PAKISTAN AND ISLAMIAT STUDIES

Name : Muhammad Fawad

Name ID : 12699

Course Name : Pakistan and Islamiat studies

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Index
No. T0pic Page No.

1 Describe the services of Hazrat Mujaddid

Alf Sani for the revival of Islam in the
Sub-continent.
2 Describe in detail Sultan Shahāb-ud-Din
Muhammad Ghori from early life to end.
3 Explain the following: i. Downfall of Muslim rule
ii. Mir Jaffer iii. Mir Sadiq
iv. Munni Begum(Mother of East India Company)

4 Role of Arabia in the evolution of religion.

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Hazart Mujaddid Alf Sani

Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani, whose real name was Sheikh Ahmad.
He a prominent disciple of Khawaja Baqi Billah, an
eminent saint Of the Naqshabandia spiritual order.
He received Khilafat from his the Chishtiya and
Suhurwrdiya spiritual orders. He is popularly known
as Mujaddid-i-Afli-i-Sani (Receiver of Islam during
the second Millenium). Sheikh Ahmad Was born on
June 26, 1564 at Sirhind, the Capital Of Eastern
Punjab during Mughal rule.
He received education under the most prominent
and learned teachers at Sialkot and Sirhind. He memorized Holy
Quran and then switched over to the study Of Hadith, Tafsir(
commentary) and Ma'qual (philosophy). He travelled from
place to place to benefit from renowned scholars. Sheikh Ahmad
wrote his famous book, Isbat-un-Nabuwwat in which he gave an
excellent explanation of the prophet hood.

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Religious And Social Services:

During his period the Muslims in India had become so deficient
in the knowledge of true Islam that they had more belief in
Karamat or miracles of the saints than Islamic teachings. The
Ulema and theologians of the time had ceased to refer to the
Quran and Hadith in their commentaries, and considered
jurisprudence the only religious knowledge. Akbar, the Mughal
King had started a series of experiments with Islam,
propagating his own religion Deen-e-Elahi, an amalgamation of
Hindu and Muslim beliefs.
The Deen-i-Ilāhī, known during its time
as Tawḥīd-i-Ilāhī or Divine Faith was a
syncretic religion propounded by the
Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582

In these circumstances, Sheikh Ahmed set upon himself the task

of purifying the Muslim society. His aim was to rid Islam of the
accretions of Hindu Pantheism. However, the Mujaddid
succeeded in his efforts at last and Jahangir cancelled all those

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orders of his father which were against the spirit of Islam and
thus Deen-e-Elahi came to an ignoble end.
Preaching of Islam:
Hazrat Mujaddid continued preaching of
Islam during the imprisonment in the Fort
of Gwalior. Due to his efforts thousands
Non-Muslims accepted Islam. Due to his
efforts thousands Non-Muslims accepted
Islam. After a year however, Jahangir under the influence of his
Islamic writings released him from jail Gwalior Fort is a hill fort near Gwalior,
and offered huge gifts to him. The king Madhya Pradesh, India. 

befriended and respected the Sheikh. He

listened to his advices. After Maghrib prayers the king would
grant him special audience where Sheikh would talk about
religious affairs to Jahangir. He asked his son Shah Jahan to
become a spiritual disciple of the Sheikh.
Two
Main Sufi philosophies preva
Wahdat-al-Shuhud:
il on this topic. Waḥdat al-
The philosophy of Wahdat-al-wujud was wujūd literally means "the
Unity of Existence" or "the
presented by some Sufis of Akbar’s time. Unity of Being." On the other
They believed that the entire universe is the hand, waḥdat ash-shuhūd,
symbol of Almighty God and a source of meaning "Apparentism" or
revelation of God’s sovereignty. He was "Monotheism of Witness",
holds that God and his
creation are entirely separate.

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highly critical of the philosophy of Wahdat-al-Wujud, against

which he gave his philosophy of Wahdat-al-Shuhud. Sheikh
Ahmed Sirhindi preached the doctrine of what he called
Wahdat-al-Shuhud i.e. unity of witnessing. Thus he maintained
that we are not manifestation of One Being but it is only an
appearance, not reality.

Maktubat-e-Imam Rabbani:
Sheikh Ahmed adopted an effective method of persuasion by
writing letters to the leading nobles of the royal court. His
letters are known as Maktubat-e-Imam Rabbani.

