ANSYS Contact Analysis

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ANSYS Tutorial: An Introduction to Elasticity and Contact Problems in

Mechanical APDL 15.0
Book · June 2018
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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
-------------------------
PETER THE GREAT SAINT-PETERSBURG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
M. R. Bahrami
ANSYS Tutorial: An Introduction to

Elasticity and Contact Problems in
Mechanical APDL 15.0
St. Petersburg, Russia

2018
УДК 62-2: 621
ББК 30
Б 30
Bahrami M.R. ANSYS Tutorial: An Introduction to Elasticity and Contact

Problems in Mechanical APDL 15.0 / M.R. Bahrami. - SPb ., 2018. – P. 69.
The aim of this tutorial is representing a useful source for students and
engineers in different field of engineering for primary education of correct usage of
ANSYS. This tutorial helps them use the obtained results after validation by
scientific scrutiny. It is obvious just existence of useful software in a department
cannot be considered as a positive factor but by its correct usage with scientific study
of results based on engineering tact of the user can change the software to the
positive factor and reliable tool.
This tutorial can be used in the course work on modeling of engineering
systems.
The manual "ANSYS Tutorial: An Introduction to Elasticity and Contact
Problems in Mechanical APDL 15.0" is addressed to readers in academic circles, as
well as engineers in industry.
© Bahrami M.R. 2018

© Peter the Great St. Petersburg
Polytechnic University, 2018
2
Contents
Abstract .................................................................................................................... 4
1. Introduction to Mechanical APDL ...................................................................... 5
2. Plane Stress and Strain Analysis in APDL ......................................................... 7

2.1. Plane Stress Analysis in APDL ...................................................................... 7
2.2. Plane Strain Analysis in APDL ................................................................... 18
2.3. Analysis of Cantilever Beam ....................................................................... 25
3. Contact Mechanics (Hertzian Theory) .............................................................. 32
3.1. Contact between a sphere and a half elastic space ..................................... 33
3.2. Contact between a rigid cylinder and an half elastic space ....................... 50
3.3. Contact between two rigid spheres ............................................................. 57
References ............................................................................................................... 66
Appendix A ............................................................................................................. 67
3
Abstract
Nowadays there exist bunch of software’s, which are used in mechanical

engineering field for analyzing static and dynamic behavior of systems. ANSYS is
one of popular tool of this kind of software’s among students and engineers.
The aim of this tutorial is representing a useful source for students and
engineers in different field of engineering for primary education of correct usage of
ANSYS. This tutorial helps them use the obtained results after validation by
scientific scrutiny. It is obvious just existence of useful software in a department
cannot be considered as a positive factor but by its correct usage with scientific study
of results based on engineering tact of the user can change the software to the
positive factor and reliable tool.
The main audiences of this tutorial are undergraduate and graduate students in
mechanical engineering field who are interested in elasticity and contact problems.
This tutorial written based on ANSYS v.15 official tutorial and organized as
follows; First chapter includes a general introduction to APDL work plane and its
menus. In the second chapter, plane stress and strain have been considered by
representing examples. Chapter 3 represents contact problems based on Hertzian
theory.
This tutorial "ANSYS Tutorial: An Introduction to Elasticity and Contact
Problems in Mechanical APDL 15.0" is addressed to readers in academic fields, as
well as engineers in industry.
4
1. Introduction to Mechanical APDL
The program has many finite-element analysis capabilities, ranging from a

simple, linear, static analysis to a complex, nonlinear, transient dynamic analysis. The
analysis guides in the documentation set describe specific procedures for performing
analyses for different engineering disciplines [1].
In Fig. 1.1., mechanical APDL interface, utility menu, main menu and
workspace are shown.
Fig. 1.1. mechanical APDL interface.
The process for a typical analysis involves three general tasks:

 Building a Model
 Applying Loads and Obtaining the Solution
 Reviewing Results
 Building a Model
Building a model is the most time consuming section. It starts from

