel staff)
© UCLES 2016
Against tourism
Sensitive environment (threats to mangrove forests / fishing grounds)
Tourists bring culturally unacceptable behaviour / dress code
Tourists can pollute the environment with noise / litter / oil from jet skis, etc. (which disturbs
local residents / looks unsightly / is a danger to wildlife)
Indus delta / most of Sindh coast unsuitable for development (swamps / marshes / creeks /
forests)
Karachi needs tourist industry infrastructure (e.g. no passenger ferry terminal)
Declining / lack of tourist numbers
Employment only seasonal
Loss of livelihood due to construction of resorts (e.g. fishermen)
© UCLES 2016
2 (a) Study Fig. 3 which is a map showing the locations where three different non-metallic
minerals are extracted in Pakistan.
(i) For any two locations, state the name of the mineral extracted and a use for this
mineral. Write your answers in the spaces provided on Fig. 3. [4]
You should choose from the following list: gypsum limestone rocksalt
Location
NW – rocksalt / limestone / gypsum
Central – limestone / gypsum
S – limestone
Mark any two correct
Uses
Rocksalt: cooking / preservation / soda (used in laundries / textiles / tanning) flavouring
food
Gypsum: paints / fertilisers / boards / cement / to treat saline soil / plaster of paris
Limestone: for building / cement / bleach / glass / soap / paints / to treat saline soil /
bleaching powder / paper
(ii) Using Fig. 3 and your own knowledge, suggest difficulties there may be in getting
minerals to export markets. [3]
Heavy / bulky commodities

Expensive to transport
Roads and railways from mining areas poorly developed / or not connected
Mostly extracted far inland / away from ports / Karachi / distance from markets / takes a
long time / remoteness
Mountainous / rugged terrain
Theft
Inappropriate / inadequate vehicles to transport minerals
(b) Study Photograph C (Insert).
(i) Name the type of livestock shown in this photograph. [1]
Goat (only)
(ii) Why is this type of livestock valuable to the farmer? [3]
Goatskin / leather products

Meat / food
Dairy products e.g. milk, yoghurt, cheese,
Can survive in rugged areas / sparse grazing / costs little or nothing to feed / do not
need much looking after / move goats around easily
Dung as manure / fuel
Source of income
Wool
© UCLES 2016
(iii) What environmental problems can be caused by keeping this type of livestock? [2]
Overgrazing / too many livestock animals in too small an area / livestock not moved to
different pastures / land becomes more marginal
Soil erosion / desertification / land becoming barren
Damage to young trees / deforestation
(c) (i) Name two of Pakistan’s main exports. [2]
Linen / textiles / clothing / men’s suits / bed linen

Raw cotton / cotton yarn / cotton products
Carpets / tents /rugs
Rice
Refined petroleum / oil
Cement
Leather / leather products / named leather product e.g. shoes
Sports goods
Surgical instruments
Chemicals
(ii) Read the following article:
Pakistan produces many goods that could be exported in greater quantities. For a
variety of reasons the amount of exports remains low: in 2013 the value of exports was
only 13% of GDP.
Explain why it is difficult for Pakistan to sell more of its goods to other countries.
[4]
Challenging to compete with foreign / larger companies / producers (accept an example,

e.g. Egypt – textiles)
Quality of items (lack of access to / high cost of raw materials / machinery)
Child labour causes barriers to trade (e.g. EU)
Limited management expertise in the export industry
Other countries have trade barriers / tariffs / quotas / restrictions (to protect their own
industries / markets)
Relations with some other countries restricts trade
Pakistan government may have trade barriers with other countries (e.g. China – on
cheap imported goods)
(d) Chemical fertilisers to help increase agricultural production are one of Pakistan’s main
imports. These imports are expensive. Read the following two views:
A B
Pakistan should rely less on
Pakistan should manufacture more chemical fertilisers and reduce the
of its own chemical fertilisers to need for importing them by using
reduce the need for importing them. natural alternatives.
© UCLES 2016
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and
explain why it is important to reduce imports of chemical fertilisers. [6]
L3 5–6 6 – Developed points addressing both views and the importance of

marks reducing imports of chemical fertilisers. Evaluation gives clear
support to one view
5 – Developed points addressing both views and the importance of

reducing imports of chemical fertilisers. No evaluation
L2 3–4 4 – Two developed point(s) addressing any view

marks
3 – Developed point addressing any view
L1 1–2 2 – Two simple point(s) addressing any view

marks
1 – Simple point addressing one view
Chemical fertilisers
Modern factories (e.g. Enven-Engro in Daharki, Sindh) are energy efficient / environmentally
compliant
Cow dung is in insufficient amounts / used as a fuel in rural areas
Pakistan has large supplies of natural gas (the main raw material for fertiliser) (at Sui)
Natural alternatives
Fertiliser factories use large amounts of fuel (especially natural gas)
Ample source of manure from large livestock sector
Ample source of compost from agricultural waste
Alternative methods of improving soil quality are possible (crop rotation / nitrogen-fixing
plants / beans / legumes / avoiding overcropping / multi-cropping)
Importance
The cost of imports (trade / balance of payments deficit / imports>exports) (fertilisers one of
top 5 imports / 2% imports)
Chemical fertilisers cause water pollution (agricultural runoff containing chemicals goes into
streams / rivers / causes eutrophication)
© UCLES 2016
3 (a) Study Fig. 4 which is a diagram of a coal mine.
(i) Choose two terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in any
two of the spaces provided.
adit cage shaft open-cast seam tunnel [2]
Any two of (left to right): cage, tunnel, shaft, seam, shaft, (type of mine)
(ii) Suggest two reasons for using this type of mine and one disadvantage of using it.
[3]
Reasons – 2 marks
To access seams deep below surface

To access seams of different depths
Can exploit further along the seams
Where seam does not appear at / near surface / hillside
Disadvantage – 1 mark
More expensive
Greater risk of accident / flooding / gas build-up – credit all reasonable ways that
accidents can happen
Dependent on [power for] lift to the surface
(iii) What type of coal is imported by Pakistan and how is it used? [2]
Type: Anthracite / bituminous – 1 mark

Use: Steel industry / heavy engineering / smelting – 1 mark
(b) Explain what the fuel CNG is and state the main reasons for using this fuel. [4]
Definition – Reserve 1 mark

Compressed natural gas
Gas compressed to 1% volume it has at normal pressure
Methane under high pressure
Reasons – Reserve 1 mark

Used (instead of petrol / diesel) in transport / vehicles
Especially buses / rickshaws
(Compared to petrol / diesel) cheaper, cleaner / reduces air pollution, safer
Can be stored / transported in cylinders
(c) Study Fig. 5 which is a graph giving information about different non-renewable fuels
used for electricity production in Pakistan over the period 2006–11.
(i) What is meant by the term ‘non-renewable fuel’? [2]
An energy source that depletes / runs out / is not being replaced / has fixed reserves / is
finite – 1 mark
With any one example e.g. fossil fuels, wood, coal, oil – 1 mark
(ii) Which fuel use has increased by the largest amount between 2006 and 2011? [1]
Oil
© UCLES 2016
(iii) Use information from the graph to describe one main difference between the
change in gas used for electricity production and the change in oil used for
electricity production. [2]
Gas overall decrease: oil overall (throughout / 2006–2011 / over the years) increase
Gas from 36 to 27–28 TWh / by 8–9 TWh: oil from 27–28 to 33–34 TWh / by 6–7 TWh
Reserve 1 mark for use of data with unit (TWh)
(iv) Explain why so little coal is used for electricity production in Pakistan. [3]
Coal mined in Pakistan is unsuitable

