CIVN 3011 Course Design Steps

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Course Notes
Course code: CIVN 3011
Course Name: Reinforced Concrete Design
Course Coordinator: Prof. M. Gohnert

BEAM DESIGN____________________________________________________
1. Reinforcement Cover
Reference: 4.11.2
Cover to reinforcement must be the greater of:

1. The size of the largest flexural reinforcing bar. In the case of bundled bars, cover
should not be less than the size of a single bar of equivalent area (4.11.2.4).
2. The maximum nominal size of the aggregate (4.11.2.5).
3. Cover requirements for durability (Table 5, part 2).
4. Cover requirements for fire (Table 5 SABS 0400, Table 43).
1.1 Preliminary beam dimensions:
1. Estimate beam depth:

a. Determine effective span (4.3.1.2,4.3.1.3,4.3.1.4).
b. Estimate effective depth from span/depth ratios (Table 10).
d=leff/SDR
c. Estimate overall depth:
h  d  0.5bar  link  cover
2. Estimate beam width:
d. Common size (not a code requirement) h/3 b  h/2
e. Minimum dimensions for fire (Table 43).
f. Slenderness requirements (4.3.1.6):
𝑜 𝑙 𝑑
Simply supported & continuous: 𝑏𝑐 ≥ 𝑙𝑜 /60 and 𝑏𝑐 ≥ √250
𝑜 𝑙 𝑑
Cantilever: 𝑏𝑐 ≥ √100
III. Determine loads on beam:
a. Calculate all dead loads.

b. Refer to SABS 0160 for imposed loads.
c. Factor loads (4.3.2.1.2, SABS 0160)
IV. Determine moments and shears:
1. Use moment/shear tables, statics, structural analysis programs, or Table 4 (4.3.2.2) to

determine moments and shears.
2. Solve for the moment at the face of the support and shear at a distance d from face.
V. Design flexural steel.
1. Estimate d (𝑑 ≅ ℎ − 0.5𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 − 𝜙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)

2. k  M / bd 2 f cu (if k>k` =0.156 compression reinforcement is required –
4.3.3.4.1).
 
3. z  0.5  0.25  k / 0.9 d  0.95d
4. As  M / 0.87 f y z
5. Check minimum and maximum steel requirements:
As(Min) = 0.0024bh (R) (Table 23)
As(Min) = 0.0013bh (Y)
As(Max) = 0.04bh (R & H) (4.11.5.1)
6. Determine number of bars from bar areas chart
7. Check spacing requirements (4.11.8):
a. Spacing   bar
b. Allow for vibrator = 40 to 85mm (4.11.8.1.2)
c. Horizontal spacing of:
Single and pairs  (hagg  5) (4.11.8.1.2.1)
Bundled bars  (hagg  15) (4.11.8.1.2.3)
d. Vertical spacing:
Single bar spacing  (2 / 3)hagg and in line (4.11.8.1.2.1)
Spacing of bar pairs (one above other)  (2 / 3)hagg (4.11.8.1.2.2)
Spacing of bar pairs (side by side)  (hagg  5) (4.11.8.1.2.2)
Spacing of bundled bars  (hagg  15) (4.11.8.1.2.3)
All bars should be vertically in line
e. Maximum spacing (4.11.8.2,Table 25)
VI. Design shear reinforcement
1. Calculate shear stress:

v  V / bd  0.75 f cu or 4.75 MPa
2. Determine shear capacity:
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 4
0.75  f cu   100 As   400 
vc       
 m  25   bd   d 
 m  1.40
3. Spacing requirements:
S v  0.75d
4. Required area of shear steel (if v > vc ):
S b(v  v c )
Asv  v (4.3.4.1.3)
0.87 f yv
5. Check minimum steel requirements:
Asv (min)  0.0012bS v (Y) (4.11.4.5.3)
Asv (min)  0.002bS v (R)
6. Determine number of bars from bar area chart.
VII. Check deflections:
(3.2.3.2)
  l e / 250 General criteria (use span to depth ratios)
  l e / 350 or 20mm if flexible partitions or walls will be affected (dry wall).
  l e / 500 or 10mm if rigid partitions or walls will be affected (brick).
“T” AND “L” BEAM DESIGN_____________________________________________
1. Reinforcement Cover
Reference: 4.11.2