Preferences in which you tell ANSYS what kind of analysis you are interested. Then,
you specify a jobname and analysis title using File tab in Utility Menu. Finally, using
the preprocessor one can define:
 The element types: (Beam, Link, Heat element, Solid) which determines the
degree of freedom set and whether the element lies in 2-D or 3-D space;
5
 Element real constants: which determines some characters of the element, such
as cross section, moment of inertia for beams;
 Material properties: in which one can define properties of material like
elasticity, Poisson coefficient;
 The model geometry: one can define areas (2D), volumes (3D) etc. based on
geometry of the model;
 Meshing: ANSYS runs analysis based on node/element. When one is modeling
a model, he/she defines areas, lines, volumes which ANSYS can not
understand how to calculate load on surfaces. Therefore, meshing divides the
model to small elements that ANSYS knows.
 Applying Loads and Obtaining the Solution
In this step, the SOLUTION processor defines the analysis type and analysis
options, apply loads, specify load step options, and initiate the finite element solution.
You can also apply loads via the preprocessor.
 Reviewing Results
After the solution has been done, using the postprocessors one can read the
results and make plots.
6
This section rewritten from [1]
2. Plane Stress and Strain Analysis in APDL
2.1. Plane Stress Analysis in APDL
By an example of plane stress analysis in APDL will be demonstrated. As the

first example of this tutorial, each step follows by a figure for detail comprehension.
After this, the reader will have an idea about the process. In the rest of the tutorial,
just important steps will be illustrated by photos.
Let`s consider a plate with a hole in the center of it as shown in fig. 2.1, which
is a classic example of plane-stress problem. The material properties of the plate
(steel) and dimensions are:
E=200 GPa = 2.1e5 N/mm2,

v= 0.3,
L= 50 mm,
W=25 mm,
b=5 mm,
R=5 mm,
P=100 N/mm2.
Front view Side view
P R P W
L b
Fig. 2.1. Plate with a hole.
1. Utility Menu (U.M.)> File> Change Jobname> (write a name instead of file)
Enter new jobname Plane stress example >OK
7
Step 1 Step 2
Step 3
Fig. 2.2. Step no. 1.
2. Main Menu (M.M.)> Preference (Pref.)> Structural> OK
3. M.M.> Preproc.> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete> Add> Solid> Quad 4 node

182> OK
> Options> K3 – Plane strs w/thk> OK
8
4. M.M.> Preproc.> Real Constants> Add/Edit/Delete> Add> OK> THK – 5>
OK> Close
5. M.M.> Preproc.> Material Props> Material Models> in windows Material

Models Available> Structural> Linear> Elastic> Isotropic> EX- 2.1e5, PRXY-
0.3 OK> close
9
Since our structure is symmetric then instead of whole structure we can model
just a quarter (fig. 2.7) of the model by defining symmetric boundary condition (see
point 10). In order to create a quarter model of our model (point 6), first we create a
rectangle and a circle (point 7), then we subtract circle from the rectangle (point 8).
The results will be a quarter model of a plate with a hole.
Fig. 2.7. Quarter model of the plate with a hole.
6. M.M.> Preproc.> Modeling> Create> Areas> Rectangle> By 2 corners>
WP X 0
WP Y 0
Width 25
Height 12.5
>OK
10
7. M.M.> Preproc.> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> Solid Circle>
WP X 0
WP Y 0
Radius 5
>OK
8. M.M.> Preproc.> Modeling> Booleans> Subtract> Areas>

1. Pick rectangle as the base area> OK
2. Pick circle as the areas to be subtracted> OK
11
9. M.M.> Preproc.> Meshing> Mesh Tool> Smart Size 3> Mesh> Pick ALL>
OK
12
10. M.M.> Preproc.> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement>

Symmetry B.C.> on lines> pick lines highlighted by red color (fig. 2.12)> OK
Fig. 2.12. Sub step in no. 10.
Fig. 2.13. Step no. 10.
13
11. M.M.> Preproc.> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> pressure> on
lines> pick line highlighted by red color (fig. 2.14)>
If constant value then:

VALUE Load PRES value -100
> OK
Fig. 2.14. Sub step no. 11.
Fig. 2.15. Step no. 11.
12. M.M.> Solution> Solve> Current LS> OK> after seeing this message: Solution
is done!> Close
Fig. 2.16. Step no. 12.