Lignite, sub-bituminous to peat
Contains impurities / sulfur
Low heat producing, low carbon content, large amount of ash, does not give out much
energy
Coal reserves not exploited due to shortage of funds / technical skills
Not imported (because expensive)
Difficult / expensive to transport around country because bulky
International agreements / pressure to use less coal since is a dirty fuel / causes high
emissions of smoke / CO2
(d) Read the following article:
Energy crisis
Industrial growth in Pakistan relies on the availability of energy. Pakistan does not
produce enough energy for its needs and therefore spends a lot of its earnings on
expensive imports of fuels.
Describe briefly different measures that can be taken to solve the country’s energy
crisis. To what extent can these measures be successful? [6]
L3 5–6 6 – Developed points addressing measures taken and the extent of

marks their success with evaluation
5 – Developed points addressing measures taken and the extent of

their success
L2 3–4 4 – Two developed point(s) addressing any measure

marks
3 – Developed point addressing any measure
L1 1–2 2 – Two simple point(s) addressing any measure

marks
1 – Simple point addressing any measure
© UCLES 2016
Measures
Moving away from non-renewable / large-scale schemes to renewable / small-scale schemes
E.g. wind, solar, biogas (details / examples)
Investment in large-scale power stations
E.g. nuclear, wind, solar, HEP, gas, coal gas (details / examples)
Energy saving in workplaces / homes
Public / media awareness about not wasting energy resources
Evaluation (depends on measures)

Successful
Small-scale schemes can be maintained locally / in rural areas
Given sufficient government / private / foreign investment
Wind – large empty areas of uplands / Makran coast
Solar – lack of cloud (250–300 sunny days per year)
Biogas – large agricultural sector producing manure / plant waste
Unsuccessful
Opposition to new technology / power stations
High cost (leading to domestic / foreign debt)
Changes of government priorities (large projects may be delayed / cancelled)
Limited skills / expertise (in using advanced technology)
Other issues considered higher priority than saving energy (e.g. escaping poverty /
increasing levels of education / health)
Hydro in north – far from the major centres of population, transport costs
Green energy is less reliable
© UCLES 2016
4 (a) (i) Describe two human inputs used in the cultivation of cotton. [4]
Labour (people) – picking / ploughing / sowing, etc. / mainly women / paid at low rate
Machinery / appropriate example of machinery (e.g. tractors) – picking / quick process
Pesticides / insecticides – prevent disease and damage to the crop
Fertilisers – larger size of cotton boll / for high yields
Irrigation – 1 month and 3 months after sowing / when rainfall is lacking
HYVs – Nayyab / 78 / B-557 / 149-F / resistance to leaf-curl virus / humidity tolerant /
less sensitive to temperature
Capital / investment / finance – purchase machinery, seeds, fertiliser, pay labour
Government loans / subsidies – purchase of machinery, seeds, fertiliser
Knowledge – shape of the land, soil type, aspect, weather patterns
Traditions – farming methods handed down over generations
Maximum of 2 + 2 (mark for a named input + mark for detail)
(ii) Study Fig. 6 which is a graph showing the production of raw cotton in Pakistan
over the period 1982–2014.
A Describe the main changes in the production of raw cotton between 1982 and
2014. [3]
Overall increase
Overall fluctuation
Significant rises: 82/83 to 91/92 / 94 to 04
Significant falls: 91/92 to 94/95 / 04 to 07/10
Maximum of 1 mark for use of data
B Suggest three reasons for the production levels seen in the years 1991, 2004
or 2011. [3]
Ample / plenty of / no shortage of rainfall / irrigation

No / little rain at harvest, no flooding
No / little frost / mild night temperatures
No / few insect attacks / diseases
Greater use of fertilisers, HYVs
Greater use of insecticides and pesticides
Government incentives / policies e.g. need to produce more food, increased
availability of loans
(b) Describe different ways in which governments can support farmers. [4]
Providing / maintaining large irrigation schemes / dams / canals

Providing solutions for waterlogging and salinity, (such as SCARP, tubewell linings, etc.)
Developing HYV seeds (on government farms / collaboration with MNCs)
Plant protection programme / aerial spraying / advising on pesticides and treatment methods
Offering loans (for machinery / tubewells / fertilisers / pesticides / seeds / labour costs)
Veterinary care
Livestock research (on government farms)
Redress after flood / natural disaster
Land reform
Educating / training farmers (on use of HYVs / modern farming methods / sustainable
methods / organic farming)
© UCLES 2016
Further development / increased production of fertiliser industries

Providing weather forecasts
(c) Study Fig. 7 which is a table giving information about agriculture in Pakistan over the
period 1950–2010.
(i) Describe the relationship between agricultural labour force and cropped area. [2]
As labour force decreases, area increases / negative correlation / inverse relationship - 1

mark
Use any four statistics to illustrate above statement, e.g. ‘Labour was 66% whereas area
was 13 ha then later when labour was 45% the area was 23 ha’ - 1 mark
(ii) Suggest reasons for the change over the period 1950–2010 for either labour force
or cropped area, as shown in Fig. 7. [3]
Labour force
Mechanisation of farms
Rural to urban migration
Alternative work / occupations / factory work / informal sector work in urban areas
Higher paid work in urban area
Education and learning more / wider skills
Cropped area mark

force and cropped area.
–2011.rs.gs on expensive imports of fuels.
Reclamation of desert
More areas irrigated
Deforestation
Soil improved by fertilisers
Greater demand for food crops / commercial crops
A B
Pakistan should plant more cash More land should be used to grow crops
crops on its land to generate to feed the growing population of
export earnings. Pakistan.
to examples you have studied. [6]
L3 5–6 6 – Developed points explaining both views. Evaluation gives clear

marks support to one view. At least one reference to an appropriate
example

support to one view
© UCLES 2016

marks

marks
Cash crops
For
Income (balance of payments / trade deficit / debt / imports greater than exports)
Can bring high profits
Benefits from government incentives (e.g. support prices / development of new seeds)
Access to loans for modern / expensive inputs (e.g. fertilisers / pesticides / machinery /
HYVs)
Examples: wheat, rice, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, oilseeds
Economies of scale on large holdings / single crops
Against
Many farmers cannot afford cost of modern agricultural methods in cash crop farming
Cash crops are monocultures (vulnerable to disease / uses chemical inputs such as
fertilisers / pesticides which can pollute water)
Food crops
For
Population growing rapidly (1.6% per annum)
Increasing demand for food
Fertile land becoming scarce (due to waterlogging and salinity / desertification / soil erosion /
over cultivation)
Saves expensive imports of food / reduces import bill
Can be grown on subsistence farms / at low cost (using traditional methods / implements /
family labour / small holdings)
Examples: rice, millet / bajra, sorghum / jowar, maize, fruit, vegetables
Against
Farmers growing only food crops / subsistence farmers do not make enough income / profit
to invest in improving their farms for more output
Development may progress at a slow rate if subsistence farming increases – people will be
occupied in providing food and not working in other sectors
Not all families may have access to fertile land
May not have the skills to grow own food
If adverse weather conditions affect many farms – could result in famine – if Pakistan imports
food the population can still be fed
© UCLES 2016
5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 8 which is a bar graph giving information about infrastructure spending
in Pakistan for 2014–15.
A What is meant by the term ‘infrastructure’? [2]
Definition: the basic facilities / services / installations / utilities e.g. electricity, water
needed for the functioning / operation of a community / society / enterprise / country
/ area - 1 mark
Example: Roads / rail / ports / airports / electricity / gas /power supplies / sewerage /
water / telecommunication / phone lines / internet provision – 1 mark
B Using information from Fig. 8 only, describe problems for infrastructure