1. The size of the largest flexural reinforcing bar. In the case of bundled bars,
cover should not be less than the size of a single bar of equivalent area (4.11.2.4).
3. Cover requirements for durability (Table 5, Part 2).
4. Cover requirements for fire (Table 5 SABS 0400,Table 45).
II. Preliminary beam dimensions
1. Flange thickness (hf):

a. In ribbed or coffered slabs, the topping usually ranges from 75mm to
100mm (not a code requirement)
b. The slab thickness
c. Minimum thickness requirements for fire (Table 45).
d. Determined from span/depth ratios (Table 10).
2. Beam width (bw):
a. Minimum requirements for fire (Table 45).
b. bw  65mm (4.5.1.3)
3. Flange width (b) (4.3.1.5):
a. For simply supported beams, 1z = 1eff’ For continuous beams, 1z = 0.71eff’
b. “T” beams, the lesser of:
1. bw + lz/5
2. Actual width of the flange (precast beams)
3. Half the distance between ribs (not to exceed 1.5 m – 4.5.1.3)
c. “L” beams the lesser of:
1. bw + lz/10
2. Actual width of the flange (precast beams)
3. Half the distance between ribs ( not to exceed 1.5m – 4.5.1.3)
4. Beam depth (h):
a. Determine effective span (4.3.1.2, 4.3.1.3, 4.3.1.4).
b. Estimate effective depth from modified span/depth ratios (table 10):
1. If bw/b < 0.3, multiply ratios in Table 10 by 0.8.
2b  5b
2. If 0.3  bw / b  1.0, multiply ratios in Table 10 by w
7b
c. h  h f  4bw ( 4.5.1.3)
III. Determine loads on beam:

c. Factor loads (4.3.2.1.2, SABS 0160)

V. Design flexural steel.
Web in tension:
1. Estimate d ( d  h  0.5 bar   link  cov er ).
2. k = M/bd2fcu (compression reinforcement check, k > k’ = 0.156)

3. z  0.5  o.25  k / 0.9 d  0.95d
4. x = (d – z)/0.45
5. If :
a. Not more than 10% moment redistribution is carried out
b. x  d / 2
c. hf < 0.45d
d. M <  f f cu bd 2
h f  bw  h f  b
where,  f  0.45 1  1    0.15 w or use table 5

d  b  2d  b
M  0.1 f cu bw d (0.45d  h f )
As  :
0.87 f y (d  0.5h f )
6. If x>hf , ultimate moment of resistance (4.3.3.4.3):

M u  0.87 f y As (d  h f / 2)
M u  0.45 f cu bh f (d  h f / 2)
Flange in tension:
Design as a rectangular beam
7. Check minimum (4.11.4 table 23 and maximum (4.11.5.1) steel requirements:
a. Web in tension
If bw/b<0.4:
As (min) = 0.0032bwh (R)
As (min) = 0.0018bwh (Y)
If bw/b> 0.4:
As (min) = 0.0024bwh (R)
As (min) = 0.0013bwh (Y)
b. Flange in tension
“T” beams:
As (min) = 0.0048bwh (R)
As (min) = 0.0026bwh (Y)
“L” beams:
As (min) = 0.0036bwh (R)
As (min) = 0.002bwh (Y)
c. As(max) = 0.04bd (R & Y)
b. Allow for vibrator = 40 to 85 mm (4.11.8.1.2)
c. Horizontal spacing of:
Single and pairs  (hagg  5) (4.11.8.1.2.1)
Bundled bars  (hagg  15) (4.11.8.1.2.3)
d. Vertical spacing:
Single bar spacing  (2 / 3)hagg and in line (4.11.8.1.2.1)
Spacing of bar pairs (one above other)  (2 / 3)hagg (4.11.8.1.2.2)
Spacing of bar pairs (side by side)  (hagg  5) (4.11.8.1.2.2)
Spacing of bundled bars  (hagg  15) (4.11.8.1.2.3)
e. Maximum spacing (4.11.8.2, Table 25)
VI. Design shear reinforcement

