SECTION 6.

8 Beams with Inclined Loads 403

Problem 6.8-3 A beam of wide-flange shape has the cross section y

shown in the figure. The dimensions are b
5.25 in., h
7.9 in., tf
tw
0.25 in., and tf
0.4 in. The loads on the beam produce a shear
force V
6.0 k at the cross section under consideration.
(a) Using centerline dimensions, calculate the maximum shear
stress in the web of the beam.
(b) Using the more exact analysis of Section 5.10 in Chapter 5,
z C h
calculate the maximum shear stress in the web of the beam and
compare it with the stress obtained in part (a). tw
tf

b
Probs. 6.8-3 and 6.8-4

Solution 6.8-3 Wide-flange beam

y
tf

(b) CALCULATIONS BASED ON MORE EXACT ANALYSIS

(SECTION 5.10)
z C h1 h h2
See Figure 5-38. Replace h by h2 and t by tw.
tw
tf h2
h  tf
8.3 in. h1
h  tf
7.5 in.
Moment of inertia (Eq. 5-47):
1
b I
(bh 32  bh 31  twh 31 )
12
b
5.25 in. h
7.9 in. tw
0.25 in. 1
tf
0.4 in. V
6.0 k I
(892.51 in.4 )
74.376 in.4
12

(a) CALCULATIONS BASED ON CENTERLINE DIMENSIONS Maximum shear stress in the web (Eq. 5-48a):
(SECTION 6.8) V
2 tmax
(bh 22  bh 21  twh 21 )
tw h3 btf h 8Itw
Moment of inertia (Eq. 6-59): Iz

12 2
(40.336 lb/in.5)(80.422 in.3)
Iz
10.272  65.531
75.803 in.4
3244 psi
Maximum shear stress in the web (Eq. 6-54): NOTE: Within the accuracy of the calculations, the
maximum shear stresses are the same.
btf h Vh
tmax
¢  ≤
(10.375 in.) (312.65 lb
in.3 )
tw 4 2Iz

3244 psi
404 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams

Problem 6.8-4 Solve the preceding problem for the following data:
b
145 mm, h
250 mm, tw
8.0 mm, tf
14.0 mm, and V
30 kN.

Solution 6.8-4 Wide-flange beam

y (b) CALCULATIONS BASED ON MORE EXACT ANALYSIS
tf (SECTION 5.10)
See Figure 5-38. Replace h by h2 and t by tw.
h2
h  tf
264 mm h1
h  tf
236 mm
Moment of inertia (Eq. 5-47):
z C h1 h h2 b
145 mm 1
h
250 mm I
(bh 32  bh 31  twh 21 )
tw 12
tf tw
8.0 mm
tf
14.0 mm 1
I
(867.20  106 mm4 )
72.267  106 mm4
12
V
30 kN
b Maximum shear stress in the web (Eq. 5-48a):
(a) CALCULATIONS BASED ON CENTERLINE DIMENSIONS V
tmax
(bh 22  bh 21  twh 21 )
(SECTION 6.8) 8Itw
2
tw h3 btf h
Moment of inertia (Eq. 6-57): Iz

(6.4864  106 N/mm5)(2.4756  106 mm2)
12 2

16.06 MPa
Iz
10.417  10 mm  63.438  10 mm
6 4 6 4

73.855  106 mm4 NOTE: Within the accuracy of the calculations, the
maximum shear stresses are the same.
Maximum shear stress in the web (Eq. 6-54):
btf h Vh
tmax
¢  ≤
tw 4 2Iz

(316.25 mm) (0.050775 N/mm3)

16.06 MPa

Shear Centers of Thin-Walled Open Sections y

When locating the shear centers in the problems for Section 6.9, assume
that the cross sections are thin-walled and use centerline dimensions for
all calculations and derivations.
S C
Problem 6.9-1 Calculate the distance e from the centerline of the web of a C z
12  20.7 channel section to the shear center S (see figure). e
(Note: For purposes of analysis, consider the flanges to be rectangles with
thickness tf equal to the average flange thickness given in Table E-3, Appendix E.)

Solution 6.9-1 Channel section

y

C 12  20.7 d
12.00 in. tw
0.282 in.

tw bf
2.942 in. tf
average flange thickness
h d
2 2 tf
0.501 in. b
bf  tw2
2.801 in.
S h
d  tf
11.499 in.
z C
e 3b2tf
h d Eq. (6-65): c

1.011 in.
2 2 htw  6btf

b
bf
 SECTION 6.9 Shear Centers of Thin-Walled Open Sections 405

Problem 6.9-2 Calculate the distance e from the centerline of the web of a
C 8  18.75 channel section to the shear center S (see figure).
(Note: For purposes of analysis, consider the flanges to be rectangles with
thickness tf equal to the average flange thickness given in Table E-3, Appendix E.)