14
13. M.M.> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape> Def. +
undeformed> OK
Fig. 2.17. Step no. 13 (deformation).
14. M.M.> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal solu> DOF
solution> Displacement vector sum> OK
15
Fig. 2.18. Step no. 14 (displacement vector sum).
15. M.M.> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal solu> Stress>
Von mises stress> OK
16
Fig. 2.19. Step no. 15 (von Mises stress).
17
2.2. Plane Strain Analysis in APDL
In this section, we will consider plane stress analysis. For demonstration, we

consider a long cylinder subjected to uniform internal pressure (shown in Fig. 2.20).
𝑁
Material properties of the cylinder are: 𝐸 = 2.1 × 105 , v=0.3.
𝑚𝑚2
We want to find the maximum deflection and radial stresses induced in the
pressure vessel.
P=1000N/mm2,
P D1=30mm,
D1 D2 P D2=20mm.
Fig. 2.20. Long cylinder subjected to uniform internal pressure.
Enter new jobname Plane strain example >OK

182> OK
> Options> K3 – Plane strain> OK

0.3 OK> close
Since our structure is symmetric then instead of whole structure we can model
just a quarter (Fig. 2.22) of the model by defining symmetric boundary condition
(step 7).
18
Fig. 2.22. Quarter model of Long cylinder.
5. M.M.> Preproc.> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> By Dimension>
RAD1 15
RAD2 10
THETA1 0
THETA2 90
> OK
19
OK
Fig. 2.24. Step no. 6 (meshing).

Symmetry B.C.> on lines> pick lines highlighted by red color (fig. 2.25)> OK
8. M.M.> Preproc.> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> pressure> on

lines> pick line highlighted by red color (fig. 2.26)>
If constant value then:

VALUE Load PRES value 1000
OK
20
Fig. 2.27. Step no. 8 (applying loads).
9. M.M.> Solution> Solve> Current LS> OK> after seeing this message: Solution
is done!> Close

undeformed> OK
21
Fig. 2.29. Deformed shape of the model.
Fig. 2.30. Displacement vector sum of the model.
22
Fig. 2.31. Von Mises stress of the model.
Here, we can produce an animation. In our example we just show animation of

Displacement vector sum. For sure you can try other deformed results, like: stress
and etc.
13. U.M.> PlotCtrls> Animate> Deformed results…>Item to be contoured> DOF

solution>USUM > OK
Fig. 2.32. Creating animation of deformation.
23
Also we can save results as JPEG format or other photo`s formats that we want.
Just it should be mentioned that it will save the result which is shown on your screen.
14. U.M.> PlotCtrls> Hard Copy> To File> JPEG> OK
Fig. 2.33. Saving working plane in JPEG format.
24
2.3. Analysis of Cantilever Beam
In this section we will consider cantilever beam as shown in Fig. 2.32. The beam
under action of force at the free end. The idea is to find reaction forces at the base
and also stress analysis of the cantilever beam.
F=100 N
Material properties:
E=2.1e5 N/mm2
V=0.3
L=100 mm
b=20 mm
h=15 mm
Fig. 2.34. Cantilever beam.
Enter new jobname Cantilever beam example >OK

182> OK > Options> K3 – Plane strs w/thk> OK (Fig. 2.3)
4. M.M.> Preproc.> Real Constants> Add/Edit/Delete> Add> OK> THK – 20>

OK> Close

0.3 OK> close
WP X 0
WP Y 0
Width 100
Height 15
> OK
25
OK

On lines> pick lines highlighted by red color in Fig. 2.35> OK >Choose UX
and UY> OK
Fig. 2.35. Step no. 8 (Applying loads).
26
9. M.M.> Preproc.> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Force/Moment>
on keypoints> pick point on the edge as shown in fig. 2.27>OK>
Lab FY
VALUE -100
>OK
Fig. 2.36. Step no. 9 (Applying loads).