v  V / bw d  0.75 f cu or 4.75MPa
1/ 3
0.75  f cu   100 As   400 
1/ 3 1/ 4
vc       
 m  25   bw d   d 
 m  1.40
3. Spacing requirements:
S v  0.75d
4. Required area of shear steel (if v > vc):
S b (v  v c )
Asv  b w (4.11.4.5.3)
0.87 f yv
5. Check minimum steel requirements:
Asv (min)  0.0012 bw S v (Y) (4.11.4.5.3)
Asv (min)  0.002bw S v (R)
6. Determine number of bars from bar area chart.
VII. Check deflections
(3.2.3.2)
  l e / 500 or 10mm if rigid partitions or walls will be affected (brick)
ONE-WAY SLAB DESIGN_______________________________________________
I. Reinforcement Cover:
Reference: 4.11.2
cover should not be less than the size of a single bar of equivalent area (4.11.2.4).
II. Preliminary slab dimensions:
1. Estimate slab depth:

a. Determine effective span (4.3.1.2,4.3.1.3,4.3.1.4).
b. Estimate effective depth from span/depth ratios (Table 10)
d=leff/SDR
ℎ ≅ 𝑑 + 0.5𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 + 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
2. Estimate slab width:
a. b = 1000mm
III. Determine loads on slab:

c. Factor loads (4.3.2.1.2)

V. Design flexural steel:
1. Estimate d (d  h  0.5bar  cov er )

2. k  M / bd 2 f cu if k>k’ = O.156 compression reinforcement is required.
 
3. z  0.5  0.25  k / 0.9 d  0.95d
4. As  M / 0.87 f y z
5. Check minimum and maximum steel requirements (main and secondary):
As(min) = 0.0024bh (R) (Table 23)
As(min) = 0.0013bh (Y)
As(max) = 0.04bh (R & Y) (4..11.5.1)
7. Check spacing requirements (4.11.8)
b. Main reinforcement – spacing < 3d or 750mm
Secondary Reinforcement – spacing < 5d
c. Allow for vibrator = 40 to 85 mm (4.11.8.1.2)
d. Horizontal spacing of:
Single and pairs > (hagg + 5) (4.11.8.1.2.1)
Bundled bars > (hagg+15) (4.11.8.1.2.3)
e. Limit spacing to restrict cracking (4.11.8.2.2).
i. No additional checks are required if:
1. h < 250mm when using R bars or h < 200mm when
using Y bars.
2. Steel area is less than 0.3%
ii. Limit spacing if:
1. Steel area is greater than 1%; use Table 25.
2. Steel area is less than 1%; divide Table 25 by the
percentage of reinforcement.
VI. Shear check:

v  V / bd  0.75 f cu or 4.75MPa
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 4
0.75  f cu   100 As   400 
vc       
 m  25   bd   d 
 m  1.40
3. If v  v c , no further check are required.
If v  v c , increase d, fcu, As or design shear steel as per beam design.
(3.2.3.2)
  le / 500 or 10mm if rigid partitions or walls will be affected (brick).
TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN__________________________________________
Reference: 4.11.2
cover should not be less than the size of a single bar of equivalent area (4.11.2.4)

a. Determine effective span (1x(eff)) of the short direction (4.3.1.2,4.3.1.3,4.3.1.4).
b. Estimate effective depth from span/depth ratios (Table 10).
d=lx(eff)/SDR

a. b = 1000mm

1. Use moment/shear tables, statics, structural analysis programs, or Table 14 and 15

(4.3.2.2) to determine moments and shears
1. Estimate d (d  h  0.5bar  cov er )

2. k  M / bd 2 f cu if k > k’ = 0.156 compression reinforcement is required.
 