Through preaching, discussions and

his maktubat addressed to important nobles and leaders of
religious thought, he spread his message amongst the elite in
particular. Letters and messages were sent to them exhorting to

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serve the cause of Islam. He also requested the scholars to show

the right path to the people, and the King. He asked the saints to
give up their Un-Islamic practices and beliefs. 

Books and Magazines (Risala):

He wrote many books, including his famous works, Isbat-ul-
Nabat and Risal-i-Nabuwat. In these works the need and
importance of prophethood was described. His greatest work on
Islamic philosophy was the Tauheed-i-Shuhudi. Sheikh Ahmed
continued preaching Islam till the end of his days. He urged
peopled to adhere to the accepted and clearly laid down path of
Islam.

Two Nation Theory:

Mujaddid Alif Sani cleared on the Muslims that they were the
separate nation from Hindus and nothing was common in them.
Therefore, the Muslim should keep themselves distinct from
Hindus with reference to food, dress, social custom and way of
life. With this declaration, he founded the first stone of Two
Nation Theory in Indo-Pak subcontinent which led to the

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success of Pakistan Movement and establishment of Pakistan.

That’s why Hazrat Mujaddid was rightly called First Founder
of Pakistan.

Hazrat Mujaddad Alf Sani explained the Two Nation Theory

in 16th and 17th century:-

“If Muslims want to live like a live nation then they

will have to get rid of all those paganism. They will
have to live separately from Hindus. If this
consciousness of separate nationalism is not
produced among the Muslims then the fear is that
they would be swept away in the flood of one-
nationhood.”

Conclusion:
 Hazrat Mujaddid Alf Sani was the most
powerful religious personality in the
history of sub-continent who opposed
Akbar and thereby invited his wrath. He
got an opportunity in a liberal atmosphere
in Jahangir’s reign to use his powerful pen Tomb of Hazrat Mujaddid Alf Sani

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to denounce Akbar’s religious innovations. He is considered as

a pioneer of Muslim self-assertion by denouncing Un-Islamic
practices.

Sultan Sahab-Ud-Din Muhammad Ghori

Sahabuddin Muhammad Ghori was born in 1146  in the Ghor
region of Khorasan. He was also known as
Muhammad of ghor , was the Sultan of the
Ghurid Empire along with his brother Ghiyath
ad-Din Muhammad from 1173 to 1202 and as
the sole ruler from 1202 to 1206. He is
credited with laying the foundation of Muslim
rule in the Indian subcontinent, which lasted
for several centuries. He reigned over a
territory spanning over parts of modern-day Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, Iran, Northern India, Pakistan, Tajikistan
and Turkmenistan.
During their early life,
Sahabuddin and his elder brother Ghiyath were
imprisoned by their uncle Ala al-Din Husayn, but were
later released by the latter's son Sayf al-Din
Muhammad.[3] When Sayf died in 1163, the Ghurid
His elder brother, Ghiyath
al-Din Muhammad , was
sultan of the Ghurid
dynasty from 1163 to
1202. During his reign, the
Ghurid dynasty became a
PAKISTAN AND ISLAMIAT STUDIES world9power, which
stretched from Gorgan to
Bengal.
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nobles supported Ghiyath, and helped him ascend the throne.

Ghiyath shortly gave Sahabuddin control over Istiyan and
Kajuran. However, the throne was challenged by several
Ghurid chiefs. Sahabuddin aided Ghiyath in defeating and
killing a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas.
In 1173, Muhammad Ghori took the city of Ghazni to avenge the
death of his ancestor Muhammad ibn Suri at the hands of
Mahmud of Ghazni and used it as a launching-pad for
expansion into northern India.
His ancestor Muhammad ibn Suri
was the king of the Ghurid
dynasty from the 10th-century to
1011.

He assisted his brother Ghiyath in his contest with the

Khwarazmian Empire for the lordship of Khorasan in Western
Asia.

Khwarazmain Empire’s Area

It is a historical region which
formed the northeast province
PAKISTAN AND ISLAMIAT STUDIES of Greater Iran.10 The name
signifies "the Land of the Sun"
or "the Eastern Province"
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Sahabuddin captured Multan from the Hamid Ludi dynasty in

1175, and took Uch in 1175 as well.

Uch is an historic city in the

southern part of Pakistan's
Punjab province . .Uch may
have been founded as
Alexandria on the Indus, a
town founded by Alexander
the Great during his invasion
of the Indus Valley.