27
10. M.M.> Solutions> Solve> Current LS> OK> after seeing this message:
Solution is done!> Close

undeformed> OK
Fig. 2.37. Deformation of the model.
Fig. 2.38. Displacement vector sum of the model.
28
Now we want to find reactions per node at the support:
14. M.M.> General Postproc> List Results> Reaction Solu> All items> OK
29
Fig. 2.40. Reactions per node at the support.
Creating animation:
15. U.M.> Plot Ctrls> Animate> Deformed Results…> DOF Solution> Uy> OK
30
Fig. 2.41. Creating animation of deformation in Y- direction.
31
3. Contact Mechanics (Hertzian Theory)
In mechanical engineering and tribology, widely we face with mating parts. It

is easy to consider such problems as a problem of the theory of elasticity and
calculate the deformation of an elastic body acted upon by force or pressure instead
of solving a contact problem.
Contact mechanics is part of mechanical engineering; it provides necessary
information for the safe and energy efficient design of technical systems and for the
study of tribology, contact stiffness, electrical contact resistance and indentation
hardness. Principles of contacts mechanics are implemented towards applications
such as locomotive wheel-rail contact, coupling devices, braking systems, tires,
bearings, combustion engines, mechanical linkages, gasket seals, metalworking,
metal forming, ultrasonic welding, electrical contacts, and many others. Current
challenges faced in the field may include stress analysis of contact and coupling
members and the influence of lubrication and material design on friction and wear.
The classic Hertzian solution uses the known solutions to construct a solution
for a contact problem. The Hertz theory restricted to perfectly elastic bodies and non-
adhesive contact [2-5].
This chapter organized as follows: in the first section, the classical contact
problem of normal contact between a rigid sphere and an elastic half-space, which is
often used to analyze more complex models has been explained and illustrated by an
example in APDL.
In the second part, normal contact between a rigid cylinder and an elastic half-
space will be considered. It follows with normal contact between two rigid spheres in
the third section of this chapter.
32
3.1. Contact between a sphere and a half elastic space
In this section, the classical contact problem of normal contact between a rigid
sphere and an elastic half-space (Fig. 4.1 a) has been considered.
The theory of contact between elastic bodies can be used to find contact areas
and indentation depths for simple geometries. Some commonly used solutions are
listed below. The theory used to compute these solutions is discussed later in the
article [2-5].
An elastic sphere of radius R indents an elastic half-space to depth d (Fig. 4.1b)
and thus creates a contact area of radius
a  Rd (1)
The applied force F is related to the displacement by
4 * 1/ 2 2/3 (2)
F E R d
3
Where
1 1  v12 1  v22 (3)
 
E* E1 E2
and E1, E2 are the elastic moduli and ν1, v2 are the Poisson's ratios associated with
each body.
The distribution of normal pressure in the contact area as a function of distance
from the center of the circle is [2]
r 2 1/ 2 (4)
p(r )  p0 (1  )
a2
where p0 is the maximum contact pressure given by
3F 6 FE * 1/3
2
(5)
p0   ( )
2 a 2  3 R2
The radius of the contact area is related to the applied load F by the equation
3FR 1/3 (6)
a( )
4E*
The depth of indentation d is related to the maximum contact pressure by
a2 9 F2 1/3  ap0 (7)
d ( 2
)  *
R 16 RE * 2E
33
F (a)
(b)
Fig. 4.1. (a, b) Contact of a rigid sphere with an elastic half-space, (b) from [6].
The materials and dimensions are:
Sphere Half space

R= 25 mm W=40 mm
E= 100 H=15 mm
v= 0.3 E= 20 MPa
F= 20 kN v= 0.3
Enter new jobname Hertzian Contact example >OK
34
Fig. 4.2. Setting job name.

182> OK
Add> Solid> 8 node 183> OK
(From element type window, first we choose (click on) Type 1 PLANE182)>
Options> K3 – Axisymmetric> OK
(From element type window, first we choose (click on) Type 2 PLANE183)>
Fig. 4.3. Step no. 3 (selecting element types).
35