3. z  0.5  0.25  k / 0.9 d  0.95d
4. As  M / 0.87 f y z
5. Check minimum and maximum steel requirements (main and secondary):
As (min) = 0.0024bh (R) (Table 23)
As (min) = 0.0013bh (Y)
As (max) = 0.04bh (R & Y) (4.11.5.1)
b. Spacing < 3d or 750mm
Single and pairs > (hagg +5) (4.11.8.1.2.1)
Bundled bars > (hagg +15) (4.11.8.1.2.3)
e. Limit spacing to restrict cracking (4.11.8.2.2).
using Y bars.
2. Steel area is less than 0.3%
2. Steel area is less than 1%; divide Table 25 by the
percentage of reinforcement.
VI. Shear check:

v  V / bd  0.75 f cu or 4.75MPa
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 4
0.75  f cu   100 As   400 
vc       
 m  25   bd   d 
 m  1.40
3. If v < vc , no further check is required
If v > vc , increase d, fcu, As or design shear steel as per beam design.
(3.2.3.2)
  l e / 500 or 10mm if rigid partitions or walls will be affected. (brick)
FLAT SLAB DESIGN__________________________________________________
Reference: 4.11.2
1. The size of the largest flexural reinforcing bar. In the case of bundled
bars,cover should not be less than the size of a single bar of equivalent
area (4.11.2.4)

a. Determine effective span (1x(eff)) of the short direction (4.3.1.2,4.3.1.3,4.3.1.4).
b. Estimate effective depth from span/depth ratios multiplied by 0.9 (Table 10).
d=leff/0.9(SDR)
(If slab has a drop > 1/3, do not multiply by 0.9) 4.6.3
d. Slab not to be less than 125mm or 150mm if shear reinforcement is provided
(4.6.1.5).
e. Fire requirements (Table 45)
a. b = frame width
1. Calculate all dead loads.

2. Refer to SABS 0160 for imposed loads.
3. Factor loads (4.3.2.1.2).
1. Divide panels into equivalent frames (in both directions) which is subdivided into
column and middle strips (figure 16).
2. Use a frame analysis package or table 16 to determine moments and shears.
3. Check equilibrium requirements (4.6.5.1.3).
2
nl 2  2 hc 
M  l1  
8  3 
where l1 is the span length between columns and l2 is the frame width.
4. Distribute the total moment by the following percentages:

Moment Col. Strip Mid. Strip
Negative 75% 25%
Positive 55% 45%
5. Check the moment transferred to end columns:
a. The moment can only be transferred over a width of slab bc < column strip
(figure 19)
b. Maximum moment transferred: M t ,max  0.15be d 2 f cu
1. Estimate d from assumed  bar .

 
3. z  0.5  0.25  k / 0.9 d  0.95d
4. As  M / 0.87 f y z
As (min) = 0.0024bh (R) (Table 23)
As (min) = 0.0013bh (Y)
As (max) = 0.04bh (R & Y) (4.11.5.1)
7. Place 2/3 of the column strip reinforcement over ½ of the column width and directly
over the column (4.6.5.4).
b. Main Reinforcement – spacing < 3d or 750mm
Secondary Reinforcement – spacing < 5d
e. Vertical spacing:
Single bar spacing > (2/3)) hagg and in line (4.11.8.1.2.1)
Spacing of bar pairs (one above other) > (2/3) hagg (4.11.8.1.2.2)
Spacing of bar pairs (side by side) > (hagg +5) (4.11.8.1.2.2)
Spacing of bundled bars > (hagg + 15) (4.11.8.1.2.3)
f. Limit spacing to restrict cracking (4.11.8.2.2).
using Y bars.
2 Steel area is less than 0.3%
2. Steel area is less than 1%; divide Table 25 by the percentage of
reinforcement.
VI. Shear check:
1. Calculate the effective shear force (4.6.2.2):