spending in 2014–15. [3]
Projects cost much more than funds / money available
Total projects Rs7700 ±100 bn, funds available Rs700 ±100 bn – lack of funds
overall
Source of funds available – government Rs400 ±100 bn, private Rs150 ±50 bn,
foreign assistance Rs 150± 50 bn – government has to rely heavily on private /
foreign assistance
Large amount / number of ongoing / new projects
Not all projects can be funded successfully – ongoing projects Rs 4200 ± 100 bn /
new projects e.g. new Wapda Rs1500 ± 100 bn, new K-L motorway Rs800 ±
100 bn, new other Rs1200 ±100 bn, new total RS3500 ± 100 bn
Wapda more expensive than money available / Wapda Rs1500 ± 100 bn, funds
available Rs 700 ± 100 bn
Money available would only pay for Karachi-Lahore motorway / funds available Rs
700 ± 100 bn, K-L motorway Rs 700 ± 100 bn
Maximum of 1 mark for use of data with Rs bn units. Tolerance ± 100 Rs bn
(ii) Spending on infrastructure projects is lower in some years than others. Suggest
reasons why this might be. [3]
Size of debt / trade / balance of payments deficit

Limited financial resources / lack of funds available / limited amount of money collected
through taxes
Narrow export base leads to instability in export earnings
Investment is sometimes difficult
Spending cuts to balance budget
No agreements with foreign capital / banks
Change of government / policies
Other national priorities / more pressing priorities than development projects
Funds for natural disaster relief
No large projects in those years / projects may have been completed / maintenance of
existing projects prioritised
Less financial aid
(b) Read the following article:
People move to towns and cities from the countryside for many reasons and often in
large numbers. Some people return but most stay. As well as changing the lives of the
migrants in many different ways, this rural–urban migration also brings change to the
urban areas. The effects can be positive or negative.
© UCLES 2016
(i) State two pull factors for the movement of population described in the article. [2]
Higher paid jobs / better working conditions / more opportunity / variety of work
Better / higher education / colleges
More reliable sources of food
Expectation of better quality of life
Greater access to healthcare / hospitals / more hospitals / doctors
Better healthcare / improved medicines / vaccinations
Constant supply / availability of water / electricity / gas / telephone
More entertainment
Better / more housing
Better road / rail / bus links
Better law and order
(ii) Describe the effects on urban areas of the movement of large numbers of people
into them. [4]
Greater workforce
Increased competition for jobs / more unemployment
Greater variety of skills
Larger local market
Overcrowding / shortage of housing / shanty development
Overpopulation / densely populated
Shortage of food / lack of food
Strain / pressure on named services e.g. need more schools
Strain on named utilities e.g. water, power
Crime increases / increase in violence
Growth in informal sector
Urban sprawl / unplanned urban growth
Traffic congestion / jams
Increase in social and psychological problems
Air / water / land / noise pollution / dumping untreated waste / damage to aquatic life
Increased incidence of named health hazard – dysentery, cholera / disease spreads
more quickly
(c) (i) Name a fishing port on the Sindh coast. [1]
Karachi / Korangi
(ii) Describe activities that are involved in the secondary sector of the fishing
industry. [4]
Gutting / washing / cleaning (initial preparation of fish for other processes / ensure
hygiene)
Freezing (preserve (freshness) / for export)
Canning (preserve / for export)
Converting to fishmeal (for domestic poultry feed)
Salting (so that the fish is preserved)
Curing (dehydrates the fish so it can last longer / preserve)
Smoking (preserves the fish and gives it a unique taste)
Storage (of fish in refrigerators allows maximum storage time) / refrigerating (keeps the
fish in its original state for eating)
Packaging (preparing for transport / preparation for sale / protects the fish from
contamination / prevents spoilage)
© UCLES 2016
Boat making / making nets / repairing boats / repairing nets (preparing for the process of
catching fish)
(d) To what extent is it possible to develop the fish processing industry further in
Pakistan? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places or examples you
have studied. [6]
L3 5–6 6 – Developed points explaining both views (possible and not

marks possible). Evaluation gives clear support to one view. At least
one reference to an appropriate place or example

support to one view

marks

marks
Possible
Long undeveloped coastline (1050 km / Makran Coast 750 km)
Gwadar being developed as a new port / fish harbour with modern facilities / EPZ (providing
base for linkage to central Asian states)
Potential at Pasni / Jiwani / Sur Bandar / Ormara (allowing more fish to be refrigerated /
preserved for transport to Karachi)
Government support (provides essential facilities for a fishing port to allow sustainability)
Compliance with EU / international quality standards (to remove import bans / embargoes)
Increase local ice factories / refrigerated storage / packing / canning facilities (to reduce need
to transport to Karachi)
Training / education (could provide employment of local educated youth)
Value added products made for export (make more foreign exchange)
Not possible
Limited private sector and/or government investment / expensive to expand / contributes little
to exports / focus on other industries (meaning technology and skills are not upgraded)
Many processing plants under capacity / out of operation (showing that the future
development is uncertain)
Few skilled workers
Coastline remote / poor transport links (e.g. no railway / small airports / delayed new road
links)
© UCLES 2016
Canning factories have been unhygienic and a cause for import bans (to EU / Saudi Arabia)
Unreliable export market (about 30% worldwide)
Low profits (6% of foreign exchange)
Foreign competition
Urban centres prefer fresh fish (so processed fish only to a few large department stores)
Per capita consumption is low (1.6 kg p.a.)
© UCLES 2016

Paper 2 Environment of Pakistan October/November 2017
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75
Published
Teachers.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2017 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

2059/02 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
1(a)(i) • Irregular pattern / arrangement; 3

• Crowded / closely built / high density;
• No open space / garden / small yards;
• Two storey / single storey / low buildings / houses;
• Small buildings / houses;
• Flat roofs;
• Brick built;
• Water containers on roofs;
• Power cables / transmission lines / telephone lines;
• Not glass windows / not many windows;
• Lack of vegetation;
• Narrow roads / pavements.
3 @ 1 mark
1(a)(ii) • Considered a temporary living area; 4

• To be closer to work / to find work / more jobs available / high wages;
• To be closer to shops / entertainment / bright lights;
• To move in with relatives;
• Cannot afford higher quality housing / low rent or cheaper housing / low
land tax;
• Lack / shortage of higher quality housing provision by authorities;
• Better housing than in squatter settlements / katchi abadis;
• Close to / improved transport links;
• Close to / improved education facilities;
• Close to / improved medical facilities;
• Close to services, e.g. electricity, water, gas, sewage, etc.
4 @ 1 mark
1(b)(i) • Pests / crop disease; 2

• Storms / floods / heavy rain / frost / drought;
• Overcultivation / overgrazing;
• Waterlogging and salinity;
• Desertification / soil erosion / infertile soil;
• Inheritance laws / farm / plot size too small;
• Cannot afford named agricultural input, e.g. seeds;
• Mismanagement / neglect / landlords lack incentive;
• Increasing population growth / high population;
• Lack of education – farming methods / farming practices / traditional
methods;
• Lack of irrigation.
2 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2017
1(b)(ii) • Increase production of fodder crops; 3

• Provide more land for grazing;
• Improve feed / better food / healthy food / hygienic food;
• Improve veterinary facilities / number of vets;
• Vaccinations / vitamins / medicines / treatment;
• Provide shelter from elements / weather in winter / living in hygienic
conditions;
• Government support / agricultural development funds / loans;
• Education for farmers on animal health/husbandry / disease prevention /
selective breeding / cross breeding;
• Investment from multinational companies in poultry / milk processing;
• Introduction of machines, e.g. milking machines.
3 @ 1 mark
1(c)(i) 9.5/000 / 9.5 per 000 – UNIT required (allow 9.3–9.5) 1