Solution 6.9-2 Channel section

y
C 8  18.75 d
8.00 in. tw
0.487 in.
tw
bf
2.527 in. tf
average flange thickness
h d tf
0.390 in. b
bf  tw/2
2.284 in.
2 2
h
d  tf
7.610 in.
z S C
3b2tf
e h d Eq. (6-65): c

0.674 in.
2 2 htw  6btf

b
bf

y
Problem 6.9-3 The cross section of an unbalanced wide-flange beam
is shown in the figure. Derive the following formula for the distance
h1 from the centerline of one flange to the shear center S: t2
t2b23h t1
b1
h1
 z
t1b 1  t2b32
3
b2
S C
Also, check the formula for the special cases of a T-beam (b2
t2
0) and
h1 h2
a balanced wide-flange beam (t2
t1 and b2
b1).
h

Solution 6.9-3 Unbalanced wide-flange beam

y
S

1
2
FLANGE 2: F1 F2
t2
t1 Vt2b32 h1 h2
b1 F2

z b2 12Iz
S C
2 Shear force V acts through the shear center S.
h1 h2
1
a Ms
F1h1  F2h2
0
h
or (t1b31 )h1
(t2b32 )h2 (1)
FLANGE 1:
h1  h2
h (2)
t2b 32h
VQ Solve Eqs. (1) and (2): h1

t1
t1b 31  t2b 32
Izt1
T-BEAM
t1b 21 b2
t2
0;
Q
(b1
2)(t1 )(b1
4)

8
h1
0
Vb21 WIDE-FLANGE BEAM
t1

8Iz t2
t1 and b2
b1;

h1
h2
2 Vt1b 31
F1
(t1 )(b1 )(t1 )

3 12Iz
406 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams

Problem 6.9-4 The cross section of an unbalanced wide-flange y tf

beam is shown in the figure. Derive the following formula for the dis-
tance e from the centerline of the web to the shear center S:
tw h
3tf (b 22  b 21 ) —
e
 2
htw  6tf (b1  b2) S
z
C
Also, check the formula for the special cases of a channel section e h
(b1
0 and b2
b) and a doubly symmetric beam (b1
b2
b/2). —
2
tf

b1 b2

Solution 6.9-4 Unbalanced wide-flange beam

2 F1 F2

1
tf h
tw —
2
S F3
z
C
e h
—

1 2
F2

2 F1

VQ b1hV b2hV b1 b2
t1

t2

Itf 2Iz 2Iz
b1t1tf b21htfV b22htfV CHANNEL SECTION (b1
0, b2
b)
F1

F2
F3
V 3b2tf
2 4Iz 4Iz
e
(Eq. 6-65)
htw  6btf
Shear force V acts through the shear center S.

a Ms
F3e  F1h  F2h
0 DOUBLY SYMMETRIC BEAM (b1
b2
b/2)
F2h  F1h h tf 2
2 e
0 (Shear center coincides with the centroid)
e

(b  b21 )
F3 4Iz 2
tw h3 h 2
Iz
 2 (b1  b2 )(tf ) ¢ ≤
12 2
h2

[ht  6tf (b1  b2 ) ]
12 w
3tf (622  621 )
e

htw  6tf (b1  b2 )

y
Problem 6.9-5 The cross section of a channel beam with double flanges
and constant thickness throughout the section is shown in the figure.
Derive the following formula for the distance e from the centerline of
the web to the shear center S:
3b2(h21  h22) z
S C h1 h2
e

3 2h 2  6b(h1  h 2)
2
e

b
 SECTION 6.9 Shear Centers of Thin-Walled Open Section 407

Solution 6.9-5 Channel beam with double flanges

A F1 Shear force V acts through the shear center S.
B F2

a Ms
F3e  F1h2  F2h1
0
F2h1  F1h2 b2t 2
e

(h  h22 )
z
S F2 h1 h2 F3 4Iz 1
e th32
Iz
 2 [bt(h2
2) 2  bt(h1
2) 2 ]
F2 12
F1 t

[h3  6b(h21  h22 ) ]
12 2
b
3b2 (h21  h22 )
e
3
t
thickness h2  6b(h21  h22 )
h2
V(bt) ¢ ≤
VQA 2 bh2V
tA



Izt Izt 2Iz
2
1 b h2tV
F1
tAbt

2 4Iz
bh1V b2h1tV
tB
F2

2Iz 4Iz
F3
V

Problem 6.9-6 The cross section of a slit circular tube of constant y

thickness is shown in the figure. Show that the distance e from the center of
the circle to the shear center S is equal to 2r.

r
S
z C
e

Solution 6.9-6 Slit circular tube

A V(1  cos u)
tA

 rt
At point A: dA
rtd
z
S
d
C
 QA
 ydA TC
moment of shear stresses about center C.
2

 
e u Vr

 (r sin f)rtdf
o
TC
tArdA

o

(1  cos u) du
2Vr

Shear force V acts through the shear center S.

r 2t(1  cos ) Moment of the shear force V about any point
r
radius must be equal to the moment of the shear
t
thickness stresses about that same point.
TC
VQA Vr 2 (1  cos u)
a MC
Ve
TC e

2r
tA

V
Izt Iz
Iz
r 3t
408 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams

Problem 6.9-7 The cross section of a slit square tube of constant y

thickness is shown in the figure. Derive the following formula for the
distance e from the corner of the cross section to the shear center S:
b b
e