Models Available> Structural> Linear> Elastic> Isotropic> EX- 100, PRXY-
0.3 OK>
Material > New Model > Define Material ID 2 > OK
Material Model Number 2 > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic > EX 2e7, PRXY 0.3 > OK
Material > Exit close
36
WP X 0
WP Y 0
Width 40
Height 15
> OK
37
6. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas> Circle > Partial
Annulus >
WP X 0
WP Y 40
RAD1 0
RAD2 25
THETA1 0
THETA2 -90
> OK
Fig. 4.6. Steps no. 5, 6 (creating the model).
7. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Attributes > Picked Areas >
(indicate the surface of the segment of the circle by clicking on it) OK
Attributes of the hemisphere are specified, then in the new opened window:
MAT 1,
TYPE 1 PLANE182 > ОК
Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Attributes > Picked Areas >
(indicate the surface of the segment of the support by clicking on it) OK
Attributes of the support are specified, then in the new opened window:
MAT 2,
38
8. M.M.> Preproc.> Meshing> Mesh Tool> (Size Controls) Global Set> Size
Element edge length 2> OK
(In the Mesh Tool window) choose Mapped>
Mesh> Pick ALL> OK
39
Fig. 4.9. Meshing of the model.
9. Utility Menu > PlotCntrls > Numbering >
KP On,
LINE On > OK
10. Utility Menu > Plot > Lines
40
Fig. 4.11. Step no. 10 (plotting the lines).
11. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Contact Pair > Contact
Manager > Contact Wizard > Pick Target> indicate L3> ОК
Next > Pick Contact> indicate L5> ОК > Next >
Optional settings… > Initial Adjustment > Automatic contact adjustment Close
gap > ОК > ОК
Create > Finish
(More details about target and contact you can find in appendix A.)
41
42
Fig. 4.12. Step no. 11 (designation of target and contact).

On lines> pick lines L1> OK >Choose ALL DOF> OK
13. Utility Menu > Select > Entities > Lines > By Num/Pick >Apply> Indicate
L6> OK
Fig. 4.13. Step no. 13.
14. Utility Menu > Select > Entities > Nodes > Attached to > Lines, all > OK
(This command selects those nodes associated with the selected lines.)
43
Fig. 4.14. Step no. 14.
15. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Coupling/Ceqn > Couple DOFs > Pick All >
NSET 1, Lab UY > OK
(We want to define (or modify) a set of coupled degrees of freedom in Y
direction by this command.)
Fig. 4.15. Step no. 15.
16. Utility Menu > Select > Everything
44
17. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply> Structural >
Force/Moment > On Keypoints > Indicate KP no. 7 > OK >
Lab FY
VALUE -20000
> OK
Fig. 4.16. Step no. 17 (applying loads).
18. Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type > Sol`n Controls >Basic Analysis
Options > Basic tab
 Analysis Options> Large Displacement Static
 Time Control> Time at end of loadstep 1
 Number of substeps 50
 Frequency: Write every substep
45
Fig. 4.17. Step no. 18 (setting solution control).
20. M.M.> General Postproc> Read Results> Last Set

undeformed> OK
46
23. Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Nodal Sol> Item to be
contoured> Contact> Contact pressure > OK
Fig. 4.20. Contact pressure of the model.
47
25. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style > Symmetry Expansion>2D Axi-Symmetric >
EXPAND > ½ expansion > OK
Fig. 4.21. Half expansion of the model.
26. Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu >
Item to be contoured > Total Mechanical Strain > von Mises total mechanical
strain > OK
48
Fig. 4.22. Von Mises total mechanical strain of the model.
27. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Animate > Deformed Results > PLNSOL > Stress >
von Mises SEQV > OK
49
3.2. Contact between a rigid cylinder and an half elastic space
If a rigid cylinder is pressed into an elastic half-space, it creates a pressure

distribution described by [3, 5]
r 2 1/ 2 (8)
p(r )  p0 (1  2 )
a
where a is the radius of the cylinder and
1 d (9)
p0  E*
 a
The relationship between the indentation depth and the normal force is given
by
F  2aE*d (10)
In this section, the classical contact problem of normal contact between a rigid
cylinder and an elastic half-space (Fig. 4.1) has been considered.
F
R2
H2
H1
R1
Fig. 4.23. Rigid cylinder and an half elastic space.
Enter new jobname Cantilever beam example >OK