1 @ 1 mark
1(c)(ii) Decreased / fallen / lowered / gone down / declined 1

1 @ 1 mark
1(c)(iii) • Better / more healthcare / medicines / clinics; 1

• More / better trained doctors / nurses / midwives;
• More widespread vaccinations / prevention of named diseases, e.g.
malaria, cholera, typhoid;
• Improved hygiene / access to clean drinking water / sewage;
• Improvement in food production / supply;
• Better education or advice on what to eat / improved diet / healthy
lifestyles / stopping smoking / more exercise.
1 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2017
1(c)(iv) • Population increases (pressure on named resource / increased crime / 4

qualified pollution / specified congestion);
• More elderly to share experience / give advice / training (and so improve
skills of working population);
• More elderly to offer family support (allowing more parents to work);
• Decreased infant mortality (pressure on healthcare / education);
• More people to contribute to labour force / more economically active
(improves family income / greater productivity);
• Strain on families to support elderly; more dependents / higher
dependency ratio (meaning more people who have to be supported by
smaller share of working population / who do not contribute to the
economy / financial burden);
• Strain on government / local authorities (to provide named services such
as pensions / homes for elderly / healthcare / schools);
• High cost of supporting elderly (causing taxes to be raised / longer working
hours for wage earners / increase in pension age);
• More people of working age (more competition for jobs / increased
unemployment / increased crime).
ETC.

2 @ 2 marks

PUBLISHED 2017
No valid response (0 marks)


No evaluation

Well-developed points explaining both views. Evaluation giving clear support to
one view or appropriate example (5)
one view and appropriate example (6)
Content Guide
View A
For
• Self-help schemes;
• Schemes to renovate houses;
• Projects to build permanent housing / new low-cost housing;
• Loans to build own housing;
• Infrastructural development;
• Successful examples in Pakistan (e.g. Orangi Pilot Project, Karachi).
Against
• High cost of building materials / construction;
• Huge size of the problem – some slums are very large / makes projects
very costly / long term;
• May attract more rural migrants;
• Local / community resistance to change.
View B
For
• Rural electrification / transmission lines;
• Other named infrastructure improvements, e.g. sewerage, roads;
• Build new settlements along roads;
• Schemes to support agriculture / cottage industries;
• Schemes to provide services – healthcare / education.
Against
• Pull factors of urban areas too great to prevent migration from rural areas;
• Push factors of rural areas more large-scale / widespread;
• Control of landlords / loss of land;
• Remoteness of rural areas makes it difficult to improve.
ETC.

PUBLISHED 2017
2(a)(i) In space LHS of diagram: 1

limestone / gypsum (calcium sulphate) / clay / shale / chalk
1 @ 1 mark
2(a)(ii) Primary – job related to mining raw materials (coal, limestone, gypsum) / mine / 3
quarrymen;
Secondary – job related to manufacturing product, packing / bagging product /
factory worker;
Tertiary – job related to lorry driving / sales / advertising / cleaning /
maintenance.
3 @ 1 mark
2(a)(iii) • Employed / not self-employed / registered with government / legal; 3

• Trained / skilled workforce;
• Uniform / dress code;
• Improved working conditions / named example – pension;
• Regular working hours / fixed working hours;
• Fixed / regular / higher wages;
• More likely to use machines / equipment / not labour intensive;
• Purpose-built office / factory;
• Less likely to be female / child labour.
3 @ 1 mark
2(b)(i) • [Crude / refined] oil / petroleum; 2

• Coal [briquettes].
2 @ 1 mark
2(b)(ii) • Discourages development of Pakistan’s own natural resources sector / 4

renewable energy sector (creating fewer job opportunities) (preventing
growth of national economy);
• Dependent on other countries (which might restrict imports due to trade
embargoes / worsening political relations / political instability);
• Dependent on trade in basic commodities (therefore vulnerable to changes
/ fluctuations in world supply / market prices);
• Limited international transport links for importing minerals (e.g. few road
border crossings with Afghanistan / Iran / China / India) (e.g. Karachi Port
too congested) (e.g. Gwadar Port not fully developed);
• Air / water pollution from international transport (e.g. oil spillage at Karachi
beach).
ETC.

2 @ 2 marks
2(c)(i) A = Quetta 2
B = Hyderabad
2 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2017
2(c)(ii) • EITHER Balochistan / Tharparkar / Thar Desert / Kharan Desert / Zhob 1

Desert / Cholistan Desert / Chagi Desert / Makran Desert;
• OR a named district in Balochistan: Awaran / Barkhan / Bolan / Chagi /
Dera Bugti / Gwadar / JhalMagsi / Kachi / Kalat / Kech / Kharan / Khuzdar /
Kohla / Lasbela / Loralai / Mastung / Musa Khel Bazar / Nushki / Panjgur /
Piskin / Sherani / Qila A Saifullah / Sibi / Wazuk / Ziarat / Zhob;
• OR a named mountain range: Suleiman Range / Chaghi Range / Central
Brahui Range / Toba Kakar Range / Makran Range / Kharan Range / Pab
Range / Kirthan Range.
1 @ 1 mark
2(c)(iii) • Few / poor / little trade / transport routes / named transport infrastructure; 3
• Lack of education / healthcare;
• Lack of job opportunities / unemployment;
• Poor / lack of named infrastructure other than transport, e.g. electricity /
water supply / sewerage;
• Poor / lack of access to food / essential supplies;
• Unrest / security issues;
• Nomadic lifestyle;
• Barren area / deforestation / soil erosion.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2017


No evaluation

Content Guide
View A
For
• Industrial policy / taxation;
• Investment;
• Infrastructure / power projects;
• Training in skills / examples of;
• Services to industries.
Against
• Mismanagement;
• Inconsistency of government policy / changes of government;
• Delay in / cancellation of government projects.
View B
For
• Shortage of electricity generation and problems with supply;
• Natural disasters divert national funds away from industry;
• Security issues / unrest.
Against
• Destruction / damage can stimulate construction industry;
• Cost of building earthquake-proof buildings is high;
• Cost of emergency shelters during floods;
• Cost of security.
ETC.

PUBLISHED 2017
3(a)(i) A 3
• Trout: brown / rainbow / Palla / Thalla / Catfish;
• Carp: Mahseer (Mahasher) / rahu / grass / silver / catla / mrigal.
1 @ 1 mark
B
• Animal / poultry feed;
• Local consumption / sold in local markets / fulfil requirements / food
supply;
• Source of protein;
• Fish oil extracted / used in medicine;
• Fish fertiliser / manure;
• Export;
• Breeding / saving species from extinction.
2 @ 1 mark
3(a)(ii) • Rectangular / man-made ponds; 3

• Lined / concrete base / cemented endings;
• Fill pond with water;
• Add fish or stock / nursery/ different fry, juveniles, etc.;
• Selective breeding programme;
• Trees planted on farms [to prevent losses from evaporation / for shade];
• Water enriched with nutrients / fertilised with manure / from poultry
droppings [for growth of plankton];
• Feed added to water / food provided;
• Water filtered / changed / refilled / health and hygiene checked or
maintained / chemicals or medicine to prevent disease.
3 @ 1 mark
3(b)(i) 1980 1
1 @ 1 mark
3(b)(ii) Changes 2
Under 5 / (74 to 89) increases

