CHAPTER II

STUDY AREA AND DATA BASE, METHODOLOGY

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Location and Extent

2.3 Physiography

2.4 Population Growth Trends

2.5 Database & Methodology

2.6 Methodology

2.7 Data Processing work

2.8 Landuse Classification

2.9 Conclusion

12
 CHAPTER II

STUDY AREA AND DATA BASE, METHODOLOGY

2.1 Introduction

The study area forms a part of the Pune district in the state of Maharashtra
(India). Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation is situated on Mumbai Pune
National highway. It is located to the North-West of Pune and as well connected to
the Pune city proper via the old Pune- Mumbai Highway (fig. 2.1).
Pimpri Chinchwad is a relatively newly developed urban area of Pune city. As
per the PCMC development plan Pimpri was basically established as a centre for
refugees from Pakistan, because of availability of water, land and transportation
resources. The twin city emerges as an industrial city. The basic idea behind creation
of this twin city was to reduce pressure on resources located in the Pune core area.
Industrialization in Pimpri area commenced with the establishment of Hindustan
Antibiotics Limited in 1956. The establishment of the Maharashtra Industrial
Development Corporation (MIDC) in 1961-considerably facilitated the industrial
development in the area. The Municipal Council established in 1970, incorporating
four village-panchayats in the area. In 1982 the civic body was upgraded to its present
status as “Municipal Corporation”. Its population has increased from 85,000 in 1971
to 1,730,000 as on today. The city of Pimpri-Chinchwad is predominantly an
industrial area, which has developed largely during the last four decades. There are
about 4000 industries under the corporation area. TELCO, Bajaj Auto, SKF are some
of the major and big companies.

2.2 Location and Extent

Pimpri Chinchwad lies between 18° 25’ to18° 40’ North latitude and 73° 45’
to 73° 50’ East longitude with an area of about 170.51 sq.km. Composed of 64
general election wards according to 2012 which comes under 4 administrative wards
of Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation. The city of Pimpri-Chinchwad is
situated near the western margin of the Deccan Plateau on the leeward side of the

13
Sahyadri ranges and Western Ghats, 560 m. above sea level, on the bank of the rivers
Mula, Pawana and Indrayani.

FIG. NO. 2.1: LOCATION OF STUDY AREA

FIG. NO. 2.2: ADMINISTRATIVE WARDS IN PCMC

14
 FIG. NO. 2.3: GENERAL WARDS IN PCMC

2.3 Physiography
The PCMC area is characterized mainly by undulating terrain the gradient
towards the Indrayani River from the ridge along the common boundary of village of
Moshi, Bhosari, Chikhali, Akurdi and the small part of the sloping towards the Mula
river from a center ride along the common boundary of villages Rahatani, Thergaon
and Wakad. Pimpri Chinchwad is situated on the banks of the confluences of the
Mula-Pavana, and Mula- Indrayani Rivers, at the altitude of 560 m. AMSL. River
Pavana and River Indrayani both are the major tributaries of Mula River. In this
Pavana River is draining in South Western part of Pimpri Chinchwad city. This river
is major sources of water for Pimpri Chinchwad city.
The base rock found throughout the area is Deccan trap basalt. This is non-
vesicular, hard, compact, and tough and medium to fine grained rock is present in the
areas around Chinchwad and Akurdi.