182> OK > Options> K3 – Axisymmetric> OK
50
4. M.M.> Preproc.> Material Props> Material Models> (in windows Material)
Models Available> Structural> Linear> Elastic> Isotropic> EX- 2.1e5, PRXY- 0.3
OK
Material > New Model > Define Material ID 2 > OK
Material Model Number 2 > Structural > Linear > Elastic >
Isotropic > EX 2e5, PRXY 0.3 > OK
WP X 0
WP Y 0
Width 20
Height 10
> OK
WP X 0
WP Y 10
Width 10
Height 20
> OK
Fig. 4.24. Creating the model.
7. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Attributes > Picked Areas >
(indicate the surface of the segment of the top rectangle by clicking on it) OK
Attributes of the top rectangle are specified, then in the new opened window:
MAT 1,
51
Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Attributes > Picked Areas > (indicate
the surface of the segment of the support by clicking on it) OK Attributes of the
support are specified, then in the new opened window:
MAT 2,
(In the Mesh Tool window) choose Mapped>
Mesh> Pick ALL> OK
KP On,
LINE On > OK
Fig. 4.25. Plotting the lines.
Optional settings… > Initial Adjustment > Automatic contact adjustment Close gap >
ОК > ОК
Create > Finish
(More details about Target and Contact you can find in appendix A.)
52
On lines> pick lines highlighted by red color in Fig. 2.33> OK >Choose UX and
UY> OK
13. Utility Menu > Select > Entities > Lines > By Num/Pick > Apply (indicate the
line L7 by clicking on it) > OK Nodes > Attached to > Lines, all > OK
NSET 1, Lab UY > OK
16. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural >
Force/Moment > On Keypoints > (indicate the keypoint no. 8 by clicking on it) > OK
> Lab FY, VALUE -70000 > OK
17. Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type > Sol`n Controls >
 Basic Analysis Options> Large Displacement Static

undeformed> OK
53
20. Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solu> Item to be
contoured > Contact > Contact pressure > OK
54
Fig. 4.28. Contact pressure of the model.
Von Mises stress> OK
22. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Symmetry Expansion > 2D Axi-Symmetric
> EXPAND > ½ expansion > OK
55
23. Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu >
Item to be contoured > Total Mechanical Strain > von Mises total mechanical strain >
OK
Fig. 4.30. Von Mises total mechanical strain.
24. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Animate > Deformed Resalts> PLNSOL > Stress >
von Mises SEQV > OK
56
3.3. Contact between two rigid spheres
In this section, the classical contact problem of normal contact between two
rigid spheres (Fig. 4.31) has been considered.
For contact between two spheres of radii R1 and R2 the area of contact is a
circle of radius a. The equations are the same as for a sphere in contact with a half
plane except that the effective radius R is defined as [2-5]
1 1 1 (11)
 
R R1 R2
h=5 mm
R1
R2
Fig. 4.31. Contact between two rigid spheres.
Enter new jobname two spheres contact >OK

183> OK
(From element type window, we choose (click on) Type 1 PLANE183)>

Models Available> Structural> Linear> Elastic> Isotropic> EX- 70000,
PRXY- 0.3 OK>
5. M.M.> Preproc.> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> Partial Annulus>
57
WP X 0
WP Y 0
Rad-1 0
Theta-1 0
Rad-2 20
Theta-2 90
> OK
6. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas> Circle > Partial
Annulus >
WP X 0
WP Y 40
Rad-1 0
Theta-1 0
Rad-2 20
Theta-2 -90
> OK
Fig. 4.32. Creating of the model.
(In the Mesh Tool window) choose Mapped> 3 or 4 sided
Mesh> Pick ALL> OK
58
Fig. 4.33. Meshing of the mdoel.
KP On,
LINE On > OK
Fig. 4.34. Plotting the lines.
59
Optional settings… > Initial Adjustment > Automatic contact adjustment Close
gap > ОК > ОК
Create > Finish
(More details about target and contact you can find in appendix A.)
Fig. 4.35. Designation of target and contact of the model.