5–20 / (24 to 10) decreases
21 and over / (2 to 1) decreases/halved
2 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2017
3(b)(iii) Reasons 1
Under 5 / (74 to 89) Increasing sub-division of family plots because of

inheritance laws
Increasing population causing pressure on land
5–20 / (24 to 10) Redistribution of landlord holdings / land reform
reducing landlord holdings / consolidation of
holdings
21 and over / (2 to 1) Continues to represent a minority of farms in
Pakistan / agriculture in Pakistan primarily
subsistence
1 @ 1 mark
3(b)(iv) For smaller farms: accept converse for larger farms: 4

• Higher proportion wastage / longer time to harvest (since less able to use
machinery / difficult to manoeuvre machinery);
• Shorter / restricted / reduced harvest time (as more likely to / can only
afford to rent rather than buy machinery / tractors);
• Less able to grow crops for sale / less able to produce quality crops (as
large land needed for monocultures / efficient / economic production);
• Less able to invest in development of farm (as less likely to be able to
obtain loans);
• Crops less well irrigated and lower yields (as cannot afford / do not have
modern irrigation / tubewells);
• Higher yields / output per ha (since farming is intensive / intensive use of
labour);
• Small farms – smaller amount of crop produced than larger farms (mainly
subsistence, so less for sale).
For larger farms:

• Farming inefficient or not all of land cultivated (Zamindari system provides
less incentive as large landlords are absent / workers are landless);
• Larger farms – larger amount of crop can be produced than smaller farms.
ETC.

2 @ 2 marks

PUBLISHED 2017
3(c)(i) A Millet / jowar / bajra 3
B
• Will grow in dry / semi-arid / barani areas / few irrigation facilities;
• Will grow in poor / sandy soil;
• Has a short growing season;
• Flat land available / on marginal land.
C Soil – one of: well drained, light, sandy, alluvial, loamy, not waterlogged
Climate – one of: warm / 21–30 °C, frost free, low rainfall / 200–1000 mm
3 @ 1 mark
3(c)(ii) • Rapid increase in population; 2

• Increase in per capita consumption of sugar;
• Export of (raw) sugar;
• Raw material for other industries – waste material – Bagasie (cardboard /
chipboard / paper animal feed) / molasses (cattle feed / citric acid)
2 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2017


No evaluation

Content Guide
Possible
• Leaving part of the land fallow;
• Line / temporary closure of canals;
• Install tubewells;
• Planting eucalyptus trees;
• Digging surface / sub-surface drains;
• Removing salts by adding gypsum;
• Salinity Control and Reclamation Project;
• Cultivating salt tolerant crops / use saline land for livestock.
Not possible
• Cost of maintaining / replacing tubewells / other measures;
• Farmers continue to over-irrigate;
• SCARP projects date from 1958 and large public tubewells deteriorating /
reaching end of their life;
• Lack of access to / cannot afford water;
• Massive investment needed.
ETC.

PUBLISHED 2017
4(a)(i) A 64°E 3
B Hab
C Thal
3 @ 1 mark
4(a)(ii) • Flat or gentle sloping land; 3

• Lower Indus Plain / low altitude;
• Flood plain / active floodplain (bet) / old floodplain;
• Delta;
• Limestone cliffs at Hyderabad (Ganjo Takkar Hills) / escarpment / cuesta;
• Doab / sand dunes (tibbas);
• Piedmont plains with alluvial fans.
3 @ 1 mark
4(a)(iii) • Heavy (high) rainfall / monsoon rainfall; 2

• Monsoon winds (strong wind) / SW monsoon / weather pattern from India /
Arabian Sea;
• Rapid snow melt (in Himalayas / Karokoram / Hindu Kush / Tibet);
• Melting of glaciers (in Himalayas / Karokoram / Hindu Kush / Tibet).
2 @ 1 mark
4(b)(i) How roads are interconnected / joined / distributed / spread out across an area 1
/ linkage of roads / road pattern
1 @ 1 mark
4(b)(ii) Bar drawn at 7 for number of roads (allow 6–8) 1 @ 1 mark 2

Correctly shaded using key 1 @ 1 mark
4(b)(iii) • Rugged / steep slopes / high / hilly terrain (making road building difficult) or 4
(more expensive to build – embankments / cuttings / tunnels / bridges);
• Unstable land – landslide / rock falls (dangerous);
• Remote / uninhabited / low population density areas / few people live in
these areas (so less demand for roads / so hard to supply equipment / lack
of labour to build roads);
• Groups who live in these areas may be traditional in outlook (and therefore
oppose areas being opened up by roads / are resistant to modernisation);
• Long distance to cover between towns (making road projects expensive);
• Lack of investment;
• Extreme weather / extremely cold / snow / frost (roads blocked by snow).
ETC.

2 @ 2 marks
4(c)(i) One of: babul, shisham, acacia, coniferous / spruce / fir, eucalyptus, jhand, 1
tamarisk, fruit trees.
1 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2017
4(c)(ii) • Rainfall – in sufficient quantity / distributed throughout the year / arid areas 3
only thorn or scrub / wetter areas for evergreen / broad-leafed;
• Temperature – mild / warm for non-coniferous / cool / cold for coniferous;
• Extent of water supply other than rainfall – oases / aquifer at surface, river
banks, sea / estuary / delta for mangroves / tolerates salt;
• Soil – alluvium for mangrove / riverain / soil type influences density of
forest;
• Altitude – types of forest vary with altitude / only up to treeline at 4000 m /
coniferous
1000–4000 m / thorn / scrub / riverain below 1000 m.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2017


No evaluation

Well-developed points explaining both views – benefits and problems with
reference to people or environment with evaluation giving clear support to one
view or appropriate example (5)
Well-developed points explaining both views – benefits and problems with
reference to people or environment with evaluation giving clear support to one
view and appropriate example (6)
Content Guide
Benefits
• Quicker / cheaper long distance travel for passengers / goods;
• More developed public transport network means less need for / expense of
car ownership;
• Employment in named transport industry / building motorways;
• Greater mobility of labour / university students;
• Greater ability to transport bulky / low value goods / freight / minerals;
• Rail development reduces number of cars / lorries on the roads and
amount of air pollution / fumes from road vehicles;
• Development of industrial estates / settlements alongside new roads.
Problems
• Rail not door-to-door / trains only stop at stations;
• Fumes from diesel trains cause air pollution / very polluting;
• Noise pollution;
• Railway tracks / motorways use up / divide farmland;
• Railway tracks / motorways destroy / disturb / divide natural habitat;
• Relocation of people / loss of homes / reduces value of property.
ETC.

PUBLISHED 2017
5(a)(i) • Season / seasonal; 1

• Seasonal wind / weather pattern;
• Short period of heavy rain / a wet season (Jul to Sept).
1 @ 1 mark
5(a)(ii) • Rainfall concentrated in Jul–Sept / wet season Jul–Sept; 2

• Little rainfall Oct–Jun / dry season Oct–Jan / Apr–May;
• High annual temperature / 30 °C–34 °C;
• Highest temperature in Jun just before wet season starts.
2 @ 1 mark
5(a)(iii) • July low pressure on land / central Asia. December high pressure on land / 2
central Asia or July lower pressure on land / central Asia than December;
• July moist air / rain bearing winds from sea / Indian Ocean / Bay of Bengal:
December dry winds blow from land to sea / winds reverse from July SW
to December NE;
• July tail end of monsoon winds reach northern / north-eastern Pakistan /
December little moisture reaches eastern / north-eastern Pakistan;
• July has high (higher, warmer) temps with more humidity / December has
low (lower, cooler) temps with less humidity.
2 @ 1 mark
5(b)(i) Statement 3: ‘A greater % of males are working than females’ 2

Statement 4: ‘A greater % of people are working in rural than urban areas’
2 @ 1 mark
5(b)(ii) • Higher proportion of women work in agriculture in rural areas / in general, 3

higher percentage of population work in agriculture in rural areas than in
urban areas;
• Higher proportion of women work in cottage industries and small-scale
industries in rural areas;
• More male than female labour migrates from rural areas to urban areas;
• Mismatched of labour / skills for work in urban areas;
• Traditional / cultural values less likely to accept women working outside
home / women stay at home;
• Traditional / cultural values mean males more likely to be seen as ‘bread
winners’ in urban areas;
• In urban areas males paid more than females;
• Employment in rural areas is more labour intensive than in urban areas /
less labour intensive in urban areas.
3 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2017
5(b)(iii) • Quicker / more efficient (allowing greater production / profitability); 4

• Fewer workers needed (saving labour costs);
• Standardisation of products (improving quality for export);
• Reduces / replaces child labour (increasing trade opportunities / lifting
embargos with countries previously not trading with Pakistan because of
this issue);
• Increases skills (and therefore more competitive in global market);
• Costs per unit will decrease (increase profits).
ETC.