2 2
S
z
e C

Solution 6.9-7 Slit square tube

s B At A: Q
0
A
0
2
tb
At B: Q

s 212
y
b2V
z
S D A tB

C 212 Iz
e
slit
tB bt b3tV
F1


3 612 Iz

FROM B TO D:
b b S
B Q
bt ¢ ≤  St ¢  ≤
212 12 212
tb2 tS

 (2b  S)
D 212 212
F2 F1
VQ V b2 S
t

B  (2b  S) R
Izt Iz 212 212
F2 F1
b2V b2V
At B: tB
At D: tB

212 Iz 12 Iz
2 5tb3V
F2
tB bt  (tD  tB ) bt

3 612 Iz
Shear force V acts through the shear center S.
b
length of each side

a Ms
0
t
thickness
2(F1
12)(b 12  e)  2(F2
12)(e)
0
VQ
t

Iz t Substitute for F1 and F2 and solve for e:
FROM A TO B: b
e

tS 2 212
Q

212
 SECTION 6.9 Shear Centers of Thin-Walled Open Section 409

Problem 6.9-8 The cross section of a slit rectangular tube of constant y

thickness is shown in the figure. Derive the following formula for the
distance e from the centerline of the wall of the tube to the shear center S:
b(2h  3b) h
e
 —
2(h  3b) 2
S
z
e C
h
—
2

b b
— —
2 2

Solution 6.9-8 Slit rectangular tube

F2

C
B
y h
F1 —
C B 2
F3
S
z
e C
s

D D
A h
F1 —
G 2
F2

E F b

Shear force V acts through the shear center S.

a Ms
0 F3e  F2h  2F1(b  e)
0
t
thickness
Substitute for F3, F2 and F1 and solve for e:
tS2 VQ S2V
FROM A TO B: Q
t

bh2t(2h  3b)
2 Iz t 2 Iz e

12 Iz
h2V tB t h th3V

A
0 tB
F1
¢ ≤

8 Iz 3 2 48Iz 1 3 h 2 th2
Iz
2 B th  bt ¢ ≤ R
(h  3b)
h2V 12 2 6
FROM B TO C: tB

8 Iz b (2h  3b)
e

th h h th 2(h  3b)
QC
¢ ≤  bt ¢ ≤
(h  4b)
2 4 2 8

h (h  4b)V
tC

8 Iz

1 bht(h  2b)V
F2
(tB  tC ) bt

2 8 Iz

a FVERT
V F3  2F1
V
th3
F3
V ¢ 1  ≤
24 Iz
410 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams

Problem 6.9-9 A U-shaped cross section of constant thickness is shown y

in the figure. Derive the following formula for the distance e from the b
center of the semicircle to the shear center S:
2(2r 2  b2  br)
e
 r
4b   r S
Also, plot a graph showing how the distance e (expressed as the z
O C
nondimensional ratio e/r) varies as a function of the ratio b/r. (Let b/r
range from 0 to 2.)
e

Solution 6.9-9 U-shaped cross section

B B F1 A

B A S D
z O C
D O C To

D
E F2 F
E F e
b

r
radius F1
force in AE Shear force V acts through the shear center S.

t
thickness F2
force in EF Moment of the shear force V about any point must be
T0
moment in BDE equal to the moment of the shear stresses about that
same point.
VQ V(btr) Vbr
FROM A TO B:
A
0 tB



a M0
Ve
T0  F1(2r)
Iz t Iz t Iz
bttB Vb2rt T0  2F1r r 2t
F1

e

(br  2r 2  b2 )
2 2Iz V Iz
r 3t 2(2r2  b2  br)
Iz
 2(btr 2 ) e

u 2 4b  r
FROM B TO E: Q1
 ydA
 (r cos f) rtdf
0
GRAPH

r2t sin 
B QB
btr e 2(2  b2
r2   b
r)


Qe
QB  Q1
btr  r 2t sin  r 4 b
r  

VQB Vr (b  r sin u) e 3
O te


r 2.20
D Iz t Iz
2 1.27
1.72
d

1
At angle : dA
rtd
0 2
 b/r
T0
 trdA
 tr tdu b
2


NOTE: When b/r
0,
Vr 3t (b  r sin u)du

 Iz e
r

4
(Eq. 6-73)
0 
Vr 3t

(b  2r)
Iz
 SECTION 6.9 Shear Centers of Thin-Walled Open Section 411

Problem 6.9-10 Derive the following formula for the distance e from y
the centerline of the wall to the shear center S for the C-section of
constant thickness shown in the figure: a
 2a) 
3bh2(b 8ba3 h
e
 —
2
2 2 h (h  6b  6a)  4a (2a  3h)
S
z
Also, check the formula for the special cases of a channel section (a
0) C
e
and a slit rectangular tube (a
h/2). h
—
2
a

Solution 6.9-10 C-section of constant thickness

FROM B TO C:
a V h a h

C
B tB
(h  a) QC
at ¢  ≤  bt ¢ ≤
s 2 Iz 2 2 2
C B
A at bht

(h  a) 
2 2

D D a bh V
tC
B (h  a)  R
2 2 Iz
G 1 bt V
E F F2
(tB  tC ) bt
[2a(h  a)  bh]
2 4 Iz

