Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Application of Differentiation: 4.2 Extremum Problem
Application of Differentiation: 4.2 Extremum Problem
DIFFERENTIATION
4.2 Extremum Problem
OBJECTIVES :
Stationary point if
f ' ( x) 0 f ' ( x) does not exist
Maximum Minimum
point point
To find the stationary point
Definition
5
Stationary point
y f(x)
(c,f(c))
f’(c)=0 f’(d)=0
(d,f(d))
x
0 c d
dy a = stationary
f (a) 0 or 0 when x a
dx value
Maximum point Minimum point
a a
Example 1
Find the stationary points for the function
a) f(x) =12x-3x 2
b) f(x) = 2x + x -20x +5
3 2
stationary points :
f’ (x) = 0
8
8
Solution
a) f(x) =12x-3x 2
(2,12)
when f'(x) = 0
stationary
12-6x = 0
point
6x =12
x =2 stationary
value
when x = 2
f(2) =12(2)-3(2) 2
=12
9
b) f(x) = 2x + x -20x +5
3 2
when f'(x) = 0:
6x +2x-20 = 0
2
3x + x-10 = 0
2
5
(3x-5)(x +2) = 0 x = or x =-2
3
Stationary values
10
Example 2
Given a function y 5x 5x 1
2
Solution 1
When x
y 5x2 5x 1 2
2
1 1 5 5
dy y 5 5 1 1
when 0 2 2 4 2
dx 1
10 x 5 0 4
10 x 5 1 1
, is a stationary point.
1 2 4
x
2
Function Increases and Decreases
a) f is increasing in interval I if
x1 x2
b) f is decreasing in interval I if
f(x1)
f(x2)
x1 x2
c) f is a constant in interval I if
i) f(x1) = f(x2)
ii) f’(x) = 0
f(x1) = f(x2)
x1 x2
a. If f ‘ (x) > 0 for (a, c) and f ‘(x) < 0 for (c, b), then f has a
relative maximum at c
b. If f ‘(x) < 0 for (a, c) and f ‘(x) > 0 for (c, b), then f has a
relative minimum at c
x c
c
b. relative minimum
a. relative maximum
f(x)
f(x) f ‘(x) < 0
f ‘(x) > 0
f ‘(x) < 0
f ‘(x) > 0
x
x
c
c. No extremum d. No extremum
Interval Determination
Solution
y = 4x 3 + 15x, 2 – 18x + 7
dy
12x 2 30x 18
dx
dy
To find the stationary numbers we set 0
dx
12x 2 30x 18 0
6(2x – 1)(x + 3) = 0
1
So the stationary numbers are or -3.
2
To determine the maximum or minimum,
,3 1 1
Interval 3, ,
2 2
Value of x 4 0 1
Sign of f ’(x) + - +
Conclusion increasing decreasing increasing
dy
12x 2 30x 18
dx
x 4 dy
12 42 30 4 18
dx
192 120 18
54
You can see from the chart that dy changes from positive
to negative at x = -3. dx
So, by the First Derivative Test, f has a maximum at x = -3
and the local maximum value is
When f ( x) 0 0
3x 3 0
2
f (1) (1) 3(1) 2
3
x 1 0
2
4
x 1 x 1 , 0 the stationary points
x 1 or x 1 1, 4 , 1, 0
the stationary points
Using the first derivative test 1, 4 , 1, 0
Interval x 1 1 x 1 1 x
Test value, x 2 0 2
Sign of
positive negative positive
f ( x) 3x 3
2
Curve of f(x)
Since f’(x) changes from
relative maximum point 1, 4 positive to negative as we
move across x = -1
Solution :
S1 : Domain, Df = (, )
S2 : Determine the interval by critical value
f’(x) = 4x3 – 4x
When f’(x) = 0, then 4x3 – 4x = 0
4x(x2 – 1) = 0
Thus, the critical values are
x = 0, x = 1 or x = -1
S3 : Test the f ’(x) sign
Sign of
f ’(x) negative positive negative positive
S4 : Conclusion
(, 1) & (0, 1) are decreasing interval and
(1, 0) & (1, ) are increasing interval
Exercises
x 2 1 , x 0
Ans ii) :
ii) f ( x ) 1 , 0 x 1 Increasing at (∞, 0) &
2 (2, ∞)
x 4 , x 2
b) To find the relative exremum using
the second derivative test
Second derivative can determine the maximum
and minimum values of a function
extremum of f ( x) x 3 3 x 2 24 x 32
Solution
f ' ( x ) 3 x 2 6 x 24
3( x 2)( x - 4)
"
f ( x) 6 x 6
At x -2, f " ( x ) 18 0 and
at x -4, f " (x) 18 0
6 x 5x 1 0
2
1 1
(3x 1)(2 x 1) 0 x or x
3 2
1 dy
When x 12 x 2
10 x 2
2 dx
3 2 2
1 1 1 d y
y 4 5 2 3 24 x 10
2 2 2
2
dx
1 d2y
13 1 13
When x , 2
2 0
, 2 dx
4 2 4 d2y 1 13 Min
0, , point
2
1 dx 2 4
When x
3 2
1
3
1
2
1 1 d y
y 4 5 2 3 When x , 2 2 0
3 3 3 3 dx
1 88 Max
2
88 1 88 d y
0, , point
,
3 27
2
27 3 27 dx
Example 3 Given that y = 12 x ( 2 – x ). Calculate the value
of x when y is a maximum.