2 @ 2 marks
5(c)(i) Quetta / Gilgit 1

1 @ 1 mark
5(c)(ii) • Difficulty with cost of obtaining heating fuel / gas; 4

• Unable to farm / grow crops / less income from agriculture / transhumance;
• Difficulty travelling by road / rail / air due to named adverse weather, e.g.
snow / fog / landslides / ice / slippery roads;
• Loss of telecommunications / electricity due to heavy snowfall;
• Isolated / cut off from lowland areas;
• Danger of death from cold / hypothermia, especially for elderly / children;
• Requires adaptations to clothing / housing;
• Income from named tourist opportunities, e.g. mountaineering, rock
climbing;
• Fewer mosquitoes / biting insects / diseases, e.g. malaria;
• Encouragement of small-scale cottage industries.
4 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2017


No evaluation

Content Guide
View A
For
• High population;
• Large demand for passenger travel;
• Global airline companies more likely to fly new routes to largest cities /
provincial capitals;
• Large international airport already present;
• Cheaper to expand at current site than construct at a new site as air traffic
control / multiple terminal buildings already exist;
• Headquarters of Pakistan International Airlines;
• Shorter distance to travel to Middle East / Gulf states than interior such as
Sialkot;
• Large industrial city;
• Good (named) infrastructure facilities present.
Against
• Increase in noise / air pollution at Jinnah site;
• Increase in traffic congestion to and from airport;
• Uneven development.

PUBLISHED 2017
5(d) View B
For
• Shorter distance to travel to Iran / Afghanistan / China / India;
• Demand for trade in local manufactured items;
• Even development of air transport infrastructure over country;
• Bring in tourists / income from tourism.
Against
• Cost of providing air facilities at new sites;
• Serve smaller populations – less likely to generate large numbers of
passengers / profit;
• Nok Kundi very remote;
• Difficulties in building in Balochistan due to climate.
ETC.


Paper 2 Environment of Pakistan October/November 2018
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75
Published
Teachers.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2018 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

PUBLISHED 2018
Generic Marking Principles
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.
Marks must be awarded in line with:
• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
Marks must be awarded positively:
• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

PUBLISHED 2018
1(a)(i) Fig. 1.1 = Rice 4

Fig. 1.2 = Sugar cane
Fig. 1.3 = Cotton
Fig. 1.4 = Wheat
4 @ 1 mark
1(a)(ii) • Rice – used for exports / foreign exchange / food / flour; 2

• Sugar cane – making sugar / brown sugar / gur / fuel / by products or
e.g. molasses / bagasse;
• Cotton – making clothes / soft furnishings / bed linen / making fibre /
yarn / fabric;
• Wheat – making of bread and other baked products / feed for livestock /
flour.
2 @ 1 mark
1(b)(i) • Ideal temperature is 25–35 °C (e.g. so crop grows well / without these 4
temperatures crop will not grow well);
• Mild (moderate) night time temperature / not too cold at night (e.g. so
crop is not damaged or spoilt by frost);
• Dry sunny days (e.g. so harvest is productive / high yielding / ripening);
• 500–1000 mm rainfall / plenty (ample) of rainfall (e.g. to avoid extra
irrigation / high yielding);
• (Medium) loam soil / loamy (e.g. fertile soil / high in nutrients / high
yielding);
• Natural manure (e.g. cheaper / easily available / maintain fertility / avoid
crop rotation / high yields);
• Flat land / level land / terraces (e.g. allows use of mechanisation / easy
to plough, sow or harvest);
Etc.

2 @ 2 marks
1(b)(ii) • Rain at harvesting time (will spoil the boll); 4

• Sensitive to frost;
• Leaf curl virus;
• Drought / lack of rainfall / lack of water;
• Flood / heavy rainfall;
• Sudden changes in temperature / too hot / too cold;
• Pest or insect attack;
• Strong winds;
• Salinity / waterlogging.
4 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2018
1(c)(i) Shade on the map at least two of the following provinces: 3

Sindh, Punjab, KPK or Balochistan (must shade entire province)
Name any two of the named provinces above accurately, i.e. in the correct
location.
3 @ 1 mark
1(c)(ii) • Tolerant of a range of climate conditions / can grow in a wide range of 2

different climates / fertile soil or nutrient rich soil / flat land;
• Time of year (Rabi crop) / grown over winter;
• Land needed for more high value crops in summer;
• Irrigation system / water from river Indus;
• Domestic market or example;
• Industrial uses or example;
• Animal fodder.
2 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2018
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Level 2 3–4
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Content Guide
Increase food production for the domestic market:

• Positive ideas for improving wheat production as a staple food source
for the population of Pakistan;
• Food is more important than producing cash crops;
• Do not want to rely on other countries for food imports;
• Incentives for farmers;
• People able to work as have more energy;
• Imported food is more expensive than home grown food;
• Wider variety of products grown domestically;
• Improve balance of payments / reduces imports;
• May provide more jobs in farming;
• Provide incentives to farmers to grow the oilseed rather than import it;
Etc.
increase food imports for the domestic market;

• Increase number of trade partners;
• Can use the land in Pakistan for producing higher value goods / crops
for export;
• Wider variety of foods can be imported;
• Wider / more varied diets available;
• Can eat foods all year round e.g. do not have to wait for them to be in
season;
• People can work in manufacturing or service industries which are higher
paying and less labour intensive;
• Fewer people will need to be subsistence farmers;
Etc.

PUBLISHED 2018
2(a)(i) Hydel power is electricity generated by using the fast flow of water to move 1
turbines which drive generators.
1 @ 1 mark
2(a)(ii) • Some areas have less rainfall e.g. Gilgit and Chitral (e.g. cannot 4
generate electricity if not enough water);
• Rain shadow areas;
• More precipitation in highland areas (e.g. where most dams are
located);
• Less rainfall in winter / more snow / stored as snow and / or ice in
mountains;
• Less rainfall means less water in rivers (e.g. so more difficult to
generate electricity);
• Rainfall not evenly spread throughout Pakistan (e.g. rainfall is
unpredictable);
• Very high temperatures – lead to evapotranspiration, less water
available;
• Very low temperatures – lead to freezing, less water available.