FROM C TO E:
F2
a FVERT
V F3  2F1
V
F1 a
y a2t (3h  4a)
F3
V B 1  R
6 Iz
S F3 C h
z
e Shear force V acts through the shear center S.

a MS
0 F3(e)  F2h  2F1(b  e)
0
F2 F1 a Substitute for F1, F2, and F3 and solve for e:
bt[3h2 (b  2a)  8a3 ]
e

12 Iz
b
1 3 h 2 6
Iz
2 ¢ th ≤  2bt ¢ ≤  (h  2a) 3
t
thickness 12 2 12
t 2
FROM A TO B:
[h (h  6b  6a)  4a2 (2a  3h) ]
12
h S VQ h S V
Q
St ¢  a  ≤ t

S¢  a  ≤ 3bh2 (b  2a)  8ba3
2 2 Iz t 2 2 Iz e

h2 (h  6b  6a)  4a2 (2a  3h)
a V

A
0 tB
(h  a)
2 Iz CHANNEL SECTION (a
0)
a a 3b2
 ttdS
I  S
tV h S e
(agrees with Eq. 6-65 when tf
tw)
F1
¢  a  ≤ dS h  6b
0 z 0
2 2
a t (3h  4a)V
2
SLIT RECTANGULAR TUBE (a
h2)


12 Iz b(2h  3b)
e
(agrees with the result of Prob. 6.9-8)
2(h  3b)
412 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams

Problem 6.9-11 Derive the following formula for the distance e from y
the centerline of the wall to the shear center S for the hat section of
constant thickness shown in the figure: a

3bh2(b  2a)  8ba3

e
 h
2 h (h  6b  6a)  4a (2a  3h)
2
—
2
Also, check the formula for the special case of a channel section (a
0). S
z
C
e
h
—
2

a
b

Solution 6.9-11 Hat section of constant thickness

A F1 a

B F2

C
C B
B y
S F3 C h
z

D D e

F2
E F
F1 a
b
G

t
thickness FROM C TO E:
h S
FROM A TO B: Q
St ¢  a  ≤ a FVERT
V F3  2F1
V
2 2
VQ h S V a2t (3h  4a)
t

S¢  a  ≤ F3
V B 1  R
Iz t 2 2 Iz 6 Iz
a V Shear force V acts through the shear center S.

A
0 tB
(h  a)
2 Iz
a MS
0 F3e  F2h  2F1(b  e)
0
a a

 S
tV h S Substitute for F1, F2, and F3 and solve for e:
F1
ttdS
¢  a  ≤ dS
0
Iz 0
2 2 bt[3h2 (b  2a)  8a3 ]
e

a2t (3h  4a)V 12 Iz


12 Iz 1 3 h 2 t 1
Iz
th  2bt ¢ ≤  (h  2a) 3  th3
a V 12 2 12 12
FROM B TO C: tB
(h  a)
2 Iz t

[h2 (h  6b  6a)  4a2 (2a  3h) ]
h a h at bht 12
QC
at ¢  ≤  bt ¢ ≤
(h  a) 
2 2 2 2 2 3bh2 (b  2a)  8ba3
e

a bh V h2 (h  6b  6a)  4a2 (2a  3h)
tC
B (h  a)  R
2 2 Iz CHANNEL SECTION (a
0)
3b2
1 bt V e
(agrees with Eq. 6-65 when tf
tw)
F2
(tB  tC ) bt
[2a(h  a)  bh] h  6b
2 4 Iz
 SECTION 6.9 Shear Centers of Thin-Walled Open Section 413

Problem 6.9-12 A cross section in the shape of a circular arc of constant y

thickness is shown in the figure. Derive the following formula for the
distance e from the center of the arc to the shear center S:
2r(sin    cos ) r
e

  sin  cos 
S 
in which  is in radians. Also, plot a graph showing how the distance e z O
C
varies as  varies from 0 to . 

Solution 6.9-12 Circular arc

d
Shear force V acts through the shear center S.
 Moment of the shear force V about any point must be
equal to the moment of the shear stresses about that

z same point.
S C
O

a M0
Ve
T0 e
T0 V
2r(sin b  b cos b)
e

e b  sin b cos b

GRAPH
t
thickness e
 2
r
radius r
At angle : 1.27

 ydA
1
Q

b
 
 (r sin f)rtdf 
0 

2
u

r 2t(cos   cos )
e 2(sin b  b cos b)


VQ Vr (cos u  cos b)
2 r b  sin b cos b
t


Iz t Iz
b
SEMICIRCULAR ARC (
/2):
Iz
 y dA

2

b
2
(r sin f) rtdf e 4


r 
(Eq. 6-73)

r 3t(  sin  cos )
V(cos u  cos b) SLIT CIRCULAR ARC (
):
t

rt(b  sin b cos b) e

2 (Prob. 6.9-6)
T0
moment of shear stresses r

At angle , dA
rtd

V(cos u  cos b)
b
T0
 trdA
 b
t(b  sin b cos b)
rtdu

2Vr(sin b  b cos b)


b  sin b cos b
414 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams

Elastoplastic Bending y

The problems for Section 6.10 are to be solved using the assumption that b1
the material is elastoplastic with yield stress Y.
h
—
2
Problem 6.10-1 Determine the shape factor f for a cross section in the z
shape of a double trapezoid having the dimensions shown in the figure. C h
—
Also, check your result for the special cases of a rhombus (b1
0) 2
and a rectangle (b1
b2).
b1
b2

Solution 6.10-1 Double trapezoid

y SHAPE FACTOR f (EQ. 6.79)

z 2(2b1  b2 )
F


S 3b1  b2
h
—
2 SPECIAL CASE – RHOMBUS
z
C h
— y
2

b1
b2

z
Neutral axis passes through the centroid C.
Use case 8, Appendix D.