a. Internal Columns: Veff = 1.15Vt
Ratio of adjacent spans do not exceed 1.25.
Structure is braced.
 1.5M t 
b. Internal Columns: Veff  Vt 1  or1.15Vt
 V t x 
See figure 18 for definition of variables
Ratio of adjacent spans exceed 1.25 or
Structure is unbraced.
c. Corner or edge columns bent at right angles to the edge: Veff = 1.25Vt
d. Edge columns bent parallel to the edge: Veff = 1.40 Vt
Adjacent spans are approximately equal.
 1.5M t 
e. Edge columns bent parallel to the edge: Veff  Vt 1.25  
 Vt x 
For all other cases.
2. Calculate shear stress at shear perimeters: v = Veff /ud
Check at successive perimeters 0.75d (figure 12)
v max  0.75 f cu or 4.75MPa
3. Determine shear capacity (4.3.4.1):
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 4
0.75  f cu   100 As   400 
vc       
 m  25   bd   d 
If required, consider enhanced shear – 4.4.5.2.5
 m  1.40
4. If v > vc, use drops, column heads or shear reinforcement.
(3.2.3.2)
  l e / 500 or 10mm if rigid partitions or walls will be affected. (brick)
COLUMN DESIGN_____________________________________________________
Reference: 4.11.2
3. Cover requirements for durability (Table 5, part 2
II. Preliminary column dimensions:
1. Determine effective length.

l ex  l ox
ley  loy
(Refer to table 18 for braced columns and table 19 for unbraced columns)
2. Solve or assume column dimensions and determine the column classification (slender
or short):
For unbraced frames, if lex /h or ley /b > 10 then the column is slender.
For braced frames if lex /h or ley /b > 17-7 M1 /M2 then the column is slender.
End moments M1 <M2
3. Dimension restrictions:
a. h/b < 4
b. Fire restrictions (tables 48 and 49).
c. 230mm to fit flush with brick wall (not a code requirement).
d. Slenderness limits:
lo< 60 b and b > 0.25 h General criteria
lo < 25 b and b > 0.25 h Unrestrained unbraced column (e.g. cantilever
column)
III. Loads:
1. Calculate all dead loads.

2. Refer to SABS 0160 for imposed loads.
3. Factor loads (4.3.2.1.2).
IV. Determine moments and axial loads:
1. Primary moments (slender and short column):

Use frame analysis, sub-frame analysis or any other method to solve the moments
and axial loads
2. Additional moments from deflections     effect (slender columns):
a. au =  a k(b or h)
2
1  le 
1.  a    (or table 20)
2000  horb 
N uz  N
2. k   1 else, k = Mi /Mbal
N uz  N bal
N uz  0.45 f cu Ac  0.75 f y Asc
N = Ultimate load
N bal  0.25 f cu bd
Mi = primary moment
M bal  0.87 f y Asc (d  d / ) / 2  0.46 f cu bd 2
b. Madd = Nau
3. Eccentricity Moment (4.7.2.3) (short and slender columns):

emin = 0.05 (h or b) < 20mm
M = Nemin
4. Design moment:
a. Slender braced column (4.7.3.2.1):
Mi = 0.4M1 + 0.6M2
M1 < M2 Ultimate end moments, -M1 and +M2 if bent in double
curvature.
Design moment is the greater of:
1. M2
2. Mi + Madd
3. Nemin
b. Slender unbraced column (4.7.3.2.2):
1. M2 = Mv + MH [1+Madd / (Mv + MH)]
2. 0.4M1 + 0.6M2 + Madd
if Mv + MH < Nemin, then MH = Nemin
c. Short columns
1. Mi = 0.4M1 + 0.6M2
2. M2
3. Nemin
5. Bi-axial bending (4.7.4.4):
If Mx/h > My /b, then Mx = Mx +  b (h/b)My
If Mx /h < My /b, then My = My +  b (b/h)Mx
 b is found from table 21
V. Design main steel:
1. Reinforcement:
a. Short columns with moments not exceeding Nemin.
N = 0.4fcuAc + 0.67 Ascfy
b. Short and slender columns
Use deign charts BS8110 part 3
2. Reinforcement requirements:
a. 4 bars min.
b. Y12 min. size
c. Asc = 0.004bh (min. steel)
d. Asc = 0.06bh (max. steel)
VI. Shear reinforcement:
l. If M/N < 0.75 and v <0.7 f cu or 4MPa, provide links:

 link   LB / 4
S c  12 SB
2. For all other cases use beam shear design.
SPREAD FOOTING DESIGN_____________________________________________
Reference: 4.11.2

3. Cover requirements for durability (Table 5, part 2). Generally not less than
50mm.
II. Preliminary footing dimensions:
1. Assume a preliminary thickness (t) in increments of 50mm.