On lines> pick lines L6> OK > Choose ALL DOF> OK
60
Fig. 4.36. Applying loads.
13. Utility Menu > Select > Entities > Lines > By Num/Pick >Apply> Indicate
L2> OK
14. Utility Menu > Select > Entities > Nodes > Attached to > Lines, all > OK
(This command selects those nodes associated with the selected lines.)
NSET 1, Lab UY > OK
(We want to define (or modify) a set of coupled degrees of freedom in Y
direction by this command.)
61
Fig. 4.37. Steps no. 13-15.
17. Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply> Structural >
Force/Moment > On Lines > Indicate L2 > OK >
Lab2 UY
VALUE -5
> OK
18. Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type > Sol`n Controls >Basic Analysis
Options > Basic tab
 Analysis Options> Large Displacement Static

undeformed> OK
62
23. Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Nodal Sol> Item to be
contoured> Contact> Contact pressure > OK
63
Fig. 4.40. Contact pressure.
25. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style > Symmetry Expansion>2D Axi-Symmetric >
EXPAND > ½ expansion > OK
64
26. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Animate > Deformed Results > PLNSOL > Stress >
von Mises SEQV > OK
65
References
[1] https://www.ansys.com
[2] Johnson, K. L, 1985, Contact mechanics, Cambridge University Press.
[3] Popov, Valentin L., 2010, Contact Mechanics and Friction. Physical Principles
and Applications, Springer-Verlag, 362 p., ISBN 978-3-642-10802-0.
[4] Hertz, H. R., 1882, Ueber die Beruehrung elastischer Koerper (On Contact
Between Elastic Bodies), in Gesammelte Werke (Collected Works), Vol. 1, Leipzig,
Germany, 1895.
[5] Sneddon, I. N., 1965, The Relation between Load and Penetration in the
Axisymmetric Boussinesq Problem for a Punch of Arbitrary Profile. Int. J. Eng. Sci.
v. 3, pp. 47–57.
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_mechanics
66
Appendix A
Designating Contact and Target Surfaces [ANSYS tutorial]
Contact elements are constrained against penetrating the target surface. However,
target elements can penetrate through the contact surface. For rigid-to-flexible
contact, the designation is obvious: the target surface is always the rigid surface and
the contact surface is always the deformable surface. For flexible-to-flexible contact,
the choice of which surface is designated contact or target can cause a different
amount of penetration and thus affect the solution accuracy. Consider the following
guidelines when designating the surfaces:
If a convex surface is expected to come into contact with a flat or concave surface,
the flat/concave surface should be the target surface.
If one surface has a fine surface mesh and, in comparison, the other has a coarse
mesh, the fine mesh should be the contact surface and the coarse mesh should be the
target surface.
If one surface is stiffer then the other, the softer surface should be the contact
surface and the stiffer surface should be the target surface.
If higher-order elements underlie one of the external surfaces and lower-order

elements underlie the other surface, the surface with the underlying higher-order
elements should be the contact surface and the other surface should be the target.
However, for 3-D node-to-surface contact, the lower-order elements should be the
contact surface. The higher-order elements should be the target surface.
If one surface is markedly larger than the other surface, such as in the instance
where one surface surrounds the other surface, the larger surface should be the target
surface.
In the case of 3-D internal beam-to-beam contact modeled by CONTA176 (a beam

or pipe sliding inside another hollow beam or pipe), the inner beam should be
considered the contact surface and the outer beam should be the target surface.
However, when the inner beam is much stiffer than the outer beam, the inner beam
can be the target surface.
These guidelines are true for asymmetric contact; however, asymmetric contact may
not perform satisfactorily for your model. The following section details the difference
between asymmetric and symmetric contact and outlines some of the situations that
require symmetric contact.
67
Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
--------------------------
САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ
ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПЕТРА ВЕЛИКОГО
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Бахрами Мохаммад Реза
ANSYS: О проблемах
упругости и контактных
задач в среде Mechanical
APDL 15.0
Учебное пособие
Санкт-Петербург
2018
68
УДК 62-2: 621
ББК 30
Б 30
Бахрами М.Р ANSYS: О проблемах упругости и контактных задач в среде

Mechanical APDL 15.0: Учеб. пособие./ М.Р. Бахрами. – СПб., 2018. – 69 с.
Пособие включает в себя учебные материалы и полезный источник для