SECTION MODULUS S
h 3
Iz
2 ¢ ≤ (3b1  b2 )
12 b1
0 f
2
2
3
h

(3b1  b2 ) SPECIAL CASE – RECTANGLE
48
I h2 y
C
h/2 S

(3b1  b2 )
C 24

PLASTIC MODULUS Z (EQ. 6-78)

h h
A
2 ¢ ≤ (b1  b2 )
2
(b1  b2 ) z
2 2
1 h 2b1  b2
y1
y2
¢ ≤ ¢ ≤
3 2 b1  b2

A h2 3
z
(y1  y2 )
(2b1  b2 ) b1
b2 f

2 12 2
 SECTION 6.10 Elastoplastic Bending 415

Problem 6.10-2 (a) Determine the shape factor f for a hollow circular y
cross section having inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 (see figure).
(b) If the section is very thin, what is the shape factor?

r1

z C

r2

Solution 6.10-2 Hollow circular cross sections

y (a) SHAPE FACTOR f (EQ. 6-79)

z 16r2 (r32  r31 )

f


S 3(r42  r41 )
y1
(b) THIN SECTION (r1 ➞ r2)
z
C
Rewrite the expression for the shape factor f.
r1
(r 32  r 31 )
(r2  r1 )(r 22  r1r2  r 21 )
r2
(r 42  r 41 )
(r2  r1 )(r2  r1 )(r 22  r 21 )
Neutral axis passes through the centroid C.
Use cases 9 and 10, Appendix D. 16r2 r 22  r1r2  r 21
f
B R
3 (r2  r1 )(r 22  r 21 )
SECTION MODULUS S
16 1  r1
r2  (r1
r2 ) 2

B R
Iz
(r42  r41 ) c
r2 3 (1  r1
r2 )(1  r 21
r 22 )
4 16 3 4
Iz  4 Let r1/r2 ➞ 1 f
¢ ≤
 1.27
S

(r  r41 ) 3 4 
c 4r2 2

PLASTIC MODULUS Z (EQ. 6-78) SPECIAL CASE OF A SOLID CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION
4r 16 1 16
A
(r 22  r 21 ) For a semicircle, y
Let r1
0 f
¢ ≤
(Eq. 6-90)
3 3 1 3
4r2 r 22 4r1 r21
≤¢ ¢ ≤¢ ≤¢ ≤
y1
a
yiAi 3 2 3 2


a Ai 
2(r 22  r 21 )

4 r 32  r 31

¢ ≤
3 r 22  r 21
A 4
y1
y2 z
(y1  y2 )
(r 32  r 31 )
2 3

y
Problem 6.10-3 A cantilever beam of length L
54 in. supports q
a uniform load of intensity q (see figure). The beam is made of
steel (Y
36 ksi) and has a rectangular cross section of width
z
b
4.5 in. and height h
6.0 in. C h = 6.0 in.
What load intensity q will produce a fully plastic condition
in the beam?
L = 54 in. b = 4.5 in.
416 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams

Solution 6.10-3 Cantilever beam (rectangular cross section)

q

L h

b
2
qL SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL DATA:
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT: Mmax

2
L
54 in. Y
36 ksi
sy bh2 b
4.5 in. h
6.0 in.
PLASTIC MOMENT: MP

q
1000 lb/in.
4
2
qL2 sy bh sy bh2
Mmax
MP

q

2 4 2L2

y
Problem 6.10-4 A steel beam of rectangular cross section is
50 mm wide and 80 mm high (see figure). The yield stress of the
steel is 210 MPa.
(a) What percent of the cross-sectional area is occupied by the elastic
core if the beam is subjected to a bending moment of 13.0 kN m acting
about the z axis? z 80 mm
C
(b) What is the magnitude of the bending moment that will cause 50%
of the cross section to yield?

50 mm

Solution 6.10-4 Rectangular cross section

Percent of cross-sectional area is

b 2e 65.90 (100)
b
50 mm (100)

h 80
h
80 mm

82.4 %
Y
210 MPa
h
(b) ELASTIC CORE ¢ e

20 MM ≤
(a) ELASTIC CORE (M
13.0 kN
m) 4
3 2e2
sY bh2 Eq. (6-84): M
MY ¢  2 ≤
MY

11,200 N
m
ˇ ˇ
2 h
6
15.4 kN
m
sY bh2
MP

16,800 N
m ˇ ˇ

4
M is between MY and MP.

1 3 M
Eq. (6-85): e
h ¢  ≤
32.950 mm
B 2 2 My
 SECTION 6.10 Elastoplastic Bending 417

y
Problem 6.10-5 Calculate the shape factor f for the wide-flange
beam shown in the figure if h
12.0 in., b
6.0 in., tf
0.6 in.,
and tw
0.4 in.
tf

z h
C

tf tw

Probs. 6.10-5 and 6.10-6 b

Solution 6.10-5 Wide-flange beam

h
12.0 in. b
6.0 in. tf
0.6 in. tw
0.4 in. PLASTIC MODULUS (EQ. 6-86)