2. Assume preliminary plan dimensions (a x b) usually in increments of 250mm.
III. Determine loads on foundation:

IV. Check bearing pressure (service criteria):
1. e = M/P
2. Solve for bearing stress
If e  a / 6, then  P / ab  M / z
If e  a / 6, then  4P / 3b(a  2e)
x = 3(a/2 – e)
ba 2
z
6
3. If    a , increase plan dimensions.
V. Check overturning (service criteria):
1. Mot = M + Hh
2. Mr = Px
3. If Mr / Mot > 1.5, no further checks are required.
If Mr / Mot < 1.5, increase x and b.
VI. Check sliding (service criteria):
1. Sliding resistance: R = P  (  0.5 for concrete on soil)

2. Sliding force: H
3. If R/H > 1.5, no further checks are required.
If R/H < 1.5, increase P.
VII. Design flexural steel (ultimate criterion)
1. e = Mu /Pu
2. Solve for ultimate bearing stress
If e < a/6 then   Pu / ab  M u / z
If e > a/6, then   4 Pu / 3b(a  2e)
ba 2
z
6
x = 3(a/2 – e)
3. Solve for moment at face of column
4. Estimate d (d  h  0.5 bar  cov er )
 
6. z  0.5  0.25  k / 0.9 d  0.95d
7. As  M / 0.87 f y z
As (min) = 0.0024bh (R) (Table 23)
As (min) = 0.0013bh (Y)
As (max) = 0.04bh (R & Y) (4.11.5.1)
b. Spacing < 3d or 750mm
e. Vertical spacing:
Single bar spacing > (2/3) hagg and in line (4.11.8.1.2.1)
Spacing of bar pairs (one above other) > (2/3) hagg (4.11.8.1.2.2)
Spacing of bar pairs (side by side) > (hagg +5) (4.11.8.1.2.2)
Spacing of bundled bars > (hagg + 15) (4.11.8.1.2.3)
VIII. Check shear stresses (ultimate criteria):
1. One-way shear stress (generally at face of column)

a. Calculate shear stress:
v  V / bd  0.75 f cu or 4.75MPa
b. Determine shear capacity:
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 4
0.75  f cu   100 As   400 
vc       
 m  25   bd   d 
 m  1.40
c. If v < vc , no further check is required.
If v > vc, increase thickness (t).
2. Punching shear:
a. Calculate shear stress at shear perimeter: v = V/ud
Check at successive perimeters 0.75d
v max  0.75 f cu or 4.75MPa
b. Determine shear capacity:
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 4
0.75  f cu   100 As   400 
vc       
 m  25   bd   d 
If required, consider enhanced shear – 4.4.5.2.5

 m  1.40
c. If v < vc , no further check is required.
If v > vc, increase thickness (t).
PRESTRESSED ONE-WAY SLAB DESIGN_______________________________
1. Prestressing Cover
Reference: 4.11.2
Cover to prestressing must be the greater of:
1. The size of the largest strand of wire.

a. Determine effective span (4.3.1.2, 4.3.1.3, 4.3.1.4).
b. Estimate effective depth from span/depth ratios (usually 28-34).
h  d  0.5  cov er
Generally not less than 150mm
Common size: 1200mm to 1500mm (not a code requirement)
a. Refer to SABS 0160 for imposed loads

b. Calculate all dead loads.
IV. Determine section properties:
1. Ac = bh
2. I = bh3/12
3. z = bh2/6
V. Determine moments and shears:
1. Use moment/shear tables or statics to determine moments and shears.