15
2.3.1 Climate
The PCMC area is situated on the eastern side at the Western Ghats and is
about 560 m. MSL. Due to the prevalence of western breeze, the general climate in
the area is healthy and moderate. The climate condition prevailing in the area is
tropical type of climate. The rainy season is from July to September. The winter
season spreads over October to February and followed by summer month from March
to June.
Pimpri-Chinchwad experiences three distinct seasons: summer, monsoon and
winter. Typical summer months are from March to June, with maximum temperatures
ranging from 35 to 40°C (95 to 102°F). The mean daily maximum and the minimum
temperature for the hottest month – May is around 40°C and 23°C respectively. The
evening sea breeze from west- northwest keeps the city cool during summer nights.
For the coldest month of December the temperature ranges from 30°C to 12°C.
The cities of Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad receive moderate rainfall, an annual
average of 722mm. mainly between June and September as the result of southwest
monsoon. July is the wettest month of the year. The weather is very pleasant in the
city with average temperatures ranging from 20 to 28°C (68 to 82°F). The cities
experiences winter from November to February pleasant windy days, clear skies and
cool nights make it the most enjoyable time of the year. The day temperature hovers
around 29°C (84°F) while temperature at night is below 10°C (50°F) for most of
December and January, often dropping to 5 or 6°C (42°F). On particularly cold days,
the wind may appear to be very chilly due to the dryness of air. Rain is very rare in
this season.

2.3.2 Drainage

Pimpri Chinchwad is situated on the bank of three rivers namely Indrayani,

Pavana and Mula. The Indrayni river flows from north and northeast boundary of
PCMC and the Pavana river flow from the middle and south western part of PCMC.
This river is the major source of the water for PCMC region. Mula river flows from
southern part of PCMC. (fig. 2.4)

16
 FIG. NO. 2.4: DRAINAGE MAP

2.3.3 Soil
The soil in this area is generally brownish copper colored in the west and
somewhat blackish in the east. Normally all along river side there is fertile soil
suitable for agriculture.

2.4 Population Growth Trends

In last 10 years, the population of PCMC is growing very fast. Population of
Pimpri Chinchwad as per census 2011 is 1,729,320 souls of which 945,914(54.70%)
are males and 783,406(45.30%) are females giving a sex ratio of 828 females per
1000 males. Pimpri Chinchwad has an average literacy rate of 87.19, higher than the
national average of 74.04%. This increasingly growth rate of population is responsible
for increasing the demands of residential land. Consequently population growth is one
of the important factors in changing the urban land use of PCMC.

17
 TABLE NO. 2.1: POPULATION OF PCMC AND PMC

Census Population Decadal Change Growth Rate

Year
PCMC PMC PCMC PMC PCMC PMC

1961 39654 794052 - - - -

1971 98572 1029466 58918 235414 148.58 29.64

1981 251769 1202848 153197 173382 155.42 16.84

1991 520639 1566651 268870 363803 106.79 30.24

2001 1006417 2540069 485778 973418 93.30 62.13

2011 1729320 3115431 722903 575362 71.82 22.65

Source: Census & PCMC and PMC records

FIG. NO. 2.5: TOTAL POPULATION OF PCMC AND PMC

FIG. NO. 2.6: POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF PCMC AND PMC

18
 Fig. 2.5 and 2.6 shows Population and population growth rate of PCMC and
PMC from 1961 to 2011. The blue line shows the population and growth rate of
PCMC and red line shows population and growth rate of PMC. For the last decade,
the decadal growth rate of population has been in the range of 70% while the previous
three decades witnessed population growth in the range of 30-45%. Between 1951
and 1961 the decadal growth rate of population has been 95%. The population of
Pimpri-Chinchwad and Pune as per 2011 Census is 1729320 and 3115431 persons
respectively. The current population is approximately estimated to be 41 lakhs.
PMC has a population of 2.54 million (2001) which accounts for 35 percent of
the total urban population in Pune District and 60 percent of total PMR(Pune
Metropolitan Region) population. The PMC’s population has grown from 1.57 million
in 1991 to 2.54 million in 2001, and in the last decade experienced a compounded
annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.94 percent. PMC’s growth is not limited to few but
influenced by various actors. It is the most preferred destination for many citizens in
Maharashtra for job, education, healthcare treatment, real estate investment; better
quality of life etc. as Mumbai is already crowded complied with comparatively high
cost of life. The same is for many citizens all over India who migrate to the city for
better jobs and education. Industries, trade and commerce activities and number of
educational centers in PMC attract floating population from all over India into the
city. Rapid growth of the city however mainly attributed to industrialization of
PMC/PCMC after 1960 and expansion of information technology (IT) industry in the
last decade.
PCMC is a twin city of PMC and houses most of the industrial developments.
PCMC has a population of 1.01 million (2001) which accounts for 14 percent of the
total urban population in the Pune District and 23 percent of the total PMC
population. The PCMC’s population has grown from 0.52 million in 1991 to 1.01
million in 2001. PCMC has experienced a high CAGR after its industrialization in
1960, almost thrice than that of PMC growth.