Hence, find the maximum value of y
Solution
y = 12 x ( 2 – x ) when x = 1
y = 24x – 12x2 y = 24(1) - 12(1)2 = 12
dy
24 24 x d2y
dx 2
24 0
At critical point, dx
dy d2y Max
=0 0, (1,12) point
dx dx 2
24 – 24x = 0
So the maximum value of y,
24x = 24
x=1 y = 12
Example 4
By using the second derivative test, find the relative
extremum of f ( x) x 4 4 x3
Solution
f ' ( x ) 4 x 3 12 x 2 4 x 2 ( x 3)
When f ' ( x ) 0, then x 0 or x 3
" 2
f ( x) 12 x 24 x
At x 0, f " ( x) 0
The test fails,it is inconclusive.
Thus the first derivative is used.
Interval ( 0,3 )
(,0)
Test value of x -1 1
Sign of f ' ( x) - -
Conclusion
decreasing decreasing
when f ( x) 0 f ( x) 6 0
6x 0 f ( x) 0
x0
0, 2 Minimum point
f (0) 3(0) 2
2
f (0) 2 0, 2
2) The positions of the roots (if any) of f(x) = 0
x – intercepts Domain –2 < x < 3
when f ( x) 0 f (2) 3(2) 2 14
2
3x 2 0
2 f (3) 3(3) 2 29
2
2 f(x)
x
2
3 29
2
x
3 14
(undefined) 2
f(x) does not cut at x-axis x
–2 0 3
3) y – intercepts The range of f (x) is
f (0) 3(0) 2 2
2 2 f ( x) 29 or R f [2,29]
Example 2
Find the maximum or minimum values of the
function f ( x) 3x 3 3x 2 3x 2
Solution:
f ( x) 9 x 6 x 7
' 2
(3x 1)(3x 3) 0
1
x @ x 1
2
If by using first derivatives test
intervals (,1) 1 1
(1, ) ( , )
3 3
test value -2 0 1
sign of f’(x) +ve -ve +ve
conclusion Increasing decreasing increasing
Relative maximum:
f (1) 3(1)3 3(1) 2 3(1) 2 5, (1,5)
Relative minimum:
1 1 1 1 4
f ( ) 3( )3 3( ) 2 3( ) 2 1
3 3 3 3 9
If by using second derivatives test
f ' ' ( x) 18 x 6
f ' ' (1) 18(1) 6 12 , 0 max
f ' ' (1 / 2) 8(1 / 2) 6 10 , 0 min
2
3
39
4
1
9 1
-2 -1 1 1
3 3
Exercise :
1. For the function y = f (x) below, find all the
relative maximum points and minimum points
by applying the second derivative test.
(a) f ( x) x 2 2 x 24
(b) f ( x) x3 9 x 2
(c) f ( x) x3 3x
27
-4 -3 0 3 6 x
-21
-81
OBJECTIVE
is maximum at x = c when
f’(c) = 0 and f’’(c) < 0,
the maximum value is f(c);
is minimum at x = c when
f’(c) = 0 and f’’(c) > 0,
the minimum value is f(c).
Formulae
Area Volume
1.Circle A r 2
1.Cuboid/cube
2.Sphere A 4 r 2 V length width height
3.Hemisphere A 2 r 2
2.Sphere V r
4 3
4.Cylinder A 2 r 2 rh
2 3
5.Cone A r rs
2 3.Cylinder 2
V r h
1 2 1 2
6.Sector A r 4.Cone V r h
2 3
7.Square A length width
Steps For Solving Optimization Problem
57
Example 1
12-2x
12-2x
V x(12 2 x)(12 2 x)
Solution :
Volume of the box, V x (12 2 x)(12 2 x )
2 3
V 144 x 48 x 4 x
dV
144 96 x 12 x 2
dV dx
Let 0
dx
12 x 2 96 x 144 0
(12) x 8 x 12 0
2
( x 6)( x 2) 0
x 6 or x 2
d 2V
For 2
96 24 x
dx
2
96 246 48 0
dV
when x 6, 2
dx
V is minimum when x = 6.
2
96 242 48 0
dV
when x 2, 2
dx
V is maximum when x = 2.
Therefore, the area of each squares to be cut
from the corners, to make the volume of box
maximum is (2 x 2) = 4 cm2.
Example 2
You have been asked to design a 1 liter oil
can shaped like a right circular cylinder as
shown below :
2r
2000
(a) Show that A 2r
2
r
(b) What dimensions will use the least material?