2. Solve for the maximum moment and shear at a distance d from support.
VI. Estimate number of strands/wires:
1. Estimate required prestressing force (Pe) = ( a  M / z ) /(1 / Ac  e / z )

 a  allowable stress
2. Number of strands/wires (N)  Pe / Pu (o.75)0.8 (assume 20% losses)
VII. Prestress force at release:
1. Initial jacking force: Pj = N Pu (% initial prestressing – 5.8.1)

2. Prestressing loss due to relaxation: Prelax = Pj (% loss at release – 5.8.2.2)
A ps E s  P Pe 2 2M o e 
3. Prestressing loss due to elastic shortening: Pes    
E ci  Ac Ic 3I c 
P = Pj – P relax
4. Resultant force after release: Pi = P j - P relax
VIII. Service stresses at transfer:
Pi Pi e M o
1.     Top and bottom stresses
Ac z z
2. Max. Compression stress; 045fci for triangular distribution of stress or 0.3fci for a near
rectangular distribution of stress.
3. Max. tensile stress (5.3.2.3.2):
class 1 – tensile stress less than 1 Mpa
class 2 – table 30
class 3 – table 30. If the stress exceeds these values, consider the section as
cracked
IX. Long –term prestress force:
1. Creep loss (5.8.2.5):

Pi Pi e 2 2Me
a. Stress at steel centroid:  sc   
Ac Ic 3I c
b. Creep loss (Pcreep) = EpsNAps  creep sc
 creep  36 x10 6 (40) f ci ( fci < 40MPa)
 creep  36 x10 6 (fci > 40MPa)
Multiply  creep by1.25if sc  f cu / 3
2. Shrinkage loss (5.8.2.4):
a. Shrinkage loss (Pshrink) = EpsNAps  shrink
 shrink = table 35
3. Steel relaxation loss (5.8.2.2):
a. Relaxation loss (Prelax) = Pi (remaining % of total relaxation loss)
4. Resultant force after release: Pe = Pi - Prelax - Pcreep - Pshrink
X. Long term service stress:
Pe Pe e M
1.    Top and bottom stresses
Ac z z
2. Max. Compression stress: 0.33fcu (table 29)
3. Max. tensile stress (5.3.2.3.2):
class 1 – no tensile stress
class 2 – table 30
class 3 – Cracking is allowed. See crack width formulas and crack width
formulas (3.2.3.3.1.2).
XI. Ultimate moment of resistance (5.3.3.2.1):
1. Solve for d: d=h-cover -  / 2

2. Determine total quantity of steel: Aps(total) =Naps
3. fpu = Pu / Aps
4. fpe = Pe /Aps
5. fpu Aps / fcu bd
6. fpe /fpu
7. fpu = 0.87fpb (factor-table 32)
8. x = d(factor – table 32)
9. Mu = fpb Aps(total) (d-0.45x)
10. If M<Mu , no further checks are required.
If M>Mu , increase Pe , d, fcu or add ordinary reinforcement
XII. Design shear reinforcement
1. Shear capacity of an uncracked section (5.3.4.2):

a. Determine the shear at h/2 from support.
v  4.75MPaor.75 f cu
b. Solve for the shear capacity: Vco  0.67bh f t 2  0.8 f cp f t
f t  0.23 f cu
f cp  Pe / bh
c. If V < Vco , no further checks are required.
If V > Vco , increase h, b or Pe .
2. Shear capacity of a cracked section (5.3.4.3):
a. Calculate the shear and moments at various points along the beam.
 f pe 
b. Determine the shear capacity: Vcr  1  0.55 v c bd  M o V
 f pu  M

fpe = Pe / Aps (fpe > 0.6fpu)
Vc = table 6
Mo = 0.8fpt I/Yt , I = moment of inertia and Yt = distance to extreme tension
fibre.
c. If V< Vcr , no further checks are required.
If V > Vcr , increase h, b or Pe.
XIII. Check deflections ( camber at release and long-term):
5wl 4 Pel 2
1. Deflection equation:   
384 EI 8 EI
2. Restrictions (3.2.3.2):
  l e / 500 or 10mm if rigid partitions or walls will be affected (brick).
Bar Area and Spacing Tables
Beams and Columns
No. of Bar diameter