19
2.5 Database & Methodology

2.5.1 Database

For the present study, Toposheet and Remotely Sensed Images (PAN and LISS–III)
of Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation were acquired for three epochs 2001,
2009, 2011. Images were obtained from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA),
Hyderabad and subsequently Secondary data collected from various sources

TABLE NO. 2.2: DATA SOURCE

Segment Data Type Source

Toposheets no.
47F/11/NE, 47F/15/NE, 47F/15/NW
Survey of India,
47F/14/1, 47F/14/2, 47F/14/3,
Scale-1:25000
47F/14/5,
Spatial Data
47F/14/6
Satellite Imagery- LISS-III (Sensor-
IRS P6) Date : 5 March 2001 and 17
National Remote Sensing
Nov. 2009
Agency (NRSA),
Satellite Imagery- IRS 1D (PAN) Date:
Hyderabad
20 Feb. 2011
Census,
Ward wise Population data Govt. of India,
Non Spatial Land Use Data, Govt. of Maharashtra,
Data Administrative Data, NGO & Institutes,
Industrial Data Pimpri Chinchwad
Road network Data Municipal Corporation
Educational Facilities, (PCMC)
PCMC website

20
2.5.2 Software Used
GIS and Remote Sensing Software
ARC GIS 9.2 Desktop
ERDAS Imaging 9.1
Arc View 3.2a
Global Mapper 10
AutoCAD Map 2000i
Other Software
Microsoft Office
MS Word
MS Excel
Google Earth
Arc GIS software was used to compliment the display and processing of the
data. ERDAS Imagine is raster based software has been used for Georeferencinging
and enhancement of the image and also used for carving out of PCMC area from the
whole imagery using both the admin and local government map. Arc View 3.2a
software has been employed for displaying and subsequent processing. AutoCAD
map software is used for digitization purpose.
Excel for entering data in tabular format. All drafts, bar graph and maps are
finally arranged as a dissertation report in MS Word. Google Earth was used for
Satellite images. These images are used for location identification and Classification,
road network mapping etc.

2.6 Methodology
Methodology is one of the important steps in research. Output and result of
analysis depends on the methodology used for the data processing or analysis
purposed. The methodology adopted in this present study to carry out that detail of the
land use mapping is given in the flow chart (Fig.No. 2.5)
To understand urban land use/land cover of the Pimpari Chinchwad Municipal
Corporation, the methodology adopted for this present study is divided in three
phases, viz. Pre Field work, Field Work and Post Field work. In Pre-field work phase
base map creation, literature review, and data collection are done. Actual ground
survey is done in Field work phase and data analysis; report writing is done in Post-
field work phase.

21
2.6.1 Pre-field work
1. Literature Review
2. Designing land use/ land cover classification scheme
3. Base map
Exhaustive literature survey for investigation of topic is undertaken. Published
literature, references books, reports was collected from various libraries, institutions,
government departments etc. Beside this relevant information was obtained from
internet.
1:25000 Topographical maps published by Survey of India were used as a
base map and Digital Image Processing (DIP) was performed on Remotely Sensed
data to determine various classes of LULC and to understand the present situation of
Utility Services. Visual interpretation of the Remote Sensing data by using the usual
clues such as shape, size, pattern, texture, tone and associated features as well as local
knowledge. Transfer of interpreted information onto the base map.