Solution :
(a) Volume of the can, V r 2 h 1000
1000
h
r2
Surface area of the can,
A 2r 2rh
2
1000
2r 2r 2
2
r
2000
A 2r
2
shown
r
(b) 2000
A 2r
2
r
dA 2000
4r 2
dr r
dA 2000
When 0, 4r 0
dr r2
4 r 2000
3
2
0
r
500
r
3
500
r 3 5.42 unit
2
d A 4000
2
4
dr r3
When r 5.42,
2
d A 4000
2
4
dr 5.423
37.69 0
A is minimum when r 5.42 units
1000
Therefore, h 10.84 units
(5.42) 2
Example 3 If L = x 2 y and x + y = 6, find
the maximum value of L .
Solution
Given L = x 2 y --(1) dL
0
and x + y = 6 dx
y = 6 – x --(2)
12x – 3x2 = 0
Substitute (2) into (1)
3x ( 4 – x ) = 0
L = x2 (6 - x)
L = 6x2 – x3 # x = 0 or x = 4
2
d L
2
12 6 x
dx
2
d L
When x = 0, 2
12 6(0) 12 0 (minimum)
dx
2
d L
When x = 4, 2
12 6(4) 12 0 (maximum)
dx
when x = 4,
The maximum value of L is 32.
y=6–x=2
Example 4
dV
10 - 3x cm 0
dx
20x – 9x2 = 0
x cm
x ( 20 – 9x ) = 0
20
x = 0 or x
9
2
d V
2
20 18 x
dx
d 2V
When x = 0 , 2 20 18(0) 20 0 (minimum)
dx
20
2
20 d V
When x , 2 20 18 20 0 (maximum)
9 dx 9
20
When x ,
9
2 3
20 20
Vmax 10 x 3x 10 3
2 3
9 9
The maximum value
of the cuboid 16.461 cm 3
Example 5 S 60 cm R
x cm
M
40 cm
P N Q
3x cm
The above diagram shows a rectangle PQRS
such that SM = x cm and PN = 3x cm.
(a) Show that the area of the shaded region,
3 2
A cm2 , is given by A 2400 60 x x
2
(b) Find the minimum value of A.
SOLUTION (a) Area of PQRS = ( 60 )( 40 )
= 2400 cm2
1
Area of PMN (3x)(40 x)
2
3 2
60 x x
2
Area of the shaded region,
A = Area of PQRS – Area of PMN
3 2
2400 60 x x
2
3 2 (shown)
2400 60 x x
2
(b) The minimum value of A
3 2
A = 2400 60 x x A is minimum when x = 20
2
dA
0 Amin imum
dx 3
2400 60(20) 20
2
-60 + 3x = 0 2
3x = 60 1800 cm 2
x = 20
2
d A
2
3 0 (minimum)
dx
Example 6
Refer to the figure below, a cone has a circular
base with radius r and the height of the cone is h.
Given that the length of AB is 3cm, find the
value of r and h if the volume of the cone is to be
maximized. B
3cm h cm
r cm O
A
SOLUTION :
B OAB is a right-angled triangle
From Pythagoras theorem,
r h 3
2 2 2
3cm h
r 9 h
2 2
1
A
r O Vcone hr 2
3
1
Substitute r 2
9 h 2
into V hr 2
3
1 1
V h(9 h ) (9 h h )
2 3
3 3 1
V 3 h h 3
3
1 dV
V 3 h h 3
3 h 2
3 dh
dV
0 2
d V
dh 2
2h
dh
3 h 0
2
When h 3
(3 h ) 0
2
2
dV
2( 3) 0
3 h 0
2
dh 2
(maximum)
h 3
The volume of the cone
Let h 3 is maximum when
because h is a positive value h 3
When h 3
r 9h
2 2
9 ( 3) 2
r 6
2
Let r 6
r 6 because r is a positive
Solution
dP
0 x 36
2
dx
72 x 6
2 2 0
x Let x 6
2 x 72
2
Since length cannot
2
0 , x ≠ 0
be a negative value
x
2x2 – 72 = 0
2 x 72
2
dP 72 2
2 2 2 72 x
dx x When x = 6
2 72
d P 144
P 2x
dx 2
x 3 x
72
when x = 6 , Pmin 2(6)
2
d P 144 6
2
3 24cm
dx 6
2
d P 2
2
0 The minimum value of the
dx 3 perimeter of the rectangle
x 6(minimum)
Example 8 10x cm
y cm y cm
13x cm 13x cm
480 x 180 x 60 x
2 2
x (100 20 x x )
2 2
x 100 20 x x
2 2
50 cm 2
1. A wire of length 70 cm is formed into a sector
with a radius of r cm as shown below. r cm
(a) Express the value of θ in terms of r.
(b) Show that area of sector, A cm2 is given by
A = 35r –r 2 .
(c) Find the maximum area of the sector.
70
Answers (a) 2
r
2
(c) 306.25 cm
2. A right close cylinder has a volume of 500cm3.
Its base and radius is r cm.
Answers
2x cm
x cm
Answers
A 108 cm2