bars 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
1 28 50 79 113 201 314 491 804 1257
2 57 101 157 226 402 628 982 1608 2513
3 85 151 236 339 603 942 1473 2413 3770
4 113 201 314 452 804 1257 1963 3217 5027
5 141 251 393 565 1005 1571 2454 4021 6283
6 170 302 471 679 1206 1885 2945 4825 7540
7 198 352 550 792 1407 2199 3436 5630 8796
8 226 402 628 905 1608 2513 3927 6434 10053
9 254 452 707 1018 1810 2827 4418 7238 11310
10 283 503 785 1131 2011 3142 4909 8042 12566
Slabs
Bar diameter
Spacing 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
50 565 1005 1571 2262 4021 6283 9817 16085 25133
75 377 670 1047 1508 2681 4189 6545 10723 16755
100 283 503 785 1131 2011 3142 4909 8042 12566
125 226 402 628 905 1608 2513 3927 6434 10053
150 188 335 524 754 1340 2094 3272 5362 8378
175 162 287 449 646 1149 1795 2805 4596 7181
200 141 251 393 565 1005 1571 2454 4021 6283
225 126 223 349 503 894 1396 2182 3574 5585
250 113 201 314 452 804 1257 1963 3217 5027
275 103 183 286 411 731 1142 1785 2925 4570
300 94 168 262 377 670 1047 1636 2681 4189
325 87 155 242 348 619 967 1510 2475 3867
350 81 144 224 323 574 898 1402 2298 3590
375 75 134 209 302 536 838 1309 2145 3351
400 71 126 196 283 503 785 1227 2011 3142
425 67 118 185 266 473 739 1155 1892 2957
450 63 112 175 251 447 698 1091 1787 2793
475 60 106 165 238 423 661 1033 1693 2646
500 57 101 157 226 402 628 982 1608 2513

CIVN 3011 Course Design Steps

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CIVN 3011 Course Design Steps

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

Course Name: Reinforced Concrete Design

Course Coordinator: Prof. M. Gohnert

Cover to reinforcement must be the greater of:

1.1 Preliminary beam dimensions:

1. Estimate beam depth:

a. Calculate all dead loads.

IV. Determine moments and shears:

1. Use moment/shear tables, statics, structural analysis programs, or Table 4 (4.3.2.2) to

1. Estimate d (𝑑 ≅ ℎ − 0.5𝜙𝑏𝑎𝑟 − 𝜙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)

VI. Design shear reinforcement

1. Calculate shear stress:

VII. Check deflections:

Cover to reinforcement must be the greater of:

II. Preliminary beam dimensions

1. Flange thickness (hf):

a. Calculate all dead loads.

IV. Determine moments and shears:

1. Use moment/shear tables, statics, structural analysis programs, or Table 4 (4.3.2.2) to

V. Design flexural steel.

6. If x>hf , ultimate moment of resistance (4.3.3.4.3):

VI. Design shear reinforcement

1. Calculate shear stress:

VII. Check deflections

II. Preliminary slab dimensions:

1. Estimate slab depth:

III. Determine loads on slab:

a. Calculate all dead loads.

IV. Determine moments and shears:

1. Use moment/shear tables, statics, structural analysis programs, or Table 13 (4.3.2.2) to

V. Design flexural steel:

1. Estimate d (d  h  0.5bar  cov er )

VI. Shear check:

1. Calculate shear stress:

VII. Check deflections:

II. Preliminary slab dimensions:

1. Estimate slab depth:

2. Estimate slab width:

III. Determine loads on slab:

a. Calculate all dead loads.

IV. Determine moments and shears:

1. Use moment/shear tables, statics, structural analysis programs, or Table 14 and 15

V. Design flexural steel:

1. Estimate d (d  h  0.5bar  cov er )

VI. Shear check:

1. Calculate shear stress:

VII. Check deflections:

II. Preliminary slab dimensions:

1. Estimate slab depth:

III. Determine loads on slab:

1. Calculate all dead loads.

IV. Determine moments and shears:

4. Distribute the total moment by the following percentages:

1. Estimate d from assumed  bar .

1. Calculate the effective shear force (4.6.2.2):

VII. Check deflections:

II. Preliminary column dimensions:

1. Determine effective length.

1. Calculate all dead loads.

IV. Determine moments and axial loads:

1. Primary moments (slender and short column):

3. Eccentricity Moment (4.7.2.3) (short and slender columns):

V. Design main steel: