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  • JURDING 2 Tetanus, Botulism and Diphtheria

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    Tetanus, botulism, and diphtheria are vaccine-preventable illnesses caused by toxins produced by certain bacteria. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani and results in a neuromuscular syndrome characterized by painful muscle spasms. The tetanus toxin acts at inhibitory neurons in the central nervous system. While awareness of tetanus has increased in developed countries, it continues to occur in low-income countries where vaccine coverage, especially among pregnant women, remains low. Proper wound care and vaccination are important for prevention and treatment focuses on managing symptoms like spasms and autonomic instability through measures such as antitoxin administration and intensive supportive care.

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    Tetanus, botulism, and diphtheria are vaccine-preventable illnesses caused by toxins produced by certain bacteria. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani and results in a neuromuscular syndrome characterized by painful muscle spasms. The tetanus toxin acts at inhibitory neurons in the central nervous system. While awareness of tetanus has increased in developed countries, it continues to occur in low-income countries where vaccine coverage, especially among pregnant women, remains low. Proper wound care and vaccination are important for prevention and treatment focuses on managing symptoms like spasms and autonomic instability through measures such as antitoxin administration and intensive supportive care.

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    11 views10 pages

    JURDING 2 Tetanus, Botulism and Diphtheria

    Uploaded by

    helnawangary
    Tetanus, botulism, and diphtheria are vaccine-preventable illnesses caused by toxins produced by certain bacteria. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani and results in a neuromuscular syndrome characterized by painful muscle spasms. The tetanus toxin acts at inhibitory neurons in the central nervous system. While awareness of tetanus has increased in developed countries, it continues to occur in low-income countries where vaccine coverage, especially among pregnant women, remains low. Proper wound care and vaccination are important for prevention and treatment focuses on managing symptoms like spasms and autonomic instability through measures such as antitoxin administration and intensive supportive care.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 10

    Tetanus, Botulism,

    and Diphtheria
    Gary Helnawan

    Penguji:
    dr. Pricilla Yani Gunawan, Sp,S
    - Tetanus = neuromuscular
    syndrome

    - Toxin acts at inhibitory neuron

    - Vaccine-preventable illness

    - Continue to occur in low-income


    countries

    - Awareness is important
    Tetanus

    Pathogen: Clostridium tetani


    Gram (+), anaerobic

    Toxin: tetanospasmin

    DANGER
    Epidemiology Vaccine coverage <30%
    Vaccine coverage for
    pregnant women <10%
    Vaccine coverage for
    Vaccine coverage pregnant women ~ 69%
    USA between 2000-2015
    ~ 86%
    -> 466 cases

    Mortality data
    There has been a decrease in death cases by 90% from
    1990-2015
    Asia & Africa between 2000-2015
    -> 560-2200 cases
    Classifications & Causes

    NEONATAL TETANUS MATERNAL TETANUS TETANUS


    - Umbilical cord infection - Unhygienic birth - Wound infection
    - Infants born to - Abortion practices - Injection drug use
    unvaccinated women - Surgery
    Pathophysiology
    Clinical Manifestations First symptoms - onset of spasm ->
    2-4 days
    Incubation from time of injury -
    onset symptoms -> 7-10 days The most common signs:
    - Trismus - Dysphagia
    GENERALIZED - spasm - Body Stiffness
    Autonomic instability - Opisthotonos
    - Arrhythmias
    Hyper/ hypotension Neonatal tetanus
    - Refusal to feed
    - Severe sweating - Clenched fists
    - Dorsoflexion of the feet
    LOCAL
    - respiratory arrest
    Extrimity & axial musculature: - Fever
    - Muscle rigidity w/ painful spasm
    - Opisthotonos (arching)

    Risus sadoniscus (facial spasm -> smilling appearance)


    CEPHALIC Trismus (lockjaw)
    Laryngospasm
    Diagnosis Clinical
    NEITHER
    SENSITIVE NOR NOT NECESSARY
    SPECIFIC

    94% SENSITIVITY & 100%


    SPECIFICITY
    Treatment & Prevention

    AIRWAY MANAGEMENT ANTITOXIN TREATMENT OF SPASM WOUND TREATMENT

    TREATMENT OF INTENSIVE VACCINE & ACUTE WOUND


    AUTONOMIC INSTABILITY SUPPORTIVE CARE PROPHYLAXIS
    DANKE

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