студентов и инженеров в различных областях техники по правильному
использованию ANSYS. Этот пособие помогает использовать полученные
результаты после проверки путем научного изучения. Очевидно, что
существование полезного программного обеспечения в отделе не может
считаться положительным фактором, а его правильное использование с
научным изучением результатов, основанных на инженерном такте
пользователя, может изменить программное обеспечение на положительный
фактор и надежный инструмент.
Материалы этого пособия могут быть использованы при выполнении
курсовой работы по моделированию инженерных систем.
Учебное пособие «ANSYS: О проблемах упругости и контактных задач в
среде Mechanical APDL 15.0» адресовано читателям в академических кругах, а
также инженерам в промышленности.
© Бахрами М.Р., 2018

© Санкт-Петербургский политехнический
университет Петра Великого, 2018
69
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ANSYS Tutorial: An Introduction to Elasticity and Contact Problems in

Book · June 2018

Mohammad Reza Bahrami

Mechanics of Diagnostic Machine on Electrical Transmission Lines Conductors View project

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ANSYS Tutorial: An Introduction to

St. Petersburg, Russia

Bahrami M.R. ANSYS Tutorial: An Introduction to Elasticity and Contact

© Bahrami M.R. 2018

1. Introduction to Mechanical APDL ...................................................................... 5

2. Plane Stress and Strain Analysis in APDL ......................................................... 7

Nowadays there exist bunch of software’s, which are used in mechanical

The program has many finite-element analysis capabilities, ranging from a

Fig. 1.1. mechanical APDL interface.

The process for a typical analysis involves three general tasks:

Building a model is the most time consuming section. It starts from

 Applying Loads and Obtaining the Solution

By an example of plane stress analysis in APDL will be demonstrated. As the

E=200 GPa = 2.1e5 N/mm2,

Front view Side view

Fig. 2.2. Step no. 1.

2. Main Menu (M.M.)> Preference (Pref.)> Structural> OK

Fig. 2.3. Step no. 2.

3. M.M.> Preproc.> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete> Add> Solid> Quad 4 node

Fig. 2.4. Step no. 3.

Fig. 2.5. Step no. 4.

5. M.M.> Preproc.> Material Props> Material Models> in windows Material

Fig. 2.6. Step no. 5.

Fig. 2.7. Quarter model of the plate with a hole.

6. M.M.> Preproc.> Modeling> Create> Areas> Rectangle> By 2 corners>

Fig. 2.8. Step no. 6.

Fig. 2.9. Step no. 7.

8. M.M.> Preproc.> Modeling> Booleans> Subtract> Areas>

10. M.M.> Preproc.> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement>

Fig. 2.12. Sub step in no. 10.

Fig. 2.13. Step no. 10.

If constant value then:

Fig. 2.14. Sub step no. 11.

Fig. 2.15. Step no. 11.

Fig. 2.16. Step no. 12.

Fig. 2.17. Step no. 13 (deformation).

In this section, we will consider plane stress analysis. For demonstration, we

Fig. 2.20. Long cylinder subjected to uniform internal pressure.

2. Main Menu (M.M.)> Preference (Pref.)> Structural> OK

3. M.M.> Preproc.> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete> Add> Solid> Quad 4 node

Fig. 2.21. Sub step no. 3.

4. M.M.> Preproc.> Material Props> Material Models> in windows Material

5. M.M.> Preproc.> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> By Dimension>

Fig. 2.23. Step no. 5.

Fig. 2.24. Step no. 6 (meshing).

7. M.M.> Preproc.> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement>

Fig. 2.25. Sub step no. 7.

8. M.M.> Preproc.> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> pressure> on

If constant value then:

Fig. 2.27. Step no. 8 (applying loads).

10. M.M.> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape> Def. +

Fig. 2.30. Displacement vector sum of the model.

Fig. 2.31. Von Mises stress of the model.

Here, we can produce an animation. In our example we just show animation of

13. U.M.> PlotCtrls> Animate> Deformed results…>Item to be contoured> DOF

Fig. 2.32. Creating animation of deformation.

14. U.M.> PlotCtrls> Hard Copy> To File> JPEG> OK