In 1186, the last refuge of its

Persianised enemies, he also conquered the Ghaznavid
principality of Lahore. Sahabuddin Muhammad Ghori wished to
conquer the heart of Northern India, which was then under
Rajput control, after consolidating his reign in the North-West
domain.
Rajput is a large multi-
component cluster of
castes, kin bodies, and
local groups, sharing
social status and ideology
of genealogical descent
originating from the Indian
subcontinent.
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The Khyber Pass is a

mountain pass in the Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa province of
Pakistan, on the border with
Afghanistan

First Battle Of Tarain

In 1191, Sahabuddin
proceeded towards
Indian Sub-continent
through the Khyber
Pass in modern-day

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Pakistan and was successful in reaching Punjab in the battle of

Tarain. Sahabuddin captured a fortress, Bathinda in present-
day Punjab state on the northwestern frontier of Prithviraj
Chauhan's kingdom. Qazi Zia-ud-Din as governor of the
fortress, received the news that Prithviraj's army, led by his
vassal prince Govind Tai were on their way to besiege the
fortress. The two armies eventually met near the town of Tarain,
14 miles from Thanesar.

It is located in Kurukshetra
The battle was marked district, approximately 160 km
by the initial attack of northwest of Delhi.

mounted Mamluk archers to which Prithviraj

responded by counter-attacking from three sides and thus
dominating the battle. Sahabuddin mortally wounded Govind
Tai in personal combat and in the process was himself
wounded, whereupon his army retreated and Prithviraj's army
was deemed victorious.
On his return to Ghor, Sahabuddin made preparations to
avenge the defeat. According to Firishta, the Rajput army
consisted of 3,000 elephants, 300,000 cavalry and infantry
(most likely a gross exaggeration). Minhaj-i-Siraj, stated

Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani, full name Abu Osman

Minhajuddin bin Sirajuddin, was a 13th-century Persian
PAKISTAN historian
AND ISLAMIAT STUDIES
born in the Ghurid capital city of Firuzkuh, 13
which was located in Ghor Province.
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Sahabuddin brought 120,000 fully armored men to the battle in

1192.

Prithviraj had called his banners but hoped to buy time as his
banners (other Rajputs under him or his allies) had not arrived.
Before the next day, Sahabuddin attacked the Rajput army
before dawn. Rajputs had a tradition of fighting from sunrise to
sunset. Although they were able to quickly form formations, they
suffered losses due to surprise attack before sunrise. The Rajput
army was eventually defeated and Prithviraj was taken prisoner
and subsequently executed.

Prithviraj Chauhan or Rai

Pithora was a king from
the Chahamana
(Chauhan) dynasty.

Second Battle Of Tarain

In 1206, Sahabuddin, having settled the affairs in India, left all

the affairs in India in hands of his slave Qutb al-Din Aibak.

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Graveyard Of Sahabuddin Muhammad

Tomb Of Sahabuddin Muhammad
Ghori Ghori

On his way back to Ghazni, his caravan rested at Dhamiak near

Sohawa (which is near the city of Jhelum in the Punjab province
of modern-day Pakistan). He was assassinated on March 15,
1206 while offering his evening prayers. His killers are
unconfirmed. It may have been the Khokhars or Ismailis. One
source states that he was assassinated by the Nizari Ismaili
Assassins.

MIR JAFAR

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Syed Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur was a military general who
became the first dependent Nawab of Bengal of the
British East India Company. He was born in 1691.
His reign has been considered by many historians
as the start of the expansion of British control of
the Indian subcontinent in Indian history and a key
step in the eventual British domination of vast
areas of modern-day India.
Mir Jafar served as the commander of
the Bengali army under Siraj ud-Daulah, the
Nawab of Bengal, but betrayed him during the Battle of
Plassey and succeeded Daulah after the British victory
in 1757.

The Battle of Siraj

Plassey was a
ud-Daulah
decisive victory was
of thetheBritish
last
East India Company
independenta
over
much larger force
Nawab of the
of
Nawab of BengalBengal.
and his
French allies on 23 June 1757,
under the leadership of Robert
Clive.

In 1758, Robert Clive discovered that Jafar had made a treaty

with the Dutch East India Company at Chinsurah through his

Hooghly, river in West Bengal state,

northeastern India. An arm of the
PAKISTAN AND ISLAMIAT STUDIES Ganges (Ganga) River, it provides 16
access to Kolkata (Calcutta) from
the Bay of Bengal.
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agent Khoja Wajid. Dutch ships of the line were also seen in the
River Hooghly.

Jafar's dispute with the British eventually led to the Battle of

Chinsurah.