2.6.2 Field work

This phase includes visit to the study area and collect the data regarding
transport network, schools-colleges and industries and observation of actual land use
change in study area.
The Reconnaissance survey gives the general idea of the area features
environment and accessibility and changing patterns among them. LULC information
is also getting from satellite imageries. The data generated from satellite imageries,
are subjected to check with ground truthing. This is done by checking of sample
points in field.
The documentary information about the LULC, number of industries, number
of schools, colleges etc. was primarily obtained from District Gazetteer and other
unpublished reports of PCMC. Apart from these major sources of information,
additional data regarding recent LULC and utility services were collected from
individuals during visits to the PCMC. During such field visits it was found that land
use of PCMC has changed due to increasing number of industries and utility services.
Therefore, information regarding these wards was also collected through interviews
with the local people in some wards and corporation offices.

22
 FIG. NO. 2.7: FLOWCHART OF DATA ANALYSIS

Spatial Data Non -Spatial Data

Ground Truthing GPS Survey

Remotely Sensed Data Scanned Data

Toposheets Scanned Socio- economic

LISS III PAN 1:25000 Maps Data

Georeferencing

Image Fusion
Attribute Data

Digitization

Classification

Supervised Classification Thematic Layers

Lu/Lc Maps

2001 2009 2011

Change Detection Analysis Maps and Charts

23
2.6.3 Laboratory work

This phase includes data analysis and this data presented in the form of maps
and tables. Maps, such as LULC, location of educational institutes, industries and
road network are finalized after field check. For preparation of maps includes the
scanning and digitization of old maps and after that incorporating the new information
in it. Included the digitization of various layers, i.e. drainage network, contours,
water bodies, road and railway network ,administrative boundaries, agriculture,
defense, hill slopes, commercial, industrial, public utility, recreational, residential etc.
Preparation of various thematic maps using RS/GIS techniques data attachment, area
calculation, and unsupervised classification, final generate different maps.

2.7 Data Processing work

Data processing phase includes following activities, 1) Scanning of maps
(Toposheets, Municipal maps etc.), 2) Georeferencing of maps and satellite image, 3)
normalization of attribute data, 4) LULC maps, 5) Image classification etc.

2.7.1 Scanning the Maps

Topographical maps of the study area have been obtained from Survey of
India (SOI) Pune. These Toposheets were scanned in .jpg (250 Dpi) format to convert
them into digital format for their functional use.

2.7.2 Georeferencing of Maps

Scanned topo-sheets were then transported to in ArcGIS 9.2 for geo-coding.
RMS error kept 0.3 which is below half pixel and re-sampled the image with WGS
84, 43 North Zone. After re-sampling and re-project in the same toposheets were
converted from WGS 84 to UTM. The re-projection of toposheet was done to
calculate area calculation.

2.7.3 Georeferencing the Images

After georefrencing of toposheets, next task was georefrencing of the Satellite
imageries (IRS P6 LISS III and PAN) of the same area. For the georefrencing of
satellite imageries, reprojected toposheets were used. Sufficient well distributed
ground control points were used and RMS error was kept below half pixel.

24
2.7.4 Normalization of attribute data
Attribute data was mainly collected from secondary data sources. Using
MSOffice 2003 this data was then converted into digital format. Degree of
accessibility and application of database depends on the nature and systematic logical
arrangement of data. Making efficient geo-database data was normalized and unique
id were generated for data attachment. The same unique Id field was generated in
spatial data so as to facilitate easy attachment of all attribute data to the spatial data.

2.7.5 Preparation of land use /land cover map

The satellite images have been processed for the preparation of land use land
cover map. Supervised classification has been performed on LISS-III data of year
2001 and 2009, using the training samples collected from limited ground truth data.
Major classes delineated are built up, agricultural land, vegetation, water bodies
(including rivers, lakes) etc. The digital classified map has been verified for the
accuracy assessment for major land use classes present in the area and land use land
cover map has been finalized.