SECTION MODULUS (S
I/c) 1

z
[bh2  (b  tw )(h  2tf ) 2 ]
52.7 in.3
4
1 3 1
I
bh  (b  tw )(h  2tf ) 3
12 12 SHAPE FACTOR (EQ. 6-79)

276.1 in.4
h I z
c

6.0 in. S

96.0 in.3 f

1.15
2 c S

Problem 6.10-6 Solve the preceding problem for a wide-flange

beam with h
400 mm, b
150 mm, tf
12 mm, and tw
8 mm.

Solution 6.10-6 Wide-flange beam

h
400 mm b
150 mm tf
12 mm tw
8 mm PLASTIC MODULUS (EQ. 6-86)
1
SECTION MODULUS (S
I/c) z
[bh2  (b  tw )(h  2tf ) 2 ]
4
1 3 1
981.2  103 mm3
I
bh  (b  tw )(h  2tf ) 3
12 12

171.0  106 mm4 SHAPE FACTOR (EQ. 6-79)
h I z
c

200 mm S

854.9  103 mm3 f

1.15
2 c S

Problem 6.10-7 Determine the plastic modulus Z and shape factor f for a
W 10  30 wide-flange beam. (Note: Obtain the cross-sectional dimensions
and section modulus of the beam from Table E-1, Appendix E.)

Solution 6.10-7 Wide-flange beam

W10  30 SHAPE FACTOR (EQ. 6-79)
h
10.47 in. b
5.810 in.
Z
tf
0.510 in. tw
0.300 in. S
32.4 in.3 f

1.12
S
PLASTIC MODULUS (EQ. 6-86)
1
Z
[bh2  (b  tw )(h  2tf ) 2 ]
36.21 in.3
4
418 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams

Problem 6.10-8 Solve the preceding problem for a W 8  28

wide-flange beam.

Solution 6.10-8 Wide-flange beam

W 8  28 SHAPE FACTOR (EQ. 6-79)
h
8.06 in. b
6.535 in.
Z
tf
0.465 in. tw
0.285 in. S
24.3 in.3 f

1.10
S
PLASTIC MODULUS (EQ. 6-86)
1
Z
[bh2  (b  tw )(h  2tf ) 2 ]
26.70 in.3
4

Problem 6.10-9 Determine the yield moment MY, plastic moment MP,
and shape factor f for a W 16  77 wide-flange beam if Y
36 ksi.
(Note: Obtain the cross-sectional dimensions and section modulus of
the beam from Table E-1, Appendix E.)

Solution 6.10-9 Wide-flange beam

W 16  77 h
16.52 in. b
10.295 in. PLASTIC MOMENT (EQ. 6-77)
tf
0.760 in. tw
0.455 in. Y
36 ksi
MP
YZ
5360 k-in.
S
134 in.3

YIELD MOMENT (EQ. 6-74) SHAPE FACTOR (EQ. 6-79)

MY
YS
4820 k-in. MP

f

1.11
MY
PLASTIC MODULUS (EQ. 6-86)
1
Z
[bh2  (b  tw )(h  2tf ) 2 ]
148.9 in.3
4

Problem 6.10-10 Solve the preceding problem for a W 10  45 wide-

flange beam.

Solution 6.10-10 Wide-flange beam

W 10  45 h
10.10 in. b
8.020 in. PLASTIC MOMENT (EQ. 6-77)
tf
0.620 in. tw
0.350 in. Y
36 ksi
MP
Y z
1940 k-in.
S
49.1 in.3

YIELD MOMENT (EQ. 6-74) SHAPE FACTOR (EQ. 6-79)

MY
YS
1770 k-in. MP

f

1.10
MY
PLASTIC MODULUS (EQ. 6-86)
1
Z
[bh2  (b  tw )(h  2tf ) 2 ]
4

54.0 in.3
 SECTION 6.10 Elastoplastic Bending 419

Problem 6.10-11 A hollow box beam with height h
16 in., width b
8 in., y
and constant wall thickness t
0.75 in. is shown in the figure. The beam is t
constructed of steel with yield stress Y
32 ksi.
Determine the yield moment MY, plastic moment MP, and shape factor f.

z h
C

Probs. 6.10-11 and 6.10-12 b

Solution 6.10-11 Hollow box beam

h
16 in. b
8 in. PLASTIC MODULUS
t
0.75 in. Y
32 ksi
use (Eq. 6-86) with tw
2t and tf
t:
SECTION MODULUS (S
I/c) 1
Z
[bh2  (b  2t)(h  2t) 2 ]
1 3 1 4
I
bh  (b  2t)(h  2t) 3
170.3 in.3
12 12

1079 in.4 PLASTIC MOMENT (EQ. 6-77)
h I Mp
y z
5450 k-in.
c

8.0 in. S

134.9 in.3
2 c
SHAPE FACTOR (EQ. 6-79)
YIELD MOMENT (EQ. 6-74)
MP Z
MY
Y S
4320 k-in. f


1.26
MY S

Problem 6.10-12 Solve the preceding problem for a box beam with
dimensions h
0.4 m, b
0.2 m, and t
20 mm. The yield stress of
the steel is 230 MPa.