2 + 2 marks
2(b)(i) • World uses more (41%) coal than Pakistan (1%); 2

• Pakistan (37%) uses more oil than the world (5%);
• Pakistan (28%) uses more (20%) gas than the world;
• World (13%) uses more nuclear than Pakistan (3%).
2 @ 1 mark
2(b)(ii) • Expensive to build or develop own renewable energy / limited funding 3

available;
• Limited education / skills / know how to develop these technologies;
• Want to use up coal / gas reserves first / cheaper to use coal / gas;
• Reliant on other countries to help develop renewable sources;
• Demand of growing population difficult to meet / not enough electricity
can be produced;
• Areas suitable for large scale production are distant from centres of
population;
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark
2(b)(iii) • Solar panels can be located anywhere / portable; 2

• Do not need to be connected to the national power gird;
• Energy can be produced on site / in-situ / does not have to be
transported through cables;
• Easy to set up small scale scheme / independent schemes / every
house will have their own solar panel;
• Limitless / will not run out;
Etc.
2 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2018
2(c)(i) Sketch of a wind turbine, labels can include: 3

• Generator
• Rotor Blades / fans
• Tower / pole
• Gear box
• Transformer
• Cables
Etc.
3 @ 1 mark
2(c)(ii) Advantages: 4
• Wind is renewable / does not run out;
• Does not pollute the atmosphere or water or environmentally friendly
(clean or green);
• Plenty of wind available in Pakistan;
• Wind is free / cheap to run;
• Can be deployed locally / remotely;
• Wind turbines improve electricity supply in rural areas;
• Wind farms attract tourists;
• Wind turbines vary in size depending on requirements;
• Wind energy can be generated at night unlike solar;
Etc.
Disadvantages:
• Expensive to build;
• Wind is not constantly blowing / variable wind speed;
• Stop working during storms;
• Many turbines are needed to generate enough power for a town or city /
low output individually;
• Need a large area to construct wind farm / can take land which could be
used for agriculture;
• Can kill birds;
• Perceived as an eyesore;
• Noise pollution;
• Interfere with radio / TV signals;
• Limited sites where wind is reliable;
Etc.
4 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2018
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Level 2 3–4
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Content Guide
More sustainable because:

• Boosts economy;
• Can bridge the gap with energy shortages / deficiencies in oil and gas;
• Can be used near the coast to provide energy to nearby industries;
• Assists development;
• Provides jobs;
• A small quantity of uranium can generate a large amount of energy;
• Less than half kg of uranium contains 3 million more times energy than
the same weight of coal;
• The chances of accidents in nuclear power stations is low / there have
been fewer accidents in nuclear power stations than any other kind of
power station;
• Nuclear power can help speed up the process of industrialisation;
• Nuclear power contributes less to the greenhouse effect and acid rain
compared to fossil fuels;
Etc.
Less sustainable because:

• Expensive to build so may have to borrow money or seek investment
from other countries / economic burden;
• Will take up valuable land space needed for more important
development projects / or example;
• Renewable energy schemes such as solar energy / wind power are
more appropriate;
• Have many coal reserves that can still be exploited;
• Only provides jobs in the short term whilst building them;
• Probably built in other countries so negative multiplier effect;
• Fuel rods in reactors produce dangerous rays which are cancer
causing;
• Nuclear waste remains radioactive for many years;
• Finding suitable locations for storing radioactive waste is a problem;
Etc.

PUBLISHED 2018
3(a)(i) Accurate completion of percentage bar chart. 4

4@ 1 mark
3(a)(ii) • Primary = farmer, miner, fisherman; 3

• Secondary = factory worker, builder, chef;
• Tertiary = teacher, nurse, train driver.
3 @ 1 mark
3(b)(i) Accurate shading and labels for 2 countries. 2
• Afghanistan
• Australia
• Bangladesh
• Belgium
• Egypt
• Canada
• China / Hong Kong
• Denmark
• France
• Germany
• India
• Japan
• Kenya
• Kuwait
• Malaysia
• Holland
• Poland
• Portugal
• Russia
• South Africa
• South Korea
• Saudi Arabia
• Spain
• Sri Lanka
• Switzerland
• Sweden
• Tanzania
• Turkey
• Thailand
• United Arab Emirates
• United Kingdom
• United States of America
• Yemen
2 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2018
3(b)(ii) • Machinery / computers 3

• Electrical appliances / electronics
• Wheat
• Mineral oil / petroleum / crude oil
• Tea
• Oil seeds
• Vegetables
• Vegetable oils / edible oils / animal fats / waxes
• Coal
• Vehicles
• Iron / steel / metals
• Chemicals
• Plastics
3 @ 1 mark
3(c)(i) Trade deficit is a negative balance of trade where the value of imports 1
exceeds the value of the exports.
1 @ 1 mark
3(c)(ii) 1979–1980: 23 519 2

Increased
2 @ 1 mark
3(c)(iii) Ideas such as: 4

• Value of imports is greater than exports (import of higher value goods
compared with goods for export which are lower value);
• Export a small variety of goods (e.g. cotton, rice, sports goods, leather
goods, carpets and rugs);
• Import food items (e.g. not completely self – sufficient in food);
• weather-related points, (e.g. bad storms, heavy rain etc. leading to
failed harvests);
• Trade barriers / restrictions on exports (e.g. child labour, environmental
and health standards);
• Tough world market competitors / competition (e.g. Pakistan does not
belong to major trade organisations, lack of standardisation / quality)
• Limited range of specialist / niche products that other countries need or
want (e.g. standardisation / produce cheaper goods / have to import
luxury items);
• Instability (deters foreign investment);
• Shortage of skilled / knowledgeable people to manage products;
Etc.

2 + 2 marks

PUBLISHED 2018
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point addressing any challenge or strategy (1)
Simple points addressing any challenge or strategy (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point(s) explaining one challenge or strategy (3)
Developed point(s) explaining any challenge and strategy (4)
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Developed points explaining challenges and strategies
Evaluation giving clear support to one challenge or strategy or appropriate
example (5)
Evaluation giving clear support to one challenge or strategy and appropriate
example (6)
Content Guide
To increase exports:
• Exports with higher value-added element encouraged;
• Develop cottage and small-scale industries – especially using local raw
materials;
• Increase variety of exports;
• Develop EPZ – export processing zones;
• Reduce taxes on exports;
• Boost industrialisation by developing export agencies e.g. Export
Promotion Bureau;
• Strict quality control;
Etc.
To restrict imports:
• Tertiary sector – less reliance on foreign employees, train Pakistani
workers;
• More goods produced in Pakistan – both low and high value goods;
• Less reliance on other countries / use home produced raw materials if
possible;
• More food could easily be produced in Pakistan;
• Improves local economy;
Etc.
Note: Candidates may suggest that both ideas work hand in hand, i.e. by
reducing imports and increasing exports the development of EPZs would be
a logical step.

PUBLISHED 2018
4(a)(i) X = Balochistan 3
Y = Punjab
Z = Sindh
3 @ 1 mark
4(a)(ii) Iran 2
India
2 @ 1 mark
4(a)(iii) • Northern Pakistan / FATA has no / few rail networks; 3

• Dense network in Punjab;
• Sparse network in Balochistan / South / Southwest / one line in
Balochistan;
• There are two lines in central KPK;
• Medium / moderate network in Sindh;
• More around major cities;
• More railways in East / more railways in North East (or opposites).
3 @ 1 mark
4(b)(i) Recent developments include: 1

• New services on different routes;
• Constructing a track to Gwadar linked to the port;
• Computerised ticketing system;
• One window ticketing system;
• Dual tracks;
• More electrification;
• Karakoram Express / Shalimar Express / Magno Train / new routes /
more lines;
• Air-conditioned coaches;
• Public address system;
• More spacious coaches with more seats / berths;
• Greater safety;
• More privatisation – provides more comfortable coaches.
1 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2018
4(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 4