2.8 Landuse Classification

Generally Landuse can be classified in various ways according to set

parameters. But while pursuing research pertaining to domain if the research it can be
classified according to objective of the research. Since PCMC is urban area therefore
norms of urban land use classification have been considered while classifying the
selected area of the research.

2.8.1 Urban land use Classification

There is no accord on uniform classification of urban land use. While
classifying, various parameters have been adopted by individuals and organization in
different parts of the world. Land use is only one such aspect, but understanding about
land use and land cover has become all the time more important. There are many
different sources of information on accessible land use and land cover and on changes
that are occurring. Among all, important two land use classification systems initially
proposed by James R. Anderson for conference use were designed to place major

25
reliance on remote sensing, while extra sources of information were assumed to be
available for the more elaborate of the two (Anderson, 1971).
There are four major categories of land use in urban areas these are
agricultural, residential, commercial and industrial (Gallion and Eisur, 1965).
According to Berry and Horton (1970) in American cities, transport, communication,
open public space and public building have been recognized as major land use
categories, besides other.
In England there are six categories e.g. residential, central areas, industrial,
educational, open land, establishments, hospitals and cantonments. In India land use
categories as residential, commercial, industrial, transport, communication, public
utilities, open space, agricultural, vacant land and water bodies. Apart from this many
other researchers did classification of land use in different ways.

2.8.2 Classification Criteria

There is no one ideal classification of land use and land cover, and it is
unlikely that one could always be developed. There are different views in the
classification process, and the process itself tends to be subjective, even when an
objective numerical approach is used. There is, in fact, no logical reason to expect that
one detailed inventory should be adequate for more than a short time, since land use
and land cover patterns change in keeping with demands for natural resources. Every
classification is made to suit the needs of the user, and few users will be satisfied with
an inventory that does not meet most of their needs (Anderson et al. 1976).
There are six characteristics recorded for each landform feature represented on
an image. These are size, shape, shadow, tone or color, pattern and texture. These
characteristics are assessed using interpretation strategies such as location and
association, temporal change and convergence of evidence to determine the
agricultural land class boundaries. (Hulme Therese et. al 2002). Here the study area is
divided into five land use land cover type:
In this study most of land-use data have been reclassified in the following
broad categories.

26
 TABLE NO. 2.3: LAND USE CATEGORIES

Land use Type Descriptions

Urban or Built-up Residential, Commercial and services, Industrial,
1.
Land Transportation, Communication and Utilities.
Agricultural Land Crop Land, Plantation, Garden, Cultivated Land
2.
Deciduous Forest Land, Mixed Forest Land, Shrubs
3. Vegetation vegetation along the roads, rivers in the buildings, in
the agricultural fields and gardens.
Gullied/Ravenous Lands, Barren/ Rocky/ Stony/
4. Waste Land
Sheet rock area
All water bodies including Ponds, Lakes And
5. Water Bodies
Reservoirs or Flowing As Rivers, Streams, Canals

Interpretation key for use with IRS LISS –III and IRS- P5 (PAN-F) data

There are five major land use classes were defined (Table No.2.4) the detail
description of these classes along with their interpretative characteristics both on the
False Color Composite (FCC) of LISS III image and PAN image is provided in Table
No 2.5

TABLE NO. 2.4: CHARACTERISTICS OF LAND USE CLASSES

Characteristics
Land use Type Characteristics on
Sub-Features on LISS – III
(Features) PAN Image
FCC
Typical blocky
Urban or Residential,
appearance with
1 Commercial and Bluish
Built- up light tone and
Industrial Area
irregular shape
Blocky appearance
Agricultural With or without Dull read and with rectangular
2
Land crops smooth appearance shape, light to
medium tone
Dark tone with
Forest land. Social Dark red with
rough texture and
3 Vegetation rough texture and
forestry light tone with dark
dull red to pinkish
patches
Agricultural fields Bluish/greenish Bright tone with
without crops and grey with smooth smooth texture and
4 Waste Land
exposed rocks texture and very bright tone,
without vegetation Yellowish irregular shape.
Water Cyanish blue to
5 Rivers and lakes blue according to Dark tone
Bodies
the depth of water