Solution 6.10-12 Hollow box beam

h
400 mm b
200 mm PLASTIC MODULUS
t
20 mm Y
230 MPa
use (Eq. 6-86) with tw
2t and tf
t:
SECTION MODULUS (S
I/c) 1
Z
[bh2  (b  2t)(h  2t) 2 ]
4
1 3 1
I
bh  (b  2t)(h  2t) 3
2.816  106 mm3
12 12

444.6  106 mm4 PLASTIC MOMENT (EQ. 6-77)
h I MP
Y z
648 kN
m
c

200 mm S

2.223  106 mm3
2 c
SHAPE FACTOR (Eq. 6-79)
YIELD MOMENT (EQ. 6-74)
Z
MY
y S
511 kN
m f

1.27
S
420 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams

Problem 6.10-13 A hollow box beam with height h
9.0 in., inside y
height h1
7.5 in., width b
5.0 in., and inside width b1
4.0 in. is
shown in the figure.
Assuming that the beam is constructed of steel with yield stress
Y
33 ksi, calculate the yield moment MY, plastic moment MP, and
shape factor f. h1
z h
C

b1

b
Probs. 6.10-13 through 6.10-16

Solution 6.10-13 Hollow box beam

h
9.0 in. b
5.0 in. PLASTIC MODULUS
h1
7.5 in. b1
4.0 in. Y
33 ksi
use (Eq. 6-86) with b  tw
b1 and h  2tf
h1:
1
SECTION MODULUS (S
I/c) Z
(bh2  b1h21 )
45.0 in.3
4
1
I
(bh3  b1h31 )
163.12 in.4
12 PLASTIC MOMENT (EQ. 6-77)
h I MP
Yz
1485 k-in.
c

4.5 in. S

36.25 in.3
2 c
SHAPE FACTOR (EQ. 6-79)
YIELD MOMENT (EQ. 6-74)
MP Z
MY
YS
1196 k-in. f


1.24
MY S

Problem 6.10-14 Solve the preceding problem for a box beam

with dimensions h
200 mm, h1
160 mm, b
150 mm, and
b1
130 mm. Assume that the beam is constructed of steel with
yield stress Y
220 MPa.

Solution 6.10-14 Hollow box beam

h
200 mm b
150 mm PLASTIC MODULUS
h1
160 mm b1
130 mm Y
220 MPa
use (Eq. 6-86) with b  tw
b1 and h  2tf
h1:
SECTION MODULUS (S
I/c) 1
Z
(bh2  b1h21 )
668.0  103 mm3
1 4
I
(bh3  b1h31 )
55.63  106 mm4
12
PLASTIC MOMENT (EQ. 6-77)
h I
c

100 mm S

556.3  103 mm3 MP
Y Z
147 kN
m
2 c

YIELD MOMENT (EQ. 6-74) SHAPE FACTOR (EQ. 6-79)

MY
YS
122 kN
m MP Z
f


1.20
MY S
 SECTION 6.10 Elastoplastic Bending 421

Problem 6.10-15 The hollow box beam shown in the figure is subjected
to a bending moment M of such magnitude that the flanges yield but the
webs remain linearly elastic.
(a) Calculate the magnitude of the moment M if the dimensions of
the cross section are h
14 in., h1
12.5 in., b
8 in., and b1
7 in.
Also, the yield stress is Y
42 ksi.
(b) What percent of the moment M is produced by the elastic core?

Solution 6.10-15 Hollow box beam

h
14 in. b
8 in. (a) BENDING MOMENT
h1
12.5 in. b1
7 in. Y
42 ksi
M
M1  M2
4430 k-in.
(see Figure 6-47, Example 6-9)

ELASTIC CORE (b) PERCENT DUE TO ELASTIC CORE

1 M1
S1
(b  b1 )h21
26.04 in.3 Percent
(100)
25%
6 M
M1
Y S1
1094 k-in.

PLASTIC FLANGES
F
force in one flange
1
F
sY b ¢ ≤ (h  h1 )
252.0 k
2
h  h1
M2
F ¢ ≤
3339 k-in.
2

Problem 6.10-16 Solve the preceding problem for a box beam with
dimensions h
400 mm, h1
360 mm, b
200 mm, and b1
160 mm,
and with yield stress Y
220 MPa.

Solution 6.10-16 Hollow box beam

h
400 mm b
200 mm (a) BENDING MOMENT
h1
360 mm b1
160 mm Y
220 MPa
M
M1  M2
524 kN
m
(see Figure 6-47, Example 6-9)

ELASTIC CORE (b) PERCENT DUE TO ELASTIC CORE

1 M1
S1
(b  b1 )h21
864  103 mm3 Percent
(100)
36%
6 M
M1
YS1
190.1 kN
m

PLASTIC FLANGES
F
force in one flange
1
F
sY b ¢ ≤ (h  h1 )
880.0 kN
2
h  h1
M2
F ¢ ≤
334.4 kN
m
ˇ ˇ

2
422 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams

Problem 6.10-17 A W 12  50 wide-flange beam is subjected to a

bending moment M of such magnitude that the flanges yield but the
web remains linearly elastic.
(a) Calculate the magnitude of the moment M if the yield stress is
Y
36 ksi.
(b) What percent of the moment M is produced by the elastic core?