The Battle of Chinsurah (also known as the Battle of Biderra or

Battle of Hoogly) took place near Chinsurah, India on 25
November 1759 during the Seven Years' War between a force of
British troops mainly of the British East India Company and a force
of the Dutch East India Company.

In October 1760, the company forced him to abdicate in favor of

Qasim. However, the East India Company eventually overthrew
Qasim as well due to disputes over trade policies.
Jafar was restored as the Nawab in
1763 with the support of the company. Mir Qasim, however,
refused to accept this and went to war against the company.

Jafar paid Rs. 17,700,000 as compensation for

the attack on Calcutta to the company and
traders of the city. In addition, he gave bribes to

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the officials of the company. Robert Clive, for example, received

over two million rupees, and William Watts received over one
million.

The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October

1764 between the forces under the command
of the East India Company led by Hector
Munro, and the combined armies of Mir
Qasim the Nawab of Bengal, Shuja-ud-Daula
the Nawab of Awadh, and the Mughal
Emperor Shah Alam II. With the defeat in
Buxar, Mir Qasim was eventually overthrown.
Mir Jafar managed to regain the good graces
of the British; he was again installed Nawab in 1764.
Jafar ruled until his death on 5 February 1765
and lies buried at the Jafarganj Cemetery in
Murshidabad, West Bengal.

Grave Of Mir Jafar

MIR SADIQ
Mir Sadiq held the post of a minister in the cabinet
of Tipu Sultan of Mysore. In the Fourth Anglo-

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Mysore War in 1798–99, he allegedly betrayed Tipu Sultan

during the Siege of Srirangapatana, paving the way for a British
victory. Gudu was killed by some of the dismayed Mysorean
troops immediately following the defeat as he attempted to go
over to welcome the British.

The Siege of Seringapatam (5 April – 4 May

1799) was the final confrontation of the
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War between the
British East India Company and the
Kingdom of Mysore.

According to Muhammad
Iqbal, “Mir Jafar and Mir Sadiq were a disgrace to
faith, a disgrace to humanity, and a disgrace to the
motherland, who were instrumental in the defeat and
death of Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah of Bengal and Tipu
Sultan of Mysore respectively by betraying them for
the benefit of the British”.

MUNNI BEGUM(Mother of East India Company)

Munni was born in Balkunda, Sikanda, Uttar Pradesh. Her
mother sold her to dancing girl named Bishu when
she was young. Bishu taught Munni dancing and

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made Munni part of her dance troupe. Munni traveled with the
troupe to different royal houses of India, dancing in the royal
courts. She became famous because of her beauty and skills.
Munni was believed to the pretties of the girls. She
caught the eye of Mir Jafar, the chief of staff of Nawab
Alivardi's Army. Mir Jafar made Munni a part of his harem. She
was an intelligent woman and soon became the principal
consort of the harem. She would even overshadow the first wife
of Mir Jafar, Shah Khanam. The British East India Company
led by Robert Clive defeated the Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah with
the help of Mir Jafar. The British made Mir Jafar the new
Nawab of Bengal. Mir Jafar died on 5 February 1765, leaving
Munni a widow and in control of the fortunes of Mir Jafar.
Munni became a good friend of Robert Clive, who
promised her his support and in return she gave him half a
million rupees. The payment to Clive had secured her sons
position on the Masnad. She became the most important female
member of the Nawab family. She managed the
estate and the salaries of the royal household.
Her son, Najimuddin Ali Khan, became the
Nawab and her power increased. Najimuddin
died in May 1766. Her second son, Najabat Ali
Khan succeeded to the throne. He died in 1770.
Munni then helped the British East India
Warren Hastings was the first
Governor of the Presidency
PAKISTAN AND ISLAMIAT STUDIES of Fort William20
(Bengal), the
head of the Supreme Council
of Bengal,
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Company remove the Naib Nazim. Rani Bhabani gifted Munni a

Palanquin with 30 people to carry it. She also gifted a plot of
land to pay the cost of 30 servants. She was removed from the
guardianship of the young Nawab by the court of directors of
the East India company after political opponents of her ally
Warren Hastings, the governor of India, raised allegation of
corruption against them.
Munni died on 10 January 1812 at the
age of 93. The Union Jack was hoisted at half-mast and 90 guns
were fired in Fort William, India. She was buried beside her
husband, Mir Jafar, in his family graveyard.

Tomb Of Munni Begum(Mother of

Fort William is a fort in Hastings, Calcutta (Kolkata). It was built during the East India Company)
early years of the Bengal Presidency of British India.

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