27
FIG. NO. 2.8: IRS- P6 LISS-3 IMAGE OF PCMC (2001)

FIG. NO. 2.9: IRS- P6 LISS-3 IMAGE OF PCMC (2009)

28
 FIG. NO. 2.10: IRS- 1D PAN IMAGE OF PCMC (2011)

1. Urban or Built-up Land: Urban or Built-up Land is comprised of areas of

intensive use with much of the land covered by structures. Included in this category
are Residential, Commercial and services, Industrial, Transportation, Communication
and Utilities. As development progresses, land having less intensive or
nonconforming use may be located in the midst of urban or Built-up areas and will
generally be included in this category.
Residential: Residential land uses range from high density. Residential sections
which are essential parts of other uses may be difficult to identify. Housing situations
such as those existing on military bases, at colleges and universities, living quarters
for laborers near a work base, or lodging for employees of agricultural field
operations or resorts thus would be placed within the Industrial, Agricultural, or
Commercial and Services categories.
Commercial and Services: Commercial areas are those used predominantly for
the sale of products and services. It includes hotels and eating places, stores, petrol
pump, services stations, shopping centers, Institutional land uses, such as the various
educational, religious, health, correctional, and military facilities are also components
of this category. All buildings, grounds, and parking lots that compose the facility are

29
included within the institutional unit, but areas not specifically related to the purpose
of the institution should be placed in the appropriate category.
Industrial: Industrial areas include a wide array of land uses from light
manufacturing to heavy manufacturing plants such as chemical plant, electric power
generating stations. Identification of light industries those focused on design,
assembly, finishing, processing, and packaging of products can often be based on the
type of building, parking, and shipping arrangements. It includes factories, auto
bodies’ builders.
Transportation, Communication and Utilities: The land uses included in the
Transportation, Communications, and Utilities category occur to several degree
within all of the other Urban or Buildup categories and in point of fact can be found
within many other categories. Major transportation routes and areas greatly influence
other land uses, and many land use boundaries are outlined by them. The types and
extent of transportation facilities in a locality determine the degree of access and
affect both the present and potential use of the area. Major transportation routes and
areas greatly influence other land uses, and many land use boundaries are outlined by
them. The types and extent of transportation amenities in a locality determine the
degree of access and affect both the current and potential use of the area.
2. Agricultural land: Agricultural lands are generally used for production of food
crops and other crops. It includes all agricultural land it means crop land, plantation,
garden, cultivated Land.
3. Vegetation: It includes vegetation along the roads, rivers in the buildings, in the
agricultural fields and gardens.
4. Waste Land: This category consists of gullied/ravenous lands, barren/ rocky/
stony/sheet rock area, land with scrubs and Quarries, Fallow land.
5. Water Bodies: This class comprises surface waters either impounds in the form
of ponds, lakes and reservoirs or flowing as rivers, streams, canals etc. A stream is a
natural course of water flowing on the land surface along a definite channel. It may be
seasonal or perennial. And also manmade quarries.

30
2.9 Conclusion
This chapter describes the study area, location and extent, Physiography
climate, drainage, soil, demography etc. and also describes data base and
methodology section. After going through the data of population of PCMC
considerable impact of Pune city on PCMC with reference to the rise in the
population can be observed. SOI Toposheets and different years satellite data (LISS
III image in2001 and 2009 and PAN data2011), this chapter also describes the urban
land use classification. These classification categories are useful for analysis of
urban land use change, because the analysis of land use change is essential for the
analysis of the causal relationship between people and land. With the use of
information and data sought from the mentioned sources it can be used to
understand dynamisms of utility services and urban land use in upcoming chapters.

31