Solution 6.10-17 Wide-flange beam

W 12  50 h
12.19 in. b
8.080 in. (a) BENDING MOMENT
tf
0.640 in. tw
0.370 in. Y
36 ksi
M
M1  M2
2410 k-in.
ELASTIC CORE
(b) PERCENT DUE TO ELASTIC CORE
1
S1
tw (h  2tf ) 2
7.340 in.3 M1
6 Percent
(100)
11%
M
M1
Y S1
264.2 k-in.

PLASTIC FLANGES
F
force in one flange
F
Y btf
186.2 k
M2
F(h  tf)
2151 k-in.

Problem 6.10-18 A singly symmetric beam of T-section (see figure) has y

cross-sectional dimensions b
140 mm, a
200 mm, tw
20 mm, and
tf
25 mm.
Calculate the plastic modulus Z and the shape factor f.
tw

z
O

tf

Solution 6.10-18 Beam of T-section

y ELASTIC BENDING

c1
tw tf a
a ¢ ≤ (btf ) ¢  tf ≤ (atw )
a yi Ai 2 2
z c2


c2 C
a Ai btf  atw
tf

78.50 mm
b
c1
a  tf  c2
152.50 mm
1 1 1
Iz
tw c 31  bc 32  (b  tw )(c2  tf ) 3
3 3 3
b
140 mm a
200 mm
37.14  106 mm4
tw
20 mm tf
25 mm
I
S

243.5  103 mm3
c1
 SECTION 6.10 Elastoplastic Bending 423

h1
PLASTIC BENDING y1

93.75 mm
2
y2
a
yi Ai

c1 A
2
y1 h1
1 2 1
O bh  (b  tw )(h2  tf ) 2
y2 2 2 2
c2
h2

23.75 mm
A
2

A
A
btf  atw
7500 mm2 Z
(y1  y2 )
441  103 mm3
2
A Z
h1tw
f

1.81
2 S
h1
187.5 mm
h2
a  tf  h1
37.5 mm

y
Problem 6.10-19 A wide-flange beam of unbalanced cross section
10 in.
has the dimensions shown in the figure.
Determine the plastic moment MP if Y
36 ksi. 0.5 in.

z O
7 in.

0.5 in.

0.5 in.
5 in.

Solution 6.10-19 Unbalanced wide-flange beam

y PLASTIC MODULUS
b1
y1
a
tf yi Ai
A
2
h1 (h1
2)(tw )(h1 )  (h1  tf
2)(b1  tw )(tf )


z O A
2
d1 d
1.182 in.

y2
a
h2 tw yi Ai
A
2
(h2
2)(tw )(h2 )  (h2  tf
2)(b2  tw )(tf )
b2 tf

A
2

4.477 in.
Y
36 ksi b1
10 in. b2
5 in.
tw
0.5 in. d
8 in. d1
7 in. A
Z
(y1  y2 )
31.12 in.3
tf
0.5 in. A
b1tf  b2tf  d1tw
11.0 in.2 2

NEUTRAL AXIS UNDER FULLY PLASTIC CONDITIONS PLASTIC MOMENT

A MP
y z
1120 k-in.

h1tw  (b1  tw )tf
2
from which we get h1
1.50 in.
h2
d  h1
8.50 in.
424 CHAPTER 6 Stresses in Beams

Problem 6.10-20 Determine the plastic moment MP for a beam having y

the cross section shown in the figure if Y
210 MPa.

120 150
mm mm

z O

250 mm

30 mm

Solution 6.10-20 Cross section of beam

y PLASTIC MODULUS

y1
a
yi Ai
for upper half of cross section
A
2
120 150
y2
a
h1 mm mm yi Ai
for lower half of cross section
A
2
z A
O Z
(y1  y2 )
( a yi Ai ) upper  ( a yi Ai ) lower
2

h2 250 mm (Dimensions are in millimeters)


Z
(h1  75) ¢ ≤ (d 22  d 21 )
30 mm 4
h1  150
 B¢ ≤ (30)(h1  150) R
2
Y
210 MPa d2
150 mm d1
120 mm h2
¢ ≤ (30)(h2 )
2
NEUTRAL AXIS FOR FULLY PLASTIC CONDITIONS

598,000  5,400  600,400
Cross section is divided into two equal areas.
1404  103 mm3

A
[ (150 mm) 2  (120 mm) 2 ]
4 PLASTIC MOMENT
 (250 mm)(30 mm)
13,862 mm2
A MP
PZ
(210 MPa)(1404  103 mm3)

6931 mm2
295 kN
m
2
A
(h2 )(30 mm)

6931 mm2
2
h2
231.0 mm
h1
150 mm  250 mm  h2
169.0 mm