• To encourage more people to use railways;
• The network needed improving / was outdated;
• To carry more passengers / large amount of people on one journey;
• To enhance the transport of goods / people or examples within the
country;
• To provide a service to neighbouring countries / international links;
• To improve trade links / connect more industrial areas / connect dry port
to sea port / connect remote areas to developed areas/market;
• To assist business / economic growth / income for government;
• More environmentally friendly;
• To be able to travel longer distances;
• Faster than road;
• Cheaper than air;
• Better security / safer than roads;
• Provides opportunities for tourism or named examples;
Etc.
4 @ 1 mark
4(c)(i) • Few people have mobile phones / computers in rural areas; 2

• Limited internet connection / internet infrastructure in rural areas;
• Limited access to internet;
• Electrical devices are expensive;
• Limited electricity;
• Lower literacy levels;
• Any valid reason(s) why internet is used in rural areas, e.g. farmers’
weather forecasting / education.
2 @ 1 mark
4(c)(ii) • Assists research / websites; 4

• Develops skills for an ever-increasing technological world;
• Provides opportunities for learning beyond the classroom;
• Widens horizons / develops an interest in the wider world;
• Provides opportunities for future employment prospects / apply online;
• Can get information on any topic;
• Can access more information than in a library;
• Women can learn from home / online learning / distance learning;
• Increase knowledge of a subject;
• Can ask experts / interaction / receive answers in minutes;
• Up to date information;
• Assists homework assignments;
Etc.

2 @ 2 marks

PUBLISHED 2018
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Level 2 3–4
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Content Guide
improving internet access in major cities:

• More people will benefit;
• More schools and children are more likely to go to school in the urban
areas as opposed to the rural areas (where they may have to work);
• More businesses which would benefit;
Etc.
extending internet access to rural areas:

• Reduces isolation;
• May help and encourage small businesses to grow or set up there;
• May reduce rural to urban migration if opportunities are provided in rural
areas;
Etc.

PUBLISHED 2018
5(a)(i) Accurate completion of population pyramid graph. 1

1 @ 1 mark
5(a)(ii) • Large number of young dependents 0–19; 3

• Small proportion of elderly dependents 60+;
• Gradual decline through the older age groups / economically active
decline 20+;
• Economically active are the biggest sector;
• More females in older age groups / less males in older age groups;
• More males in young dependents.
3 @ 1 mark
5(b)(i) Birth rate – the number of babies’ births / born per 000 of the population per 2
year.
2 @ 1 mark
5(b)(ii) Natural Increase = birth rate – death rate 2

26.80 – 7.00 = 19.8 (per thousand)
2 @ 1 mark
5(b)(iii) • Too many people; 3

• Not enough resources, e.g. food / shelter / water;
• Rapid population growth.
3 @ 1 mark
5(c)(i) Benefits of having a small number of children: 4

• Have more food to go around;
• More disposable income / less outgoings;
• Can afford education;
• Will be healthier;
• More opportunities for employment;
• Better standard of living / quality of life;
• Less overcrowding;
• Less burden on services e.g. housing;
• More quality time for family;
Etc.
Problems of having a small number of children:

• Children needed to work (on the farms or other examples) / sent away
to work so less money coming in / more work to be done by fewer
people;
• High infant mortality rate so children may not survive to adulthood;
• May not have a son to carry on the family name;
• May not have a child to take care of parents in old age;
• Have to pay others to work / less income earned;
Etc.
4 @ 1 mark

PUBLISHED 2018
5(c)(ii) How: 4
• Death rate is falling / decreasing / declining / lower; (decreased from 30
in 1947 to 7.2 per 1000 in 2012);
Why:
• Due to improved access to healthcare / more doctors / nurses;
• Improved medical facilities / more or better or improved hospitals /
clinics / faster emergency services;
• Diseases like cholera / malaria / typhoid have been brought under
control;
• Vaccinations;
• Improvements in food production / hygienic food / improved diets or
examples;
• Education about healthy living / lifestyle / exercise;
• Improved hygiene / sanitation / sewerage;
• Safer / cleaner drinking water / water supply;
• Infant mortality rate decreasing;
Etc.

2 @ 2 marks

PUBLISHED 2018
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Level 2 3–4
No evaluation
Level 3 5–6
Content Guide
Low birth and death rates may assist future development because:
• Lead to population / economic stability;
• A lower birth rate puts less pressure on the economic resources, e.g.
education and healthcare, food and housing;
• A low birth rate means a lower dependency ratio;
• Lower birth rate allows greater investment into agriculture, trade,
industry, transport etc. which will eventually lead to economic growth;
• A larger proportion of 15–60-year olds will mean that there is a large
proportion of the population available for work / economically active to
contribute to increasing the revenue of the country / pay taxes;
• Lower death rate means that elderly people can help with child care /
pass on wisdom / knowledge to younger generations;
Etc.
Low birth and death rates may limit / hinder future development because:
• Lower death rate will mean there are more people living longer, which
leads to an ageing dependent population may offset possible
development from a lower birth rate;
• A higher proportion of elderly people will increase the need for
investment in healthcare, care homes, pensions etc.;
• There will be an increased dependency ratio of older people to younger
people and who contribute less to the economic growth of the country;
• A larger proportion of 15–60-year olds will mean that there is a large
proportion of the population available for work / economically active but
this could lead to high unemployment levels if there are not enough jobs
available putting a further economic burden on the government;
Etc.
Examples / ideas of how to reduce birth rates e.g. Subs-Sitara Clinics /

Chabi ka Nishan

2004 Jun Merged

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2004 Jun Merged

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

w

2059 PAKISTAN STUDIES

2059/02 Paper 2, maximum mark 75

maximum minimum mark required for grade:

(a) (i) In which year was Shah Wali Ullah born?

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement 1

LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons 2-4

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons 5-7

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement. 1-2

LEVEL 2: Description of above or other reasons for failure 3-6

LEVEL 3: Explains one factor 7-10

LEVEL 4: Explains at least two factors 8-13

LEVEL 5: As Level 4 - also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2004

(i) Sir Pheroze Shah Mehta 1

(b) Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905?

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement 1

LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons 2-4

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons 5-7

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2004

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement 1-2

LEVEL 2: Description of above or other reasons for failure 3-6

LEVEL 3: Explains one factor 7-10

LEVEL 4: Explains at least two factors 8-13

LEVEL 5: As Level 4 - also produces a judgement or evaluation 14

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2004

(b) Why was Congress Rule of 1937-39 so hated by the Muslims?

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement 1

LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons 2-4

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons 5-7

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2004

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement 1-2

LEVEL 2: Description of refugee problem or other problems 3-6

LEVEL 3: Explains one factor 7-10

LEVEL 4: Explains at least two factors. 8-13

LEVEL 5: As Level 4: also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2004

(b) Why was Urdu chosen as the national language of Pakistan?

LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer 1

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons 5-7

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2004

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement 1-2

LEVEL 2: Description of reasons for separation 3-6

LEVEL 3: Explains economic or political factors 7-10

LEVEL 4: Explains both 8-13

LEVEL 5: As Level 4 - also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2004

(i) Federal Shariat Court 1

(b) Why did Pakistan leave SEATO in 1972?

LEVEL 1: Simplistic answer 1

LEVEL 2: Identifies reasons 2-4

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons 5-7

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2004

LEVEL 1: Simplistic statement 1-2

LEVEL 2: Description of constitutional reforms or other policies 3-6

LEVEL 3: Explains one factor 7-10

LEVEL 4: Explains at least two factors 8-13

The new constitution drawn up in 1973 established a Senate which

LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2004

1 (a) The sketch cross-section, Fig. 1, shows the main physical

(i) A Active flood plain/bet/khaddar 1@1

- Flooded every/most years/frequently

(ii) B Old flood plain/meander FP/cover FP 1@1